511:
450:, Elizabeth Dick had been turned away from the local mill when begging. She cursed the mill and several witnesses testified that the grain in the mill turned red. Only when one of the people who had refused her help ran after her and gave her alms did she bless the mill and everything returned to normal. About half of accused witches had already gained a reputation for causing harm over a long period of time. The fact that only four per cent of recorded accused witches were involved in folk healing seems to indicate that healing skills were largely seen as different from witchcraft. The Aberdeenshire trials of 1596 reveal that spells could be purchased from folk magicians for success at fishing, to ensure a happy marriage, to prolong life and to affect the weather, but harmful spells were considered witchcraft. Many accusations included sexual fears.
545:
19:
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273:(James' mother and Stewart's aunt), causing Stewart to be punished by James for several plots against him. The king subsequently set up royal commissions to hunt down witches in his realm, recommending torture in dealing with suspects. James is known to have personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches. Inspired by his personal involvement, in 1597 he wrote the
458:. These included by reading the marks on the shoulder blade of a slaughtered animal, measuring a person's sleeve or waist to see if they were suffering from a fever, or being able to find answers based on which way a sieve suspended from scissors or shears swung, as Margaret Mungo was accused of doing, before the kirk session of
639:), may have contributed to higher rates of prosecution. The diabolic pact is often stated as a major difference between Scottish and English witchcraft cases, but Stuart Maxwell argues that the iconography of Satan may be an imposition of central government beliefs on local traditions, particularly those concerned with
338:
597:
eliminating folk healers, have been discredited among professional historians. Most of the major periods of prosecution coincided with periods of intense economic distress, and some accusations may have followed the withdrawal of charity from marginal figures, particularly the single women that made
469:
in 1675, admitted to renouncing her baptism, receiving the Devil's mark and having sex with the Devil, but in local trials these demonic elements were rarer. Stuart MacDonald notes that in trials from Fife, the Devil was a relatively insignificant and indistinct figure and that a number of instances
116:
limiting arrests, prosecutions and torture. There was also growing scepticism in the later seventeenth century, while some of the factors that may have contributed to the trials, such as economic distress, subsided. Although there were occasional local outbreaks of witch-hunting, the last recorded
412:
and John Dick, whose actions helped set off the outbreak of witch-hunting in 1661–62, and whose exposure as frauds, and subsequent imprisonment, helped end the trials. Judicial torture was used in some high-profile cases, like that of John Fine, one of the witches accused of plotting the death of
392:
or
Parliament and staffed by local landholders and gentlemen to try witches in the places where they were accused. Based on known outcomes, the execution rates for the local courts were much higher than the courts run by professional lawyers, with the local courts executing some 90 per cent of the
179:
in 1479. Evidence of these political cases indicates that they were becoming rarer in the first half of the sixteenth century however. Popular belief in magic was widespread in the Middle Ages, but theologians had been generally sceptical, and lawyers interested in prosecuting only cases in which
568:
made efforts to make prosecutions ineffective. There may also have been a growing popular scepticism, and, with relative peace and stability, the economic and social tensions that may have contributed to accusations were reduced, although there were occasional local outbreaks, like those in East
397:, disciplinary committees run by the parish elite, and was often used to attack "superstitious" and Catholic practices. The central courts only launched a trial when the Privy Council issued a commission, although the council did not have full control over prosecutions in the Court of Judiciary.
