1658:
612:... the best interest of both the Hills and the Plains will be served by an integrated Assam. But we do not subscribe to the views of those who would try to achieve that integration even by applying force on the Hills. Such a policy of forced integration may sound heroic. But this is not only undemocratic, but is also damaging to the interest of the country as a whole.
518:
Bill". It also resolved to form the "All Party Hill
Leaders Conference" (APHLC), with Sangma as its first chairman. In September 1960, the APHLC's Council of Action issued an ultimatum to the Assam CM; consequently, Sangma resigned his cabinet post from the government in protest against the official Assamese language policy adopted by the Assam government.
636:
on 7 July 1967, with representatives from various political parties of the Plains and the APHLC was called, to make an effort to reach an agreed solution for the reorganisation of Assam. APHLC boycotted the commission as it not only opposed the
Federal idea, but also resigned all the seats it held in
504:
as the State language. This further infuriated the tribal people, but accelerated the movement for Hills state, and subsequently in a "All Assam Hills leaders conference" held at Tura, Garo Hills, on 28 April 1960, they vehemently opposed the imposition of
Assamese language and demanded the immediate
1032:
Captain
Williamson A. Sangma – was the first Chief Minister Meghalaya. He was a true statesman and pioneer in the struggle for the people of the hills and a leader of the Congress. He was born in Baghmara, which is the only town in South Garo Hills District. Williamnagar, the headquarters complex of
750:
With realisation of
Meghalaya as a state, it ultimately united the areas of the Khasi, Jainta, and the Garo Hills under the leadership of Williamson Sangma. He being one of the major leaders of the hill statehood movement, he always craved for a better deal for the Garos, who were economically worse
742:
In
Meghalaya legislative assembly elections held in March 1972, after the new state was established, regional parties secured majority, while Congress secured nine seats out of total 60 seats in assembly. W.A. Sangma of APHLC sworn in as its first Chief Minister with majority. However, with politics
709:
on 18 October 1960 threatening the tribes, who were apprehensive of losing their culture and identity; consequently, he feared that the Assam government's linguistic policy would militate against the ethnic identity of the hill people and hence, he led the agitations that resulted them an autonomous
606:
The alien
Imperialist rulers of the country pursued a policy of keeping the tribal people of the Hills of Assam economically, socially, culturally and politically dwarfed deliberately retarding the normal process of developments of these people. This was quite in keeping with the Imperialist plan of
566:—that contemplated that the hill areas of Assam must remain within the state of Assam, enjoying the ninety percent autonomy of a state – there should be a Cabinet minister as in-charge of administration of the hill areas – Hill minister would have to act according to the norms of Cabinet government.
517:
communities in the Assam plains, it further united the Hill parties and Hill state movement gained its momentum once again. In June 1960, Sangma called for a conference of all leaders of all the political parties in the hill areas. The conference unanimously resolved to oppose the "Official
Language
414:
Though Wilson Reade, chairman of the Khasi
National Durba, was the first one to demand a separate hill state, it was Sangma who accelerated the movement successfully. He led the sustained struggle by the Garos, the Jaintas, and the Khasis, for the hill state from the 1950s. As first Chief Executive
447:
The separate state question become an election issue in the 1957 general elections in Assam. The EITU, United Mizo
Freedom Organization (UMFO), the Mizo Union, and the Garo National Union captured a majority of seats giving the impetus and popular mandate for the Hills Movement, while the Congress
1061:
The demand for a separate hill state emanated for the first time from Wilson Reade, chairman of the Khasi National Durbar. Reade was the most non-controversial figure in the Khasi-Jaintia politics. But it was Capt Williamson Amphlang Sangma who speeded the movement. Sangma was a moderate by
423:
on 6–8 October 1954, to consider the demand of a hill state. An appeal was sent to the leaders of all the tribal organisations and parties of the autonomous districts to sign the memorandum. Under his leadership, the conference passed the resolution to submit a memorandum to the
710:
status under the "Assam reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act 1969" until it became a full-fledged state on 21 January 1972. Prior to becoming full-fledged Meghalaya state of the Indian Union, the present areas of Meghalaya enjoyed internal autonomy under the provisions of
1033:
the East Garo Hills district of Meghalaya, was christened after Captain Williamson A. Sangma. Union civil aviation minister Praful Patel said in a statement recently that a proposal had been moved to name The Baljek airport in West Garo Hills after Captain Sangma.
