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421:"Through-holed and wedged" is one of the primary means of joining Windsor chair parts. A cylindrical or slightly tapered hole is bored in the first piece, the matching cylindrical or tapered end of the second piece is inserted in the hole as a round tenon, and a wedge is driven into the end of this tenon, flaring it tight in the hole. The excess portion of the wedge is then cut flush with the surface. This supplies a mechanical hold that will prevail when the glue fails. In general, early Windsor chair joints are held together mechanically, making glue a redundant detail in their assembly.
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USA. Because of elm's strength compared to pine, tulip poplar or bass, English
Windsor chair seats are usually not as thick as American Windsors. The English Windsor chair seats are not saddled (or dished) as deeply as their American counterparts- partly because of elm's relative strength, and partly because elm is comparatively more difficult to sculpt than the softer woods chosen by American chair makers. Woodwrights use tools such as the
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what is known as an "H" stretcher assembly. A common misconception about this assembly is that the stretchers hold the legs together to keep them from pulling apart. In the traditional
Windsor design, the wedged tenon joints which join each leg to the seat are inherently strong enough to prevent the legs from creeping outward. The stretcher system actually pushes the legs apart to retain the necessary tension which reduces slack.
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42:, or pushed into drilled holes, in contrast to other styles of chairs whose back legs and back uprights are continuous. The seats of Windsor chairs are often carved into a shallow dish or saddle shape for comfort. Traditionally, the legs, stretchers, and uprights (or spindles) were usually turned on a
508:
During the early 19th century the United States produced vast numbers of chairs, in factories, and an experienced factory painter could paint a chair in less than five minutes. By mid-century, to save production costs, the chair was painted in solid colours with some simple stencilling being the only
391:
seats because its interlocking grain gives good cross-grain strength that resists splitting where holes are placed close to the edge of a seat. There are no real satisfactory alternatives to elm although other woods have been tried, for example, oak and ash in
Britain and various types of pine in the
386:
The seat of a
Windsor chair is an essential part since it provides the stability to both the upper and lower portions. The thickness of the seat allows the legs to be anchored securely into their respective tapered sockets, providing the undercarriage with strength and stability. A timber that will
417:
The legs are splayed at angles fore-and-aft (rake) as well as side-to-side (splay) to provide actual and visual support of the person sitting. Early chairs made in
America usually have stretchers connecting the front and back legs and a cross stretcher connecting the two side stretchers, creating
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in 1724. There is speculation that the chair derives its name from
Windsor, which became the centre for trade between the producers and the London dealers. Thus, the name "Windsor Chair" is more about the style of chair than where it was made, with many diverse forms of Windsor chair being made
512:
With wear in use, the paint wears off around the edges and displays a characteristic wear pattern that reveals the paint colors underneath. As for any antique, this original finish often survives best in unworn areas such as the bottom of the seat or around turnings. Later repainting, even
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provide the strength and stability whilst also allowing it to be shaped, in order to achieve the desired look and feel, requires a strong durable timber, with interlocking grain, to provide the right characteristics. English
Windsors typically have
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Early
British Windsors were painted, later versions were stained and polished. American Windsors were usually painted, in the 18th century they were grain painted with a light color, then overpainted with a dark color before being coated with
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who became lieutenant governor of
Pennsylvania in 1726. There is speculation that the first American Windsor chair, based on the traditional British design, was made in Philadelphia in 1730.
206:, a 13th century manuscript (MS. Peniarth 28). This is the earliest known depiction of the Welsh 'stick-back' chair. The design of the Windsor chair was possibly a development of this.
162:. Then there was the benchman who worked in a small town or village workshop and would produce the seats, backsplats and other sawn parts. The final craftsman involved was the
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66:, more than three thousand years before a recognisable Windsor design evolved. The modern Windsor design emerged as early as the 16th century in England when
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379:, and hickory all rive (split) and steam bend nicely. These woods are also straight grained and flexible and thus work well for slender parts such as the
54:. Traditional Windsors are typically painted, primarily to hide the different types of wood used in construction, based on their characteristics.
