Witch-hunt - Knowledge

4688:"The Bull contains no dogmatic decision of any sort on witchcraft. It assumes the possibility of demoniacal influences on human beings which the Church has always maintained, but claims no dogmatic authority for its pronouncement on the particular cases with which it was dealing at the moment. The form of the document, which refers only to certain occurrences which had been brought to the knowledge of the Pope, shws that it was not intended to bind any one to believe in the things mentioned in it. The question whether the Pope himself believed in them has nothing to do with the subject. His judgment on this point has no greater importance than attaches to a Papal decree in any other undogmatic question, e.g., on a dispute about a benefice. The Bull introduced no new element into the current beliefs about witchcraft. It is absurd to accuse it of being the cause of the cruel treatment of witches, when we see in the 4601:), as well as of sorcerers, who were made responsible for a terrible livestock mortality in 810 AD. According to Agobard, the common people in their fury over crop failure had developed the extravagant idea that foreigners were secretly coming with airships to strip their fields of crops, and transmit it to Magonia. These anxieties resulted in severe aggression, and on one occasion around 816 AD, Agobard could hardly prevent a crowd from killing three foreign men and women, perceived as Magonian people. As their supposed homeland's name suggests, the crop failure was associated with magic. The bishop emphasized that thunderstorms were caused exclusively by natural or divine agencies. 3435: 2446: 2667: 3775:, until the Act was repealed in 2013. In 2009, the government reports that extrajudicial torture and murder of alleged witches – usually lone women – are spreading from the highland areas to cities as villagers migrate to urban areas. For example, in June 2013, four women were accused of witchcraft because the family "had a 'permanent house' made of wood, and the family had tertiary educations and high social standing". All of the women were tortured and Helen Rumbali was beheaded. Helen Hakena, chairwoman of the North Bougainville Human Rights Committee, said that the accusations started because of economic jealousy born of a mining boom. 3234: 3095: 3029: 3737:, a Lebanese television presenter who had been arrested whilst on a pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia, was sentenced to death for witchcraft arising out of his fortune-telling on an Arab satellite channel. His appeal was accepted by one court, but a second in Medina upheld his death sentence again in March 2010, stating that he deserved it as he had publicly practised sorcery in front of millions of viewers for several years. In November 2010, the Supreme Court refused to ratify the death sentence, stating that there was insufficient evidence that his actions had harmed others. 3279: 3779:

the province of Simbu in Papua New Guinea alone. Reports indicate this practice of witch-hunting has in some places evolved into "something more malignant, sadistic and voyeuristic." One woman who was attacked by young men from a nearby village "had her genitals burned and fused beyond functional repair by the repeated intrusions of red-hot irons." Few incidents are ever reported, according to the 2012 Law Reform Commission which concluded that they have increased since the 1980s.

2902: 13370: 4636:"There would be no witch persecutions of the sort he envisaged. The Gregorian Inquisition had been established to deal with the religious matter of heresy, not the secular issue of witchcraft. Pope Alexander IV spelled this out clearly in a 1258 canon which forbade inquisitions into sorcery unless there was also manifest heresy. And this view was even confirmed and acknowledged by the infamous inquisitor Bernard Gui (immortalised by Umberto Eco in 3271: 4618:, IX, 592. "In 1080 Harold of Denmark (r. 1076–80) was admonished not to hold old women and Christian priests responsible for storms and diseases, or to slaughter them in the cruelest manner. Like Agobard before him, Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073–85) declared in his letter to the Danish king that these catastrophes were caused by God alone, that they were God's punishment for human sins, and that the killing of the innocent would only increase His fury." 3622: 2685:, for instance, that may produce impotence or abortion. These were also condemned by several Church Fathers. But he altogether rejected the possibility of many of the alleged powers with which witches were popularly credited. Such, for example, were nocturnal riding through the air, the changing of a person's disposition from love to hate, the control of thunder, rain, and sunshine, the transformation of a man into an animal, the intercourse of 2618:. Suspecting these women, he expelled them from the midst of his race and compelled them to wander in solitary exile afar from his army. There the unclean spirits, who beheld them as they wandered through the wilderness, bestowed their embraces upon them and begat this savage race, which dwelt at first in the swamps, a stunted, foul and puny tribe, scarcely human, and having no language save one which bore but slight resemblance to human speech. 47: 4187: 3245:. "In England, most of the accusers and those making written complaints against witches were women." Informers did not have to be revealed to the accused, which was important for the success of the witch trials. In practice, appeals were made to other witnesses to the crimes, so that the first informer was followed by others. In the event of a conviction, the informer sometimes received a third of the accused's assets, but at least 2 3579:. The existence of witches was a belief central to the Santhals. Witches were feared and were supposed to be engaged in anti-social activities. They were also supposed to have the power to kill people by feeding on their entrails, and causing fevers in cattle among other evils. Therefore, according to the adivasi population the cure to their disease and sickness was the elimination of these witches who were seen as the cause. 184: 2799: 3934:, male domination, and economic dependency of women on men. The victims of this form of violence are often beaten, tortured, publicly humiliated, and murdered. Sometimes, the family members of the accused are also assaulted. In 2010, Sarwa Dev Prasad Ojha, Minister for Women and Social Welfare, said, "Superstitions are deeply rooted in our society, and the belief in witchcraft is one of the worst forms of this." 13380: 4693:

process which was totally different from that of the later trials. Possibly the Bull, in so far as it admonished the inquisitors to be on the alert in regard to witchcraft may have given an impetus to the prosecution of such cases; but it affords no justification for the accusation that it introduced a new crime, or was in any way responsible for the iniquitous horrors of the witch-harrying of later times."

3723:, was convicted of practising witchcraft, including casting an impotence spell, and sentenced to death by beheading, after allegedly being beaten and forced to fingerprint a false confession that had not been read to her. After an appeal court had cast doubt on the validity of the death sentence because the confession had been retracted, the lower court reaffirmed the same sentence on a different basis. 2876:(1380–1444). Bernardino's sermons reveal both a phenomenon of superstitious practices and an over-reaction against them by the common people. However, it is clear that Bernardino had in mind not merely the use of spells and enchantments and such like fooleries but much more serious crimes, chiefly murder and infanticide. This is clear from his much-quoted sermon of 1427, in which he says: 2985: 146: 4038:

God) helped them to prepare their medicine. In addition, all witches who did not attend the meal to be identified would be called to account later on by their master, who had risen from the dead, and who would force the witches by means of drums to go to the graveyard, where they would die. Richards noted that the bamucapi created the sense of danger in the villages by rounding up

2889:. Although the trial was politically motivated, and the verdict later overturned, the position of Joan as a woman and an accused witch became significant factors in her execution. Joan's punishment of being burned alive (victims were usually strangled before burning) was reserved solely for witches and heretics, the implication being that a burned body could not be resurrected on 2367:; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcomes him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him. 3907:

commit suicide. Most cases are not documented because it is difficult for poor and illiterate women to travel from isolated regions to file police reports. Less than 2 percent of those accused of witch-hunting are actually convicted, according to a study by the Free Legal Aid Committee, a group that works with victims in the state of Jharkhand.

4627:"Witches were executed at Novgorod in 1227, and after a severe famine in the years 1271–1274 Bishop Serapion of Vladimir asked in a sermon: 'you believe in witchcraft and burn innocent people and bring down murder upon earth and the city ... Out of what books or writings do you learn that famine in earth is brought about by witchcraft?'" 3118:. Hopkins' witch-hunting spree was brief but significant: 300 convictions and deaths are attributed to his work. Hopkins wrote a book on his methods, describing his fortuitous beginnings as a witch-hunter, the methods used to extract confessions, and the tests he employed to test the accused: stripping them naked to find the 3048:

about witchcraft and demonological ideas, strongly influenced the hunt for witches in the North. These witch-hunts were at least partly driven by economic factors since a significant relationship between economic pressure and witch hunting activity can be found for regions such as Bavaria and Scotland.

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Witch-hunts against children were reported by the BBC in 1999 in the Congo and in Tanzania, where the government responded to attacks on women accused of being witches for having red eyes. A lawsuit was launched in 2001 in Ghana, where witch-hunts are also common, by a woman accused of being a witch.

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Whatever the position of individual clerics, witch-hunting seems to have persisted as a cultural phenomenon. Throughout the early medieval period, notable rulers prohibited both witchcraft and pagan religions, often on pain of death. Under Charlemagne, for example, Christians who practiced witchcraft

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and early theologians, who made little distinction between witchcraft and the practices of pagan religions. Many believed witchcraft did not exist in a philosophical sense: Witchcraft was based on illusions and powers of evil, which Augustine likened to darkness, a non-entity representing the absence

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The villagers related that the witch-finders were always right because the witches they found were always the people whom the village had feared all along. The bamucapi utilised a mixture of Christian and native religious traditions to account for their powers and said that God (not specifying which

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society, although in rarer cases high-ranking individuals were accused as well. On the basis of this evidence, Scarre and Callow asserted that the "typical witch was the wife or widow of an agricultural labourer or small tenant farmer, and she was well known for a quarrelsome and aggressive nature."

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In addition to known witch trials, witch hunts were often conducted by vigilantes, who may or may not have executed their victims. In Scotland, for example, cattle murrains were blamed on witches, usually peasant women, who were duly punished. A popular method called "scoring above the breath" meant

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of witchcraft – and, though she was acquitted by the court, he had her murdered by drowning. The accusations of witchcraft are, in this case, considered to have been a pretext for Hermann to get rid of an "unsuitable match," Veronika being born into the lower nobility and thus "unworthy" of his son.

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are effective. On one hand, people may seek advice from witch doctors for health, financial or marital problems. On the other hand, people, especially women, are accused of witchcraft and attacked, occasionally killed. It has been reported that mostly widows or divorcees are targeted to rob them of

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Reports by U.N. agencies, Amnesty International, Oxfam and anthropologists show that "attacks on accused sorcerers and witches – sometimes men, but most commonly women – are frequent, ferocious and often fatal." It's estimated about 150 cases of violence and killings are occurring each year in just

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Modern scholarly estimates place the total number of executions for witchcraft in the 300-year period of European witch-hunts in the five digits, mostly at roughly between 35,000 and 60,000 (see table below for details), The majority of those accused were from the lower economic classes in European

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One of them told and confessed, without any pressure, that she had killed thirty children by bleeding them ... she confessed more, saying she had killed her own son ... Answer me: does it really seem to you that someone who has killed twenty or thirty little children in such a way has done so well

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forbidding witches to be put to death upon being suspected of having caused storms or failure of crops or pestilence. There were many such efforts to prevent unjust treatment of innocent people. On many occasions, ecclesiastics who spoke with authority did their best to disabuse the people of their

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Belief in witchcraft has been shown to have similarities in societies throughout the world. It presents a framework to explain the occurrence of otherwise random misfortunes such as sickness or death, and the witch sorcerer provides an image of evil. Reports on indigenous practices in the Americas,

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witch-finder) on social ethics : "Witchcraft ... takes hold in people's lives when people are less than fully open-hearted. All wickedness is ultimately because people hate each other or are jealous or suspicious or afraid. These emotions and motivations cause people to act antisocially". The

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to be just actions sanctioned by the High-God Lesa. The only agency which caused unjust harm was a witch, who had enormous powers and was hard to detect. After white rule of Africa, beliefs in sorcery and witchcraft grew, possibly because of the social strain caused by new ideas, customs and laws,

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The frequency of prosecutions for this in the country as whole is unknown. However, in November 2009, it was reported that 118 people had been arrested in the province of Makkah that year for practicing magic and "using the Book of Allah in a derogatory manner", 74% of them being female.

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Witch-hunts were seen across early modern Europe, but the most significant area of witch-hunting in modern Europe is often considered to be central and southern Germany. Germany was a late starter in terms of the numbers of trials, compared to other regions of Europe. Witch-hunts first appeared in

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The resurgence of witch-hunts at the end of the medieval period, taking place with at least partial support or at least tolerance on the part of the Church, was accompanied with a number of developments in Christian doctrine, for example, the recognition of the existence of witchcraft as a form of

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that burning alive was already the legal punishment for a witch. All that Innocent VIII. did was to confirm the jurisdiction of the inquisitors over these cases. The Bull simply empowered them to try all matters concerning witchcraft, without exception, before their own tribunals, by Canon-law; a

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According to Julian Goodare, in Europe, the overall proportion of women who were persecuted as witches was 80%, although there were countries and regions like Estonia, Normandy and Iceland, that targeted men more. In Iceland 92% of the accused were men, in Estonia 60%, and in Moscow two-thirds of

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Whereas witchcraft cases in the colonial era, especially in former British Central Africa, were based on the official dogma that witchcraft is an illusion (so that people invoking witchcraft would be punished as either impostors or slanderers), in contemporary legal practice in Africa witchcraft

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in the 1840s–1850s. Despite the ban, very few cases were reported as witch-hunting was not seen as a crime. The Santhals believed that the ban in fact allowed the activities of witches to flourish. Thus, the effect of the ban was contrary to what the EIC had intended. During 1857–58, there was a

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when husband and wife Hugh and Mary Parsons accused each other of witchcraft. In America's first witch trial, Hugh was found innocent, while Mary was acquitted of witchcraft but she was still sentenced to be hanged as punishment for the death of her child. She died in prison. About eighty people

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in Europe, when witches were caught, tried, convicted, and burned in the imperial lordship of Wiesensteig in southwestern Germany, is recorded in 1563 in a pamphlet called "True and Horrifying Deeds of 63 Witches". Witchcraft persecution spread to all areas of Europe. Learned European ideas

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In India, labeling a woman as a witch is a common ploy to grab land, settle scores or even to punish her for turning down sexual advances. In a majority of the cases, it is difficult for the accused woman to reach out for help and she is forced to either abandon her home and family or driven to

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Current scholarly estimates of the number of people who were executed for witchcraft vary from about 35,000 to 60,000. The total number of witch trials in Europe which are known to have ended in executions is around 12,000. Prominent contemporaneous critics of witch-hunts included Gianfrancesco

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Early Christian theologians attributed to the Devil responsibility for persecution, heresy, witchcraft, sin, natural disasters, human calamities, and whatever else went wrong. One tragic consequence of this was a tendency to demonize people accused of wrongs. At the instance of ecclesiastical

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Once a case was brought to trial, the prosecutors hunted for accomplices. The use of magic was considered wrong, not because it failed, but because it worked effectively for the wrong reasons. Witchcraft was a normal part of everyday life. Witches were often called for, along with religious

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At one point during the Würzburg trials of 1629, children made up 60% of those accused, although this had declined to 17% by the end of the year. Rapley (1998) claims that "75 to 80 percent" of a total of "40,000 to 50,000" victims were women. The claim that "millions of witches" (often:

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ministers, to help the ill or deliver a baby. They held positions of spiritual power in their communities. When something went wrong, no one questioned either the ministers or the power of the witchcraft. Instead, they questioned whether the witch intended to inflict harm or not.

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One study finds that witchcraft beliefs are associated with antisocial attitudes: lower levels of trust, charitable giving and group participation. Another study finds that income shocks (caused by extreme rainfall) lead to a large increase in the murder of "witches" in Tanzania.

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In March 2009, Amnesty International reported that up to 1,000 people in the Gambia had been abducted by government-sponsored "witch doctors" on charges of witchcraft, and taken to detention centers where they were forced to drink poisonous concoctions. On 21 May 2009,

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leaders, the state burned heretics and witches, burning symbolizing the fate deserved by the demonic. Popular fears, stirred to fever pitch in the 14th and 15th centuries, sustained frenzied efforts to wipe out heretics, witches, and unbelievers, especially Jews.

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In current language, "witch-hunt" metaphorically means an investigation that is usually conducted with much publicity, supposedly to uncover subversive activity, disloyalty, and so on, but with the real purpose of harming opponents. It can also involve elements of

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We are reasonably confident today that the 'classical' doctrine of witchcraft crystallized during the middle third of the 15th century, shortly after the Council of Basel, primarily within a western Alpine zone centred around the duchy of Savoy (Ostorero et al.

3001:. What had previously been a belief that some people possessed supernatural abilities (which were sometimes used to protect the people), now became a sign of a pact between the people with supernatural abilities and the devil. To justify the killings, some 2658:

of circa 900 AD (alleged to date from 314 AD), which, stated that witchcraft did not exist and that to teach that it was a reality was, itself, false and heterodox teaching. Other examples include an Irish synod in 800 AD, and a sermon by

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he witch-hunts were conducted in their most intense form in those regions where the Catholic church was weakest (Lea 1957; Rose 1962) (Germany, Switzerland, France). In areas with a strong church (Spain, Poland, and eastern Europe) the witch craze was

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in Poland in 1783. The result of the trial is questioned by Prof. Janusz Tazbir in his book. No reliable sources had been found confirming any executions after the trial. In 1793, two unnamed women were executed in proceedings of dubious legitimacy in

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The practice of witch-hunt among Santhals was more brutal than that in Europe. Unlike Europe, where witches were strangulated before being burnt, the santhals forced them "..to eat human excreta and drink blood before throwing them into the flames."

