Windmill - Knowledge

585: 1063:

laminates, which are enclosed within the skins (surfacing) of the blade, and together, the system of the webs and spars resist the flapwise loading. Flapwise loading, one of the two different types of loading that blades are subject to, is caused by the wind pressure, and edgewise loading (the second type of loading) is caused by the gravitational force and torque load. The former loading subjects the spar laminate on the pressure (upwind) side of the blade to cyclic tension-tension loading, while the suction (downwind) side of the blade is subject to cyclic compression-compression loading. Edgewise bending subjects the leading edge to a tensile load, and the trailing edge to a compressive load. The remainder of the shell, not supported by the spars or laminated at the leading and trailing edges, is designed as a sandwiched structure, consisting of multiple layers to prevent elastic buckling.

723: 800: 654: 741: 913: 425: 785: 704: 468: 328: 692: 526: 541: 1260: 929: 231: 669: 3561: 449:

build. In contrast to the post mill, only the cap of the tower mill needs to be turned into the wind, so the main structure can be made much taller, allowing the sails to be made longer, which enables them to provide useful work even in low winds. The cap can be turned into the wind either by winches or gearing inside the cap or from a winch on the tail pole outside the mill. A method of keeping the cap and sails into the wind automatically is by using a

437: 1399: 142: 45: 3585: 757: 773: 3549: 1413: 223: 453:, a small windmill mounted at right angles to the sails, at the rear of the windmill. These are also fitted to tail poles of post mills and are common in Great Britain and English-speaking countries of the former British Empire, Denmark, and Germany but rare in other places. Around some parts of the Mediterranean Sea, tower mills with fixed caps were built because the wind's direction varied little most of the time. 1059:

to stronger forces and consequently put them at a greater risk of failure. Taller towers and longer blades suffer from higher fatigue, and offshore windfarms are subject to greater forces due to higher wind speeds and accelerated corrosion due to the proximity to seawater. To ensure a long enough lifetime to make the return on the investment viable, the materials for the components must be chosen appropriately.

1245: 3573: 600:

or not functional. A slight tilt of the sails (top blade at 1 o'clock) signals joy, such as the birth of a healthy baby. A tilt of the blades to 11-2-5-8 o'clock signals mourning, or warning. It was used to signal the local region during Nazi operations in World War II, such as searches for Jews. Across the Netherlands, windmills were placed in mourning positions in honor of the Dutch victims of the 2014

815: 581:), Germany, and less commonly elsewhere. Earlier multiple-sailed mills are found in Spain, Portugal, Greece, parts of Romania, Bulgaria, and Russia. A mill with an even number of sails has the advantage of being able to run with a damaged sail by removing both the damaged sail and the one opposite, which does not unbalance the mill. 389:

requirement for windmills to operate economically in north-western Europe, where wind directions are variable. The body contains all the milling machinery. The first post mills were of the sunken type, where the post was buried in an earth mound to support it. Later, a wooden support was developed called the

272:(Eastern Iran and Western Afghanistan) already in the 9th century. Such windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia and later spread to Europe, China, and India from there. By the 11th century, the vertical-axle windmill had reached parts of Southern Europe, including the 618:

Gears inside a windmill convey power from the rotary motion of the sails to a mechanical device. The sails are carried on the horizontal windshaft. Windshafts can be wholly made of wood, wood with a cast iron pole end (where the sails are mounted), or entirely of cast iron. The brake wheel is fitted

572:

invented a system consisting of longitudinal wooden slats connected by a mechanism that lets the miller open them while the mill is turning. In the twentieth century, increased knowledge of aerodynamics from the development of the airplane led to further improvements in efficiency by German engineer

502:

Smock windmills were introduced by the Dutch in the 17th century to overcome the limitations of tower windmills, which were expensive to build and could not be erected on wet surfaces. The lower half of the smock windmill was made of brick, while the upper half was made of wood, with a sloping tower

1325:

in 1854 and was used mostly for lifting water from wells. Larger versions were also used for tasks such as sawing wood, chopping hay, and shelling and grinding grain. In early California and some other states, the windmill was part of a self-contained domestic water system which included a hand-dug

1066:

In addition to meeting the stiffness, strength, and toughness requirements determined by the loading, the blade needs to be lightweight, and the weight of the blade scales with the cube of its radius. To determine which materials fit the criteria described above, a parameter known as the beam merit

1058:

In an attempt to make wind turbines more efficient and increase their energy output, they are being built bigger, with taller towers and longer blades, and being increasingly deployed in offshore locations. While such changes increase their power output, they subject the components of the windmills

866:

has been said to have been the first industrialized region of the world with around 600 operating wind-powered industries by the end of the eighteenth century. Economic fluctuations and the industrial revolution had a much greater impact on these industries than on grain and drainage mills, so only

599:

In the Netherlands, the stationary position of the sails, i.e. when the mill is not working, has long been used to give signals. If the blades are stopped in a "+" sign (3-6-9-12 o'clock), the windmill is open for business. When the blades are stopped in an "X" configuration, the windmill is closed

1062:

The blade of a wind turbine consists of 4 main elements: the root, spar, aerodynamic fairing, and surfacing. The fairing is composed of two shells (one on the pressure side, and one on the suction side), connected by one or more webs linking the upper and lower shells. The webs connect to the spar

1199:

have been disposed of in Denmark, and the waste problem will grow significantly in the coming years when more and more wind turbines have reached their end of life. According to the SDU lecturer's calculations, the waste sector in Denmark will have to receive 46,400 tonnes of fiberglass from wind

968:

in Denmark (1890s). La Cour's mill from 1896 later became the local power of the village of Askov. By 1908, there were 72 wind-driven electric generators in Denmark, ranging from 5 to 25 kW. By the 1930s, windmills were widely used to generate electricity on farms in the United States where

857:

engines, although windmills continued to be built in large numbers until late in the nineteenth century. More recently, windmills have been preserved for their historic value, in some cases as static exhibits when the antique machinery is too fragile to be put in motion, and other cases as fully

448:

By the end of the 13th century, the masonry tower mill, on which only the cap is rotated rather than the whole body of the mill, had been introduced. The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to

388:

The evidence at present is that the earliest type of European windmill was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mill's main structure (the "body" or "buck") is balanced. By mounting the body this way, the mill can rotate to face the wind direction; an essential

556:

Common sails consist of a lattice framework on which the sailcloth is spread. The miller can adjust the amount of cloth spread according to the wind and the power needed. In medieval mills, the sailcloth was wound in and out of a ladder-type arrangement of sails. Later mill sails had a lattice

861:

Of the 10,000 windmills in use in the Netherlands around 1850, about 1,000 are still standing. Most of these are being run by volunteers, though some grist mills are still operating commercially. Many of the drainage mills have been appointed as a backup to the modern pumping stations. The

409:

In a hollow-post mill, the post on which the body is mounted is hollowed out, to accommodate the drive shaft. This makes it possible to drive machinery below or outside the body while still being able to rotate the body into the wind. Hollow-post mills driving scoop wheels were used in the

557:

framework over which the sailcloth was spread, while in colder climates, the cloth was replaced by wooden slats, which were easier to handle in freezing conditions. The jib sail is commonly found in Mediterranean countries and consists of a simple triangle of cloth wound round a spar.