577:
had chaired as Prime Minister of India in 1966. APHLC, having decided to boycott 1967 general elections. submitted another memorandum to Indira Gandhi demanding a separate Hill state when she visited Shillong in December 1966. Indira instead, proposed for
628:, the hill state unit should have equal voice and status with the units comprising the remaining state of Assam. With bitter opposition from APCC faction opposed to Chief Minister Chaliha, the committee was not constituted to work out the details of the
558:, District Congress Committee accepted it and decided to contest the elections in 1961. APHLC's Council of Action, with an intention to prevent a split, decided to contest the elections, and consequently APHLC won 11 out of 15 seats contested.
561:
In 1963, the Mizo Union revolted its stand against APHLC as they felt their individuality would be lost by joining the Khasis and the Garos. When Sangma and it's APHLC delegation met Nehru on 10 June 1963, a new plan was proposed with name
729:'s office with Capt.Williamson Sangma, is said to have told that the imposition of Assamese language in 1960 was the sole reason for the fight of separate statehood, for Garo, Jhantia, and Khasis areas to be carved out as Meghalaya state:
553:
from the hills to examine the legislative proposals for the hill areas. The APHLC in its fourth session at Shillong in April 1961, rejected the proposal, and resolved to boycott the 1962 general elections. While APHLC rejected the
1264:
When in the late 1970s Capt Williamson Sangma and B B Lyngdoh entered into a "gentleman's agreement" to share the CM's post for two-and-a-half years each, there were doubts within Meghalaya and outside if these arrangement would
653:
for the Garo Hills and the United Khasi-Jaintia Hills districts. The Mikir and the North Cachar Hills districts were given the option to join the Autonomous state—they decided to stay within the Assam state. On 24 December 1969,
549:—full authority for tribals in internal matters and complete control over expenditures and freedom in regard to the language – it also has a constitution of the committee in the Legislative Assembly of Assam comprising all the
995:
Mr. Jacob also recalled the first Chief Minister of the State and the first ever Governor of a State among the Garos, Capt. Williamson A Sangma – the Capt. Williamson Sangma Award was conferred to Mr. Justin Mc. Carty R.
545:, in November 1960, and raised the apprehensions of Assamese language on Tribals. Nehru, however, opposed the proposal for a separate state. When the delegation met Nehru again in December 1960, Nehru offered a
939:
Meghalaya's first Chief Minister late Captain Williamson A Sangma was fondly remembered on his 19th death anniversary on Sunday with a special memorial service at Tura and his home town of Siju in South Garo
957:
747:
after the APHLC's Mendipather conference in 1976. This new merger provided the Congress strong footing in the new state, Meghalaya, particularly in the Garo Hills and east Khasi Hills.
970:
The first Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Capt Williamson A Sangma, is no longer known, people barely remember him. His birth place South Garo Hills is very backward in every aspect.
1317:
The Board was inaugurated by the Honourable Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Late Captain W. A. Sangma on 19th October, 1973 in the State Central Library Auditorium, Shillong.
488:; as a result, Williamson Sangma was taken in the cabinet of Chaliha, Chief Minister of Assam, as a Cabinet minister in charge of the "Tribal Areas Department." When the
698:
that the government had decided to accept in principle the Meghalaya demand for statehood. Finally, on 21 January 1972, Meghalaya state has become a full-fledged state.
620:
decided to participate in a committee composed of representatives from APHLC, Government of India, and the Government of Assam to work out the details of the proposed
1048:
1128:
355:
Williamson Sangma, along with Salseng C. Marak and Mukul Sangma, are the only Chief Ministers of Meghalaya to have completed full term of five years in office.