4721:(introduced 1967). Two other provisions of the penal code "state that witchcraft may be an aggravating factor for dishonest acts" (Afrik.com 26 August 2004). A person convicted of witchcraft may face a prison term of 2 to 10 years and a fine. 4640:), who wrote in his influential inquisitors' manual that, by itself, sorcery did not come within the Inquisition's jurisdiction. In sum, the Church did not want the Inquisition sucked into witch trials, which were for the secular courts." 12396: 3454:) of individuals practising or claiming to practice witchcraft and magic. The last executions for witchcraft in England had taken place in 1682, when Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles, and Susanna Edwards were executed at Exeter. In 1711, 1163: 3671:. The causes of witch-hunts include poverty, epidemics, social crises and lack of education. The leader of the witch-hunt, often a prominent figure in the community or a "witch doctor", may also gain economic benefit by charging for an 2996:

came in waves and then subsided. There were trials in the 15th and early 16th centuries, but then the witch scare went into decline, before becoming a major issue again and peaking in the 17th century; particularly during the

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meant both poisoning and causing harm by magic (such as magic potions), although ancient people would not have distinguished between the two. In 331 BC, a deadly epidemic hit Rome and at least 170 women were executed for causing it by

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A crown witness of 'Carolingian skepticism', Archbishop Agobard of Lyon (769–840 AD), reports witch panics during the reign of Charlemagne. In his sermon on hailstorms he reports frequent lynchings of supposed weather magicians

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in Prussia in 1811. Both women have been identified as the last women executed for witchcraft in Europe, but in both cases, the official verdict did not mention witchcraft, as this had ceased to be recognized as a criminal offense.

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nevertheless promulgated elaborate demonologies, including the belief that humans could enter pacts with demons, which became the basis of future witch hunts. Ironically, many clerics of the Middle Ages openly or covertly practiced

2581:, may have been, in effect, the first famous "witch" to be punished by Christian authorities. Cyril's alleged role in her murder, however, was already controversial among contemporary sources, and the surviving primary account by 2438:; a slave had previously been executed for the crime, but the son of the victim claimed that the death had been arranged by his stepmother. The most detailed account of a trial for witchcraft in Classical Greece is the story of 3025:, in this case referring to the divine majesty, not the worldly. Further scripture was also frequently cited, especially the Exodus decree that "thou shalt not suffer a witch to live" (Exodus 22:18), which many supported. 3470:

was executed for witchcraft in Scotland in 1727. The final Act of 1735 led to prosecution for fraud rather than witchcraft since it was no longer believed that the individuals had actual supernatural powers or traffic with

3571:, not only were those accused of being witches murdered, but also those related to the accused to ensure that they would not avenge the deaths (Roy Choudhary 1958: 88). The Chhotanagpur region was majorly populated by an 8534: 2857:. Through their confessions, both of them conveyed the traditional folk beliefs of white magic. The women were accused again in 1390, and condemned by the inquisitor. They were eventually executed by the secular arm. 2826:

of Southern France, whose teachings were charged with including witchcraft and magic. Although it has been proposed that the witch-hunt developed in Europe from the early 14th century, after the Cathars and the

7012: 2967:(lit., 'Hammer against the Evildoers') which, because of the newly invented printing presses, enjoyed a wide readership. It was reprinted in 14 editions by 1520 and became unduly influential in the secular courts. 4678:

By the end of the 15th century, scattered trials for witchcraft by both secular and ecclesiastical courts occurred in many places from the Pyrenees, where the Spanish Inquisition had become involved, to the North

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are common, and are targeted especially against low-caste women. The main causes of witchcraft-related violence include widespread belief in superstition, lack of education, lack of public awareness, illiteracy,

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Also in 2007, Abdul Hamid Bin Hussain Bin Moustafa al-Fakki, a Sudanese national, was sentenced to death after being convicted of producing a spell that would lead to the reconciliation of a divorced couple.

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following a dispute with her of having given her a bitter drink that had made her ill. She was held captive for over a year and threatened with torture, but was finally acquitted thanks to her son's efforts.

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A 2010 estimate places the number of women killed as witches in India at between 150 and 200 per year, or a total of 2,500 in the period of 1995 to 2009. The lynchings are particularly common in the poor

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In 2007, Mustafa Ibrahim, an Egyptian national, was executed, having been convicted of using sorcery in an attempt to separate a married couple, as well as of adultery and of desecrating the Quran.

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furthered the Christian conversion of Norway by luring pagan magicians to his hall under false pretenses, barring the doors and burning them alive. Some who escaped were later captured and drowned.

3083:. According to a widely circulated pamphlet, "Newes from Scotland," James VI personally presided over the torture and execution of Doctor Fian. Indeed, James published a witch-hunting manual, 7078: 3130:. The swimming test, which included throwing a witch, who was strapped to a chair, into a bucket of water to see if she floated, was discontinued in 1645 due to a legal challenge. The 1647 book, 2818:

remained highly skeptical of witch accusations, although there was sometimes an overlap between accusations of heresy and of witchcraft, particularly when, in the 13th century, the newly formed

3667:-infected. These victims are often considered burdens to the community, and as a result are often driven out, starved to death, or killed violently, sometimes by their own families in acts of 5747: 2681:(about 1020), and especially its 19th book, often known separately as the "Corrector", is another work of great importance. Burchard was writing against the superstitious belief in magical 8427:

Audrey I Richards (Africa: Journal of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Ed. Diedrich Westermann.) Vol VIII, 1935, published by Oxford University Press, London.

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with human beings, and other such superstitions. Not only the attempt to practice such things, but the very belief in their possibility, is treated by Burchard as false and superstitious.

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slashing across a woman's forehead in order to remove the power of her magic. This was seen as a kind of emergency procedure which could be performed in absence of judicial authorities.

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and from Papua New Guinea. In addition, there are some countries that have legislation against the practice of sorcery. The only country where witchcraft remains legally punishable by

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after being convicted of practicing witchcraft and sorcery. Another very similar situation occurred to Muree bin Ali bin Issa al-Asiri and he was beheaded on 19 June 2012 in the

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The wide distribution of the practice of witch-hunts in geographically and culturally separated societies (Europe, Africa, New Guinea) since the 1960s has triggered interest in the

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laid down penalties for uttering harmful incantations and for stealing the fruitfulness of someone else's crops by magic. The only recorded trial involving this law was that of

5506:) suggests that they were thought to be human beings with demonic affiliation: witches.", Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 32 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell. 8538: 7360:"UNHCR Research Paper No. 235 Seeking meaning: an anthropological and community-based approach to witchcraft accusations and their prevention in refugee situations, May 2012" 4014:

of Zambia. They dressed in European clothing, and would summon the headman to prepare a ritual meal for the village. When the villagers arrived they would view them all in a

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authorizing the "correcting, imprisoning, punishing and chastising" of devil-worshippers who have "slain infants", among other crimes. He did so at the request of inquisitor

8232: 2634:(692 AD) imposed certain ecclesiastical penances for devil-worship. This mild approach represented the view of the Church for many centuries. The general desire of the 2234:, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 60,000 executions. The last executions of people convicted as witches in Europe took place in the 18th century. In other regions, like 3114:. Although operating without an official Parliament commission, Hopkins (calling himself Witchfinder General) and his accomplices charged hefty fees to towns during the 2842:

had later authorized the Inquisition to prosecute sorcerers in 1320, inquisitorial courts rarely dealt with witchcraft save incidentally when investigating heterodoxy.

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carried the death penalty. This law banned the trading and possession of harmful drugs and poisons, possession of magical books and other occult paraphernalia. Emperor

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were enslaved by the Church, while those who worshiped the Devil (Germanic gods) were killed outright. Witch-hunting also appears in period literature. According to

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strengthened laws to curb these practices, for instance in 31 BC, by burning over 2,000 magical books in Rome, except for certain portions of the hallowed

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large numbers in southern France and Switzerland during the 14th and 15th centuries. The peak years of witch-hunts in southwest Germany were from 1561 to 1670. The

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as a massive violation of human rights. Most of the accused are women and children but can also be elderly people or marginalised groups of the community such as

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insist that the bull neither allowed anything new, nor was necessarily binding on Catholic consciences. Three years later in 1487, Kramer published the notorious

6628: 4576: 2387:, or one that casts spells, or who consults ghosts or spirits, or who seeks oracles from the dead. For whoever does these things is abhorrent to the Lord"; and 11905: 8761: 7959: 4166:, referring to various investigations and the impeachment proceedings against him as witch-hunts. During his presidency he used the phrase over 330 times. The 656: 7662: 3063:

and burnt. In the district of Finnmark, northern Norway, severe witchcraft trials took place during the period 1600–1692. A memorial of international format,

4885: 7725: 7378: 2287: 8829: 7760: 7640: 2379: 18:10–12 states: "No one shall be found among you who makes a son or daughter pass through fire, who practices divination, or is a soothsayer, or an 7455: 6985: 12113: 872: 7086: 8654: 8144: 6746:

Scarre, Geoffrey; Callow, John (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Europe (second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 29–33.

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concurs: "The current consensus is that 40,000 people were executed as witches in the period of the witch persecutions, between about 1450 and 1750."

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In Europe, the witch-hunt craze was negligible in Spain, Poland, and Eastern Europe; conversely, it was intense in Germany, Switzerland, and France.

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in 2009, prosecutions for witchcraft and sorcery are proliferating and "Saudi courts are sanctioning a literal witch hunt by the religious police."

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Let nobody presume to kill a foreign serving maid or female servant as a witch, for it is not possible, nor ought to be believed by Christian minds.

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shall be guilty; that he be 120 days in prison: and after that let kindred take him out, and give to the king 120 shillings, and pay the

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in the western Alps, leading to an early series of witch trials by both secular and ecclesiastical courts in the second half of the 15th century.

2677:, in Decree 57 of his First Legislative Book (published in 1100), banned witch-hunting because he said, "witches do not exist". The "Decretum" of 2426:– an ambiguous term that might mean "poison", "medicine", or "magical drug" – do survive, especially those where the drug caused injury or death. 2399:"hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land", suggest that in practice sorcery could at least lead to exile. 8602: 6075: 3310:") were killed in Europe is spurious, even though it is occasionally found in popular literature, and it is ultimately due to a 1791 pamphlet by 2924:

of the uneducated rural population at best, was incorporated into an increasingly comprehensive theology of Satan as the ultimate source of all

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have been taken to suggest that not just the belief in witchcraft but also the periodic outbreak of witch-hunts are a human cultural universal.

11985: 8855: 5884: 5707: 5661: 736: 3819:), so that they can be killed without repercussions. The existing laws have been considered ineffective in curbing the murders. In June 2013, 11018: 10931: 10098: 10011: 8479: 8342: 7938: 3656: 3462:

journal (No. 117) criticizing the irrationality and social injustice in treating elderly and feeble women (dubbed "Moll White") as witches.

12642: 8475: 8069: 1409: 7514: 13424: 12612: 12206: 11738: 8905:

Pale Hecate's Team, an Examination of the Beliefs on Witchcraft and Magic among Shakespeare's Contemporaries and His Immediate Successors

8107: 7290: 1379: 965: 481: 6321: 5184: 4069:

were responsible for detecting witches. In parts of Southern Africa, several hundred people have been killed in witch-hunts since 1990.

3149:

Witch-hunts began to occur in North America while Hopkins was hunting witches in England. In 1645, forty-six years before the notorious

11890: 5446:

Likewise, an Irish synod at around 800 AD condemned the belief in witches, and in particular those who slandered people for being

4042:

the horns in the village, whether they were used for anti-witchcraft charms, potions, snuff or were indeed receptacles of black magic.

641: 7181: 4804: 4018:, and claimed they could identify witches with this method. These witches would then have to "yield up his horns"; i.e. give over the 2442:, who was executed along with her children some time before 338 BC, supposedly for casting incantations and using harmful drugs. 8249: 4992: 2304:, and attempts to use magic to influence personal well-being (to increase life, win love, etc.) are universal across human cultures. 3486:

The last execution of a witch in the Dutch Republic was probably in 1613. In Denmark, this took place in 1693 with the execution of

2831:

were suppressed, this hypothesis has been rejected independently by virtually all academic historians (Cohn 1975; Kieckhefer 1976).

2414:. Later the women's relatives took revenge by bringing false witnesses against Simeon's son and causing him to be executed in turn. 11820: 11708: 11451: 9398: 9388: 8498: 8223: 6831: 4659:

Trevor-Roper has said that it was necessary for belief in the Kingdom of Satan to die before the witch theory could be discredited.

4528: 3847:. In October 2003, three women were branded as witch and humiliated, afterwards they all committed suicide in Kamalpura village in 3298:

those accused were male. In Finland, a total of more than 100 death row inmates were roughly equal in both men and women, but all

563: 451: 8015: 7313:"UNHCR Research Paper No. 169 Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights: a review of the evidence, January 2009" 3827:(NCRB) statistics, 768 women had been murdered for allegedly practising witchcraft since 2008 and announced plans for newer laws. 2778:, believing that as Christ granted his disciples power to command demons, to summon and control demons was not, therefore, a sin. 2535:. While Tiberius Claudius was emperor, 85 women and 45 men accused of sorcery were executed. By the 3rd century AD, the 2410:

in the 1st century BC is reported to have sentenced to death eighty women who had been charged with witchcraft on a single day in

11136: 11106: 10177: 9894: 9285: 4494: 2979: 2215: 13355: 12069: 11830: 11658: 11643: 11638: 11484: 11337: 9276: 8736: 4218: 4112:

is that "they valued his work and would learn the lessons he came to teach them, about social responsibility and cooperation."

2733:: if any one should be thereby killed, and he could not deny it, that he be liable in his life. But if he will deny it, and at 2142: 828: 573: 401: 386: 381: 211: 8199: 4327: 13383: 11964: 11895: 11623: 11306: 11243: 9546: 9319: 9199: 9136: 8987: 8891: 6895: 6839: 6767: 6705: 6663: 6612: 6356: 6266: 6209: 6184: 5366: 5264: 5239: 4843: 4167: 3498:

in 1704. In other parts of Europe, the practice died down later. In France the last person to be executed for witchcraft was

3466:

was among the last subjects of a typical witch trial in England in 1712, but was pardoned after her conviction and set free.

3032: 2853:

was not sure what to do with two women who, in 1384, confessed to have participated in the society around Signora Oriente or

2519: 2223: 715: 646: 366: 9734: 8476:"Cameroon: Witchcraft in Cameroon; tribes or geographical areas in which witchcraft is practised; the government's attitude" 7404: 2911:(the 'Hammer of Witches'), published in 1487, accused women of destroying men by planting bitter herbs throughout the field. 2539:

had begun to be used more broadly against other kinds of magic deemed harmful. The magicians were to be burnt at the stake.

12418: 11713: 11535: 10234: 6937: 4479: 2431: 2166: 1185: 456: 270: 8677: 8275: 7706: 4194: 13409: 13064: 12734: 12647: 12538: 12196: 12016: 11648: 11633: 9917: 4444: 4228: 3952:, the fear of witches drives periodic witch-hunts during which specialist witch-finders identify suspects, with death by 3166:

were accused of practicing witchcraft; thirteen women and two men were executed in a witch-hunt that occurred throughout

1843: 1501: 1414: 1305: 955: 773: 391: 376: 111: 7477: 3899:. The witch hunts in Jalpaiguri are less known, but are motivated by the stress in the tea industry on the lives of the 3696:

province. Earlier on, the ISIL militants beheaded several "magicians" and street illusionists in Syria, Iraq and Libya.