560:

In all cases, the mill needs to be stopped to adjust the sails. Inventions in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to sails that automatically adjust to the wind speed without the need for the miller to intervene, culminating in patent sails invented by

1330:. During the late 19th century, steel blades and towers replaced wooden construction. At their peak in 1930, an estimated 600,000 units were in use. Firms such as U.S. Wind Engine and Pump Company, Challenge Wind Mill and Feed Mill Company, Appleton Manufacturing Company, Star, 171:

is not a practical windmill but was either an early wind-powered toy or a design concept for a wind-powered machine that may or may not have been a working device, as there is ambiguity in the text and issues with the design. Another early example of a wind-driven wheel was the

627:. Post mills sometimes have a head and/or tail wheel driving the stone nuts directly, instead of the spur gear arrangement. Additional gear wheels drive a sack hoist or other machinery. The machinery differs if the windmill is used for other applications than milling grain. A 242:, using sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, around a vertical axis. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water. A medieval account reports that windmill technology was used in 1346:

became the main suppliers in North and South America. These windpumps are used extensively on farms and ranches in the United States, Canada, Southern Africa, and Australia. They feature a large number of blades, so they turn slowly with considerable

1183:

approximately half of the wings they have received since 2012 to Reno Nord's landfill in Aalborg. A total of around 1,000 wings have ended up there, he estimates - and today up to 99 percent of the wings the company receives end up in a landfill.

619:

onto the windshaft between the front and rear bearings. It has the brake around the outside of the rim and teeth in the side of the rim which drives the horizontal gearwheel called wallower on the top end of the vertical upright shaft. In

1000:

technologies in use today, including steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, and partial-span pitch control, as well as aerodynamic, structural, and acoustic engineering design capabilities. The modern

393:. This was often covered over or surrounded by a roundhouse to protect the trestle from the weather and to provide storage space. This type of windmill was the most common in Europe until the 19th century when more powerful 1515:"a mill or machine operated by the wind usually acting on oblique vanes or sails that radiate from a horizontal shaft, especially: (a) wind-driven water pump or electric generator, (b) the wind-driven wheel of a windmill". 947:

is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity. They can be seen as the next step in the development of the windmill. The first wind turbines were built by the end of the nineteenth century by

722: 845:. Windmills were applied in regions where there was too little water, where rivers freeze in winter and in flat lands where the flow of the river was too slow to provide the required power. With the coming of the 573:

Bilau and several Dutch millwrights. The majority of windmills have four sails. Multiple-sailed mills, with five, six, or eight sails, were built in Great Britain (especially in and around the counties of

1366:

manufactured windmills of the American pattern from 1876, with the trade name Southern Cross Windmills in use from 1903. These became an icon of the Australian rural sector by utilizing the water of the

486:

The smock mill is a later development of the tower mill, where the masonry tower is replaced by a wooden framework, called the "smock", which is thatched, boarded, or covered by other materials, such as

261:), based on the caliph's conversation with a Persian builder slave. The authenticity of part of the anecdote involving the caliph Umar is questioned because it was recorded only in the 10th century. The 841:

In the 14th century, windmills became popular in Europe; the total number of wind-powered mills is estimated to have been around 200,000 at the peak in 1850, which is close to half of the some 500,000

343:

The horizontal-axis or vertical windmill (so called due to the plane of the movement of its sails) is a development of the 12th century, first used in northwestern Europe, in the triangle of northern

1359:

convert the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below. Such mills pumped water and powered feed mills, sawmills, and agricultural machinery.

198:. This design was the panemone, with vertical lightweight wooden sails attached by horizontal struts to a central vertical shaft. It was first built to pump water and subsequently modified to grind 319:. These early modern examples seem not to have been directly influenced by the vertical-axle windmills of the medieval period, but to have been independent inventions by 18th-century engineers. 2694: 584: 2547: 355:. It is unclear whether the vertical windmill was influenced by the introduction of the horizontal windmill from Persia-Middle East to Southern Europe in the preceding century. 1156:(SDU). According to Dakofa, the Danish Competence Center for Waste and Resources, there is nothing specific in the Danish waste order about how to handle discarded fiberglass. 3445: 2441: 1547: 653: 703: 569: 1017:. These early turbines were small by today's standards, with capacities of 20–30 kW each. Since then, commercial turbines have increased greatly in size, with the 973:, Wincharger, Miller Airlite, Universal Aeroelectric, Paris-Dunn, Airline, and Winpower. The Dunlite Corporation produced turbines for similar locations in Australia. 1142:

The reason why many wings end up in landfill is that they are incredibly difficult to separate from each other, which you will have to do if you hope to be able to

740: 2875: 370:. Several earlier, but less certainly dated, 12th-century European sources referring to windmills have also been found. These earliest mills were used to 362:(assumed to have been of the vertical type) dates from 1185, in the former village of Weedley in Yorkshire which was located at the southern tip of the 2849: 2778: 2568: 710: 288:). A similar type of horizontal windmill with rectangular blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in thirteenth-century China (during the 2796: 639:

uses a crankshaft to provide a reciprocating motion to the saws. Windmills have been used to power many other industrial processes, including

2623:

Mishnaevsky, Leon et al. “Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview.” Materials vol. 10,11 1285. 9 November 2017, doi:10.3390/ma10111285

2669: 3627: 2702: 2632:

H.R. Shercliff, M.F. Ashby,"Elastic Structures in Design", Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier,2016,

2554:, Noble Environmental Power, LLC, 12 November 2007. Retrieved from Noblepower.com website 10 January 2010. Comment: this is the real name 1821: 2928: 2654: 2093: 1980: 1211:, in Denmark, 250 tonnes of fiberglass from wind turbine waste also pours up on a landfill at Gerringe in the middle of Lolland in 2020. 1133:. Scrapped wind turbine blades are set to become a huge waste problem in Denmark and countries Denmark, to a greater and greater extent, 886:

and was located between Pinelands Station and the Black River. Long since demolished, its name lives on as that of a Technical school in

2544: 1524:

Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge, 2014, 519.