1784:
1646:
751:
off than their Khasi-Jainta brethren. He also made sure the Meghalaya Board of School Education (MBOSE), which he considered to be of prime importance, was in
476:. In the following year, he joined the cabinet of Assam to look after the departments of tribal regions, information, publicity, and transport. After the
1145:
Except for (late) Capt. Williamson A. Sangma and Salseng C. Marak, no other chief minister has been able to complete a full term of five years in office.
1180:
In Meghalaya's case, since its formation in 1972, only two Chief Ministers – Captain Williamson A. Sangma and S.C. Marak – have done five-year terms.
1417:
376:
363:
With prior military service, Sangma entered the political field in 1952, and subsequently was elected as the Chief Executive Member (CEM) of the
415:
Member of the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council (GHADC), Sangma called a conference of the people of the autonomous hill districts of then
1764:
1624:
1392:
Capt Williamson Memorial College, Baghmara is an Affiliated College. – Capt Williamson Memorial College, Baghmara was established on / in 1994.
1278:
1075:
403:, to be called "Eastern Hill State." Accordingly, they, including W.A. Sangma as the Chief, sent a set of suggestions for the amendment of the
1789:
1759:
1454:
492:
bill was passed in spite of opposition from tribal people later, he resigned from the cabinet to fight for the cause of separate statehood.
1342:
The State Museum of Meghalaya was founded in the year 1975 – The present name of The State Museum at Meghalaya is Williamson Sangma Museum.
1157:
855:
1639:
1407:
1225:
550:
1198:
1102:
897:
1354:
500:
In 1960, the Assam Provincial Congress Committee(APCC) met on 22 April 1960, and directed the Chief Minister Chaliha to declare the
428:(SRC) for the formation of a separate "Eastern Hills State." The memorandum emphasising the following points was submitted to SRC:
694:
requested PM on 3 September 1970, to declare Meghalaya as a full-fledged state. On 10 November 1970, the Government informed the
687:
372:
1379:
521:
Assam assembly adopted the Assamese as State language on the night of 24 October 1960. Following which, the third APHLC met at
364:
1799:
1774:
1769:
1632:
1779:
1062:
temperament, training and conviction. Being cool and thoughtful, ever aware of the consequences, he was always calculative.
714:
of Constitution of India—it also had District Councils in the Garo Hills and the United Khasi and Jaintia Hills Districts.
733:
If in 1960 Assamese were not made the state language we could have stayed as inhabitant of the same state like brothers.
1132:
649:
With the Satyagraha protest, the Government of India precipitated and consequently on 11 September 1968, produced the
332:
Williamson was a statesman, tribal leader, and a pioneer in leading the struggle for the creation of Meghalaya state.
1447:
1288:
1235:
1208:
1112:
1085:
907:
865:
691:
679:
17:
1367:
the first State-sponsored university in the name of the first Chief Minister of the State as a 'historic occasion',
425:
1654:
570:, however, was opposed by Government of Assam, Chief Minister of Assam, and the Congress party itself in Assam.
1794:
701:
The peace in then autonomous districts of Assam was disturbed when the state administration decided to impose
1804:
1662:
1463:
1440:
816:
722:
659:
368:
322:
100:
484:
declared war against India, the tribes inhabiting the Khasi-Jhantia-Garo Hills extended co-operation to
473:
348:. He always represented the Baghmara assembly constituency, even after merging his political outfit in
1708:
1329:
345:
279:
1472:
826:
779:
767:
honoured him by naming several of public properties, including educational institutes on his name.