3087:, which contains the famous dictum: "Experience daily proves how loath they are to confess without torture." Later, the 2920:

gained traction among the educated classes, the belief in witchcraft, which in the medieval period had been part of the

12632: 12096: 11403: 11213: 10978: 10352: 10058: 9835: 9656: 9299: 9160: 8703: 6911: 5337: 5289: 3480: 3257:, for being in a pact with the devil and using witchcraft. In 1615, she was called a witch by a female neighbor in the 2705: 1399: 855: 83: 8438: 7341:"UNHCR Research Paper No. 197 Breaking the spell: responding to witchcraft accusations against children, January 2011" 7154: 3771:) is legal in Papua New Guinea, the 1976 Sorcery Act imposed a penalty of up to 2 years in prison for the practice of 2363:

If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not yet justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the

12270: 12101: 11587: 11565: 10347: 9353: 9221: 9213: 9150: 9115: 9101: 9087: 9044: 8957: 7794: 7430:"Precarious Justice – Arbitrary Detention and Unfair Trials in the Deficient Criminal Justice System of Saudi Arabia" 7138: 7111: 6808: 6576: 6551: 6425: 6403: 6144: 6110: 5860: 5782: 5683: 5637: 5516: 5424: 4868: 4814: 4787: 4714: 1029: 860: 322: 300: 130: 7636: 7312: 6243: 4905: 3559:

before 1792. The earliest evidence of witch-hunts in India can be found in the Santhal Witch Trials in 1792. In the

13017: 12854: 12754: 12201: 12091: 9324: 8460:

Fisiy, Cyprian F. (2001). "Containing occult practices: Witchcraft trials in Cameroon". In Levack, Brian P. (ed.).

5352: 4583:

argues that Levack's estimate had already been adjusted for these, and revises the figure to approximately 40,000.

4163: 3965: 3139: 1796: 1625: 1521: 960: 850: 2547: 90: 12607: 12108: 11860: 11663: 11121: 10745: 9889: 7729: 3762: 3517: 2159: 1374: 867: 611: 406: 7768: 11723: 11101: 10962: 10327: 10042: 8295:"Conflict between State Legal Norms and Norms Underlying Popular Beliefs: Witchcraft in Africa as a Case Study" 7987: 7329:

Miguel, Edward. "Poverty and Witch Killing." The Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 4 (1 October 2005): 1153–72

6989: 2945: 2838:

declared that Inquisition would not deal with cases of witchcraft unless they were related to heresy. Although

466: 68: 11870: 8211:

Bailey, Frederick George 1994: The Witch-Hunt, or the Triumph of Morality. New York: Cornell University Press.

8170: 7588: 6449: 2957:, who had been refused permission by the local bishops in Germany to investigate. However, historians such as 621: 13286: 13002: 11703: 11187: 10364: 10295: 9460: 9364: 8637: 6003: 4273: 3824: 3820: 3607:, which has led some scholars to see the resurgence of the activity as a form of resistance to Company rule. 3163: 2073: 1781: 446: 6727: 3434: 97: 12565: 12513: 11474: 11444: 11002: 10082: 9529: 9382: 9304: 8553: 7379:"Isis in Syria: Islamic State beheads 2 women for sorcery reports Syrian Observatory for Human Rights" 3867:, a woman was murdered and her daughter was raped on the allegation that they were practising black magic. 2666: 2502:. In 184–180 BC, another epidemic hit Italy, and about 5,000 people were brought to trial and executed for 2445: 1332: 1280: 201: 35: 9711: 8678:"Trump calls New York criminal probe a 'witch hunt' and claims a poll shows he is the frontrunner in 2024" 6811:; and Levack, Brian P. The witch hunt in early modern Europe, 3rd ed., London and New York: Longman, 2006. 13429: 13197: 13049: 12468: 12059: 12005: 10588: 10359: 9499: 6856: 6803:, ed. Bengst Ankarloo & Stuart Clark, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2002, pp 12 ff. 6567:

Monter, William (2002). "Witch Trials in Continental Europe". In Ankarloo, Bengst; Clark, Stuart (eds.).

6012: 5498:"A decree of King Coloman of Hungary (c. 1074–1116, r. 1095–1116) against the belief in the existence of 4233: 3815:

their property. Reportedly, revered village witch-doctors are paid to brand specific persons as witches (

3463: 3079:, who shared the Danish king's interest in witch trials, sailed to Denmark in 1590 to meet his betrothed 2881:

that when finally they are accused before the Signoria you should go to their aid and beg mercy for them?

2422:

No laws concerning magic survive from Classical Athens. However, cases concerning the harmful effects of

1984: 1828: 1235: 818: 756: 64: 31: 4278: 13306: 12081: 11758: 11489: 11026: 10106: 9953: 9634: 9494: 9347: 9269: 9015: 5711: 4534: 4268: 4263: 3154: 3072: 2861: 2758: 2325: 2093: 840: 501: 216: 79: 17: 8483: 6079: 5103:

Collins, Derek (2001). "Theoris of Lemnos and the Criminalization of Magic in Fourth-Century Athens".

4491: – Three men convicted of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, United States 2712:(written in 1274~1275), where the popular superstition of witches causing crop failures is denounced. 13414: 12659: 12473: 12370: 12250: 11912: 11880: 11545: 11479: 11362: 11058: 10138: 9823: 9803: 9454: 8020: 5481: 4746:

Golden, Richard M. (1997). "Satan in Europe: The Geography of Witch Hunts". In Wolfe, Michael (ed.).

4393: 4171: 3311: 3233: 3094: 2678: 1426: 1240: 1129: 1009: 663: 631: 280: 206: 9598: 4941: 3509:

in 1758. She was acquitted by Maria Theresa in 1758, putting an end to the witch trials in Croatia.

3199: 12919: 12807: 12654: 12423: 12355: 12178: 12133: 11995: 11875: 11852: 11788: 11718: 11602: 11388: 11166: 11156: 11066: 10938: 10227: 10146: 10018: 9988: 9976: 9970: 9808: 9622: 9616: 8926: 5815: 4886:"Witchcraft Beliefs and the Erosion of Social Capital: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond" 4584: 4467: 4398: 3604: 2674: 2279: 1690: 1578: 1421: 1190: 1114: 937: 892: 746: 626: 601: 531: 461: 337: 9763: 9739: 9604: 6604: 4313: 2757:(866 AD), prohibited the use of torture altogether, and a similar decree may be found in the 13373: 13202: 13182: 13044: 13034: 12992: 12622: 12463: 12320: 12315: 12285: 12280: 12223: 12158: 12143: 12076: 12049: 12034: 11437: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11182: 10994: 10946: 10733: 10615: 10407: 10074: 10026: 9923: 9870: 9751: 9687: 9666: 9661: 9651: 9568: 9562: 9444: 9427: 9309: 5752: 4332: 4258: 4248: 3476: 3056: 3044: 2928:. These doctrinal shifts were completed in the mid-15th century, specifically in the wake of the 2559: 1989: 1969: 1823: 1813: 1771: 1389: 1230: 1079: 1074: 1044: 1039: 982: 917: 902: 835: 808: 793: 167: 57: 12260: 9852: 9705: 9472: 6372: 5821: 4571:, which he revised down to 45,000 in the third edition. William Monter estimates 35,000 deaths; 4342: 3524: 3258: 3219: 1019: 13404: 13301: 13274: 13264: 12744: 12724: 12587: 12458: 12350: 12295: 12265: 12245: 12173: 12153: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12029: 12000: 11973: 11944: 11939: 11865: 11530: 11520: 11264: 11248: 11238: 11197: 11192: 11050: 11042: 10130: 10122: 9829: 9813: 9676: 9671: 9628: 9556: 9489: 9449: 6348: 6102: 5836:

The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy

5797: 4936: 4253: 3556: 3067:, has been built to commemorate the victims of the Finnmark witchcraft trials. In England, the 3052: 3005:

of the time and their proxy secular institutions deemed witchcraft as being associated to wild

2461: 2453: 2088: 2061: 2051: 1511: 1491: 1354: 1225: 1109: 1054: 1024: 1004: 932: 912: 887: 882: 877: 788: 751: 724: 695: 690: 616: 265: 255: 9775: 9681: 8795: 6695: 5231: 4777: 4704: 13269: 13229: 13162: 13059: 13007: 12934: 12689: 12453: 12360: 12335: 12330: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12240: 12188: 12148: 12054: 12024: 11922: 11540: 11279: 11274: 11151: 10673: 10429: 10402: 10342: 10189: 9982: 9947: 9864: 9818: 9798: 9769: 9716: 9592: 9551: 9523: 9517: 9262: 8516: 7818: 7128: 6757: 6289: 6257:

Sharpe, James (2002). "The Lancaster witches in historical context". In Poole, Robert (ed.).

5900: 5356: 5169: 4523: 4222: 3996:

Witch-hunts in Africa are often led by relatives seeking the property of the accused victim.

3931: 3599: 3568: 3564: 3513: 3110:

In England, witch-hunting would reach its apex in 1644 to 1647 due to the efforts of Puritan

3028: 2700: 2582: 2481: 2403: 2384: 2056: 2016: 1949: 1838: 1786: 1705: 1456: 1220: 1119: 1094: 1089: 1069: 1064: 1059: 999: 947: 907: 813: 783: 673: 275: 9745: 9174:

The Bottom of the Garden, Dark History of Fairies, Hobgoblins, and Other Troublesome Things.

9050:

Monter, William (1972). "The Historiography of European Witchcraft: Progress and Prospect".

8914:, ed. Jonathan Barry, Marianne Hester, and Gareth Roberts, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 7536: 6825: 6596: 6540: 6340: 4820: 4563:

sets a limit of "no more than 40,000 to 60,000." The high end of that range originates with

4323: 4092:

reported that the alleged witch-hunting campaign had been sparked by the Gambian President,

13434: 13140: 12674: 12548: 12375: 12255: 12213: 12163: 12138: 11954: 11917: 11653: 11515: 11398: 11393: 11116: 11111: 10908: 10268: 10243: 9929: 9728: 9610: 9511: 9409: 9314: 9231: 7614: 4511: 4441: – Medieval judicial practice to determine guilt through a life-threatening experience 4384: 4355: 4293: 4243: 4140:

of a person or group, often based on their political persuasions. Specific terms include '

3916: 3848: 3793: 3307: 3286: 3223: 3167: 3075:

in Scotland, over 70 people were accused of witchcraft on account of bad weather when

2998: 2886: 2865: 2709: 2643: 2231: 1927: 1441: 1315: 1134: 1014: 972: 922: 897: 705: 668: 396: 250: 8910:

Briggs, Robin. 'Many reasons why': witchcraft and the problem of multiple explanation, in

8830:"You think this is a witch hunt, Mr President? That's an insult to the women who suffered" 5603: 4996: 8: 13316: 13177: 12812: 12714: 12694: 12483: 12391: 12345: 12325: 12290: 12183: 11978: 11783: 11284: 11269: 11010: 10970: 10625: 10610: 10412: 10307: 10302: 10278: 10220: 10199: 10184: 10090: 10050: 9911: 9905: 9858: 9781: 9722: 9693: 9580: 9466: 6597: 5556: 4579:

adjusted Levack's first estimate to account for lost records, estimating 100,000 deaths.

4378: 4288: 4238: 4150: 3892: 3844: 3625:

Monument for the victims of the witch-hunts of 16th- and 17th-century Bernau, Germany by

3146:, the first of 17 people executed for witchcraft in the Colonies from 1647 to 1663. 3088: 3068: 2993: 2963: 2907: 2873: 2578: 2227: 2219: 2103: 1964: 1583: 1481: 1461: 1250: 1158: 1104: 1084: 1049: 942: 729: 526: 9037:

Witch Hunting in Southeastern Germany 1562–1684: The Social and Intellectual Foundation.

8502: 8156:

A Jharkhand case publicized in international media in 2009 concerned five Muslim women.

7688: 5306: 104: 13089: 13084: 13074: 13022: 13012: 12987: 12929: 12887: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12699: 11990: 11161: 11093: 10337: 9994: 9840: 9586: 9574: 9505: 9421: 9376: 9370: 9341: 9067: 8976: 8102: 8025: 7846: 7800: 7272: 7245: 6633: 6518: 6095: 5994: 5878: 5701: 5655: 5569: 5069: 4517: 4506: 4500: 4488: 4415: 4409: 4337: 4318: 4298: 4088: 3999: 3949: 3856: 3713: 3641: 3633: 3616: 3591: 3587: 3491: 3278: 3215: 3211: 3171: 3150: 3076: 2940: 2765: 2407: 2336: 2309: 2243: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1801: 1791: 1766: 1700: 1658: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1466: 741: 153: 9226:

Winkler, Albert (2023) "Judicial Murder: The Witch-Craze in Germany and Switzerland,"

9120:

Purkiss, Diane. "A Holocaust of One's Own: The Myth of the Burning Times." Chapter in

8294: 7932:"Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights:a review of the evidence" 5999:"The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist's Perspective'" 5533:

Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 55 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.

3839:. Between 2005 and 2010, about 35 witchcraft related murders reportedly took place in 13419: 13348: 13259: 13187: 13172: 12971: 12914: 12719: 12627: 12518: 12438: 12275: 11570: 11383: 10790: 10620: 10424: 10273: 9941: 9217: 9209: 9195: 9156: 9146: 9132: 9111: 9097: 9083: 9040: 8983: 8953: 8887: 8803: 8769: 8711: 8646: 8462:

New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft in the modern world

8306: 8186:

Witches, Tea Plantations, and Lives of Migrant Laborers in India: Tempest in a Teapot

7790: 7134: 7107: 7040: 7032: 6891: 6835: 6804: 6763: 6701: 6659: 6652: 6608: 6572: 6547: 6431: 6421: 6399: 6352: 6341: 6262: 6205: 6180: 6140: 6106: 6016: 5961: 5866: 5856: 5778: 5725: 5689: 5679: 5643: 5633: 5574: 5420: 5389: 5362: 5333: 5285: 5260: 5235: 5224: 4954: 4864: 4839: 4810: 4783: 4710: 4403: 3734: 3475:. The 1735 Act continued to be used until the 1940s to prosecute individuals such as 3135: 3115: 3022: 2958: 2917: 2854: 2835: 2631: 2439: 2427: 2352: 2135: 2046: 1974: 1959: 1742: 1685: 1486: 1394: 1285: 1205: 1034: 305: 157: 9155:

David W. Thompson, "Sister Witch: The Life of Moll Dyer" (2017 Solstice Publishing)

8047: 7902: 7874: 6283: 4435: – Practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blame 4198: 4075:

has re-established witchcraft-accusations in courts after its independence in 1967.

3059:, in particular, encouraged this practice, and hundreds of people were convicted of 2391: 22:18 prescribes: "thou shalt not suffer a witch to live". Tales like that of 13311: 13296: 13224: 13145: 13115: 12946: 12782: 12488: 12044: 12039: 11885: 11778: 11357: 10873: 10593: 10474: 10464: 10397: 10290: 9757: 9335: 9059: 7236:

Sinha, Shashank (2007). "Witch hunts, Adivasis, and the Uprising in Chhotanagpur".

7024: 6883: 5112: 4946: 4897: 4473: 4308: 3860: 3741: 3668: 3595: 3495: 3250: 3207: 3195: 3119: 3103: 3018: 2929: 2783: 2696: 2356: 2297: 2247: 2194:, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of 2098: 2083: 2011: 1932: 1902: 1717: 1553: 1255: 803: 798: 636: 521: 149: 8535:"The Gambia: Hundreds accused of "witchcraft" and poisoned in government campaign" 8098:"Girl raped, mom killed for her alleged indulgence in black magic in Chhattisgarh" 6285:

The Memorial History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 1630–1880

4901: 4034:

which would cause a witch to die and swell up if he ever tried such things again.

2872:

A Catholic figure who preached against witchcraft was popular Franciscan preacher

13326: 13234: 13130: 13079: 12939: 12924: 12904: 12869: 12582: 12493: 12428: 12218: 12168: 11949: 11803: 11327: 10683: 10583: 10479: 10194: 9935: 9415: 9329: 8945: 8606: 8134: 7101: 6734: 6592: 6535: 6513: 6225: 5772: 5743: 5327: 4572: 4564: 4461: – Supernatural female beings comparable to the fairies of English folklore. 4438: 4303: 4123: 3745: 3692:

beheaded two couples on accusations of sorcery and using "magic for medicine" in

3447: 3254: 3111: 3080: 2954: 2846: 2828: 2787: 2754: 2750: 2734: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2532: 2488: 2469: 2293: 2283: 2207: 2113: 2021: 1917: 1858: 1710: 1695: 1675: 1640: 1349: 1260: 1195: 977: 927: 700: 546: 10868: 9699: 9167:

The Witch Hunts: A History of the Witch Persecutions in Europe and North America

8396: 7589:"Lebanese TV host Ali Hussain Sibat faces execution in Saudi Arabia for sorcery" 5915:

Larner (2002). "Crime of witchcraft in early modern Europe". In Oldridge (ed.).