535:
with
England and Ireland and the Privy Council and courts ceased to exist. The English judges who replaced them were hostile to the use of torture and often sceptical of the evidence it produced, resulting in a decline in prosecutions. In an attempt to gain support among the landholding orders,
363:
who were felt to have misused their powers, although folk healers as a group were not targeted. Most were not vagrants or beggars, but settled members of their communities. Most had built a reputation for witchcraft over years, which resulted in prosecution when a "victim" suffered ill fortune,
292:
among the elite, and focus fear on female communities and large gatherings of women. He thought they threatened his political power so he laid the foundation for witchcraft and occultism policies, especially in
Scotland. The point was that a widespread belief in the conspiracy of witches and a
326:, which took place across Scotland from March to October. At least 400 people were put on trial for various forms of diabolism. The number of those executed as a result of these trials is unknown, but is believed to be about 200. Later major trials included hunts in 1628–31 and
305:
Although
Scotland had probably about one quarter of the population of England, it had three times the number of witchcraft prosecutions, at an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 over the entire period. This was about four times the European average. The overwhelming majority were in the
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regime passed a new witchcraft act that ratified the existing act and extended it to deal with consulters of "Devils and familiar spirits", who would now be punished with death. There were three main types of court in which accused witches could be tried. First was the
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James VI's visit to
Denmark in 1589, where witch-hunts were already common, may have encouraged an interest in the study of witchcraft, and he came to see the storms he encountered on his voyage as the result of magic. After his return to Scotland, he attended the
421:. After about three days individuals tend to hallucinate, and this provided some exotic detail in witchcraft trials. In Scotland, convicted witches were usually strangled at the stake before having their bodies burned, although there are instances where they were
359:. Modern estimates indicate that over 1,500 persons were executed. Most of these were older women, with some younger women and men accused because they were related to an accused witch, usually as daughters and husbands. Some men were accused because they were
560:
Prosecutions began to decline as trials were more tightly controlled by the judiciary and government, torture was more sparingly used and standards of evidence were raised. The exposure of prickers as frauds in 1662 removed a major form of evidence. The
269:, was a witch, and after the latter fled in fear of his life, he was outlawed as a traitor. Stewart had been a rival of James as there were several disputes over the legitimacy of the Scottish and English thrones, especially following the execution of
626:
argues that the
Scottish system was only partly inquisitorial and that use of judicial torture was extremely limited, similar to the situation in England. A relatively high level of acquittal in Scottish trials may have been due to the employment of
606:, and may have perceived women as more of a moral threat. As a result the witch-hunt in Scotland has been seen as a means of controlling women. However two of the major witch-hunts took place while the Church of Scotland was controlled by
643:, which were more persistent in Scotland than in England. The proliferation of partial explanations for the witch-hunt has led some historians to proffer the concept of "associated circumstances", rather than one single significant cause.
454:, a midwife, it was claimed, could transfer the pains of childbirth to a woman's husband and Helen Gray cast a spell on a man that gave him a permanent erection. Witches and other sorts of folk magicians could also carry out
536:
Sheriff's courts were re-established and
Justices of the Peace returned in 1656. The result was a wave of witchcraft cases, with 102 in the period 1657–59. The limitations on prosecutions were fully reversed with the
614:
suggested that the outbreak of the hunt in the mid-sixteenth century was tied to the rise of a "godly state", where the reformed Kirk was closely linked to an increasingly intrusive
Scottish crown and legal system.
96:. Seventy-five per cent of the accused were women. Modern estimates indicate that more than 1,500 persons were executed; most were strangled and then burned. The hunts subsided under English occupation after the
293:
witches' Sabbath with the devil deprived women of political influence. Occult power was supposedly a womanly trait because women were weaker and more susceptible to the devil. However, after the publication of
474:
meeting look like fairy revels, where the dancing fairies traditionally disappeared when a human broke the ring, rather than satanic gatherings. Fairies were an important part of magical beliefs in
Scotland.
487:, who was tried for witchcraft in 1662, left four depositions, gained without torture, that provide one of the most detailed insights into magical beliefs in Britain. She stated that her coven met on nearby
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in 1660, and there was a flood of over 600 cases that alarmed the restored Privy
Council, leading it to insist on the necessity of its commission for an arrest or prosecution, and banning judicial torture.
1727:
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in her home under the hill. J. A. MacCulloch argued that there was a "mingling of beliefs" in Scotland, between popular belief in fairies and elite Christian ideas of demonic action. Alison Dick of
207:, one of a series of laws underpinning Biblical laws and similar to that passed in England a year earlier, which made the practice of witchcraft itself, and consulting with witches, capital crimes.