744:
591:
349:
302:
1613:
926:
764:
666:
comprising the United Khasi-Jaintia Hills district and the Garo hills district as defined in the
542:
469:
379:), the Lushai Hills (Mizo Hills), and the North Cachar Hills District Council held a meeting at
1167:
387:
on the ground that there was no adequate safeguard for the preservation of the identity of the
743:
of defections and coalitions later, a faction of the APHLC led by W.A. Sangma merged with the
1603:
1593:
1542:
1019:
602:, rather than merely looking from the development angle of tribal people with the statement:
465:
396:
1427:
1422:
1809:
1754:
1749:
1678:
1568:
1251:
435:
The attempt of the Assamese people to impose their language and culture on the hill tribes,
408:
129:
8:
1688:
1563:
1557:
1537:
655:
583:
526:
485:
449:
326:
174:
125:
47:
1304:
1578:
477:
461:
821:
1583:
1522:
1284:
1231:
1204:
1108:
1081:
903:
861:
702:
683:
501:
489:
80:
538:
221:
121:
399:. The meeting demanded the creation of a separate state for all the hill areas of
1516:
1507:
1496:
790:
590:
conferring upon the hill areas equal status with the rest of the state of Assam.
510:
420:
341:
275:
1598:
1547:
1532:
982:
726:
514:
92:
1743:
1728:
1703:
1683:
1608:
1573:
574:
68:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1588:
1129:"Party confident of 2013 poll victory NCP unveils first list of candidates"
831:
783:
718:
200:
188:
153:
141:
1227:
Environment, Development and Society in Contemporary India:An Introduction
1698:
1693:
481:
457:
388:
367:(GHADC). On 16 June 1954, the members of the executive committees of the
318:
1552:
1432:
752:
638:
453:
637:
Khasi, and the Garo hills on 25 May 1968. APHLC started a non-violent
586:
on 13 January 1967 to reorganise the state of Assam on the basis of a
1162:
695:
247:
1252:"Meghalaya's Political Mantra: Too Many 'CMs' To Keep Rebels at Bay"
690:(HSPDP). To counter the influence gained by HSPDP in certain areas,
600:
National integration of tribal people with mainstream of Indian life
1412:
380:
796:
Captain Williamson Sangma Technical University in Tura, Meghalaya.
529:
and demanded for the immediate creation of a separate Hill state.
1408:
Hill Politics in North-east India – Author: Shibani Kinkar Chaube
658:
passed the "Assam Reorganization (Meghalaya) Bill", to create an
522:
607:
perpertuating their exploitation and domination of our country.
432:
The people of the hills and the plains differed from each other,
495:
441:
The autonomy granted under the Sixth Schedule was not adequate.
438:
The Assamese dominance in the legislature and the services, and
1657:
1280:
India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives
633:
416:
400:
1104:
Philosophy of History: Some Reflections on North-east India
771:
The State Museum of Meghalaya, founded in 1975, was named
1380:"Capt Williamson Memorial College, Baghmara, Meghalaya"
1355:"Set up Captain Williamson Sangma Technical University"
799:
Capt Williamson Memorial College, at Baghmara, in 1994.
1305:"History of Meghalaya Board of School Education-MBOSE"
1131:. India: The Telegraph. 18 March 2012. Archived from
983:"MEGHALAYA GOVERNOR INAUGURATED YEARLONG CELEBRATION"
616:
Sangma and the APHLC delegation, having welcomed the
678:The faction that opposed Autonomous state left the
594:, stepped-in differing from APHLC and Congress on
383:, and pleaded for the establishment of a separate
1020:"North-East India – Captain Williamson A. Sangma"
737:
27:First chief minister of Indian state of Meghalaya
1741:
860:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1738.
1276:
902:. Deep and Deep Publications. pp. 30–31.
468:with confidence from hills people, became the
1785:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
1640:
1448:
496:Imposition of Assamese state language impact
1428:Capt. WILLIAMSON A. SANGMA (Chief Minister)
1423:Capt. Williamson A. Sangma (Chief Minister)
1049:"Lest we forget – Challenges for Meghalaya"
857:Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Volume 4
596:Federal structure in name of reorganisation
532:
371:of the Garo Hills (GHADC), the Khasi Hills(
317:(18 October 1919 – 25 October 1990), was a
1647:
1633:
1455:
1441:
782:of Meghalaya, was christened after him as
537:Under the leadership of Sangma, APHLC met
1080:. Mittal Publications. pp. 103–105.
