251:
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31:
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populations of willow flycatchers increased. In these sites 90% of the willow flycatcher's nests were found in native vegetation, only 10% were in mixed vegetation (native species and saltcedar) and few were in areas dominated by saltcedar. However, because willow flycatchers can and do breed in some locations within saltcedar habitat, it occasionally serves as vital habitat in the recovery of this species.
400:
subspecies found in
Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. It was listed in 1995, when it was known to breed at only about 75 sites in riparian areas throughout the American southwest. The breeding population was estimated at between 300 and 500 pairs. Breeding occurs
324:
The subspecies are best distinguished from each other by their songs. In addition, the four subspecies have significant genetic differences based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. Their winter ranges have been elucidated using mitochondrial DNA genetic studies of 172 birds sampled in winter combined
478:
found throughout the
Southwest, where it has replaced essential vegetation by outcompeting native species in riparian areas where the southwestern willow flycatcher is found. In two sites, one in Arizona and the other in New Mexico, native trees were able to replace patches of saltcedar and
539:
Adults have brown-olive upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have an indistinct white eye ring, white wing bars and a small bill. The breast is washed with olive-gray. The upper part of the bill is gray; the lower part is orangish.
1252:
45:
705:. They are "sit-and-wait" predators, remaining on a perch near the top of a shrub and flying out to catch insects on the wing, but are also reported to glean insects off of leaves and stems.
1097:
Durst, Scott L.; Theimer, Tad C.; Paxton, Eben H.; Sogge, Mark K. (2008). "Age, habitat, and yearly variation in the diet of a generalist insectivore, the southwestern willow flycatcher".
413:
in
California and to over 2,600 m (8,530 ft) in Arizona, southwestern Colorado, and north-central New Mexico. This subspecies was described by A.R. Phillips in 1948.
505:) are thought to play a critical role in widening riparian width, openings in dense vegetation, and retention of surface water through the willow flycatcher breeding season.
666:, often selecting winter habitat near water. Willow flycatchers travel approximately 1,500–8,000 km (930–4,970 mi) each way between wintering and breeding areas.
685:
Willow flycatchers are generalist insectivores, and the insects which comprise their diet vary substantially across different habitats. For example, flies of the order
296:
There are four subspecies recognized, all of which breed in North
America (including three subspecies that breed in California). At one time, this bird and the
347:
in 1918, it breeds in
California from Tulare County north along the western side of the Sierra Nevada, and in Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade range.
1616:
691:
made up the majority of adult willow flycatcher diets in
Ontario, Canada, but only composed 10.6% of the diet of California flycatchers, who instead favor
1507:
250:
1559:
1706:
902:
Bean, Daniel; Dudley, Tom (2012). "Tamarisk biocontrol, endangered species risk and resolution of conflict through riparian restoration".
516:
1124:
Prescott, David R.C.; Middleton, Alex L. A. (1988). "Feeding-time minimizization and the territorial behavior of the willow flycatcher".
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A Southwestern Willow
Flycatcher Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol: Technical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-97/12
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864:
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369:. Populations at high elevation just east of the Sierra Nevada crest but south of Modoc County are assumed to be
255:
880:
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947:"Tamarix as Habitat for Birds: Implications for Riparian Restoration in the Southwestern United States"
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Sibley, David Allen (2001). Elphick, Chris; Dunning, Jr., John B.; Sibley, David Allen (eds.).
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865:"Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species, and biological weed control - Can they Mix?"
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8:
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Sogge, Mark K.; Marshall, Robert M.; Sferra, Susan J.; Tibbitts, Timothy J. (May 1997).
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Paxton, Eben H.; Unitt, Philip; Sogge, Mark K.; Whitfield, Mary; Keim, Paul (2011).