393:
accused, the Judiciary Court 55 per cent, but the circuit courts only 16 per cent. After the revocation of the standing commissions in 1597, the pursuit of witchcraft was largely taken over by
499:
in Fife was accused with her husband by neighbours for putting 'curses' on them, and was burned to death on 8 November 1633. She is one of the thirteen accused witches in an exhibition
465:
It has often been stated that Scottish witchcraft was particularly concerned with the demonic pact. In the high court, Katherine Sands, who was one of four women accused of witchcraft at
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4241:
265:, were convicted of using witchcraft to send storms against James' ship. James became obsessed with the threat posed by witches. He subsequently believed that his cousin, the nobleman
140:. The proliferation of partial explanations for the witch-hunt has led some historians to proffer the concept of "associated circumstances", rather than one single significant cause.
171:
For late medieval Scotland there is evidence of occasional prosecutions of individuals for causing harm through witchcraft. High-profile political cases included the action against
417:. However, these cases were relatively rare. Confessions, considered the best evidence for conviction, were more usually extracted by "waking" the witch, keeping the suspect
589:
Various reasons for the Scottish witch-hunt, and its more intense nature than that in England, have been advanced by historians. Older theories, that there was a widespread
1701:
195:
From the late sixteenth century attitudes began to change, and witches were seen as deriving powers from the Devil, with the result that witchcraft was seen as a form of
635:
in trials and the decentralised nature of Scottish courts, where local magistrates heard many cases (in contrast to England where most were before a small number of
1753:
1499:
257:, the first major persecution of witches in Scotland under the 1563 Act and the first known to successfully involve the diabolic pact. Several people, most notably
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1171:
J. R. Young, "The Covenanters and the Scottish Parliament, 1639–51: the rule of the godly and the 'second Scottish Reformation'", E. Boran and C. Gribben, eds,
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Rowan Tree and Red Thread: A Scottish Witchcraft Miscellany of Tales, Legends and Ballads; Together with a Description of the Witches' Rites and ceremonies
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510:
1339:
L. Henderson, "'Detestable slaves of the Devil': Changing ideas about witchcraft in sixteenth-century Scotland" in E. J. Cowan and L. Henderson, eds,
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his views became more sceptical, and in the same year he revoked the standing commissions on witchcraft, limiting prosecutions by the central courts.
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In the seventeenth century there was growing scepticism about the reality of witchcraft among the educated elite. Scotland was defeated in the
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581:, making the legal pursuit of witches impossible. Nevertheless, basic magical beliefs persisted, particularly in the Highlands and Islands.
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James imported continental explanations of witchcraft. In the view of Thomas Lolis, James I's goal was to divert suspicion away from male
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Many causes have been suggested for the hunts, including economic distress, changing attitudes to women, the rise of a "godly state", the
1865:
1988:
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had been issued. The use of curses by some women as a means of acquiring social power may have made this process more likely to occur.
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Almost all witchcraft prosecutions took place in secular courts under the provisions of the 1563 Act. In 1649 the religiously radical
6166:
573:. The last executions in the records of the central courts were in 1706. The last trial was held in the court of a sheriff-depute at
67:
played a major part as "victim" and investigator. He became interested in witchcraft and published a defence of witch-hunting in the
5330:
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1649:
89:
80:, were tried for witchcraft in this period, a much higher rate than for neighbouring England. There were major series of trials in
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384:, presided over by judges from the central courts and held in the various shires of the country. Finally, there were a series of
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199:. These ideas were widely accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth century. In the aftermath of the initial
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2018:
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Thomas Lolis, "The City of Witches: James I, the Unholy Sabbath, and the Homosocial Refashioning of the Witches’ Community",
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differed from the mainland with most trials taking place before 1650. Large series of trials included those in 1590–91 and
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harm from magic was seen as being evident. Three women from Edinburgh and Dunfermline accused of witchcraft were held at
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made witchcraft, or consulting with witches, capital crimes. The first major issue of trials under the new act were the
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55:. In the late middle age there were a handful of prosecutions for harm done through witchcraft, but the passing of the
1605:
B. P. Levack, "State Building and witch-hunting in early modern Europe", in J. Barry, M. Hester, and G. Roberts, eds,
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L. Martin, "The Devil and domestic witchcraft: witchcraft, quarrels and women's work in Scotland" n J. Goodare, ed.,
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404:, in which a suspect's skin was pierced with needles, pins and bodkins as it was believed that they would possess a
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The belief that witches could cause harm was common among all social groups in early modern Scotland. In 1701 in
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L. Martin, "The Devil and the domestic: witchcraft, quarrels and women's work in Scotland", in J. Goodare, ed.,
39:, in between the early 16th century and the mid-18th century, judicial proceedings concerned with the crimes of
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in 1597, but he appears to have become increasingly sceptical and eventually took steps to limit prosecutions.