93:'stick-back' chairs, but the evidence on origin is not certain.An early reference to a Windsor chair was in 1718 when the landscape gardener,
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Modern tools for producing a
Windsor chair. From bottom to top: six-degree reamer, a leg tenon cutter, an arm-stump tenon cutter, and a
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which is contriv'd to turn round any Way, either for the Advantage of the Prospect to avoid the Inconveniences of Wind, the Sun &c'
19:
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was being used to produce their characteristic "bow". The first chairs made this way were shipped to London from the market town of
46:. Spindles may also be carved, using drawknives and spokeshaves. The back and sometimes the arm pieces (if present) are formed from
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It is not clear when the first Windsor chairs were made. There is evidence of the "stick" construction of stools in the art of
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166:. The framer would take the components produced by the bodger and the benchman and would assemble and finish the chair.
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A "stick" constructed stool, discovered as part of the Carnarvon Excavations of Upper Egypt. Believed to come from the
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English settlers introduced the Windsor chair to North America, with the earliest known chairs being imported by
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It is common to find American Windsors made in the 18th century that contain three different species of wood.
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becoming the centre of production. The first Windsors were of the comb-back variety and by the 18th century,
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Traditionally, three types of craftsmen were involved in the construction of a Windsor chair. There was the
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are stiff and make crisp turnings, and were used for the undercarriage. Ring porous species such as
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for protection of the fragile paint. In the 19th century settlers from the mid-west of America to
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226:(active 1740–1764), with what is thought to be one of the earliest depictions of a Windsor chair.
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Evans, Nancy Goyne (1979). "A HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF ENGLISH WINDSOR FURNITURE".
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well-intentioned restoration, will diminish the value of an original finish.
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Ichnographia Rustica; or, The nobleman, gentleman, and gardener's recreation
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built with a solid wooden seat into which the chair-back and legs are round-
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154:, an itinerant craftsman who worked in the woods and made the legs and
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Historically, the manufacture of Windsor chairs was in the county of
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are common for the seat. Non ring porous hardwoods such as
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would coat their chairs with the solid primary colours of
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Sack-back Windsor Armchair also known as a double Windsor
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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
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Type of chair with a solid wood seat and turned legs
505:, a mix of buttermilk, turpentine and cow's blood.
865:Galbert, Peter (2015). Christopher Schwarz (ed.).
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905:"Peniarth 28: illustrations from a Welsh Lawbook"
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238:American Windsor Chair, Philadelphia 1760-1770.
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81:. This design was probably a development of
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888:. Newton Abbot, Devon: David and Charles.
250:There are about seven distinctive forms:
245:
2537:Building and Wood Workers' International
804:Make a Windsor chair with Michael Dunbar
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413:inch (13 mm) spindle tenon cutter.
189:Middle Kingdom period of Ancient Egypt.
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997:Video on how to make a Windsor chair
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464:Completed wedges, awaiting trimming.
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2522:American Association of Woodturners
964:. Vol. III. London: D.Browne.
471:
13:
850:. New York, NY: Friedman/Fairfax.
202:A judge sitting on a chair in the
14:
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2552:National Wood Carvers Association
985:
869:. Fort Mitchell: Lost Art Press.
846:Encyclopedia of Country Furniture
452:Driving the wedge into the tenon.
340:Ricker Fanback Windsor side chair
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2527:Architectural Woodwork Institute
886:Jack Hill's Country Chair Making
806:. Newtown, Conn: Taunton Press.
523:High Wycombe Chair Making Museum
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77:in the same way they made wheel
23:A sack-back Windsor armchair by
1036:
924:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.
907:. The National Library of Wales
328:Comb-back Windsor writing chair
2532:British Woodworking Federation
943:. Minola: Dover Publications.