2723: 2445: 1152:

in Innovation and Technological Foresight and education leader for civil engineering in Product Development and Innovation at the

3358: 849:, the importance of wind and water as primary industrial energy sources declined, and they were eventually replaced by steam (in 1555: 2261: 2146: 2511: 2429: 2245: 2209: 2076: 1780: 2468: 506:

The smock windmill design included a small turbine in the back that helped the main mill to face the direction of the wind.

3141: 503:

shape that added structural strength to the design. This made them lightweight and able to be erected on unstable ground.

2373: 996:

developed from 1974 through the mid-1980s. The development of these 13 experimental wind turbines pioneered many of the

3378: 3363: 3110: 2653:

Ennis, Kelley, et al. "Optimized Carbon Fiber Composites in Wind Turbine Blade Design" US Department of Energy (2019),

799: 732: 3091: 1577: 303:

Vertical-axle windmills were built, in small numbers, in Europe during the 18th and nineteenth centuries, for example

3632: 2980: 2637: 2607: 2532: 2156: 2130: 2051: 1953: 1928: 1872: 1796: 1755: 1724: 882:

sent carpenters, masons, and materials to construct a durable mill. The mill, completed in 1718, became known as the

3637: 2201: 831: 2824: 2602:

Paul Breeze, Chapter 11 - Wind Power,"Power Generation Technologies (Second Edition)", Newnes,2014, Pages 223-242,

668: 3622: 3196: 691: 1091:). Currently, GFRP materials are chosen for their lower cost, despite the much greater figure of merit of CFRP. 1188: 1153: 623:, the great spur wheel, lower down the upright shaft, drives one or more stone nuts on the shafts driving each 2305: 3455: 985: 729: 592: 194:

One of the earliest recorded working windmill designs found was invented sometime around 700–900 AD in

2012:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

1533: 1218:, worn-out wind turbine blades made of fiberglass go to the handful of landfills that accept them (e.g., in 3306: 912: 601: 2088: 808: 159:

machines may have been known earlier, but there is no clear evidence of windmills before the 9th century.

3577: 3487: 3465: 3238: 262: 2331: 1848:

Wailes, R. Horizontal Windmills. London, Transactions of the Newcomen Society vol. XL 1967–68 pp 125–145

3311: 3243: 3064: 1920: 1100: 679: 217: 167:

described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. His description of a wind-powered

126: 2655:

https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/optimized-carbon-fiber-composites-wind-turbine-blade-design

2572: 2266: 499:. The smock is commonly of octagonal plan, though there are examples with different numbers of sides. 3512: 3261: 2753: 1343: 1248: 1223: 38: 17: 1682: 1613: 3532: 3134: 1380: 1352: 976:

Forerunners of modern horizontal-axis utility-scale wind generators were the WIME-3D in service in

907: 2752:

Olifent, Af Louise; Fredsted, Rasmus; Møgelbjerg 5, Sebastian Himmelstrup og Thomas (2020-04-17).

2593:

Ng C., Ran L. "Offshore Wind Farms: Technologies, Design and Operation" Woodhead Publishing (2016)

184:, though there is uncertainty over the date of its first appearance, which could have been either 3591: 1404: 631:

uses another set of gear wheels on the bottom end of the upright shaft to drive a scoop wheel or

312: 90:), but in some parts of the English-speaking world, the term has also been extended to encompass 49: 1021:

capable of delivering up to 7 MW, while wind turbine production has expanded to many countries.

424: 3527: 3522: 3286: 2555: 1851: 1825: 1677: 1608: 784: 756: 2946: 2043: 2037: 1907:

Klaus Ferdinand, “The Horizontal Windmills of Western Afghanistan,” Folk 5, 1963, pp. 71–90..

3321: 3316: 3281: 3266: 3233: 3176: 3171: 2923: 2893: 2235: 2023:

Hills, R L. Power from Wind: A History of Windmill Technology Cambridge University Press 1993

1976: 1968: 1912: 1438: 1326:

well and a wooden water tower supporting a redwood tank enclosed by wooden siding known as a

846: 3368: 3271: 3181: 3166: 3047: 2905: 1433: 1368: 1005:

began in 1979 with the serial production of wind turbines by Danish manufacturers Kuriant,

887: 632: 2731: 8: 3642: 3565: 3517: 3475: 3350: 3276: 3228: 3186: 3127: 2279: 1747: 1741: 1299: 1149: 1123: 1122:

and in 2020, with considerably larger fiberglass quantities, even though it is the least

1108: 1053: 1002: 997: 854: 289: 251: 122: 110: 60: 2997: 2909: 2162: 2107: 467: 3617: 3301: 3114: 3036: 2917: 1673: 1604: 1468: 1463: 1068: 1041: 993: 989: 891: 819: 160: 146: 2039:

Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday Life

984:, from 1931 until 1942, a 100 kW generator on a 30-metre (98 ft) tower, the 3584: 3553: 3208: 3040: 2976: 2772: 2641: 2633: 2603: 2528: 2507: 2425: 2241: 2205: 2152: 2126: 2072: 2047: 1949: 1924: 1868: 1776: 1751: 1720: 1502: 1448: 1418: 1372: 1172: 565:

in 1807. In these sails, the cloth is replaced by a mechanism of connected shutters.

273: 239: 211: 114: 75: 3073: 2611: 3397: 3028: 2913: 2102: 1695: 1687: 1618: 1331: 1219: 1127: 1037: 957: 949: 874:

in the seventeenth century. The early tower mills did not survive the gales of the

545: 450: 304: 269: 106: 3032: 327: 3507: 3502: 3460: 3095: 2551: 2472: 2033: 1993: 1859: 1648: 1453: 1335: 1322: 1227: 1176: 1025: 961: 823: 359: 348: 83: 3100: 2091:(November 1995), "History of, and Recent Progress in, Wind-Energy Utilization", 1270:

Windpumps were used to pump water since at least the 9th century in what is now

792: 525: 234:

Hooper's Mill, Margate, Kent, an eighteenth-century European horizontal windmill

3482: 3470: 3419: 1908: 1668:

Shepherd, Dennis G. (December 1990). "Historical development of the windmill".

1599:

Shepherd, Dennis G. (December 1990). "Historical development of the windmill".

1029: 875: 660: 613: 588: 562: 390: 367: 1775:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. 1259: 293: 3611: 3596: 3450: 3291: 1844: 1842: 1483: 1311: 1215: 1040:. Worldwide, many thousands of wind turbines are now operating, with a total 1018: 863: 835: 520: 488: 168: 150: 79: 3023:

Mishmastnehi, Moslem (2021). "Technological Heritage of Persian Windmills".