2434:" tells of the case of a woman accused of plotting to murder her husband with a 13321: 13279: 13249: 13239: 13157: 13150: 13135: 13125: 12961: 12897: 12839: 12834: 12819: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12478: 12413: 11927: 11900: 11748: 11460: 10913: 10369: 9358: 8622: 8367: 7823: 7429: 4458: 4283: 4155: 4079: 4019: 3455: 3203: 3191: 3036: 2933: 2839: 2770: 2655: 2511: 2473: 2388: 2108: 2066: 2036: 2026: 1944: 1937: 1922: 1912: 1732: 1668: 1610: 1605: 1590: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1245: 1180: 678: 651: 491: 175: 8932:

Europe's Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom,

8250:"Nepal – A study on violence due to witchcraft allegation and sexual violence" 7804: 7562: 7405:"ISIS behead street magician for entertaining crowds in Syria with his tricks" 7028: 6488: 13398: 13333: 12956: 12892: 12877: 12739: 12704: 12684: 12555: 12498: 12433: 11825: 11728: 11413: 10903: 10863: 10828: 10708: 10283: 9393: 9243: 8807: 8773: 8762:"Trump calls impeachment case a 'witch hunt' and hints at a political return" 8715: 8650: 8618: 8325: 8310: 7036: 6435: 6378: 6020: 5870: 5817:

Europe's Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom

5693: 5647: 5403: 5161: 4976: 4958: 4580: 4426: 4127: 4066: 4062: 3956:

often the result. Countries particularly affected by this phenomenon include

3884: 3816: 3797: 3768: 3649: 3626: 3543: 3506: 3505:

In Croatia the last person condemned for witchcraft to the death penalty was

3499: 3451: 3439: 3237:

Witness testimony from the witch trial against Katharina Kepler, 14 July 1621

3187: 3183: 3143: 3123: 3091:

of 1612 joined the ranks of the most famous witch trials in English history.

2921: 2890: 2546:

until the late 4th century AD and abated only after the introduction of

2507: 2477: 2344: 2267: 2120: 1727: 1663: 1648: 1506: 1471: 1451: 1322: 1265: 1200: 568: 471: 8327:

Witchcraft accusations in South Africa: A feminist psychological exploration

6915: 4950: 4450: 3535: 2614:

found among his people certain witches, whom he called in his native tongue

13167: 13054: 12882: 12849: 12829: 12759: 12749: 12729: 12709: 12340: 12233: 12228: 11959: 11934: 11793: 11733: 11698: 11668: 11378: 11034: 10986: 10770: 10723: 10718: 10678: 10439: 10322: 10114: 10066: 9403: 8446: 7782: 7515:"Letter to HRH King Abdullah bin Abd al-'Aziz Al Saud on "Witchcraft" Case" 7044: 4432: 4159: 4104: 4093: 4011: 3981: 3957: 3888: 3864: 3835:

Between 2001 and 2006, an estimated 300 people were killed in the state of

3705: 3645: 3242: 3084: 2543: 2465: 2372: 2251: 1954: 1833: 1653: 1620: 1600: 1526: 1516: 1496: 1476: 1099: 992: 987: 710: 685: 536: 476: 441: 411: 7178:"Barbara Zdunk – The Last Executed Slavic Witch By Authorities In Prussia" 6887: 5116: 13069: 13029: 12997: 12864: 12824: 12664: 12577: 12528: 12503: 12403: 12086: 11815: 11798: 11753: 11673: 10954: 10898: 10838: 10738: 10703: 10688: 10630: 10543: 10469: 10392: 10034: 9122:

The Witch and History: Early Modern and Twentieth Century Representatives

8856:"Judge dismisses NRA's claims that it's the victim of NY AG 'witch hunt'" 8157: 7756: 7357: 7338: 7310: 5553:

Against the foolish belief of the common sort concerning hail and thunder

5416:

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy

5332:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 200, 5257:

Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook

4470: – Woman from New France who murdered her second husband (1733–1763) 4455: – Public penance imposed on condemned persons during an Inquisition 4420: 4145: 3896: 3872: 3811: 3772: 3720: 3693: 3487: 3467: 3210:(1634–1698). Among the largest and most notable of these trials were the 3010: 2901: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2742: 2376: 2288:

Witch trials in the early modern period § Causes and interpretations

2263: 2203: 2199: 1848: 1808: 1776: 1635: 1595: 1431: 1344: 1295: 1270: 1170: 845: 558: 541: 496: 416: 10883: 9030:

Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A regional and Comparative Study

8184: 7013:"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State" 6160:

Baten, Joerg; Woitek, Ulrich. "Economic determinants of witch-hunting".

5898:

Hinson (Fall 1992). "Historical and Theological Perspectives on Satan".

5361:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 59, 3855:. In August 2013, a couple were hacked to death by a group of people in 3274:

An image of suspected witches being hanged in England, published in 1655

2715:

Early secular laws against witchcraft include those promulgated by King

13343: 13338: 13219: 13214: 13110: 13094: 12951: 12844: 12802: 12572: 12560: 12533: 12523: 12443: 11842: 11837: 11808: 11743: 11592: 11126: 10785: 10728: 10713: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10538: 10518: 10317: 10247: 10212: 9846: 8139: 7276: 7249: 6824:

Gibson, M (2006). "Witchcraft in the Courts". In Gibson, Marion (ed.).

5022: 4367: 4030:

to the witch-finders. The bamucapi then made all drink a potion called

3807: 3740:

On 12 December 2011, Amina bint Abdulhalim Nassar was beheaded in

3270: 3158: 3060: 3002: 2950: 2639: 2514:

hunted witches on a scale unknown anywhere else in the ancient world".

2364: 2301: 2195: 2130: 2125: 2006: 2001: 1897: 1873: 1722: 1615: 1573: 1339: 1327: 1300: 1290: 1210: 585: 580: 551: 486: 327: 9071: 7563:"Sudanese man facing execution in Saudi Arabia over 'sorcery' charges" 7359: 7340: 5998: 3621: 2764:

Condemnations of witchcraft are nevertheless found in the writings of

13244: 13192: 12909: 12508: 11618: 10818: 10600: 10578: 10528: 10523: 10501: 8702:

Shear, Michael D.; Savage, Charlie; Haberman, Maggie (16 June 2017).

8129: 7964: 7931: 7663:"Saudi Arabia: Woman Is Beheaded After Being Convicted of Witchcraft" 7615:"Lebanese PM should step in to halt Saudi Arabia 'Sorcery' execution" 5230:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 4141: 4137: 3876: 3560: 3106:, where suspected witches were held and interrogated. 1627 engraving. 2716: 2348: 2031: 1979: 1680: 1275: 361: 10374: 10155:

Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

9080:

Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Visions, Programs, Outcomes

7059: 6960: 4970: 4968: 3891:. Witch hunts are also taking place among the tea garden workers in 3529: 3450:

enshrined into law the punishment (often with death, sometimes with

2226:, took place from about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the 46: 13209: 13039: 12966: 12617: 12543: 12448: 12408: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11688: 11683: 11628: 11409:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

11332: 11075:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

10893: 10775: 10693: 10533: 10496: 10312: 9899: 9063: 7907: 7879: 7851: 5381: 4724:

appears as a reality and as an actionable offence in its own right.

4361: 4133: 4099:

In Sierra Leone, the witch-hunt is an occasion for a sermon by the

4072: 4058:

and also because the courts no longer allowed witches to be tried.

4050: 4006:, relates in 1935 an instance when a new wave of witchfinders, the 3985: 3961: 3953: 3672: 3637: 3576: 3127: 3006: 2803: 2738: 2595: 2528: 2392: 2340: 2255: 1996: 1818: 1737: 1384: 1310: 1215: 1175: 516: 511: 506: 431: 426: 371: 10332: 8950:

Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation

8927:

Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt

8391: 8389: 8070:"In Assam, a rising trend of murders on allegations of witchcraft" 6571:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 12 ff. 4836:

Speak of the Devil: Tales of satanic abuse in contemporary England

3429: 3299: 3134:, soon became an influential legal text. The book was used in the 2202:

was proscribed and punishable in early human civilizations in the

30:"Witch hunt" and "Witch trial" redirect here. For other uses, see 11693: 11597: 11577: 11550: 11525: 11429: 10878: 10808: 10698: 10459: 10434: 8704:"Trump Attacks Rosenstein in Latest Rebuke of Justice Department" 8220: 7992: 7717: 5544: 5046:"ventriloquist, soothsayer" in the Septuagint; "wizards": Hebrew 4965: 3900: 3572: 3246: 2823: 2690: 2660: 2607: 2574: 2411: 436: 332: 312: 285: 260: 183: 8912:

Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in Culture and Belief

8554:"Witch Hunts and Foul Potions Heighten Fear of Leader in Gambia" 8413:

It is believed that any aged, old woman with red eyes is a witch

7499:"King Abdullah urged to spare Saudi 'witchcraft' woman's life". 6398:, Southern Illinois University Press, 2nd ed., 1989, pp. 66–70, 4358: – Court having jurisdiction in Christian religious matters 2798: 2250:, and official legislation against witchcraft is still found in 12669: 11678: 11582: 11560: 11555: 11505: 10888: 10843: 10813: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10668: 10651: 10646: 10573: 9254: 8973: 8386: 6226:"Daemonlologie by King James the First and Newes from Scotland" 5166:

The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present

4054: 4027: 4015: 3989: 3969: 3840: 3660: 3539: 3350:(Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Lorraine, Austria, Czechia) 3014: 2775: 2749:

In some prosecutions for witchcraft, torture (permitted by the

2686: 2682: 2590: 2577:, murdered by a mob in 415 AD for threatening the influence of 2235: 2211: 1436: 421: 317: 295: 290: 240: 8135:

Nearly 200 women killed every year after being branded witches

4993:"The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy" 4927:

Miguel, Edward (1 October 2005). "Poverty and witch killing".

3688:

On 29 and 30 June 2015, militants of the terrorist group

2704:

superstitious belief in witchcraft. A comparable situation in

12679: 11510: 11418: 10858: 10853: 10833: 10823: 10750: 10661: 10656: 10605: 10513: 10491: 10486: 10417: 8330:(Doctorate of Psychology thesis). University of South Africa. 5053: 5041: 5016: 4482: – 22nd episode of the first season of The Twilight Zone 4023: 3977: 3973: 3926: 3920: 3880: 3852: 3836: 3803: 3655:

Witch-hunts in modern times are continuously reported by the

3472: 3241:

Another important element of the persecution of witches were

2896: 2850: 2599: 2380: 1446: 245: 8445:. Vol. 23, no. 3. pp. 339–354. Archived from 7448:"Distance witch finally caught; 118 detained this year" 4078:

It was reported on 21 May 2008 that in Kenya a mob had

3603:

surge in witch-hunting; coinciding during the period of the

2984: 2564: 145: 13291: 13120: 10848: 10780: 10548: 10506: 9180:

New York: New York University Press, 2000, pp. 85–115.

9032:. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row Publishers, 1970. 8074: 5966:

The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages

4046: 3689: 3632:

Witch-hunts still occur today in societies where belief in

3446:

In England and Scotland between 1542 and 1735, a series of

3051:

In Denmark, the burning of witches increased following the

2973: 2603: 2396: 2239: 2078: 1907: 8882:

Andreassen, Reidun Laura and Liv Helene Willumsen (eds.),

7785:(2012). "Engendered Violence and Witch-killing in Simbu". 6914:(in Dutch). Archeonnet.nl. 11 October 2003. Archived from 5820:(Revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 4370: – Systematic killing of members of a specific gender 3249:. A well-known and good documented example is the case of 2885:

Perhaps the most notorious witch trial in history was the

9129:

The Last Witch of Langenburg: Murder in a German Village.

5308:

Geschichte der Hexenprozesse: aus dem Qvellen Dargestellt

4374:

Feminist interpretations of the Early Modern witch trials

3708:, although the precise nature of the crime is undefined. 3664: 3640:

and burnings, reported with some regularity from much of

3318:

Prosecution of witchcraft in regions of Europe 1450–1750

2916:

Satanic influence and its classification as a heresy. As

2670:

Burning witches, with others held in stocks, 14th century

2598:

records a persecution and expulsion of witches among the

9232:

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/2

8221:

Deepesh Shrestha; in Pyutar for AFP (15 February 2010).

7478:"Saudi Arabia: Witchcraft and Sorcery Cases on the Rise" 6827:

Witchcraft And Society in England And America, 1550–1750

5838:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999, Chapter 2. 5549:

Contra insulsam vulgi opinionem de grandine et tonitruis

9250:

A Brief History of Witchcraft Persecutions before Salem

8939:

Witchcraft, Gender, and Society in Early Modern Germany

6101:. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press. p. 5928: 5926: 5748:"How Protestantism fuelled Europe's deadly witch craze" 5542:

This, for instance, is the general purport of the book

5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 4389:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4174:'s lawsuit against the organization for alleged fraud. 8737:"Trump calls impeachment effort 'greatest witch hunt'" 7988:"Killing of women, child "witches" on rise, U.N. told" 6306:

Fraden, Judith Bloom; Fraden, Dennis Brindell (2008).

5676:

The Oxford illustrated history of witchcraft and magic

4520: – Women's roles and history surrounding religion 2468:, there were laws against harmful magic. According to 2210:, witch-hunts often arose in connection to charges of 9078:

Oberman, H. A., J. D. Tracy, Thomas A. Brady (eds.),

8998:

Witch hunts and State Building in Early Modern Europe

7655: 7537:"Saudi executes Egyptian for practising 'witchcraft'" 7517:(Press release). Human Rights Watch. 12 February 2008 5419:(pbk. ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. 257. 5329:

City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria

4503: – Legal proceedings in Massachusetts, 1692–1693 4364: – Murder of women or girls because of their sex 8796:"What Trump Really Means When He Cries 'Witch Hunt'" 7726:"Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea linked to jealousy" 7617:(Press release). Amnesty International. 1 April 2010 7376: 5923: 5145: 4484:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4463:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4170:

used the term in an unsuccessful bid to dismiss the

3704:

Witchcraft or sorcery remains a criminal offense in

3636:

is prevalent. In most cases, these are instances of

3009:

ritual parties in which there was naked dancing and

2569:

The German author Wilhelm Gottlieb Soldan argued in

8970:(4 vol. 2006) 1270pp; 758 short essays by scholars. 8701: 8299:

Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law

8171:"Witch hunts targeted by grassroots women's groups" 7637:"Saudi court rejects death sentence for TV psychic" 7231: 7229: 7220:

The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India

6281: 6199: 5978: 5627: 2638:'s clergy to check fanaticism about witchcraft and 2242:, contemporary witch-hunts have been reported from 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9192:The Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, Northern Norway 9018:, Vol. 20, No, 1. (Autumn, 1980), pp. 90–108. 8975: 8919:Witch hunts in Europe and America: an encyclopedia 8636: 8222: 6759:A Case of Witchcraft: The Trial of Urbain Grandier 6651: 6632: 6539: 6517: 6415: 6322:"Springfield's 375th: From Puritans to presidents" 6177:The Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, northern Norway 6094: 5993: 5504:De strigis vero que non sunt, ne ulla questio fiat 5223: 4158:to "modern-day witch trials". Former US president 2723:And we have ordained respecting witch-crafts, and 2308:Asia and Africa collected during the early modern 13255:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9178:Brith and Death: Fairies in Scottish Witch-trials 8978:Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance 8968:Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition 8016:"Witch Killings in Orissa District Cause Concern" 7689:"Saudi man executed for 'witchcraft and sorcery'" 7402: 7263:Varma, Daya (2007). "Witch-Hunt among Santhals". 6418:The lore of Scotland: A guide to Scottish legends 5850: 5351: 4779:Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance 4706:401–422 Section 251 of the Cameroonian penal code 4406: – Attributing events to less-probable plots 3944:Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa 3021:("You shall have no other gods before me") or as 2042:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 13396: 9244:1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry on "Witchcraft" 8944: 8638:"Is cancel culture the modern-day witch trials?" 8145:200 'witches' killed in India each year – report 7639:. CTV News. Associated Press. 13 November 2010. 7226: 7126: 6487:Russell, Jeffrey Burton; Lewis, Ioan M. (2000). 6200:Andreassen; Willumsen (2014). "'Introduction'". 5517:"Abortion, Contraception and the Church Fathers" 5358:Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius 5259:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 283. 4575:and Richard Golden both estimate 40,000–50,000. 4476: – French judge and witchhunter (1553–1631) 12915:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 8934:Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. 8634: 8439:"Christian responses to witchcraft and sorcery" 7960:"NCW demands stringent law against witch-hunts" 7358:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 7339:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 7311:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6097:Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany 1562–1684 5981:Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the Middle Ages 5374: 5226:The Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture 4775: 4082:at least 11 people accused of witchcraft. 3512:In Germany the last death sentence was that of 3430:End of European witch-hunts in the 18th century 3071:regulated the penalties for witchcraft. In the 2745:for him, that he evermore desist from the like. 1686:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 12397:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 10932:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 10012:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 9025:, 3rd ed., London and New York: Longman, 2006. 9005:Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts. 8793: 8496: 8343:"Witch-hunts: The darkness that won't go away" 8040: 7867: 6261:. Manchester University Press. pp. 1–18. 4838:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–37. 4555: 4553: 4551: 4045:The Bemba people believed misfortunes such as 3767:Though the practice of "white" magic (such as 3490:and in Norway the last witch execution was of 2988:The torture used against accused witches, 1577 1164:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11445: 11019:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 10228: 10099:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 9270: 9108:The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories 9039:California: Stanford University Press, 1972. 8884:Steilneset Memorial. Art Architecture History 8480:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 8436: 8244: 8242: 8008: 7076: 6546:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. p. 23. 6259:The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories 6246:. 21 October 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 6202:Steilneset Memorial. Art Architecture History 5774:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 5678:. Davies, Owen (1st ed.). Oxford. 2017. 5221: 4497: – Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe 4429: – Widespread moral panic alleging abuse 4423: – Fear that some evil threatens society 4117: 3657:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 3458:published an article in the highly respected 2167: 7929: 7895: 7839: 7755: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7723: 6776: 6486: 6450:"Witchcraft: Eight Myths and Misconceptions" 6305: 5139:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 5047: 5035: 5010: 3523:The last known official witch-trial was the 2417: 2296:background of this behaviour. The belief in 27:Search for witchcraft or subversive activity 12613:List of people killed for being transgender 9007:Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985 8605:, 'The True Story of the Death of Stalin', 8276:"Witch-hunt victim recounts torture ordeal" 8062: 7811: 6762:. Manchester University Press. p. 99. 5284:. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 48–50. 5222:Garnsey, Peter; Saller, Richard P. (1987). 5034:"those that have familiar spirits": Hebrew 4833: 4548: 3806:, mostly in villages, have the belief that 3590:(EIC) banned the persecution of witches in 3157:experienced America's first accusations of 2769:of light. Augustine and his adherents like 2602:in a mythical account of the origin of the 2585:makes no mention of religious motivations. 2492: 1380:List of people killed for being transgender 11452: 11438: 10235: 10221: 9277: 9263: 9206:Witches of the North:Scotland and Finnmark 9012:The Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–1662 8974:Goode, Erich; Ben-Yahuda, Nachman (1994). 8898:Witches and Witch Hunts: A Global History. 8675: 8239: 7952: 7761:"It's 2013, and they're burning 'witches'" 6882:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 153–160. 5883:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5726:"Heimskringla: King Olaf Trygvason's Saga" 5706:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5660:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5543: 5083: 5081: 5079: 4776:Goode, Erich; Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (2010). 4748:Changing Identities in Early Modern France 4412: – Supernatural punishment by a deity 3675:or by selling body parts of the murdered. 3033:Examination of a Witch in the 17th century 2897:Transition to the early modern witch-hunts 2351:, where it played a conspicuous part. The 2174: 2160: 9124:New York: Routledge, 1996, pp. 7–29. 8900:Malden Massachusetts: Polity Press, 2004. 8853: 8794:Markham-Cantor, Alice (28 October 2019). 8593:. Steyler Verlag, Nettetal, 1987. p. 201. 8577:. Steyler Verlag, Nettetal, 1987. p. 197. 8224:"Witch-hunts of low-caste women in Nepal" 7980: 7923: 7744: 6819: 6817: 6347:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 6301: 6299: 6174: 6134: 6092: 5935:Witches and Witch-hunts: A global history 5932: 5777:. Oxford University Press. p. 1769. 5590:Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History 5587: 5468:Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History 5465: 5442:Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History 5439: 5406:(1993) . "The Clash of Faiths (AD c. 300– 5282:Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History 5279: 5273: 5200: 5186:History of Rome, Book VIII, Chapter xviii 5176: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 4940: 4861:Witches and Witch-Hunts: A global history 4858: 4531: – 2020 interactive drama video game 3302:sentenced to witchcraft were only women. 2565:Christianisation in the Early Middle Ages 2550:as the Roman state religion in the 390s. 2450:Caius Furius Cressinus Accused of Sorcery 2273: 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 11709:Social determinants of health in poverty 10242: 9228:Swiss American Historical Society Review 8551: 8517:"Mob burns to death 11 Kenyan "witches"" 8090: 7787:Engendering Violence in Papua New Guinea 7669:. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2011 7207:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 7130:Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 5 6832:Continuum International Publishing Group 6467: 5904:. Vol. 89, no. 4. p. 475. 5355:; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993), 4883: 4529:The Dark Pictures Anthology: Little Hope 4514: – Practice of witch-hunts in Nepal 3620: 3483:. The act was finally repealed in 1951. 3433: 3277: 3269: 3232: 3093: 3027: 2983: 2974:Early Modern Europe and Colonial America 2900: 2797: 2665: 2542:Persecution of witches continued in the 2444: 452:Social determinants of health in poverty 144: 9895:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands 9131:New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (2009) 8907:. New York: The Humanities Press, 1962. 8340: 6877: 6854: 6693: 6627: 6591: 6338: 6159: 6044: 5742: 5215: 5102: 5087: 5076: 4763:New Dictionary of the American Language 4495:Witch trials in the early modern period 4447: – Reported symptom of bewitchment 4177: 4132:The term 'witch-hunt' can be used as a 3438:The drowning of an alleged witch, with 3265: 2980:Witch trials in the early modern period 2573:that the philosopher and mathematician 14: 13397: 11338:List of people executed for witchcraft 9185:Reginald Scot and Renaissance Writings 9049: 8827: 7217: 7202: 7099: 6912:"Laatste executie van heks in Borculo" 6823: 6814: 6789: 6786:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 65 6755: 6678: 6649: 6566: 6534: 6512: 6296: 6275: 6256: 6250: 6059: 5979:Jolly; Raudvere; Peters, eds. (2002). 5960: 5914: 5897: 5853:Joan of Arc : a life transfigured 5604:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project" 5402: 5304: 5160: 5136: 5123: 4926: 4802: 4745: 4702: 4480:"The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street" 4381: – Belief in witchcraft in Europe 4219:List of people executed for witchcraft 3782: 2654:This conforms to the teachings of the 2506:. If the reports are accurate, writes 2343:which were preserved, in both ancient 11433: 11307:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 10216: 9547:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 9320:Witch trials in early modern Scotland 9258: 9023:The witch hunt in early modern Europe 8828:Almond, Philip C. (20 January 2020). 8589:, Vol. 41. Anthony J. Gittins : 8573:, Vol. 41. Anthony J. Gittins : 8459: 8292: 8235:from the original on 12 January 2022. 7781: 7643:from the original on 20 November 2011 7377:Mezzofiore, Gianluca (30 June 2015). 7262: 7235: 7057: 6958: 6857:"Their own imaginations they deceive" 6784:Witchcraft, a very short introduction 6599:Witchcraft, a very short introduction 6542:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe 6520:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe 6162:University of Tübingen Research Paper 6064:. Uitgevering Pelckmans. p. 115. 5949:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe 5846: 5844: 5770: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5322: 5254: 5248: 5206: 4765:. Simon & Schuster. p. 1633. 4750:. Duke University Press. p. 234. 4569:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe 4168:National Rifle Association of America 3937: 3520:in 1775 (although not carried out). 2520:Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis 13379: 12419:Capital punishment for homosexuality 11714:Social determinants of mental health 9399:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62 9389:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50 9052:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8657:from the original on 12 January 2022 8323: 7403:Armstrong, Jeremy (6 January 2015). 7205:The Santals: Readings in Tribal Life 7175: 7010: 6420:. Kingshill, Sophia. London: Arrow. 5813: 5380: 4741: 4739: 4181: 3859:in Assam. In September 2013, in the 3719:In 2006, an illiterate Saudi woman, 2793: 2432:Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 2330: 1186:Capital punishment for homosexuality 457:Social determinants of mental health 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 12539:Genital modification and mutilation 10200:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain) 9918:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials 8635:Telegraph Video (5 February 2021). 7847:"Village 'witches' beaten in India" 7079:"Anna Maria Schwägelin (Schwägele)" 6603:. Oxford University Press. p. 6204:. Stamsund: Orkana. pp. 1–10. 5444:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 30–31. 5048: 5036: 5011: 5009:"witch" here translates the Hebrew 4703:Levack, Brian P. (26 August 2004). 4537: – 1989 Japanese animated film 4445:Medical explanations of bewitchment 4328:Christianization of the Sámi people 4229:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials 3756: 3555:There is no documented evidence of 3390:(Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Russia) 3017:for going against the first of the 1306:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 13425:Christianity-related controversies 11459: 11404:Left-hand path and right-hand path 10979:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 10059:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 9657:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia 9300:Witchcraft in early modern Britain 9187:. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. 8982:. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 8876: 8425:A Modern Movement of Witch Finders 8397:"Tanzania arrests 'witch killers'" 8368:"Congo witch-hunt's child victims" 8106:. 3 September 2013. Archived from 8024:. 21 December 2010. Archived from 7728:. Associated Press. Archived from 7127:Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke (1999). 7077:Wolfgang Petz (11 December 2007). 6797:Witch trials in Continental Europe 6681:Witchcraft in Early Modern England 6047:The Dark Side of Christian History 5937:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18–19. 5841: 5802:A History of Medieval Christianity 5614: 5470:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 54–55. 4387: – Execution or murder method 4010:, appeared in the villages of the 3170:and lasted from 1645 to 1663. The 2822:was commissioned to deal with the 2814:The manuals of the Roman Catholic 2753:) apparently took place. However, 2560:European witchcraft § History 25: 13446: 9354:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597 9237: 8854:Gregorian, Dareh (10 June 2022). 8676:Al-Arshani, Sarah (25 May 2021). 8048:"Three 'witches' kill themselves" 7903:"Bengal tribesmen kill 'witches'" 7480:(Press release). 24 November 2009 7454:. 4 November 2009. Archived from 7058:Balog, Zdenko (1 February 2017). 6940:. executedtoday.com. 4 April 2010 6683:. Harlow, UK: Pearson. p. 6. 6310:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 15. 6244:"Follow the Pendle Witches trail" 5386:The Origin and Deeds of the Goths 5305:Soldan, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1843), 4736: 4616:Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 4614:case discussed by Weiland in the 3823:(NCW) reported that according to 13378: 13369: 13368: 13018:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 12855:Law for Protection of the Nation 12755:White genocide conspiracy theory 9325:Witchcraft in early modern Wales 9284: 9230:, Vol. 59: No. 1, Available at: 8847: 8821: 8787: 8754: 8729: 8695: 8669: 8628: 8621:, "Why I wrote 'The Crucible'", 8612: 8596: 8580: 8564: 8545: 8527: 8509: 8490: 8468: 8453: 8430: 8418: 8360: 8334: 8317: 8286: 8268: 8214: 8205: 8193: 8177: 8163: 8150: 8122: 7875:"'Witch' family killed in India" 7819:"Black Magic practices in India" 7775: 7699: 7681: 7629: 7607: 7581: 7555: 7529: 7507: 7492: 7470: 7440: 7422: 7396: 7370: 7351: 7332: 7323: 7304: 7283: 7256: 7211: 7196: 7169: 7147: 7120: 7093: 7070: 7051: 7011:Kern, Edmund M. (January 1999). 7004: 6978: 6959:Hagen, Rune Blix (28 May 2018). 6952: 6938:"Last witch executed in Denmark" 6930: 6904: 6871: 6848: 6700:. Routledge. pp. 267, 268. 6288:. Ticknor and Company. pp. 6139:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–13. 5968:. Vol. 5. pp. 349–350. 5182: 5090:Magic in the Ancient Greek World 4890:Journal of Development Economics 4834:La Fontaine, Jean Sybil (1998). 4696: 4185: 4108:response by the populace to the 3966:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2675:King Kálmán (Coloman) of Hungary 2571:History of the Witchcraft Trials 1797:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1626:Law for Protection of the Nation 1522:White genocide conspiracy theory 182: 45: 12860:MSM blood donation restrictions 12608:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 9890:Witch trials in the Netherlands 9581:Pappenheimer family witch trial 8537:. 18 March 2009. Archived from 8437:Stephen Hayes (November 1995). 8293:Diwan, Mohammed (1 July 2004). 7265:Economic & Political Weekly 6986:"Timeline The Last Witchfinder" 6749: 6740: 6721: 6687: 6672: 6643: 6621: 6585: 6560: 6528: 6506: 6480: 6442: 6409: 6388: 6365: 6332: 6314: 6236: 6218: 6193: 6168: 6153: 6128: 6119: 6086: 6068: 6053: 6038: 5987: 5972: 5954: 5941: 5908: 5891: 5828: 5807: 5791: 5764: 5736: 5718: 5668: 5596: 5581: 5563: 5536: 5527: 5509: 5492: 5474: 5459: 5433: 5396: 5345: 5316: 5298: 5096: 5061: 5028: 5003: 4985: 4682: 4672: 4662: 4653: 4643: 4630: 4621: 4604: 4590: 4065:tribes of Southern Africa, the 3830: 3763:Witch-hunts in Papua New Guinea 3699: 3610: 3253:, the mother of the astronomer 3142:was executed for witchcraft in 2741:to his kindred, and enter into 2642:is shown in the decrees of the 2216:intensive period of witch-hunts 1631:MSM blood donation restrictions 1375:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 56:needs additional citations for 12873:(as religious or racial quota) 11102:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 10963:Summis desiderantes affectibus 10043:Summis desiderantes affectibus 9836:Navarre witch trials (1525–26) 9735:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653) 8552:Nossiter, Adam (20 May 2009). 8501:. Shikanda.net. Archived from 8341:de Waal, Mandy (30 May 2012). 7222:. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. 7157:. Swissinfo.ch. 27 August 2008 7155:"Last witch in Europe cleared" 7103:Opowieści prawdziwe i zmyślone 6801:Witchcraft and magic in Europe 6569:Witchcraft and Magic in Europe 6175:Willumsen, Liv Helene (2010). 6135:Willumsen, Liv Helene (2013). 5592:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 56. 5141:. Routledge. pp. 138–142. 