480:A pair of painted Windsors at
427:Assembling wedged tenon joints
352:Lyman Mower Windsor side chair
1:
2542:Caricature Carvers of America
794:
922:Traditional Country Craftmen
920:Jenkins, J. Geraint (1965).
7:
516:
10:
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316:Comb-back Windsor Armchair
304:Comb-back Windsor armchair
218:Painting of Sir Roger and
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2557:Society of Wood Engravers
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958:Switzer, Stephen (1718).
939:Nutting, Wallace (2003).
787:, p. 159, p. 167, p. 112.
440:Driving the spindle home.
109:..a large Seat, call'd a
867:The Chairmakers Notebook
842:Frankel, Candie (1993).
802:Dunbar, Michael (1984).
543:
2634:Frameless construction
1715:Wood-plastic composite
485:
414:
246:Forms and construction
124:
27:
903:Huws, Daniel (1986).
479:
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107:
22:
2562:Timber Framers Guild
1416:Australian Blackwood
99:Ichnographia Rustica
2282:Hammer-headed tenon
1801:Janka hardness test
884:Hill, Jack (1997).
732:, pp. 234–246.
1143:Japanese carpentry
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28:
2703:Green woodworking
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2639:Green woodworking
2496:Wood preservation
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2327:Tongue and groove
2307:Mortise and tenon
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1894:Warrington hammer
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1411:African Blackwood
1203:Segmented turning
876:978-0-9906230-3-8
823:Furniture History
720:, pp. 18–21.
629:, Note on p. 113.
585:, pp. 24–53.
533:Windsor Institute
204:Laws of Hywel Dda
103:William Blathwayt
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1178:Pallet crafting
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95:Stephen Switzer
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1205:
1200:
1195:
1193:Relief carving
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:Bush carpentry
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Wycombe Museum
987:
986:External links
984:
982:
981:
955:
949:
941:Windsor Chairs
936:
930:
917:
900:
894:
881:
875:
862:
856:
839:
818:
812:
798:
796:
793:
790:
789:
770:
758:
746:
734:
722:
703:
691:
679:
677:, p. 126.
667:
665:, p. 124.
655:
643:
641:, p. 163.
631:
619:
604:
602:, p. 164.
587:
572:
548:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
538:Wycombe Museum
535:
530:
528:List of chairs
525:
518:
515:
473:
470:
463:
456:
455:
451:
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432:
431:
430:
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351:
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320:
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308:
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303:
296:
295:
291:
284:
283:
282:
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264:continuous arm
247:
244:
237:
230:
229:
224:Edward Haytley
217:
210:
209:
201:
194:
193:
186:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
171:Patrick Gordon
115:
75:chair spindles
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2730:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
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2578:Chainsaw mill
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2515:Organizations
2513:
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2497:
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2492:
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2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Steam bending
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:French polish
2439:
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2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Rabbet/Rebate
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Mason's mitre
2295:
2293:
2290:
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2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Jointer plane
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Compass plane
2111:
2109:
2108:Chamfer plane
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Bedrock plane
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
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1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
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1943:
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1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Veneer hammer
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
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1797:
1796:Impact driver
1794:
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1612:Red Quebracho
1610:
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1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Bow and arrow
1086:
1084:
1083:Boat building
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:Harvard Chair
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
971:
967:
963:
962:
956:
952:
950:0-4864-1725-5
946:
942:
937:
933:
931:0-7100-8726-8
927:
923:
918:
906:
901:
897:
895:0-7153-0313-9
891:
887:
882:
878:
872:
868:
863:
859:
857:1-56799-261-7
853:
848:
847:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
813:0-918804-21-3
809:
805:
800:
799:
786:
781:
779:
777:
775:
768:, p. 14.
767:
762:
755:
750:
743:
738:
731:
726:
719:
714:
712:
710:
708:
701:, p. 29.
700:
695:
689:, p. ix.
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
659:
653:, p. 15.
652:
647:
640:
635:
628:
623:
616:
611:
609:
601:
596:
594:
592:
584:
579:
577:
570:, p. 11.
569:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
549:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
483:
478:
460:
448:
436:
422:
419:
401:
397:
395:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
348:
336:
324:
312:
300:
288:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
234:
225:
221:
214:
205:
198:
190:
183:
174:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
145:
141:
137:
136:steam bending
133:
129:
121:, p. 125
120:
114:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
64:Ancient Egypt
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Windsor chair
26:
21:
2708:Chair-making
2446:Heat bending
2391:Edge banding
2163:Router plane
2158:Rebate plane
2118:Finger plane
1849:
1553:
1547:
1527:
1521:Lignum vitae
1279:
1273:
1238:Wood carving
1213:Shipbuilding
1198:Root carving
1158:Log building
1123:Chip carving
973:. Retrieved
960:
940:
921:
909:. Retrieved
885:
866:
845:
826:
822:
803:
785:Frankel 1993
761:
749:
737:
730:Galbert 2015
725:
699:Nutting 2003
694:
687:Nutting 2003
682:
675:Jenkins 1965
670:
663:Jenkins 1965
658:
651:Jenkins 1965
646:
639:Frankel 1993
634:
627:Switzer 1718
622:
600:Frankel 1993
511:
507:
487:
482:Gunston Hall
420:
416:
385:
365:tulip poplar
358:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
168:
152:chair bodger
149:
132:High Wycombe
125:
119:Switzer 1718
111:Windsor Seat
110:
108:
98:
83:West Country
68:wheelwrights
61:
31:
29:
2718:Woodworking
2667:WikiProject
2613:Rift sawing
2603:Flat sawing
2491:Wood drying
2168:Scrub plane
2153:Razee plane
2103:Block plane
1957:Mitre clamp
1904:Wood scribe
1855:Combination
1597:Purpleheart
1293:Douglas fir
1243:Woodturning
1076:Occupations
1038:Woodworking
975:2 September
754:Dunbar 1984
742:Dunbar 1984
491:linseed oil
484:, Virginia.
147:worldwide.
105:refers to:
2692:Categories
2622:Techniques
2571:Conversion
2501:Wood stain
2429:Treatments
2217:Birdsmouth
2183:Spokeshave
2133:Jack plane
2123:Fore plane
1962:Pipe clamp
1927:Band clamp
1851:Carpenters
1672:Engineered
1622:Rubberwood
1471:Eucalyptus
1275:Calocedrus
1188:Pyrography
1153:Kohlrosing
970:1051556777
795:References
583:Evans 1979
503:milk paint
363:, bass or
160:pole lathe
156:stretchers
72:coping out
50:pieces of
48:steam bent
44:pole lathe
2713:Furniture
2411:Parquetry
2406:Oystering
2401:Marquetry
2242:Butterfly
1909:Workbench
1841:Sandpaper
1821:Mitre box
1766:Drawknife
1756:Burnisher
1741:Abrasives
1690:Hardboard
1351:Afromosia
1233:Whittling
1183:Parquetry
1168:Marquetry
1113:Certosina
1108:Carpentry
1098:Cabinetry
1045:Overviews
911:29 August
829:: 24–53.
766:Hill 1997
718:Hill 1997
615:Huws 1986
568:Hill 1997
260:comb-back
252:sack-back
144:Berkshire
2657:Category
2436:Adhesive
2416:Purfling
2396:Intarsia
2337:Profiles
2262:Dovetail
2201:Geometry
2040:Hand saw
2025:Crosscut
2010:Circular
2005:Chainsaw
1952:Holdfast
1617:Rosewood
1549:American
1544:Mahogany
1516:Jelutong
1486:Hornbeam
1451:Cocobolo
1446:Chestnut
1361:Andiroba
1173:Millwork
1138:Intarsia
1133:Fretwork
1128:Ébéniste
1057:Glossary
835:23405044
756:, Ch. 2.
744:, Ch. 4.
517:See also
509:design.