1700: 1164: 969:

distribution systems had not yet been installed, built by companies such as

3492: 3253: 3191: 3088: 1283: 1252: 1160: 1072: 965: 944: 928: 827: 574: 195: 173: 156: 95: 2876:"Wind Turbine Blades Can't Be Recycled, So They're Piling Up in Landfills" 1839: 1800: 540: 230: 3333: 1427: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1271: 1076: 970: 917: 879: 871: 842: 788: 492: 164: 130: 1302:). Windmills were later used extensively in Europe, particularly in the 3497: 3328: 3158: 3150: 2355: 1458: 1443: 1356: 1295: 1111: 903: 850: 747: 675: 620: 472: 462: 436: 419: 398: 394: 281: 277: 71: 53: 3105: 2424:

Endedijk, L and others. Molens, De Nieuwe Stockhuyzen. Wanders. 2007.

2306:"Wind powered factories: history (and future) of industrial windmills" 1746:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 141: 44: 3338: 3220: 2670:"Verdens første havmøllepark er deponeret på en losseplads i Aalborg" 2469:"World First for Scotland Gives Engineering Student a History Lesson" 2374:"In somber ceremony, Dutch receive the first remains of MH17 victims" 1478: 1473: 1363: 1339: 1327: 1287: 1180: 1143: 1010: 977: 714: 644: 640: 624: 578: 496: 476: 441: 383: 371: 363: 308: 297: 87: 2850:"Bagsiden af den grønne strøm - vindmøllerester graves ned i jorden" 2224:

Hills, Power from wind: a history of windmill technology, (1996), 65

1691: 1622: 1398: 1114:

from 33 wind turbine blades ended as cut up at the Rærup Controlled

1094: 890:. By 1863, Cape Town had 11 mills stretching from Paarden Eiland to 410:

Netherlands to drain wetlands since the early 15th century onwards.

121:

during the 9th century, and the vertical windmill first appeared in

3404: 2797:"Politikere kræver handling: Rester fra vindmøller dumpes i jorden" 1376: 1279: 1239: 1115: 1033: 953: 933: 772: 647:

mills, and to process oil seeds, wool, paints, and stone products.

628: 352: 265: 247: 91: 31: 2754:"Glasfiber fra Vindeby Havmøllepark endte på losseplads i Aalborg" 2412:, Episode 1. Directed and produced by Naomi Benson. BBC Television 1187:

Since 1996, according to an estimate made by Lykke Margot Ricard (

1167:

that they have handled wind turbine blades (wings) that have been

3414: 3391: 3386: 3101:

A Geograph article and photo-record of Windmills in Great Britain

2525:

Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics

1894:

Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle",

1635:

Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle",

1208: 1119: 1104: 1080: 1014: 937: 636: 534: 530: 480: 336: 285: 3548: 3083: 3019:

R. Gregory, The Industrial Windmill in Britain. Phillimore, 2005

2896:(May 1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East". 2400:

Gregory, R. The Industrial Windmill in Britain. Phillimore, 2005

1412: 1351:

in low winds and are self-regulating in high winds. A tower-top

3429: 3424: 3409: 3296: 3068: 1861:

Science and Technology in Islam: The exact and natural sciences

1384: 1348: 1244: 1204: 1168: 1134: 1006: 429: 344: 222: 118: 57: 1318:

onwards, to drain land for agricultural or building purposes.

814: 226:

The Persian horizontal windmill, the first practical windmill.

3119: 1291: 1196: 1192: 1171:

after being taken to a recycling station. One of them is the

1130: 921: 777: 332: 199: 181: 177: 3078: 2545:

The Return of Windpower to Grandpa's Knob and Rutland County

2751: 2004: 1321:

The "American windmill", or "wind engine", was invented by

1275: 1088: 1084: 981: 683: 549: 316: 243: 2198:

Wind Energy: Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics

2151:. Catrine, East Ayrshire: Stenlake Publishing. p. 2. 2123:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1946:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1717:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1036:

led to an expansion of interest in all available forms of

3025:

Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies

2378: 1264: 988:

built in 1941 on the mountain known as Grandpa's Knob in

1901: 709:

Windshaft, brake wheel, and brake blocks in smock mill

1971:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", 2362:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 99–104 1071:

and rho is the density. The best blade materials are

591:

windmill in mourning position following the death of

1394: 1282:. The use of windpumps became widespread across the 2332:"Windmill Sail - Different Types of Windmill Sails" 2642:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.02944-1 1548:"Amsterdam • Venice of the North" 3074:Earth Science Australia, Wind Power and Windmills 2612:https://doi.org/10.1016B978-0-08-098330-1.00011-9 1095:Recycling and waste problems with polymers blades 791:being struck by a windmill (1863 illustration by 129:, there are approximately 1,000 windmills in the 102:is also sometimes used to describe such devices. 3609: 2254: 1024:As the 21st century began, rising concerns over 358:The earliest certain reference to a windmill in 2280:"History Of Windmills: Part 2 - Windmills Tech" 2144: 1067:index is defined: Mb = E^1/2 / rho, where E is 176:, which is believed to have been first used in 2471:. The Robert Gordon University. Archived from 2420: 2418: 2403: 2189: 3135: 3050:: "An Enquiry into Origins of the Windmill", 2300: 2298: 2296: 2087: 1857: 659:An isometric drawing of the machinery of the 191:, the 7th century, or after the 9th century. 3022: 2558:the turbine was built, in case you wondered. 2233: 1898:, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (8) 1629: 292:in the north), introduced by the travels of 125:in the 12th century. Regarded as an icon of 2940: 2938: 2777:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2415: 2094:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 1797:"Part 1 — Early History Through 1875" 1639:, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (10f.) 1578:"The Dutch windmill making artisanal bread" 3142: 3128: 2724:"Arbejdspladser og eksport | Wind Denmark" 2460: 2394: 2293: 2195: 2042:. University of California Press. p. 1939: 1937: 1917:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history 1663: 1661: 1200:turbine blades over the next 20–25 years. 2975:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 123–127. 2176: 2106: 1708: 1699: 1681: 1612: 2944: 2935: 2695:"Tal og viden om eksport | Wind Denmark" 1770: 1739: 1667: 1642: 1598: 1592: 1362:In Australia, the Griffiths Brothers at 1258: 1243: 927: 911: 813: 798: 783: 771: 583: 539: 524: 466: 435: 423: 326: 246:and the Middle East during the reign of 229: 221: 140: 82:or blades, by tradition specifically to 43: 3079:The International Molinological Society 2794: 2086:(Oxford, 1962) p. 86 & p. 161–162. 2066: 2032: 1934: 1858:Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, A. Z. (2001). 1773:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power 1658: 205: 14: 3610: 3089:Mill Database, Belgium and Netherlands 2995: 2847: 2466: 2354: 2348: 602:Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 shootdown 3123: 2953:. Office of Science/US Dept of Energy 2947:"Historic Turns in The Windmill City" 2873: 2819: 2817: 2790: 2788: 2664: 2662: 2184:Medieval technology and social change 2145:Laurence Turner, Roy Gregory (2009). 2120: 2114: 2084:Medieval technology and social change 1943: 1714: 1545: 1505:. Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012 992:, United States, of 1.25 MW, and the 767: 322: 268:reported windmills being operated in 27:Machine that makes use of wind energy 3572: 2970: 2892: 2444:. Mostertsmill.co.za. Archived from 2125:, Brill Publishers, pp. 106–7, 1962: 1789: 870:Construction of mills spread to the 30:For the wind-driven water pump, see 3628:Industrial buildings and structures 2569:"Global Installed Capacity in 2018" 2108:10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.002131 2014:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., p. 560. 1340:Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company 593:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 404: 238:The first practical windmills were 105:Windmills were used throughout the 98:, and other applications. The term 24: 3013: 2989: 2945:Clements, Elizabeth (2003-02-14). 2918:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-100 2814: 2785: 2659: 2538: 2071:, Osprey Publishing, p. 280, 746:Technical drawing of a 1793 Dutch 733:Historic American Buildings Survey 25: 3654: 3058: 2998:"Triumph of the Griffiths Family" 2240:. Osprey Publishing. p. 55. 1822:"A Panemone (Drag-Type Windmill)" 1719:. Brill Publishers. p. 105. 1554:. The Independent. Archived from 1137:its many produced wind turbines. 728:Interior view, Pantigo windmill, 145:A 19th-century reconstruction of 3583: 3571: 3560: 3559: 3547: 2848:Østergaard, Kasper Larsen Jens. 2825:"Vindmøllevinger ender i deponi" 1975:, May 1991, p. 64–69. (cf. 1948:. Brill Publishers. p. 65. 1536:. Pennsylvania State University. 1411: 1397: 897: 755: 739: 721: 702: 690: 667: 652: 311:in London, and Hooper's Mill at 3052:Journal of the Newcomen Society 2964: 2886: 2867: 2841: 2745: 2716: 2687: 2647: 2626: 2617: 2596: 2587: 2561: 2517: 2493: 2487: 2434: 2366: 2324: 2272: 2227: 2218: 2138: 2060: 2026: 2017: 1986: 1888: 1814: 1764: 1733: 1371:. Another well-known maker was 256: 3149: 3111:Wind and watermill collections 1570: 1546:Ahmed, Shamim (10 July 2015). 1539: 1534:Geography, Landscape and Mills 1527: 1518: 1495: 1154:University of Southern Denmark 136: 13: 1: 3456:Blade element momentum theory 3033:10.1080/05786967.2021.1960885 2260:Rex Wailes, Fred Landis, 1489: 1148:", says Lykke Margot Ricard, 803:Egbert Livensz van der Poel, 456: 413: 185: 70:is a structure that converts 3446:2020s in wind power research 2676:(in Danish). 25 October 2021 2504:Encyclopedia of Energy Vol.6 2502:in Cutler J. Cleveland,(ed) 1998:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1233: 1047: 916:A group of wind turbines in 697:Cross section of a post mill 607: 509: 377: 7: 3466:Energy return on investment 3084:Windmills at Windmill World 2730:(in Danish). Archived from 2701:(in Danish). Archived from 2196:Sathyajith, Mathew (2006). 1994:"Asbads (windmill) of Iran" 1896:Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 1637:Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 1390: 1044:of 591 GW as of 2018. 10: 3659: 2336:www.historyofwindmills.com 2202:Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1921:Cambridge University Press 1867:. UNESCO Pub. p. 80. 1771:Shepherd, William (2011). 1237: 1191:) in 2020, at least 8,810 1101:Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm 1051: 932:A wind turbine in Huikku, 901: 611: 518: 460: 417: 381: 218:Vertical axis wind turbine 215: 209: 36: 29: 3541: 3513:Variable renewable energy 3438: 3377: 3349: 3252: 3219: 3157: 1179:informed, that they have 986:Smith–Putnam wind turbine 809:National Museum in Kraków 163:(Heron) in first-century 39:Windmill (disambiguation) 3633:Sustainable technologies 3533:Wind resource assessment 2973:Wind Energy Comes of Age 2010:Needham, Joseph (1986). 1740:Eldridge, Frank (1980). 