899:Ethnic Unrest in India and Her Neighbours
377:Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council
1462:
1254:. sinlung.wordpress.com. 3 February 2010
641:on 10 September 1968 for the statehood.
624:, subject to the conditions that in the
509:. With outbreak of violence between the
853:
373:Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council
113:2 April 1983 – 5 February 1988
60:21 July 1989 – 7 February 1990
14:
1742:
1223:
1196:
1100:
1073:
1051:. meghalayatimes.info. 21 January 2010
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
960:. meghalayatimes.info. 20 January 2012
686:and formed a separate party with name
365:Garo Hills Autonomous District Council
358:
166:7 May 1981 – 24 February 1983
1765:People from South Garo Hills district
1628:
1436:
1413:East Garo Hills District of Meghalaya
1277:Roy, Ramashray; Paul Wallace (2007).
1192:
1190:
1188:
1077:Politics of Election Reforms in India
975:
952:
950:
948:
921:
919:
472:. In 1957, Sangma was elected to the
1790:State cabinet ministers of Meghalaya
1760:Indian National Congress politicians
1043:
1041:
895:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
849:
847:
822:Capt. Williamson Sangma State Museum
763:After his death in 1999, succeeding
688:Hill State People's Democratic Party
213:2 April 1970 – 3 March 1978
1001:
929:. assamtribune.com. 26 October 2009
644:
24:
1185:
945:
916:
673:
582:, with an official statement from
448:lost-all five seats in the United
25:
1821:
1401:
1067:
1038:
985:. megipr.nic.in. 14 December 2004
927:"Meghalaya's first CM remembered"
874:
844:
692:All Party Hill Leaders Conference
680:All Party Hill Leaders Conference
632:. Instead, a joint discussion in
1656:
1158:"Politics as farce in Meghalaya"
778:The headquarters complex of the
758:
426:States Reorganisation Commission
1372:
1347:
1330:"The State Museum of Meghalaya"
1322:
1297:
1270:
1244:
1217:
1150:
1121:
1074:Chopra, Joginder Kumar (1989).
1203:. Concept Publishing Company.
1200:Small States Syndrome in India
1166:. 17 June 2006. Archived from
1094:
738:Post-Meghalaya state formation
340:Capt. W.A. Sangma was born in
13:
1:
1197:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998).
837:
804:Capt. Williamson Sangma Award
1770:Chief ministers of Meghalaya
1663:Chief Ministers of Meghalaya
1418:Govt plans facelift for Siju
817:List of governors of Mizoram
705:as the state language using
409:members of Indian parliament
335:
7:
1780:People from Williamsonnagar
810:
723:Chief Minister of Meghalaya
707:The Official Languages Bill
662:—to be known as Meghalaya,
618:Federal structure proposal,
369:Autonomous District Council
323:Chief Minister of Meghalaya
101:Chief Minister of Meghalaya
10:
1826:
1230:. Macmillan. p. 122.
1107:. Daya Books. p. 70.
664:within the state of Assam,
573:After the death of Nehru,
474:Assam Legislative Assembly
1709:Flinder Anderson Khonglam
1669:
1505:
1470:
854:Prakash, Col Ved (2007).
346:South Garo Hills district
329:among the Garos in 1989.
308:
297:
285:
280:South Garo Hills district
262:
257:
253:
241:
229:
217:
206:
194:
182:
170:
159:
147:
135:
117:
106:
98:
86:
74:
64:
53:
45:
41:
34:
1800:Meghalaya MLAs 1983–1988
1775:Meghalaya MLAs 1972–1978
827:East Garo Hills district
780:East Garo Hills district
773:Williamson Sangma Museum
592:Communist Party of India
533:New government proposals
325:. He was also the first
315:Williamson Ampang Sangma
1614:P. S. Sreedharan Pillai
896:Dhar, Pannalal (1998).
765:Government of Meghalaya
543:Prime Minister of India
470:Chief Minister of Assam
1030:– via Facebook.