381:spindles
276:fan back
272:rod back
268:low back
256:hoopback
116:—
70:started
2677:Commons
2593:Whipsaw
2588:Sawmill
2481:Varnish
2476:Thermal
2451:Lacquer
2386:Binding
2355:Chamfer
2222:Biscuit
2188:Surform
2080:Whipsaw
2050:Keyhole
2035:Fretsaw
2015:Compass
2000:Bucksaw
1990:Bandsaw
1985:Backsaw
1967:Sawbuck
1937:F-clamp
1932:C-clamp
1806:Jointer
1710:Plywood
1662:Zebrano
1602:Ovankol
1567:Meranti
1555:African
1526:Linden
1481:Hickory
1436:Cedrela
1431:Camphor
1426:Bubinga
1421:Boxwood
1401:Bilinga
1386:Avodire
1303:Juniper
1288:Cypress
1163:Luthier
1052:History
495:Ontario
408:⁄
158:, on a
140:Windsor
130:, with
97:in his
58:History
40:tenoned
2698:Chairs
2583:Hewing
2322:Splice
2277:Halved
2272:Groove
2267:Finger
2247:Coping
2232:Bridle
2209:Joints
2090:Planes
2075:Veneer
2065:Scroll
2060:Ripsaw
2045:Jigsaw
2020:Coping
1919:Clamps
1846:Square
1836:Shaper
1831:Router
1811:Mallet
1786:Gimlet
1761:Chisel
1657:Willow
1647:Walnut
1637:Totara
1627:Sapele
1592:Poplar
1577:Padauk
1539:Merbau
1511:Jarrah
1496:Imbuia
1491:Idigbo
1456:Cumaru
1441:Cherry
1366:Anigre
1328:Spruce
1281:Cedrus
1148:Khatam
1103:Caning
1066:lumber
968:
947:
928:
892:
873:
854:
833:
810:
499:Canada
274:, and
164:framer
79:spokes
2461:Paint
2370:Ovolo
2365:Ogive
2350:Bevel
2317:Scarf
2302:Miter
2070:Table
2055:Miter
2030:Frame
1947:Gripe
1863:Speed
1859:Miter
1791:Gauge
1781:Float
1776:Fence
1771:Drill
1729:Tools
1652:Wenge
1642:Utile
1607:Ramin
1562:Maple
1534:Lovoa
1506:Iroko
1476:Hazel
1461:Ebony
1406:Birch
1396:Beech
1391:Balsa
1381:Aspen
1376:Apple
1356:Alder
1313:Kauri
1308:Larch
1270:Cedar
1253:Woods
1228:Treen
831:JSTOR
544:Notes
369:Maple
91:Irish
87:Welsh
36:chair
34:is a
2360:Ogee
2345:Bead
2287:Knee
2257:Dado
2237:Butt
1977:Saws
1889:Vise
1826:Rasp
1751:Adze
1632:Teak
1587:Plum
1582:Pear
1343:Hard
1323:Rimu
1318:Pine
1262:Soft
1062:Wood
977:2023
966:OCLC
945:ISBN
926:ISBN
913:2023
890:ISBN
871:ISBN
852:ISBN
808:ISBN
394:adze
361:Pine
89:and
52:wood
2486:Wax
2456:Oil
2292:Lap
2227:Box
1995:Bow
1867:Try
1746:Axe
1700:OSB
1695:MDF
1572:Oak
1501:Ipê
1466:Elm
1371:Ash
1333:Yew
1298:Fir
389:elm
377:ash
373:Oak
222:by
2694::
1865:,
1861:,
1857:,
1853:,
1552:,
1278:,
827:15
825:.
773:^
706:^
607:^
590:^
575:^
552:^
497:,
383:.
375:,
278:.
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
142:,
85:,
30:A
1870:)
1848:(
1558:)
1546:(
1284:)
1272:(
1068:)
1064:(
1030:e
1023:t
1016:v
979:.
953:.
934:.
915:.
898:.
879:.
860:.
837:.
816:.
617:.
410:2
406:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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