1263:Windpump in far western 1107:in 2017, 99% of the not- 908:High-altitude wind power 514: 3638:Timber framed buildings 3065:Architecture: Windmills 2535:, page 32, with a photo 2267:Encyclopædia Britannica 2067:Farrokh, Kaveh (2007), 1655:, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151 1405:Renewable energy portal 1175:H.J. Hansen, where the 832:De Gekroonde Poelenburg 780:, United Kingdom. 1815. 570:Pierre-Théophile Berton 50:windmills at Kinderdijk 3623:Agricultural buildings 3528:Wind profile power law 3523:Wind power forecasting 2996:Millet, Bruce (1984). 2929:Mechanical Engineering 2874:Chris, Martin (2020). 2571:. GWEC. Archived from 2550:28 August 2008 at the 2500:History of Wind Energy 2467:Shackleton, Jonathan. 2148:Windmills of Yorkshire 1981:Mechanical Engineering 1670:NASA Contractor Report 1601:NASA Contractor Report 1267: 1256: 940: 925: 838: 811: 796: 781: 762:1813 technical drawing 730:East Hampton, New York 596: 553: 537: 483: 445: 433: 340: 235: 227: 153: 63: 3554:Wind power portal 3048:Vowles, Hugh Pembroke 2924:Donald Routledge Hill 2795:Tiirikainen, Morten. 2234:Martin Watts (2006). 2186:(Oxford, 1962) p. 87. 2069:Shadows in the Desert 1977:Donald Routledge Hill 1969:Donald Routledge Hill 1913:Donald Routledge Hill 1651:, "Hero's Windmill", 1439:History of wind power 1262: 1247: 1034:fossil fuel depletion 931: 915: 847:Industrial Revolution 817: 802: 787: 775: 587: 543: 528: 470: 439: 427: 330: 233: 225: 216:Further information: 144: 47: 3359:Consulting companies 3167:Airborne wind energy 2360:The English Windmill 2121:Lucas, Adam (2006), 1944:Lucas, Adam (2006). 1715:Lucas, Adam (2006). 1552:theindependentbd.com 1369:Great Artesian Basin 1286:and later spread to 206:Horizontal windmills 113:; the horizontal or 111:early modern periods 37:For other uses, see 3588:Additional portals: 3518:Virtual power plant 3351:Wind power industry 3229:Lists of wind farms 3054:, Vol. 11 (1930–31) 2971:Gipe, Paul (1995). 2910:1991SciAm.264e.100H 2898:Scientific American 2527:, Birkhäuser, 2006 2514:, 2007, pp. 421–422 2475:on 17 December 2008 1973:Scientific American 1251:-style windpump in 1150:Associate Professor 1054:Wind turbine design 1003:wind power industry 998:wind turbine design 867:very few are left. 855:internal combustion 290:Jurchen Jin dynasty 252:Umar ibn al-Khattab 123:northwestern Europe 78:using vanes called 61:World Heritage Site 56:, Netherlands is a 3115:University of Kent 3094:2009-11-19 at the 1674:Cornell University 1605:Cornell University 1469:Sustainable living 1464:Sustainable energy 1268: 1257: 1103:was taken down in 1042:nameplate capacity 994:NASA wind turbines 990:Castleton, Vermont 941: 926: 839: 812: 797: 782: 768:Spread and decline 597: 554: 538: 484: 446: 434: 432:islands, Portugal. 341: 323:Vertical windmills 263:Persian geographer 240:panemone windmills 236: 228: 161:Hero of Alexandria 154: 117:first appeared in 64: 52:in the village of 3605: 3604: 3197:on public display 3106:The Mills Archive 2512:978-1-60119-433-6 2442:"Local Windmills" 2430:978-90-400-8785-1 2310:Low-tech Magazine 2247:978-0-7478-0653-0 2211:978-3-540-30905-5 2078:978-1-84603-108-3 1782:978-981-4304-13-9 1449:List of windmills 1419:Wind power portal 1173:recycling company 878:, so in 1717 the 750:for land drainage 633:Archimedes' screw 274:Iberian Peninsula 212:Panemone windmill 115:panemone windmill 76:rotational energy 16:(Redirected from 3650: 3592:Renewable energy 3587: 3575: 3574: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3551: 3398:GE Offshore Wind 3144: 3137: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3044: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2829:Energy Supply DK 2821: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2565: 2559: 2556:for the mountain 2542: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2448:on 8 August 2013 2438: 2432: 2422: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2312:. 8 October 2009 2302: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2270: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2204:. pp. 1–9. 2193: 2187: 2182:Lynn White Jr., 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2161:. Archived from 2142: 2136: 2135: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2081: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2034:Braudel, Fernand 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1990: 1984: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1941: 1932: 1905: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1866: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1824:. Archived from 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1799:. Archived from 1793: 1787: 1786: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1701:2060/19910012312 1685: 1665: 1656: 1646: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1499: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1314:, from the late 1226:, South Dakota; 1126:friendly way of 1038:renewable energy 964:(1887–1888) and 958:Charles F. Brush 807:(17th century), 759: 743: 725: 706: 694: 671: 656: 546:Holgate windmill 475:with a stage in 428:Windmill in the 405:Hollow-post mill 366:overlooking the 260: 258: 190: 187: 21: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3546: 3537: 3508:Tip-speed ratio 3503:Net energy gain 3461:Capacity factor 3434: 3373: 3345: 3248: 3234:Community-owned 3215: 3153: 3148: 3096:Wayback Machine 3061: 3016: 3014:Further reading 3011: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2936: 2927: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2793: 2786: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2575:on 27 July 2019 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552:Wayback Machine 2543: 2539: 2522: 2518: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2159: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2119: 2115: 2082:Lynn White Jr. 2079: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2005: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1942: 1935: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1713: 1709: 1692:10.2172/6342767 1683:10.1.1.656.3199 1666: 1659: 1649:A. G. Drachmann 1647: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1623:10.2172/6342767 1614:10.1.1.656.3199 1597: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1558:on 15 June 2022 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1454:Mill (heraldry) 1434:Éolienne Bollée 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1393: 1336:Fairbanks-Morse 1323:Daniel Halladay 1242: 1236: 1177:product manager 1124:environmentally 1097: 1069:Young's modulus 1056: 1050: 1032:, and eventual 1026:energy security 962:Cleveland, Ohio 910: 902:Main articles: 900: 858:working mills. 