735:
614:
609:
375:), the Jaintia Hills (
321:leader, and the first
1795:Meghalaya politicians
1604:Kummanam Rajasekharan
1594:Keshari Nath Tripathi
1543:Arun Prasad Mukherjee
1283:. SAGE. p. 251.
1101:Daniel, S.C. (2000).
802:An award on his name
731:
651:Autonomous State Plan
610:
604:
466:Bimala Prasad Chaliha
397:Constitution of India
1805:Governors of Mizoram
1679:Darwin Diengdoh Pugh
1674:Williamson A. Sangma
1569:Vakkom Purushothaman
1528:Williamson A. Sangma
1464:Governors of Mizoram
1382:. punjabcolleges.com
1357:. inspiringbeans.com
958:"Congrats Meghalaya"
248:Darwin Diengdoh Pugh
130:Bhishma Narain Singh
36:Williamson A. Sangma
1689:Purno Agitok Sangma
1564:Madan Mohan Lakhera
1558:Amolak Rattan Kohli
1538:Paty Ripple Kyndiah
793:is named after him.
656:Parliament of India
584:Government of India
580:Reorganization plan
486:Government of Assam
478:Indian independence
450:Khasi-Jaintia Hills
359:Hill state movement
327:Governor of Mizoram
225:Lallan Prasad Singh
175:Lallan Prasad Singh
126:Tribeni Sahai Misra
48:Governor of Mizoram
1579:Vinod Kumar Duggal
1170:on 21 January 2008
789:Baljek airport in
462:North Cachar Hills
456:, and one seat in
236:Office Established
1737:
1736:
1622:
1621:
1584:Krishan Kant Paul
1523:K. V. Krishna Rao
1332:. mapsofindia.com
1022:. 25 October 2009
725:, who shared the
703:Assamese language
684:Williamson Sangma
626:Federal structure
598:and called for a
588:Federal structure
511:Assamese speaking
505:amendment of the
490:Assamese language
452:, three seats in
312:
311:
81:K. V. Krishna Rao
18:Williamson Sangma
16:(Redirected from
1817:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:on 18 March 2014
1125:
1119:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1016:
999:
998:
992:
990:
979:
973:
972:
967:
965:
954:
943:
942:
936:
934:
923:
914:
913:
893:
872:
871:
851:
660:autonomous state
645:Autonomous state
539:Jawaharlal Nehru
515:Bengali speaking
292:
272:
270:
258:Personal details
244:
232:
222:Braj Kumar Nehru
211:
197:
185:
178:Prakash Mehrotra
164:
150:
138:
122:Prakash Mehrotra
111:
89:
77:
58:
32:
31:
21:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1623:
1618:
1562:Lt. Gen (Retd)
1517:Hiteswar Saikia
1501:
1497:Hiteswar Saikia
1481:S. P. Mukherjee
1473:Union Territory
1466:
1461:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1224:Prasad (2008).
1222:
1218:
1211:
1195:
1186:
1173:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1068:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1023:
1018:
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149:Succeeded by
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1755:1990 deaths
1750:1919 births
1699:S. C. Marak
1694:D.D. Lapang
1510:since 1986)
1493:H. S. Dubey
1490:S. N. Kohli
480:, when the
458:Mikir Hills
389:hill people
350:Congress(I)
231:Preceded by
184:Preceded by
137:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
1744:Categories
1553:Ved Marwah
1475:1972–1986)
1307:. mbose.in
838:References
753:Garo Hills
639:Satyagraha
568:Nehru plan
564:Nehru plan
454:Garo Hills
385:Hill state
269:1919-10-18
1163:The Hindu
721:, former
696:Lok Sabha
336:Biography
209:In office
162:In office
109:In office
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1521:General
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381:Shillong
342:Baghmara
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1265:work.
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634:Delhi
551:MLA's
482:Nagas
417:Assam
401:Assam
1388:2012
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513:and
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319:Garo
286:Died
263:Born
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419:at
303:INC
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