4929:The Review of Economic Studies 4920: 4877: 4852: 4827: 4796: 4769: 4754: 3678: 2946:Summis desiderantes affectibus 2553: 1644:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 13287:Second-generation gender bias 13003:Constitutional colorblindness 11704:Social determinants of health 9461:Northern Moravia witch trials 9365:Northamptonshire witch trials 8952:. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. 8499:"Witchcraft in Modern Africa" 7724:McGuirk, Rod (10 June 2013). 7238:Economic and Political Weekly 7133:. A&C Black. p. 88. 6343:The Long European Reformation 6179:. Bergen: Skald. p. 13. 6093:Midelfort, H.C. Erik (1972). 6004:American Journal of Sociology 5407: 4902:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.005 4806:A Brief History of Witchcraft 4730: 4274:Northern Moravia witch trials 3825:National Crime Records Bureau 3821:National Commission for Women 2860:In a notorious case in 1425, 2339:is addressed in the earliest 2074:Second-generation gender bias 1782:Constitutional colorblindness 447:Social determinants of health 11107:accusations against children 11003:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 10178:accusations against children 10083:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 9530:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon 9383:Bury St Edmunds witch trials 9305:Channel Islands Witch Trials 8497:van Binsbergen, Wim (2002). 7383:International Business Times 6282:Jewett, Clarence F. (1881). 5628:Kieckhefer, Richard (2014). 5280:Behringer, Wolfgang (2004). 5058:"diviner" in the Septuagint. 4859:Behringer, Wolfgang (2004). 4809:. Running Press. p. 5. 4542: 4234:Asten witch trial (in Dutch) 3388:Central & Eastern Europe 2864:accused his daughter-in-law 2708:is suggested in a sermon by 2198:. Practicing evil spells or 36:Witch trial (disambiguation) 7: 13198:Medical model of disability 13050:Hate speech laws by country 9500:Aix-en-Provence possessions 7085:(in German). Archived from 6658:. Oxford University Press. 6473:Akademie Schloss Solitude: 6416:Westwood, Jennifer (2011). 6076:"The History Today Archive" 6013:University of Chicago Press 5771:Cross, Livingstone (2005). 5632:(2nd ed.). Cambridge. 4348: 3138:as early as May 1647, when 2355:(18th century BC 1985:Medical model of disability 1829:Hate speech laws by country 32:Witch hunt (disambiguation) 10: 13451: 13410:Informal legal terminology 13307:Social model of disability 11759:Discrimination against men 11027:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 10107:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 9954:Liechtenstein witch trials 9635:Witch trial of Fuersteneck 9495:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609 9348:North Berwick witch trials 9016:Journal of British Studies 8886:. Stamsund: Orkana, 2014. 8587:Studia Instituti Anthropos 8571:Studia Instituti Anthropos 6878:Summers, Montague (2003). 6477:, retrieved: 21 April 2024 6339:Wallace, Peter G. (2004). 5855:(1st ed.). New York. 5851:Harrison, Kathryn (2014). 5521:National Catholic Register 5054: 5042: 5017: 4269:North Berwick witch trials 4264:Liechtenstein witch trials 4216: 4121: 4118:Figurative use of the term 3941: 3914: 3791: 3787: 3760: 3751: 3614: 3542:, Switzerland in 1782 and 3155:Springfield, Massachusetts 3073:North Berwick witch trials 2977: 2862:Hermann II, Count of Celje 2802:The burning of a woman in 2759:Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals 2606:. The ancient fabled King 2557: 2335:Punishment for malevolent 2326:Magic in the ancient world 2323: 2319: 2277: 2094:Social model of disability 502:Discrimination against men 29: 13364: 13103: 12980: 12773: 12660:Opposition to immigration 12384: 12014: 11851: 11611: 11561:Race / Ethnicity 11498: 11467: 11371: 11350: 11315: 11299: 11257: 11206: 11175: 11144: 11135: 11092: 11085: 11059:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 10922: 10799: 10639: 10452: 10385: 10261: 10254: 10165: 10139:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 10004: 9963: 9880: 9824:Val Camonica witch trials 9804:Witch trials in Catalonia 9791: 9712:Vardø witch trials (1621) 9644: 9539: 9482: 9455:Kasina Wielka witch trial 9437: 9394:Alloa witch trials (1658) 9292: 8930:(1975), Revised Edition: 7029:10.1017/S006723780001599X 7017:Austrian History Yearbook 6728:Noituus – Kuolemantuomiot 6373:"Estimates of executions" 6049:. Morningstar & Lark. 5919:. Routledge. p. 211. 4394:Christianity and paganism 4172:New York attorney general 4162:frequently used the term 3683: 3312:Gottfried Christian Voigt 3077:James VI of Scotland 3011:cannibalistic infanticide 2699:, in 1080, wrote to King 2679:Burchard, Bishop of Worms 2418:Ancient Greco-Roman world 1427:Opposition to immigration 296:Race / Ethnicity 156:, Switzerland (1585), by 12655:Occupational segregation 12424:Compulsory sterilization 11389:Christian views on magic 11067:The Discovery of Witches 10939:Directorium Inquisitorum 10147:The Discovery of Witches 10019:Directorium Inquisitorum 9989:Witch trials in New York 9977:Connecticut Witch Trials 9971:Witch trials in Virginia 9809:Witch trials in Portugal 9623:Mergentheim witch trials 9617:Baden-Baden witch trials 9385:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694) 9169:. Pearson/Longman, 2007. 9092:Oldridge, Darren (ed.), 7060:"Magda Logomer Herucina" 6855:Addison, Joseph (1711). 6694:Goodare, Julian (2016). 6125:Behringer (2004), p. 83. 5630:Magic in the Middle Ages 5452:que interpretatur striga 5137:Dickie, Matthew (2003). 4884:Gershman, Boris (2016). 4468:Marie-Josephte Corriveau 4399:Christian views on magic 3910: 3605:Indian Rebellion of 1857 3550: 3404:(Spain, Portugal, Italy) 3164:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3132:The Discovery of Witches 2588:The 6th century AD 2280:Anthropology of religion 2222:and to a smaller extent 1422:Occupational segregation 1191:Compulsory sterilization 13183:Internalized oppression 13045:Fighting Discrimination 13035:Fat acceptance movement 12993:Anti-discrimination law 12633:Native American mascots 10995:De praestigiis daemonum 10947:De maleficis mulieribus 10075:De praestigiis daemonum 10027:De maleficis mulieribus 9924:Bredevoort witch trials 9871:Witch trial of Nogaredo 9752:Kastelholm witch trials 9688:Copenhagen witch trials 9667:Witch trials in Iceland 9662:Witch trials in Finland 9652:Witch trials in Denmark 9569:Rottenburg witch trials 9563:Wiesensteig witch trial 9445:Witch trials in Hungary 9428:Islandmagee witch trial 9310:Witch trials in England 9248:Douglas Linder (2005), 9208:. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 9204:Willumsen, Liv Helene. 9194:. Bergen: Skald, 2010. 9190:Willumsen, Liv Helene. 9143:The Demon-Haunted World 7100:Tazbir, Janusz (1994). 6880:Geography of Witchcraft 6756:Rapley, Robert (1998). 6697:The European Witch-Hunt 6650:Hutton, Ronald (1999). 6493:Encyclopedia Britannica 6383:Counting the Witch Hunt 6045:Ellerbe, Helen (1995). 5105:The Classical Quarterly 5088:Collins, Derek (2008). 4951:10.1111/0034-6527.00365 4561:Encyclopedia Britannica 4535:Kiki's Delivery Service 4333:Wiesensteig witch trial 4259:Islandmagee witch trial 4249:Bredevoort witch trials 3494:in 1695, and in Sweden 3182:Ponzinibio (fl. 1520), 3174:followed in 1692–1693. 3057:Christian IV of Denmark 3045:first major persecution 1970:Internalized oppression 1824:Fighting Discrimination 1814:Fat acceptance movement 1772:Anti-discrimination law 1400:Native American mascots 13302:Social identity threat 13275:Reverse discrimination 13265:Racial color blindness 12745:Violence against women 12725:Sex-selective abortion 11051:Compendium Maleficarum 11043:Magical Investigations 10934:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 10131:Compendium Maleficarum 10123:Magical Investigations 10014:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 9830:Mirandola witch trials 9814:Witch trials in Sicily 9677:Witch trials in Sweden 9672:Witch trials in Norway 9629:Esslingen witch trials 9599:Eichstätt witch trials 9557:Derenburg witch trials 9490:Witch trials in France 9450:Witch trials in Poland 9145:, Random House, 1996. 9035:Midlefort, Erick H.C. 8941:, Leiden: Brill, 2007. 8482:. 2004. Archived from 7789:. ANU Press: 107–136. 6679:Sharpe, James (2001). 6629:Barstow, Anne Lewellyn 6308:The Salem Witch Trials 5901:Review & Expositor 5814:Cohn, Norman (2000) . 5798:Jeffrey Burton Russell 5255:Ogden, Daniel (2002). 4782:. Wiley. p. 195. 4610:See, for example, the 4254:Derenburg witch trials 3629: 3575:population called the 3557:witch-hunting in India 3443: 3290: 3275: 3238: 3200:Alonso Salazar y Frías 3107: 3039: 3013:. It was also seen as 2989: 2912: 2883: 2811: 2747: 2671: 2652: 2620: 2493: 2457: 2454:Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours 2369: 2274:Anthropological causes 2214:from Christianity. An 2089:Social identity threat 2062:Reverse discrimination 2052:Racial color blindness 1512:Violence against women 1492:Sex-selective abortion 160: 13270:Religious intolerance 13230:Political correctness 13060:Intersex human rights 13008:Cultural assimilation 12690:Religious persecution 12454:Disability hate crime 12229:Jewish / Antisemitism 10674:Cloak of invisibility 10430:Solitary practitioner 10343:Witch-cult hypothesis 10190:Werewolf witch trials 9983:Maryland Witch Trials 9948:Salzburg witch trials 9865:Terrassa witch trials 9819:Witch trials in Spain 9799:Witch trials in Italy 9770:Katarina witch trials 9764:Torsåker witch trials 9740:Kirkjuból witch trial 9717:Akershus witch trials 9605:Würzburg witch trials 9593:Ellwangen witch trial 9552:Rottweil Witch Trials 9524:Affair of the Poisons 9518:Normandy witch trials 9473:Doruchowo witch trial 9094:The Witchcraft Reader 8966:Golden, William, ed. 8937:Durrant, Jonathan B. 8896:Behringer, Wolfgang. 8486:on 14 September 2012. 8324:Ally, Yaseen (2014). 6961:"Johanne Nielsdatter" 6888:10.4324/9781315822334 5917:The Witchcraft Reader 5834:See Franco Mormando, 5710:) CS1 maint: others ( 5170:Yale University Press 4999:on 16 September 2007. 4978:Catholic Encyclopedia 4863:. Wiley. p. 50. 4803:Martin, Lois (2010). 4577:Anne Lewellyn Barstow 4524:Women in Christianity 4314:Torsåker witch trials 4223:Category:Witch trials 3948:In many societies of 3942:Further information: 3624: 3600:Chota Nagpur Division 3565:Chota Nagpur Division 3437: 3281: 3273: 3236: 3162:throughout England's 3097: 3031: 2987: 2918:Renaissance occultism 2904: 2878: 2849:, the Inquisition of 2801: 2721: 2701:Harald III of Denmark 2669: 2648: 2612: 2583:Socrates Scholasticus 2558:Further information: 2523:of 81 BC, killing by 2482:Gaius Furius Cresimus 2448: 2361: 2324:Further information: 2278:Further information: 2057:Religious intolerance 2017:Political correctness 1839:Intersex human rights 1787:Cultural assimilation 1457:Religious persecution 1221:Disability hate crime 988:Jewish / Antisemitism 148: 12675:Political repression 11664:Anti-left handedness 11654:Anti-intellectualism 11394:Magical organization 10909:Witches of Benevento 9930:Roermond witch trial 9900:Stedelen witch trial 9853:Witches of Laspaúles 9729:Rosborg witch trials 9706:Finspång witch trial 9611:Bamberg witch trials 9512:Louviers possessions 9410:Bideford witch trial 9315:Witchcraft in Orkney 9293:In the British Isles 9127:Robisheaux, Thomas. 8541:on 23 December 2014. 7203:Archer, W G (1979). 6918:on 28 September 2007 6733:1 March 2021 at the 6475:Kepler’s Witch Trial 6137:Witches of the North 6082:on 12 November 2007. 6060:Meewis, Wim (1992). 5209:The Life of Augustus 5092:. Malden: Blackwell. 4638:The Name of the Rose 4567:'s first edition of 4512:Witch-hunts in Nepal 4385:Execution by burning 4356:Ecclesiastical court 4343:Würzburg witch trial 4294:Roermond witch trial 4244:Bideford witch trial 4199:adding missing items 4178:List of witch trials 3917:Witch-hunts in Nepal 3849:Muzaffarpur district 3794:Witch-hunts in India 3525:Doruchów witch trial 3329:Executions (approx) 3308:nine million witches 3287:William Powell Frith 3266:Execution statistics 3259:duchy of Württemberg 3224:Bamberg witch trials 3222:(1626–1631) and the 3220:Würzburg witch trial 2992:The witch trials in 2932:and centered on the 2887:trial of Joan of Arc 2866:Veronika of Desenice 2771:Saint Thomas Aquinas 2710:Serapion of Vladimir 2644:Council of Paderborn 2404:Second Temple period 1442:Political repression 407:Anti-left handedness 397:Anti-intellectualism 152:of three witches in 65:improve this article 13178:Historical eugenics 12715:Segregation academy 12695:Religious terrorism 12484:Enemy of the people 12392:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 11896:Jehovah's Witnesses 11784:Perpetual foreigner 11011:Newes from Scotland 10971:Malleus Maleficarum 10348:Anglo-Saxon England 10091:Newes from Scotland 10051:Malleus Maleficarum 9912:Geneva witch trials 9906:Valais witch trials 9859:Basque witch trials 9782:Thisted witch trial 9776:Rugård witch trials 9723:Ramsele witch trial 9694:Gyldenstierne-sagen 9682:Põlula witch trials 9467:Szeged witch trials 8996:Gouges, Linnea de, 8110:on 6 September 2013 7996:. 23 September 2009 7759:(24 October 2017). 7503:. 16 February 2008. 7298:anton-praetorius.de 7176:Klimczak, Natalia. 6992:on 20 November 2011 6654:Triumph of the Moon 6394:Charles Alva Hoyt, 5557:Archbishop of Lyons 5523:. 16 February 2012. 5311:, Cotta, p. 82 5117:10.1093/cq/51.2.477 4379:European witchcraft 4289:Ramsele witch trial 4279:Orkney witch trials 4239:Basque witch trials 3893:Jalpaiguri district 3845:Sundergarh district 3783:Indian Subcontinent 3569:Company-ruled India 3319: 3124:the "swimming" test 3089:Pendle witch trials 3069:Witchcraft Act 1541 3065:Steilneset Memorial 2994:Early Modern Europe 2964:Malleus Maleficarum 2908:Malleus Maleficarum 2874:Bernardino of Siena 2845:In the case of the 2630:(314 AD), and 2579:Cyril of Alexandria 2228:Counter Reformation 2220:Early Modern Europe 1965:Historical eugenics 1482:Segregation academy 1462:Religious terrorism 1251:Enemy of the people 1159:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 647:Jehovah's Witnesses 527:Perpetual foreigner 13430:Modern witch hunts 13090:Social integration 13085:Self-determination 13075:Racial integration 13023:Diversity training 13013:Cultural pluralism 12988:Affirmative action 12888:Racial segregation 12798:Crime of apartheid 12700:Religious violence 12193:Indigenous people 11588:Sexual orientation 11363:Witches in fiction 11351:In popular culture 10925:historic treatises 9995:Salem witch trials 9841:Lisbon witch trial 9792:In Southern Europe 9746:Vardø witch trials 9645:In Northern Europe 9587:Fulda witch trials 9575:Trier witch trials 9506:Loudun possessions 9422:Pittenweem witches 9377:Witches of Belvoir 9371:Samlesbury witches 9342:Witches of Warboys 9165:Thurston, Robert. 9028:Macfarlane, Alan. 8917:Burns, William E. 8708:The New York Times 8558:The New York Times 8374:. 22 December 1999 8282:. 7 February 2010. 8160:, 30 October 2009. 8103:The Times of India 8078:. 4 September 2013 8028:on 2 February 2014 7930:Jill Schnoebelen. 7771:on 2 October 2013. 7707:"Unreported World" 7667:The New York Times 7458:on 10 January 2012 7434:Human Rights Watch 7218:Crooke, W (1969). 7184:on 27 October 2017 5995:Nachman Ben-Yehuda 5962:von Pastor, Ludwig 5933:Behringer (2004). 5588:Behringer (2004). 5555:]. Lyons, FR: 5466:Behringer (2004). 5440:Behringer (2004). 5015:, and is rendered 4518:Women and religion 4507:Modern witch-hunts 4501:Salem witch trials 4489:West Memphis Three 4416:Magic and religion 4410:Divine retribution 4338:Witches of Warboys 4324:Vardø witch trials 4319:Trier witch trials 4299:Salem witch trials 4197:; you can help by 4089:The New York Times 4000:Audrey I. Richards 3950:Sub-Saharan Africa 3938:Sub-Saharan Africa 3903:(tribal) workers. 3857:Kokrajhar district 3714:Human Rights Watch 3642:Sub-Saharan Africa 3630: 3617:Modern witch-hunts 3588:East India Company 3561:Singhbhum District 3492:Johanne Nilsdatter 3444: 3317: 3291: 3276: 3239: 3216:Fulda witch trials 3212:Trier witch trials 3172:Salem witch trials 3151:Salem witch trials 3108: 3040: 2990: 2941:Pope Innocent VIII 2913: 2812: 2766:Augustine of Hippo 2672: 2458: 2408:Simeon ben Shetach 2395:28, reporting how 2375:condemns sorcery. 2359:) prescribes that 2310:Age of Exploration 2244:sub-Saharan Africa 1869:Social integration 1864:Self-determination 1854:Racial integration 1802:Diversity training 1792:Cultural pluralism 1767:Affirmative action 1659:Racial segregation 1569:Crime of apartheid 1467:Religious violence 952:Indigenous people 323:Sexual orientation 161: 13392: 13391: 13260:Racism by country 13188:Intersectionality 13173:Heteronormativity 12972:Voter suppression 12720:Sexual harassment 12519:Forced conversion 12439:Cultural genocide 12092:African Americans 11906:post–Cold War era 11891:Eastern Orthodoxy 11649:Anti-drug addicts 11644:Anti-homelessness 11571:Scientific racism 11427: 11426: 11384:Witch (archetype) 11346: 11345: 11295: 11294: 10621:Sympathetic magic 10448: 10447: 10210: 10209: 9964:Outside of Europe 9942:Lukh witch trials 9438:In Eastern Europe 9200:978-82-7959-152-8 9137:978-0-393-06551-0 9021:Levack, Brian P. 9010:Levack, Brian P. 8989:978-0-631-18905-3 8892:978-82-8104-245-2 8625:, 13 October 1996 8609:, 10 October 2017 8403:. 23 October 2003 8050:. 24 October 2003 7855:. 20 October 2009 7543:. 3 November 2007 7244:(19): 1672–1676. 6897:978-0-7661-4536-8 6841:978-0-8264-8300-3 6834:. pp. 1–18. 6782:Gaskill, Malcolm 6769:978-0-7190-5528-7 6707:978-1-317-19831-4 6665:978-0-19-820744-3 6614:978-0-19-923695-4 6358:978-0-333-64451-5 6268:978-0-7190-6204-9 6211:978-82-8104-245-2 6186:978-82-7959-152-8 5746:(16 March 2016). 5575:Patrologia Latina 5486:Bible Apologetics 5390:Charles C. Mierow 5368:978-0-520-06550-5 5266:978-0-19-513575-6 5241:978-0-520-06067-8 5172:. pp. 59–66. 4845:978-0-521-62934-8 4404:Conspiracy theory 4215: 4214: 4144:witch-hunt' and ' 4002:, in the journal 3652:is Saudi Arabia. 3427: 3426: 3348:Holy Roman Empire 3218:(1603–1606), the 3214:(1581–1593), the 3206:(1591–1635), and 3136:American colonies 3128:pricking the skin 3116:English Civil War 3023:violating majesty 2999:Thirty Years' War 2959:Ludwig von Pastor 2836:Pope Alexander IV 2794:Later Middle Ages 2512:Republican Romans 2440:Theoris of Lemnos 2353:Code of Hammurabi 2331:Ancient Near East 2232:Thirty Years' War 2184: 2183: 2047:Racism by country 1975:Intersectionality 1960:Heteronormativity 1743:Voter suppression 1487:Sexual harassment 1286:Forced conversion 1206:Cultural genocide 851:African Americans 657:post–Cold War era 642:Eastern Orthodoxy 392:Anti-drug addicts 387:Anti-homelessness 306:Scientific racism 158:Johann Jakob Wick 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 13442: 13415:Crowd psychology 13382: 13381: 13372: 13371: 13312:Social privilege 13297:Social exclusion 13225:Police brutality 13146:Multiculturalism 13116:Amatonormativity 12947:Social exclusion 12783:Age of candidacy 12583:Homeless dumping 12489:Ethnic cleansing 11454: 11447: 11440: 11431: 11430: 11358:Magic in fiction 11188:Northern Moravia 11142: 11141: 11122:Papua New Guinea 11090: 11089: 10874:Nine sorceresses 10626:Witches' Sabbath 10475:Ceremonial magic 10465:Apotropaic magic 10259: 10258: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10214: 10213: 9758:Mora witch trial 9336:St Osyth Witches 9279: 9272: 9265: 9256: 9255: 9183:West, Robert H. 9172:Purkiss, Diane. 9075: 9003:Klaits, Joseph. 8993: 8981: 8963: 8946:Federici, Silvia 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8834:The Conversation 8825: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8682:Business Insider 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8640: 8632: 8626: 8616: 8610: 8600: 8594: 8584: 8578: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8237: 8236: 8226: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8167: 8161: 8154: 8148: 8137:, 26 July 2010. 