770: 763: 760: 751: 744: 735: 726: 717: 707: 698: 695: 686: 674:Diagram of the 672: 663: 657: 616: 610: 523: 517: 512: 465: 459: 440:Tower mills in 422: 416: 407: 401:replaced them. 386: 380: 360:Northern Europe 349:eastern England 325: 255: 220: 214: 208: 188: 139: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3656: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3483:Energy subsidy 3480: 3479: 3478: 3471:Energy storage 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3420:Siemens Gamesa 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3307:Unconventional 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3272:Crosswind kite 3269: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3239:Offshore farms 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3060: 3059:External links 3057: 3056: 3055: 3045: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3009: 2988: 2981: 2963: 2934: 2885: 2866: 2840: 2813: 2784: 2744: 2728:winddenmark.dk 2715: 2699:winddenmark.dk 2686: 2658: 2646: 2625: 2616: 2595: 2586: 2560: 2537: 2516: 2492: 2486: 2459: 2433: 2414: 2410:Victorian Farm 2402: 2393: 2382:. 23 July 2014 2365: 2347: 2323: 2292: 2271: 2253: 2246: 2226: 2217: 2210: 2188: 2175: 2157: 2137: 2131: 2113: 2101:(1): 387–424, 2077: 2059: 2052: 2025: 2016: 2003: 1985: 1961: 1954: 1933: 1909:Ahmad Y Hassan 1900: 1887: 1873: 1850: 1838: 1813: 1788: 1781: 1763: 1756: 1732: 1725: 1707: 1657: 1641: 1628: 1591: 1569: 1538: 1526: 1517: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1408: 1392: 1389: 1238:Main article: 1235: 1232: 1203:As so, at the 1146:the fiberglass 1096: 1093: 1052:Main article: 1049: 1046: 1030:global warming 899: 896: 876:Cape Peninsula 776:A windmill in 769: 766: 765: 764: 761: 754: 752: 745: 738: 736: 727: 720: 718: 708: 701: 699: 696: 689: 687: 673: 666: 664: 661:Beebe Windmill 658: 651: 614:Mill machinery 612:Main article: 609: 606: 563:William Cubitt 519:Main article: 516: 513: 511: 508: 461:Main article: 458: 455: 418:Main article: 415: 412: 406: 403: 382:Main article: 379: 376: 368:Humber Estuary 331:A windmill in 324: 321: 259: 634–644 210:Main article: 207: 204: 138: 135: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3655: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3379:Manufacturers 3376: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3364:Manufacturers 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312:Vertical-axis 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3292:Pitch bearing 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3254:Wind turbines 3251: 3245: 3244:Onshore farms 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182:Land vehicles 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3017: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2982:0-471-10924-X 2978: 2974: 2967: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2774: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2734:on 2022-09-15 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2705:on 2022-09-15 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2638:9780128035818 2635: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2608:9780080983301 2605: 2599: 2590: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2533:3-540-24240-6 2530: 2526: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2397: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2165:on 2019-11-01 2164: 2160: 2158:9781840334753 2154: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2134: 2132:90-04-14649-0 2128: 2124: 2117: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089:Bent Sorensen 2085: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2053:9780520081147 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2013: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1955:90-04-14649-0 1951: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1929:0-521-42239-6 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1876: 1874:9789231038303 1870: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1828:on 2008-10-25 1827: 1823: 1817: 1803:on 2018-10-02 1802: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1759: 1757:0-442-26134-9 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1743:Wind Machines 1736: 1728: 1726:90-04-14649-0 1722: 1718: 1711: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1579: 1573: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1521: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1484:Windmill ship 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312:Great Britain 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:United States 1212: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:scrap dealers 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1019:Enercon E-126 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 939: 935: 930: 923: 919: 914: 909: 905: 898:Wind turbines 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 865: 864:Zaan district 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 837: 836:Zaanse Schans 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 810: 806: 805:Windmill Fire 801: 794: 790: 786: 779: 774: 758: 753: 749: 742: 737: 734: 731: 724: 719: 716: 712: 705: 700: 693: 688: 685: 681: 677: 670: 665: 662: 655: 650: 649: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:drainage mill 626: 622: 615: 605: 603: 594: 590: 586: 582: 580: 576: 571: 566: 564: 558: 551: 547: 542: 536: 532: 527: 522: 521:Windmill sail 507: 504: 500: 498: 494: 490: 482: 478: 474: 469: 464: 454: 452: 443: 438: 431: 426: 421: 411: 402: 400: 396: 392: 385: 375: 373: 372:grind cereals 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 338: 334: 329: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305:Fowler's Mill 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 264: 253: 249: 245: 241: 232: 224: 219: 213: 203: 201: 197: 192: 183: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 158: 152: 149:wind-powered 148: 143: 134: 132: 128: 127:Dutch culture 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:high medieval 103: 101: 97: 96:wind turbines 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 62: 59: 55: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 3576: 3564: 3545: 3493:Hybrid power 3262:Aerodynamics 3203: 3051: 3024: 3001:. Retrieved 2991: 2972: 2966: 2955:. Retrieved 2950: 2904:(5): 64–69. 2901: 2897: 2894:Hill, Donald 2888: 2879: 2869: 2858:. Retrieved 2853: 2843: 2832:. Retrieved 2828: 2805:. Retrieved 2800: 2762:. Retrieved 2757: 2747: 2736:. Retrieved 2732:the original 2727: 2718: 2707:. Retrieved 2703:the original 2698: 2689: 2678:. Retrieved 2673: 2649: 2628: 2619: 2598: 2589: 2577:. Retrieved 2573:the original 2563: 2540: 2524: 2519: 2506:, Elsevier, 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2477:. Retrieved 2473:the original 2462: 2450:. Retrieved 2446:the original 2436: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2384:. Retrieved 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2339:. Retrieved 2335: 2326: 2314:. Retrieved 2309: 2284:. Retrieved 2282:. 