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802.11 is only reached under ideal circumstances and true effective range is typically about half of the theoretical range. Specifically, the maximum throughput speed is only achieved at extremely close range (less than 25 feet (7.6 m) or so); at the outer reaches of a device's effective range, speed may decrease to around 1 Mbit/s before it drops out altogether. The reason is that wireless devices dynamically negotiate the top speed at which they can communicate without dropping too many data packets.
67:
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Wireless range may be substantially affected by objects in the way of the signal and by the quality of the antenna. Large electrical appliances, such as refrigerators, fuse boxes, metal plumbing, and air conditioning units can impede a wireless network signal. The theoretical maximum range of IEEE
340:(MLME) can be implemented either in the NIC's hardware or firmware, or in host-based software that is executed on the main CPU. A WNIC that implements the MLME function in hardware or firmware is called a
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operate. Earlier 802.11 interface controllers are usually only compatible with earlier variants of the standard, while newer cards support both current and old standards.
359:(Ethernet) interface; a SoftMAC design implements only the timing-critical part of the protocol in hardware/firmware and the rest on the host.
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In an ad hoc mode network the WNIC does not require an access point, but rather can interface with all other wireless nodes directly. All the
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framework provides capabilities for SoftMAC devices and additional capabilities (such as mesh networking, which is known as the
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in an infrastructure mode network connect to an access point. All nodes connecting to the access point must have the same
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A FullMAC device hides the complexity of the 802.11 protocol from the main CPU, instead providing an
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Most WNICs support one or more of 802.11, Bluetooth and 3GPP (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G) network standards.
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adapters; it may also apply to a NIC using protocols other than 802.11, such as one implementing
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standard means that many newer mobile computers have a wireless network interface built into the
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224:(SSID) as the access point. If wireless security is enabled on the access point (such as
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Meyers, Mike: Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 230.
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538:"FreeBSD 11.0 - man page for upgt (freebsd section 4) - Unix & Linux Commands"
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A wireless network interface device with a USB interface and internal antenna
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network. A WNIC, just like other NICs, works on the layers 1 and 2 of the
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Hardware component that connects a computer to a wireless computer network
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power is saved by having a specialized CPU perform the 802.11 processing;
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Specifications commonly used in marketing materials for WNICs include:
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A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an
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Popular example of FullMAC chips is the one implemented on the
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NIC and a NIC that implements it in host software is called a
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standard sets out low-level specifications for how all 802.11
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Security of Self-Organizing
Networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET
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FullMAC chips are typically used in mobile devices because:
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in an ad hoc network must have the same channel and SSID.
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parameters in order to connect to the access point.
212:In an infrastructure mode network the WNIC needs a
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394:standard) for devices with limited functionality.
366:they are easier to integrate in complete products
195:An 802.11 WNIC can operate in two modes known as
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372:the chip vendor has tighter control of the MLME.
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286:Wireless network standards supported, such as
332:Comparison of open-source wireless drivers
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114:rather than a wired network, such as an
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279:Wireless transmit power (measured in
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84:wireless network interface controller
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168:The low cost and ubiquity of the
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400:also supports SoftMAC drivers.
179:The term is usually applied to
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415:Wi-Fi operating system support
338:MAC Sublayer Management Entity
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490:Al-Sakib Khan Pathan (2010).
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92:network interface controller
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326:FullMAC and SoftMAC devices
232:), the NIC must have valid
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276:rates (measured in Mbit/s)
78:A Bluetooth interface card
469:"Linux Wireless glossary"
444:"Linux Wireless glossary"
410:List of device bandwidths
43:This article needs to be
518:"mac80211 documentation"
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471:. Definition of SoftMAC
446:. Definition of FullMAC
336:In an 802.11 WNIC, the
222:service set identifier
145:bus, or connected via
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214:wireless access point
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137:and connected using
94:which connects to a
565:Wireless networking
209:Infrastructure mode
197:infrastructure mode
126:to communicate via
191:Modes of operation
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503:978-1-4398-1919-7
263:wireless networks
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16:(Redirected from
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18:Wireless card
541:. Retrieved
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473:. Retrieved
448:. Retrieved
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392:IEEE 802.11s
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384:Linux kernel
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122:and uses an
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259:IEEE 802.11
241:Ad hoc mode
202:ad hoc mode
181:IEEE 802.11
174:motherboard
155:ExpressCard
128:radio waves
523:kernel.org
421:References
344:WNIC or a
98:, such as
272:Wireless
185:Bluetooth
159:Mini PCIe
120:OSI model
104:Bluetooth
55:July 2013
559:Category
404:See also
388:mac80211
308:802.11ax
304:802.11ac
116:Ethernet
110:(4G) or
475:23 July
450:23 July
398:FreeBSD
350:SoftMAC
346:HardMAC
342:FullMAC
300:802.11n
296:802.11g
292:802.11a
288:802.11b
151:PC Card
141:bus or
124:antenna
90:) is a
45:updated
543:1 June
500:
357:802.3
352:NIC.
317:Range
246:nodes
218:nodes
170:Wi-Fi
106:, or
100:Wi-Fi
545:2016
498:ISBN
477:2020
452:2020
257:The
199:and
143:PCIe
88:WNIC
386:'s
281:dBm
230:WPA
228:or
226:WEP
163:M.2
161:or
147:USB
139:PCI
130:.
108:LTE
561::
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460:^
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306:,
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112:5G
102:,
82:A
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