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7936: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7767:. Archived from 7753: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7295: 7291:"Entschuldigung" 7287: 7281: 7280: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7233: 7224: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7180:. Archived from 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6988:. Archived from 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6821: 6812: 6795:William Monter: 6793: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6738: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6657: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6602: 6593:Gaskill, Malcolm 6589: 6583: 6582: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6545: 6536:Levack, Brian P. 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6514:Levack, Brian P. 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6454:English Heritage 6446: 6440: 6439: 6413: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6346: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6100: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6078:. Archived from 6072: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6027: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5874: 5848: 5839: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5756:. Archived from 5744:Selwood, Dominic 5740: 5734: 5733: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5697: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5659: 5651: 5625: 5612: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5513: 5507: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5412: 5409: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5388:. Translated by 5378: 5372: 5371: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5324:Watts, Edward J. 5320: 5314: 5312: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5229: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5121: 5120: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4995:. Archived from 4989: 4983: 4982: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4944: 4935:(4): 1153–1172. 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4904:. Archived from 4881: 4875: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4823:on 21 June 2013. 4819:. Archived from 4800: 4794: 4793: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4725: 4720: 4700: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4557: 4485: 4474:Pierre de Lancre 4464: 4390: 4309:St Osyth Witches 4210: 4207: 4189: 4188: 4182: 3861:Jashpur district 3757:Papua New Guinea 3742:Al Jawf Province 3669:social cleansing 3538:was executed in 3496:Anna Eriksdotter 3320: 3316: 3251:Katharina Kepler 3208:Balthasar Bekker 3196:Anton Praetorius 3104:Bamberg, Germany 3019:Ten Commandments 2930:Council of Basel 2784:Snorri Sturluson 2735:threefold ordeal 2697:Pope Gregory VII 2661:Agobard of Lyons 2622:The Councils of 2610:is said to have 2496: 2357:short chronology 2248:Papua New Guinea 2224:Colonial America 2176: 2169: 2162: 2099:Social privilege 2084:Social exclusion 2012:Police brutality 1933:Multiculturalism 1903:Amatonormativity 1718:Social exclusion 1554:Age of candidacy 1350:Homeless dumping 1256:Ethnic cleansing 186: 163: 162: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 13450: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13388: 13360: 13235:Polyculturalism 13131:Civil liberties 13099: 13080:Reappropriation 12981:Countermeasures 12976: 12905:Racial steering 12871:Numerus clausus 12775: 12769: 12494:Ethnic conflict 12429:Corrective rape 12380: 12010: 11965:minority Muslim 11847: 11739:HIV/AIDS stigma 11607: 11556:Mental disorder 11494: 11463: 11458: 11428: 11423: 11367: 11342: 11311: 11291: 11253: 11207:Northern Europe 11202: 11171: 11131: 11081: 10924: 10918: 10801: 10795: 10734:Magical weapons 10684:Flying ointment 10635: 10480:Magical formula 10444: 10381: 10328:Greece and Rome 10250: 10241: 10211: 10206: 10195:Witchcraft Acts 10161: 10000: 9959: 9936:Spa witch trial 9882: 9876: 9787: 9640: 9535: 9478: 9433: 9416:Paisley witches 9330:Windsor Witches 9288: 9283: 9240: 9106:Poole, Robert. 8990: 8960: 8879: 8877:Further reading 8874: 8864: 8862: 8852: 8848: 8838: 8836: 8826: 8822: 8812: 8810: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8766:Washington Post 8760: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8720: 8718: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8633: 8629: 8617: 8613: 8607:Smithsonian.com 8601: 8597: 8585: 8581: 8569: 8565: 8550: 8546: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8505:on 11 May 2003. 8495: 8491: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8458: 8454: 8449:on 3 July 2006. 8435: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8406: 8404: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8339: 8335: 8322: 8318: 8291: 8287: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8240: 8229:Telegraph.co.uk 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8155: 8151: 8147:, 26 July 2010. 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8014: 8013: 8009: 7999: 7997: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7911:. 27 March 2003 7901: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7797: 7780: 7776: 7765:The Global Mail 7754: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7722: 7718: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7695:. 19 June 2012. 7687: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7375: 7371: 7356: 7352: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7309: 7305: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7261: 7257: 7234: 7227: 7216: 7212: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7089:on 31 May 2008. 7075: 7071: 7056: 7052: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6876: 6872: 6867:(117): 208–212. 6853: 6849: 6842: 6822: 6815: 6794: 6790: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6735:Wayback Machine 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6648: 6644: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6533: 6529: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6428: 6414: 6410: 6393: 6389: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6337: 6333: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6304: 6297: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6255: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6173: 6169: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6091: 6087: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6043: 6039: 6025: 6023: 5992: 5988: 5977: 5973: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5942: 5931: 5924: 5913: 5909: 5896: 5892: 5876: 5875: 5863: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5829: 5812: 5808: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5760:on 28 May 2014. 5741: 5737: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5653: 5652: 5640: 5626: 5615: 5608:www.fordham.edu 5602: 5601: 5597: 5586: 5582: 5568: 5564: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5497: 5493: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5464: 5460: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5410: 5401: 5397: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5321: 5317: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5220: 5216: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5159: 5146: 5135: 5124: 5101: 5097: 5086: 5077: 5066: 5062: 5033: 5029: 5008: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4942:10.1.1.370.6294 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4908:on 18 July 2021 4882: 4878: 4871: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4832: 4828: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4591: 4573:Malcolm Gaskill 4565:Brian P. Levack 4558: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4483: 4462: 4439:Trial by ordeal 4388: 4351: 4326:as part of the 4304:Spa witch trial 4225: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4186: 4180: 4164:on Twitter 4130: 4124:Siege mentality 4120: 4022:containers for 3946: 3940: 3925:Witch-hunts in 3923: 3915:Main articles: 3913: 3873:northern states 3833: 3802:Some people in 3800: 3792:Main articles: 3790: 3785: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3746:Najran Province 3702: 3686: 3681: 3619: 3613: 3553: 3514:Anna Schwegelin 3448:Witchcraft Acts 3432: 3402:Southern Europe 3326:Trials (approx) 3283:The Witch Trial 3268: 3255:Johannes Kepler 3112:Matthew Hopkins 3081:Anne of Denmark 2982: 2976: 2955:Heinrich Kramer 2899: 2847:Madonna Oriente 2829:Knights Templar 2796: 2788:Olaf Trygvasson 2755:Pope Nicholas I 2751:Roman civil law 2663:(810 AD). 2636:Catholic Church 2626:(306 AD), 2567: 2562: 2556: 2533:Sibylline Books 2489:Classical Latin 2420: 2402:In the Judaean 2333: 2328: 2322: 2294:anthropological 2290: 2284:Human sacrifice 2276: 2208:medieval Europe 2180: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2022:Polyculturalism 1918:Civil liberties 1890: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1859:Reappropriation 1759: 1758:Countermeasures 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1676:Racial steering 1642:Numerus clausus 1546: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1261:Ethnic conflict 1196:Corrective rape 1151: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 776: 765: 764: 763: 762: 761: 716:minority Muslim 604: 594: 593: 592: 591: 590: 482:HIV/AIDS stigma 354: 346: 345: 344: 343: 342: 291:Mental disorder 233: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 194: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13448: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13376: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13352: 13351: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13280:Reverse racism 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13250:Prisoner abuse 13247: 13242: 13240:Power distance 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13206: 13205: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13158:Ethnic penalty 13155: 13154: 13153: 13151:Neurodiversity 13148: 13138: 13136:Dehumanization 13133: 13128: 13126:Cisnormativity 13123: 13118: 13113: 13107: 13105: 13104:Related topics 13101: 13100: 13098: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12962:State religion 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12898:Nuremberg Laws 12895: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12840:Ghetto benches 12837: 12835:Gerrymandering 12832: 12827: 12822: 12820:Gender pay gap 12817: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12779: 12777: 12774:Discriminatory 12771: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12603:Lavender scare 12600: 12598:Kill Haole Day 12595: 12593:Indian rolling 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12569: 12568: 12558: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12479:Eliminationism 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12414:Cancel culture 12411: 12406: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12388: 12386: 12385:Manifestations 12382: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12271:Middle Eastern 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12021: 12019: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12008: 12006:Zoroastrianism 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11928:Untouchability 11925: 11915: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11857: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11749:Leprosy stigma 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11461:Discrimination 11457: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11261: 11259: 11258:Western Europe 11255: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11179: 11177: 11176:Eastern Europe 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11148: 11146: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11071: 11063: 11055: 11047: 11039: 11031: 11023: 11015: 11007: 10999: 10991: 10983: 10975: 10967: 10959: 10951: 10943: 10935: 10928: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10914:Witch of Endor 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10805: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10791:Witch's ladder 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10649: 10643: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10489: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10265: 10263: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10240: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10217: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10151: 10143: 10135: 10127: 10119: 10111: 10103: 10095: 10087: 10079: 10071: 10063: 10055: 10047: 10039: 10031: 10023: 10015: 10008: 10006: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9933: 9927: 9921: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9720: 9714: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9549: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9359:Pendle witches 9356: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9246: 9239: 9238:External links 9236: 9235: 9234: 9224: 9202: 9188: 9181: 9170: 9163: 9161:978-1973105756 9153: 9139: 9125: 9118: 9104: 9090: 9076: 9064:10.2307/202315 9058:(4): 435–451. 9047: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8988: 8971: 8964: 8958: 8942: 8935: 8924:Cohn, Norman. 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8846: 8820: 8786: 8753: 8728: 8694: 8668: 8627: 8623:The New Yorker 8611: 8595: 8591:Mende Religion 8579: 8575:Mende Religion 8563: 8544: 8526: 8523:. 21 May 2008. 8508: 8489: 8467: 8464:. Vol. 6. 8452: 8429: 8417: 8385: 8359: 8347:Daily Maverick 8333: 8316: 8305:(2): 351–388. 8285: 8267: 8256:. 31 July 2013 8238: 8213: 8204: 8200:Womensnews.org 8192: 8176: 8162: 8149: 8121: 8089: 8061: 8039: 8007: 7979: 7951: 7922: 7894: 7883:. 12 June 2008 7866: 7838: 7824:Deutsche Welle 7810: 7805:j.ctt24hcwt.10 7795: 7774: 7743: 7732:on 17 May 2021 7716: 7698: 7680: 7654: 7628: 7606: 7595:. 2 April 2010 7580: 7554: 7528: 7506: 7491: 7469: 7439: 7421: 7395: 7369: 7350: 7331: 7322: 7303: 7282: 7255: 7225: 7210: 7195: 7168: 7146: 7139: 7119: 7112: 7092: 7083:Historicum.net 7069: 7050: 7003: 6977: 6951: 6929: 6903: 6896: 6870: 6847: 6840: 6813: 6788: 6775: 6768: 6748: 6739: 6720: 6706: 6686: 6671: 6664: 6642: 6620: 6613: 6584: 6577: 6559: 6552: 6527: 6505: 6479: 6466: 6441: 6426: 6408: 6387: 6364: 6357: 6331: 6328:. 10 May 2011. 6313: 6295: 6274: 6267: 6249: 6235: 6217: 6210: 6192: 6185: 6167: 6152: 6145: 6127: 6118: 6111: 6085: 6067: 6052: 6037: 5986: 5983:. p. 241. 5971: 5953: 5940: 5922: 5907: 5890: 5861: 5840: 5827: 5806: 5790: 5783: 5763: 5735: 5717: 5684: 5667: 5638: 5613: 5595: 5580: 5562: 5535: 5526: 5508: 5491: 5473: 5458: 5432: 5425: 5404:Hutton, Ronald 5395: 5373: 5367: 5344: 5339:978-0520258167 5338: 5315: 5297: 5291:978-0745627175 5290: 5272: 5265: 5247: 5240: 5214: 5199: 5175: 5162:Hutton, Ronald 5144: 5122: 5095: 5075: 5060: 5027: 5002: 4984: 4975:"Witchcraft". 4964: 4919: 4876: 4869: 4851: 4844: 4826: 4815: 4795: 4788: 4768: 4761:"witch hunt". 4753: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4715: 4695: 4690:Sachsenspiegel 4681: 4671: 4661: 4652: 4642: 4629: 4620: 4603: 4589: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459:Donas de fuera 4456: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4284:Pendle witches 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4213: 4212: 4192: 4190: 4179: 4176: 4156:cancel culture 4119: 4116: 4080:burnt to death 4067:witch smellers 3939: 3936: 3912: 3909: 3832: 3829: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3761:Main article: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3701: 3698: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3615:Main article: 3612: 3609: 3552: 3549: 3456:Joseph Addison 3442:as the incitor 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3356:25,000–30,000 3354: 3351: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3267: 3264: 3204:Friedrich Spee 3192:Cornelius Loos 3140:Margaret Jones 3037:T. H. Matteson 2978:Main article: 2975: 2972: 2934:Duchy of Savoy 2898: 2895: 2840:Pope John XXII 2795: 2792: 2656:Canon Episcopi 2566: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2474:5th century BC 2419: 2416: 2332: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2275: 2272: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2067:Reverse racism 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2037:Prisoner abuse 2034: 2029: 2027:Power distance 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945:Ethnic penalty 1942: 1941: 1940: 1938:Neurodiversity 1935: 1925: 1923:Dehumanization 1920: 1915: 1913:Cisnormativity 1910: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1889:Related topics 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733:State religion 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1669:Nuremberg Laws 1666: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1611:Ghetto benches 1608: 1606:Gerrymandering 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591:Gender pay gap 1588: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370:Lavender scare 1367: 1365:Kill Haole Day 1362: 1360:Indian rolling 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246:Eliminationism 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181:Cancel culture 1178: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1150:Manifestations 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1030:Middle Eastern 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 995: 985: 980: 975: 970: 969: 968: 963: 958: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 864: 863: 858: 853: 843: 838: 833: 832: 831: 826: 821: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 779: 778: 777: 771: 770: 767: 766: 760: 759: 757:Zoroastrianism 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 733: 732: 722: 721: 720: 719: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 683: 682: 681: 679:Untouchability 676: 666: 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 629: 624: 619: 614: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 583: 578: 577: 576: 571: 566: 556: 555: 554: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492:Leprosy stigma 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 358: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 341: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 309: 308: 303: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 197: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 179: 178: 176:Discrimination 172: 171: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13447: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13405:Witch hunting 13403: 13402: 13400: 13385: 13377: 13375: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13334:Social stigma 13332: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13102: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12979: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12957:State atheism 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12893:Jim Crow laws 12891: 12890: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12878:One-drop rule 12876: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12793:Blood