2022-09-27 2274: 2265: 2256: 2236: 2229: 2220: 2197: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2167:. Retrieved 2163:the original 2147: 2140: 2122: 2116: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2068: 2062: 2038: 2028: 2019: 2011: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1972: 1964: 1945: 1916: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1878:. Retrieved 1860: 1853: 1830:. Retrieved 1826:the original 1816: 1805:. Retrieved 1801:the original 1791: 1772: 1766: 1742: 1735: 1716: 1710: 1669: 1652: 1644: 1636: 1631: 1600: 1594: 1582:. Retrieved 1572: 1560:. Retrieved 1556:the original 1551: 1541: 1529: 1520: 1507:. Retrieved 1497: 1426: 1373:Metters Ltd. 1361: 1320: 1284:Muslim world 1269: 1253:South Dakota 1213: 1202: 1195:of the wing 1186: 1158: 1141: 1139: 1098: 1073:carbon fiber 1065: 1061: 1057: 1023: 975: 966:Poul la Cour 945:wind turbine 942: 883: 869: 860: 843:water wheels 840: 822:, paintmill 804: 793:Gustave Doré 617: 598: 575:Lincolnshire 567: 559: 555: 529:Windmill in 505: 501: 485: 447: 408: 387: 357: 342: 302: 237: 193: 174:prayer wheel 157:Wind-powered 155: 104: 99: 67: 65: 2951:Ferimi News 2856:(in Danish) 2803:(in Danish) 2760:(in Danish) 2523:Erich Hau, 2479:20 November 2356:Wailes, Rex 1880:27 December 1865:(Paperback) 1428:Don Quixote 1316:Middle Ages 1308:East Anglia 1304:Netherlands 1272:Afghanistan 1224:Sioux Falls 1181:transported 1079:reinforced 1077:glass fiber 971:Jacobs Wind 950:James Blyth 918:Zhangjiakou 880:Heeren XVII 872:Cape Colony 851:steam mills 789:Don Quixote 621:grist mills 568:In France, 493:sheet metal 473:smock mills 399:smock mills 339:in May 1987 294:Yelü Chucai 165:Roman Egypt 137:Forerunners 131:Netherlands 100:wind engine 3643:Wind power 3612:Categories 3498:Laddermill 3451:Betz's law 3396:including 3329:Yaw system 3221:Wind farms 3172:By country 3159:Wind power 3151:Wind power 3003:2013-12-10 2957:2015-01-25 2860:2022-09-15 2834:2022-09-12 2807:2022-09-15 2764:2022-09-12 2758:Ingeniøren 2738:2022-09-15 2709:2022-09-15 2680:2022-09-12 2341:2022-02-21 2286:2023-03-29 2169:2013-02-13 1832:2008-07-31 1807:2008-07-31 1584:8 February 1503:"Windmill" 1490:References 1459:Molinology 1444:Horse mill 1357:crankshaft 1296:South Asia 1220:Lake Mills 1169:pulverized 1165:Ingeniøren 1112:fiberglass 1109:degradable 904:Wind power 884:Oude Molen 748:smock mill 711:d'Admiraal 676:smock mill 641:papermills 463:Smock mill 457:Smock mill 420:Tower mill 414:Tower mill 282:Aegean Sea 280:) and the 278:Al-Andalus 189: 400 88:gristmills 72:wind power 54:Kinderdijk 3618:Windmills 3041:238712550 2880:Bloomberg 2452:15 August 2316:15 August 2262:Windmills 2237:Windmills 1919:, p. 54. 1678:CiteSeerX 1653:Centaurus 1609:CiteSeerX 1509:15 August 1479:Watermill 1474:Tide mill 1364:Toowoomba 1328:tankhouse 1288:East Asia 1234:Windpumps 1099:When the 1048:Materials 978:Balaklava 888:Pinelands 820:De Zoeker 715:Amsterdam 645:threshing 625:millstone 608:Machinery 579:Yorkshire 552:, England 510:Mechanics 497:tar paper 477:Greetsiel 442:Consuegra 384:Post mill 378:Post mill 309:Battersea 300:in 1219. 298:Turkestan 202:as well. 92:windpumps 18:Windmills 3566:Category 3439:Concepts 3405:Goldwind 3369:Software 3322:Darrieus 3317:Savonius 3282:Floating 3267:Airborne 3209:panemone 3204:Windmill 3192:Turbines 3187:Offshore 3092:Archived 3027:: 1–17. 2773:cite web 2674:plast.dk 2579:22 March 2548:Archived 2358:(1954), 2036:(1992). 1915:(1986). 1672:(4337). 1603:(4337). 1391:See also 1377:Adelaide 1344:Aermotor 1310:area of 1306:and the 1280:Pakistan 1249:Aermotor 1240:Windpump 1222:, Iowa; 1159:Several 1128:handling 1116:Landfill 1081:polymers 1011:Nordtank 956:(1887), 954:Scotland 934:Hailuoto 830:sawmill 818:Oilmill 637:Sawmills 353:Flanders 284:(in the 270:Khorasan 266:Estakhri 248:Rashidun 68:windmill 32:Windpump 3578:Commons 3415:Senvion 3392:GE Wind 3387:Enercon 3334:bearing 3287:Nacelle 3177:History 3113:at the 2906:Bibcode 2854:TV2 ØST 2801:TV2 ØST 2386:24 July 2264:at the 1562:15 June 1353:gearbox 1332:Eclipse 1214:In the 1209:Lolland 1144:recycle 1120:Aalborg 1105:Denmark 938:Finland 924:, China 892:Mowbray 834:at the 828:paltrok 680:Meopham 595:in 1962 589:De Valk 544:5-sail 535:Estonia 531:Kuremaa 481:Germany 451:fantail 444:, Spain 391:trestle 337:Finland 313:Margate 286:Balkans 250:caliph 147:Heron's 133:today. 86:grain ( 3597:Energy 3430:Vestas 3425:Suzlon 3410:Nordex 3297:QBlade 3277:Design 3069:Curlie 3039: 2979: 2636: 2606: 2531: 2510: 2428: 2244: 2208: 2155: 2129: 2075: 2050: 1952: 1927: 1871: 1779: 1754: 1723: 1680: 1611: 1385:Sydney 1349:torque 1342:, and 1294:) and 1278:, and 1228:Casper 1205:island 1193:tonnes 1135:export 1013:, and 1007:Vestas 853:) and 824:De Kat 430:Azores 345:France 244:Persia 196:Persia 119:Persia 58:UNESCO 3339:drive 3302:Small 3037:S2CID 2922:(cf. 1580:. BBC 1381:Perth 1300:India 1292:China 1197:scrap 1163:tell 1131:waste 1118:near 1015:Bonus 922:Hebei 778:Wales 515:Sails 495:, or 489:slate 395:tower 333:Kotka 276:(via 200:grain 182:China 178:Tibet 169:organ 151:organ 80:sails 74:into 3488:HVDC 3476:grid 2977:ISBN 2779:link 2634:ISBN 2604:ISBN 2581:2019 2529:ISBN 2508:ISBN 2481:2008 2454:2013 2426:ISBN 2388:2014 2318:2013 2242:ISBN 2206:ISBN 2153:ISBN 2127:ISBN 2073:ISBN 2048:ISBN 1950:ISBN 1925:ISBN 1882:2021 1869:ISBN 1777:ISBN 1752:ISBN 1721:ISBN 1586:2021 1564:2022 1511:2013 1383:and 1355:and 1276:Iran 1255:, US 1089:GFRP 1087:and 1085:CFRP 1075:and 982:USSR 906:and 826:and 684:Kent 577:and 550:York 471:Two 397:and 364:Wold 351:and 317:Kent 180:and 109:and 84:mill 48:The 3067:at 3029:doi 2914:doi 2902:264 2379:CNN 2103:doi 2044:358 1696:hdl 1688:doi 1619:doi 1375:of 1265:NSW 1230:). 1189:SDU 960:in 952:in 713:in 678:at 548:in 315:in 307:at 296:to 3614:: 3035:. 2949:. 2937:^ 2926:, 2912:. 2900:. 2878:. 2852:. 2827:. 2816:^ 2799:. 2787:^ 2775:}} 2771:{{ 2756:. 2726:. 2697:. 2672:. 2661:^ 2640:, 2610:, 2417:^ 2376:. 2334:. 2308:. 2295:^ 2200:. 2099:20 2097:, 2046:. 1996:. 1979:, 1936:^ 1923:. 1911:, 1841:^ 1750:. 1748:15 1694:. 1686:. 1676:. 1660:^ 1617:. 1607:. 1550:. 1387:. 1379:, 1338:, 1334:, 1274:, 1207:, 1028:, 1009:, 980:, 943:A 936:, 920:, 894:. 795:). 682:, 643:, 635:. 604:. 533:, 491:, 479:, 374:. 347:, 335:, 257:r. 186:c. 94:, 66:A 3143:e 3136:t 3129:v 3043:. 3031:: 3006:. 2985:. 2960:. 2932:) 2920:. 2916:: 2908:: 2882:. 2863:. 2837:. 2810:. 2781:) 2767:. 2741:. 2712:. 2683:. 2644:. 2614:. 2583:. 2483:. 2456:. 2390:. 2344:. 2320:. 2289:. 2250:. 2214:. 2172:. 2105:: 2056:. 2000:. 1983:) 1958:. 1931:. 1884:. 1835:. 1810:. 1785:. 1760:. 1729:. 1704:. 1698:: 1690:: 1625:. 1621:: 1588:. 1566:. 1513:. 1298:( 1290:( 1140:" 1083:( 254:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index