361:) breeds in California east of the Sierra/Cascade axis, from the Oregon border into
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1153:"Habitat, diet, and foraging ecology of willow flycatcher in Sierra Nevada meadows"
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This species is experiencing population declines throughout the
Southwest due to
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in 1828. It breeds from the eastern coast of the United States to the western
308:. Their song is the only reliable method to tell them apart in the field. The
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1078:(Report). National Park Service and Northern Arizona University. p. 37
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343:) is the Pacific Slope subspecies of the willow flycatcher. Described by
273:
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Summer breeding and winter ranges of willow flycatcher subspecies from
440:. In 1996, breeding was confirmed along the Arizona side of the lower
436:
and
Pilgrim, De Luz, French, and Las Flores creeks; as well as on the
357:
The Great Basin/Northern
Rockies subspecies of the willow flycatcher (
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452:. Examination of museum specimens of 578 migrating and wintering
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118:
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813:"Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)"
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and often near water, across the United States and southern
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881:
10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1542:STSESA]2.0.CO;2
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277:
138:
1157:
Graduate Theses and Dissertations - Utah State University
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687:
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The largest remaining population in California is on the
424:. In southern California, this subspecies breeds on the
1096:
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and invasive grass species. One of these is saltcedar (
325:
with plumage coloration and morphological differences.
721:
773:"Winter Distribution of Willow Flycatcher Subspecies"
1039:
328:The four subspecies of the willow flycatcher are:
1123:
1024:. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 255.
945:Sferra, Susan; Paxton, Eben; Sogge, Mark (2008).
944:
747:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699848A93751510.en
1698:
1174:. New York, USA: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 389.
815:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nevada Office
258:southwestern willow flycatcher survey protocol
862:
1172:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior
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304:) were considered to be a single species,
217:
70:
29:
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490:to preserve habitat for this subspecies.
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409:and 910 m (3,000 ft) at upper
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658:, and in small numbers as far south as
643:in a vertical fork in a shrub or tree.
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1064:
1034:
1028:
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616:15.5–18.0 mm (0.61–0.71 in)
606:10.5–12.3 mm (0.41–0.48 in)
586:68.7–75.6 mm (2.70–2.98 in)
373:. There has been very little study of
1285:
1284:
1271:Audio recordings of Willow flycatcher
1205:. Colorado Plateau Research Station.
1203:"Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Site"
519:subspecies of the willow flycatcher (
405:to 800 m (2,640 ft) at the
1487:willow-flycatcher-empidonax-traillii
596:54–64.5 mm (2.13–2.54 in)
464:constitutes the main winter range.
392:The southwestern willow flycatcher (
312:commemorates the Scottish zoologist
1707:IUCN Red List least concern species
733:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
377:in California. It was described by
13:
1013:
827:
805:
14:
1753:
1195:
863:DeLoach, CJ; Dudley, Tom (2004).
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508:
1742:Taxa named by John James Audubon
971:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00357.x
556:130–150 mm (5.2–6 in)
388:– Southwestern willow flycatcher
350:
95:
1253:Willow flycatcher photo gallery
1214:BirdLife species factsheet for
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1117:
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722:BirdLife International (2016).
1727:Native birds of Eastern Canada
1722:Native birds of Western Canada
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669:This bird's song is a sneezed
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339:The little willow flycatcher (
1:
708:
319:
226:Approximate distribution map
1255:at VIREO (Drexel University)
272:) is a small insect-eating,
7:
1151:Dietrich, Scott E. (2020).
1046:. New York: Knopf. p.
997:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
566:13.5 g (0.48 oz)
401:from near sea level on the
365:and possibly into northern
291:
10:
1758:
1732:Birds of the United States
995:Empidonax traillii extimus
843:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
627:Their breeding habitat is
576:220 mm (8.5 in)
335:– Little willow flycatcher
1653:
1293:
1259:Interactive range map of
1240:"Willow flycatcher media"
1042:The Sibley Guide to Birds
1020:Godfrey, W. Earl (1966).
924:10.1007/s10526-011-9436-9
545:
494:considers the subspecies
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92:Scientific classification
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1245:Internet Bird Collection
1001:explorer.natureserve.org
790:10.1525/cond.2011.090200
740:: e.T22699848A93751510.