quantum 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12772: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12740:Victimisation 12738: 12736: 12735:Trans bashing 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12705:Religious war 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12685:Racialization 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12556:Glass ceiling 12554: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12499:Ethnic hatred 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12434:Counter-jihad 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12207:United States 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12070:United States 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12013: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11991:Protestantism 11989: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11901:LDS or Mormon 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11826:Transmisogyny 11824: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11729:Gerontophobia 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11659:Anti-intersex 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11634:Anti-albinism 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Institutional 11473: 11472: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11455: 11450: 11448: 11443: 11441: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11414:Folk religion 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11077: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10904:Three Witches 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10864:Morgan le Fay 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10709:Kitchen witch 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10360:Latin America 10358: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10284:Witch smeller 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10231: 10226: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10029: 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9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9046: 9045:0-8047-0805-3 9042: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8959:1-57027-059-7 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8903:Briggs, K.M. 8902: 8899: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8742: 8741:www.aa.com.tr 8738: 8732: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8643:The Telegraph 8639: 8631: 8624: 8620: 8619:Arthur Miller 8615: 8608: 8604: 8603:Jackie Mansky 8599: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8463: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8421: 8414: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8329: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8217: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8172: 8166: 8159: 8153: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8049: 8043: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8011: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7968:. 4 June 2013 7967: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7827:. 23 May 2012 7826: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7796:9781921862854 7792: 7788: 7784: 7783:Gibbs, Philip 7778: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7616: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7569:. 15 May 2010 7568: 7564: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7516: 7510: 7502: 7495: 7479: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7452:Saudi Gazette 7449: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7292: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 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Twój Styl. 7105: 7104: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6939: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6861:The Spectator 6858: 6851: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6820: 6818: 6810: 6809:0-8122-1787-X 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6779: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6724: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6646: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6616: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6578:0-8122-1787-X 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6553:9780582419018 6549: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6524:. p. 21. 6522: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6427:9780099547167 6423: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6404:0-8093-1544-0 6401: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6379:Ronald Hutton 6374: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6309: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6156: 6148: 6146:9789004252912 6142: 6138: 6131: 6122: 6114: 6112:9780804708050 6108: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6062:De Vierschaar 6056: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5997:(July 1980). 5996: 5990: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5929: 5927: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5862:9780385531207 5858: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5786: 5784:9780192802903 5780: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5753:The Telegraph 5749: 5745: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5685:9780199608447 5681: 5677: 5671: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5639:9781139923484 5635: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5482:"witch hunts" 5477: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5426:0-631-18946-7 5422: 5418: 5417: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5353:Cameron, Alan 5348: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5043:ἐγγαστρίμυθος 5031: 5024: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4971: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4870:9780745627175 4866: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4816:9780762439898 4812: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4789:9781444307931 4785: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4718: 4716:9780815336709 4712: 4709:. Routledge. 4708: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4675: 4665: 4656: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4612:Weihenstephan 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4581:Ronald Hutton 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4427:Satanic panic 4425: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4193:This list is 4191: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154:has compared 4153: 4152: 4151:The Telegraph 4148:witch-hunt'. 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4128:Victimisation 4125: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885:central state 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3798:Dayan (witch) 3795: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3773:"black" magic 3770: 3769:faith healing 3764: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3712:According to 3709: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3627:Annelie Grund 3623: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3545: 3544:Barbara Zdunk 3541: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3507:Magda Logomer 3503: 3501: 3500:Louis Debaraz 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3477:spiritualists 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460:The Spectator 3457: 3453: 3452:incarceration 3449: 3441: 3440:Thomas Colley 3436: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3335:British Isles 3333: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243:denunciations 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:(1626–1631). 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202:(1564–1636), 3201: 3198:(1560–1613), 3197: 3194:(1546–1595), 3193: 3190:(1538–1599), 3189: 3188:Reginald Scot 3186:(1515–1588), 3185: 3184:Johannes Wier 3179: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3144:Massachusetts 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120:Witches' mark 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2986: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:folk religion 2919: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2478:Twelve Tables 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2393:1 Samuel 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2327: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2268:mass hysteria 2266:, as well as 2265: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218:occurring in 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2121:Social stigma 2119: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728:State atheism 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1664:Jim Crow laws 1662: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:One-drop rule 1647: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1564:Blood quantum 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1507:Victimisation 1505: 1503: 1502:Trans bashing 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1472:Religious war 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1452:Racialization 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Glass ceiling 1321: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266:Ethnic hatred 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1201:Counter-jihad 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 990: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 967: 966:United States 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 830: 829:United States 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 775: 769: 768: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 742:Protestantism 740: 738: 735: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 688: 687: 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 667: 665: 662: 658: 655: 653: 652:LDS or Mormon 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 603: 598: 597: 587: 584: 582: 579: 575: 572: 570: 569:Transmisogyny 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Gerontophobia 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 402:Anti-intersex 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Anti-albinism 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 350: 349: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 229: 228: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:Institutional 200: 199: 190: 189: 185: 181: 180: 177: 174: 173: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 135: 132: 124: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 13168:Gender-blind 13055:Human rights 12883:Racial quota 12870: 12850:Jewish quota 12830:Gerontocracy 12825:Gender roles 12803:Disabilities 12788:Blood purity 12764: 12760:Wife selling 12750:White flight 12730:Slut-shaming 12710:Scapegoating 12628:Murder music 12291:Palestinians 12234:Anti-Zionism 12102:South Africa 12087:Black people 12065:South Africa 11881:Christianity 11871:Baháʼí Faith 11794:Sectarianism 11734:Heterosexism 11699:Ephebiphobia 11669:Anti-Masonry 11536:Hair texture 11379:Witch (word) 11328:Witch's mark 11322: 11137:Early Modern 11073: 11065: 11057: 11049: 11041: 11035:Daemonologie 11033: 11025: 11017: 11009: 11001: 10993: 10987:Laienspiegel 10985: 10977: 10969: 10961: 10953: 10945: 10937: 10869:Muma Pădurii 10800:Folklore and 10771:Sator Square 10724:Magic circle 10719:Magic carpet 10679:Crystal ball 10616:Spiritualism 10440:Witch doctor 10323:Cunning folk 10172: 10153: 10145: 10137: 10129: 10121: 10115:Daemonologie 10113: 10105: 10097: 10089: 10081: 10073: 10067:Laienspiegel 10065: 10057: 10049: 10041: 10033: 10025: 10017: 9826:(1505, 1518) 9700:Køge Huskors 9404:Bute witches 9286:Witch trials 9227: 9205: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9142: 9128: 9121: 9107: 9093: 9079: 9055: 9051: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8977: 8967: 8949: 8938: 8931: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8883: 8863:. 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Retrieved 4906:the original 4893: 4889: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4835: 4829: 4821:the original 4805: 4798: 4778: 4771: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4684: 4674: 4664: 4655: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4585:James Sharpe 4568: 4560: 4451: 4433:Scapegoating 4203: 4160:Donald Trump 4149: 4131: 4114: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4094:Yahya Jammeh 4087: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4061:Amongst the 4060: 4044: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4012:Bemba people 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3982:Sierra Leone 3958:South Africa 3947: 3932:caste system 3924: 3905: 3889:Chhattisgarh 3869: 3865:Chhattisgarh 3834: 3831:Recent cases 3801: 3777: 3766: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706:Saudi Arabia 3703: 3700:Saudi Arabia 3687: 3654: 3646:Saudi Arabia 3631: 3611:Modern cases 3585: 3581: 3554: 3534: 3522: 3511: 3504: 3485: 3459: 3445: 3415: 3401: 3387: 3382:1,700–2,000 3374: 3361: 3347: 3342:1,500–2,000 3334: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3240: 3228: 3180: 3176: 3148: 3131: 3109: 3099: 3085:Daemonologie 3064: 3050: 3041: 2991: 2969: 2962: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2914: 2906: 2891:Judgment Day 2884: 2879: 2871: 2859: 2844: 2833: 2813: 2780: 2763: 2748: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2695: 2673: 2653: 2649: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2589: 2587: 2570: 2568: 2548:Christianity 2544:Roman Empire 2541: 2537:Lex Cornelia 2536: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2510:, "then the 2503: 2499: 2486: 2476:laws of the 2466:ancient Rome 2459: 2449: 2435: 2423: 2421: 2401: 2373:Hebrew Bible 2370: 2362: 2334: 2314: 2306: 2291: 2260: 2252:Saudi Arabia 2200:incantations 2191: 2187: 2185: 1955:Gender-blind 1834:Human rights 1654:Racial quota 1641: 1621:Jewish quota 1601:Gerontocracy 1596:Gender roles 1574:Disabilities 1559:Blood purity 1527:Wife selling 1517:White flight 1497:Slut-shaming 1477:Scapegoating 1395:Murder music 1050:Palestinians 993:Anti-Zionism 861:South Africa 846:Black people 824:South Africa 632:Christianity 622:Baháʼí Faith 537:Sectarianism 477:Heterosexism 442:Ephebiphobia 412:Anti-Masonry 271:Hair texture 142: 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80:"Witch-hunt" 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 13435:Moral panic 13070:Nonviolence 13065:LGBT rights 13030:Empowerment 12998:Anti-racism 12920:Segregation 12865:No kid zone 12665:Persecution 12578:Hate speech 12529:Gay bashing 12504:Ethnic joke 12459:Dog whistle 12404:Blood libel 12082:Azerbaijani 11986:Neopaganism 11979:Persecution 11940:Persecution 11923:Persecution 11886:Catholicism 11866:Exclusivism 11816:Transphobia 11799:Supremacism 11754:Lesbophobia 11674:Aporophobia 11639:Anti-autism 11490:Taste-based 11485:Statistical 11086:Persecution 10955:Formicarius 10899:Spearfinger 10839:Elbow witch 10739:Magic sword 10704:Julleuchter 10689:Goofer dust 10631:White magic 10544:Incantation 10470:Black magic 10425:Renaissance 10393:Chaos magic 10365:Middle East 10296:Philippines 10035:Formicarius 9997:(1692–1693) 9991:(1642–1790) 9985:(1654–1712) 9979:(1647–1663) 9973:(1626–1730) 9956:(1679–1682) 9950:(1675–1681) 9944:(1656–1660) 9920:(1591–1595) 9908:(1428–1447) 9902:(1397–1407) 9867:(1615–1619) 9849:(1575–1650) 9832:(1522–1525) 9784:(1696–1698) 9754:(1665–1668) 9731:(1639–1642) 9702:(1608–1615) 9631:(1662–1666) 9625:(1628–1631) 9619:(1627–1631) 9613:(1626–1631) 9607:(1626–1631) 9601:(1617–1630) 9595:(1611–1618) 9589:(1603–1606) 9577:(1581–1593) 9571:(1578–1613) 9565:(1562–1563) 9532:(1742–1745) 9526:(1679–1682) 9344:(1589–1593) 8443:Missionalia 7673:13 December 7023:: 159–185. 6713:21 December 6033:negligible. 5547:(c. 800s). 5411: 1000 5207:Suetonius. 5068:Yerushalmi 4896:: 182–208. 4599:tempestarii 4421:Moral panic 4146:McCarthyite 3897:West Bengal 3812:black magic 3721:Fawza Falih 3694:Deir ez-Zor 3679:Middle East 3488:Anna Palles 3468:Janet Horne 3464:Jane Wenham 3375:Scandinavia 3168:New England 3100:Malefizhaus 3053:reformation 3035:(1853), by 2820:Inquisition 2816:Inquisition 2808:Switzerland 2731:morthdaeds 2719:(924–939): 2616:Haliurunnae 2554:Middle Ages 2460:During the 2430:'s speech " 2377:Deuteronomy 2264:moral panic 2204:Middle East 2192:witch purge 1849:Nonviolence 1844:LGBT rights 1809:Empowerment 1777:Anti-racism 1691:Segregation 1636:No kid zone 1432:Persecution 1345:Hate speech 1296:Gay bashing 1271:Ethnic joke 1226:Dog whistle 1171:Blood libel 841:Azerbaijani 737:Neopaganism 730:Persecution 691:Persecution 674:Persecution 637:Catholicism 617:Exclusivism 559:Transphobia 542:Supremacism 497:Lesbophobia 417:Aporophobia 382:Anti-autism 217:Taste-based 212:Statistical 13399:Categories 13344:Stereotype 13339:Speciesism 13220:Oppression 13215:Oikophobia 13111:Allophilia 13095:Toleration 12952:Sodomy law 12845:Internment 12765:Witch-hunt 12643:Blackhawks 12573:Hate group 12561:Hate crime 12534:Gendercide 12524:Freak show 12514:Excellence 12474:Employment 12444:Defamation 12371:Vietnamese 12366:Venezuelan 12251:Lithuanian 11913:Falun Gong 11843:Xenophobia 11838:Vegaphobia 11821:Non-binary 11779:Pedophobia 11744:Homophobia 11566:Skin color 11526:Disability 11499:Attributes 11480:Structural 11399:Maleficium 11323:Witch-hunt 11127:Witch camp 10786:Witch ball 10729:Magic ring 10714:Love charm 10569:Necromancy 10564:Moon magic 10559:Mediumship 10554:Love magic 10539:Gray magic 10519:Divination 10318:Benandanti 10248:witchcraft 10185:Drudenhaus 10173:Witch-hunt 9881:Elsewhere 9847:Benandanti 9540:In Germany 9176:Chapter 3 8800:The Nation 8661:18 October 8352:9 December 8140:Herald Sun 7647:6 February 7621:6 February 7599:6 February 7573:6 February 7567:Afrik News 7547:6 February 7521:6 February 7484:6 February 7462:6 February 7188:27 October 7064:Cris XVIII 6635:Witchcraze 6396:Witchcraft 5578:, CIV, 147 5192:15 January 5111:(1): 477. 5023:Septuagint 4731:References 4452:Auto-da-fé 4368:Gendercide 4217:See also: 4206:March 2017 4195:incomplete 4122:See also: 3808:witchcraft 3536:Anna Göldi 3532:, Poland. 3502:in 1745. 3159:witchcraft 3061:witchcraft 3003:Christians 2951:Papal bull 2926:maleficium 2640:necromancy 2525:veneficium 2517:Under the 2504:veneficium 2500:veneficium 2494:veneficium 2365:holy river 2302:divination 2196:witchcraft 2188:witch-hunt 2131:Stereotype 2126:Speciesism 2007:Oppression 2002:Oikophobia 1898:Allophilia 1874:Toleration 1723:Sodomy law 1616:Internment 1531:Witch-hunt 1410:Blackhawks 1340:Hate group 1328:Hate crime 1301:Gendercide 1291:Freak show 1281:Excellence 1241:Employment 1211:Defamation 1130:Vietnamese 1125:Venezuelan 1010:Lithuanian 664:Falun Gong 586:Xenophobia 581:Vegaphobia 564:Non-binary 522:Pedophobia 487:Homophobia 301:Skin color 261:Disability 232:Attributes 207:Structural 121:March 2024 91:newspapers 18:Witch hunt 13317:Christian 13245:Prejudice 13193:Masculism 13141:Diversity 12935:religious 12910:Redlining 12509:Ethnocide 12469:Education 12356:Ukrainian 12286:Pakistani 12276:Mongolian 12197:Australia 12179:Hungarian 12134:Colombian 12114:Bulgarian 11996:Rastafari 11945:Ahmadiyya 11853:Religious 11831:Trans men 11789:Pregnancy 11724:Gayphobia 11719:Fatphobia 11624:Acephobia 11619:Arophobia 11603:Viewpoint 11300:Classical 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