646:These neotropical birds
623:Distribution and habitat
484:San Pedro River Preserve
1737:Birds described in 1828
469:habitat loss/alteration
1717:Birds of North America
1111:10.1525/cond.2008.8493
546:Standard Measurements
499:North American beavers
259:
631:thickets, especially
486:was purchased by the
434:Santa Margarita River
418:South Fork Kern River
407:South Fork Kern River
403:Santa Margarita River
314:Thomas Stewart Traill
253:
1223:"Empidonax traillii"
1138:10.1093/auk/105.1.17
673:. The call is a dry
1036:Sibley, David Allen
1022:The Birds of Canada
963:2008ResEc..16..146S
951:Restoration Ecology
916:2012BioCo..57..331D
835:"Willow flycatcher"
523:) was described by
474:Tamarix ramosissima
306:Traill's flycatcher
62:Conservation status
1655:Muscicapa traillii
1643:Empidonax-traillii
1363:empidonax-traillii
1350:Empidonax_traillii
1325:Empidonax traillii
1295:Empidonax traillii
1266:IUCN Red List maps
1261:Empidonax traillii
1216:Empidonax traillii
726:Empidonax traillii
488:Nature Conservancy
426:San Luis Rey River
411:San Luis Rey River
269:Empidonax traillii
260:
243: Non-breeding
201:Empidonax traillii
48:Empidonax traillii
24:Willow flycatcher
1694:
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1625:Open Tree of Life
1617:willow-flycatcher
1474:willow-flycatcher
1287:Taxon identifiers
1181:978-1-4000-4386-6
620:
619:
503:Castor canadensis
396:) is a federally
302:Empidonax alnorum
284:family native to
282:tyrant flycatcher
264:willow flycatcher
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39:E. t. extimus
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1573:Neotropical
1547:NatureServe
1495:iNaturalist
1319:Wikispecies
1082:17 February
848:16 February
819:16 February
753:12 November
535:Description
492:NatureServe
422:Kern County
367:Inyo County
274:neotropical
1701:Categories
1670:Q109563361
1638:Xeno-canto
1275:Xeno-canto
1099:The Condor
1006:2023-06-23
910:(2): 331.
904:BioControl
777:The Condor
709:References
703:snakeflies
496:Imperiled.
462:Costa Rica
398:endangered
379:Oberholser
345:Oberholser
320:Subspecies
159:Tyrannidae
1712:Empidonax
1132:: 17–28.
629:deciduous
458:Guatemala
381:in 1932.
177:Species:
170:Empidonax
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
1684:11353191
1664:Wikidata
1552:2.103270
1539:22699848
1513:10763460
1389:22699848
1384:BirdLife
1304:Wikidata
1038:(2000).
979:56042221
932:16497604
889:35498749
799:59414997
699:mayflies
671:fitz-bew
641:cup nest
572:wingspan
517:nominate
310:binomial
292:Taxonomy
276:migrant
155:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
1604:1484436
1464:2482786
1371:Avibase
1310:Q903847
1227:Avibase
1126:The Auk
959:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
688:Diptera
660:Ecuador
648:migrate
633:willows
525:Audubon
448:and at
280:of the
211:, 1828)
209:Audubon
165:Genus:
145:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
1578:wilfly
1565:164674
1526:178341
1471:GNAB:
1446:EURING
1438:wilfly
1412:wilfly
1358:ARKive
1338:wilfly
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701:, and
652:Mexico
637:Canada
612:tarsus
602:culmen
562:weight
552:length
432:, the
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1630:67288
1591:73964
1508:IRMNG
1500:16611
1433:eBird
1425:39HWN
1409:BOW:
1076:(PDF)
975:S2CID
928:S2CID
885:S2CID
795:S2CID
428:, at
1679:GBIF
1612:ODNR
1599:OBIS
1560:NCBI
1534:IUCN
1521:ITIS
1459:GBIF
1451:9220
1402:9856
1397:BOLD
1207:USGS
1176:ISBN
1084:2012
1052:ISBN
850:2013
821:2013
755:2021
738:2016
675:whit
654:and
592:tail
582:wing
482:The
278:bird
262:The
256:USGS
139:Aves
50:call
1482:IBC
1420:CoL
1345:ADW
1334:ABA
1273:on
1264:at
1134:doi
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1107:doi
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