1702:"First Minister gives formal apology to those persecuted under Witchcraft Act as she welcomes misogyny report"
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in Edinburgh, which took cases from all over Scotland, with a heavy bias to the local region. Next were the
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In 2020 and 2021, three centuries after repeal of the Witchcraft Act, and after a two-year campaign by the
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279:, a tract that opposed the practice of witchcraft and which provided background material for Shakespeare's
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J. Sharpe, "Witch-hunting and witch historiography: some Anglo-Scottish comparisons", in J. Goodare, ed.,
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officially apologized on behalf of the Scottish government to those accused under the Witchcraft Act.
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The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth-century Scotland
556:(1685), one of the many tracts published in Scotland arguing against sceptical views of witchcraft
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in Scottish courts, a benefit not given accused witches in England. The close involvement of the
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1998:
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S. MacDonald, "In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705", in J. Goodare, ed.,
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S. MacDonald, "In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705", in J. Goodare, ed.,
1384:
S. MacDonald, "In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705", in J. Goodare, ed.,
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S. MacDonald, "In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705", in J. Goodare, ed.,
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Most of the accused, some 75%, were women, though some men were also executed as witches or as
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Alison Dick display at Edinburgh Central Library 'Witches in Word, Not Deed' by Carolyn Sutton
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had more control, despite the evidence that basic magical beliefs were very widespread in the
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1474:"Tales of witchcraft: Witch-hunting in the Kirkcaldy kirk session minutes | ScotlandsPeople"
1449:"Tales of witchcraft: Witch-hunting in the Kirkcaldy kirk session minutes | ScotlandsPeople"
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has the support of the Scottish administration to clear the names of those accused. On the
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up many of the accused. The reformed Kirk that emerged from 1560 was heavily influenced by
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in 1727, and was of questionable legality. The British Parliament repealed the 1563 act in
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491:, that they could transform themselves into hares and that she had been entertained by the
319:
270:
136:, the role of the local kirk, decentralised justice and the prevalence of the idea of the
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executions were in 1706 and the last trial in 1727. The Scottish and English parliaments
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Witchcraft in early modern Scotland: James VI's demonology and the North Berwick witches
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that was persecuted in this period and that the witch-hunts were the result of a rising
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apologised in May 2022 for its part in the persecution of those accused of witchcraft.
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in July 1574 holding courts and executing men and women convicted of "common sorcery."
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1754:"Witches in Word, not Deed – an exhibition at Central Library until 30 November 2023"
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1500:"Witches in Word, not Deed – an exhibition at Central Library until 30 November 2023"
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Liv Helene Willumsen, "Witches of the North: Scotland and Finnmark", (BRILL, 2013),
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2168:
2066:
2035:
1983:
1968:
1528:
B. P. Levack, "The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting", in J. Goodare, ed.,
1100:
B. P. Levack, "The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting", in J. Goodare, ed.,
611:
405:
133:
5109:
4262:
1126:
S. J. Brown, "Religion and society to c. 1900", T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds,
285:, which contains probably the most famous literary depiction of Scottish witches.
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2013:
1973:
671:
623:
618:
It has been suggested that the intensity of Scottish witch-hunting was due to an
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528:
227:
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210:
The first witch-hunt under the act was in the east of the country in 1568–69 in
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64:
835:
A Companion to Tudor Literature Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture
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2023:
688:, created by Carolyn Sutton. Alison Dick was one of the figures exhibited at
619:
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476:
451:
289:
258:
129:
1728:"Church of Scotland apologises for Kirk's role in persecution of those accu"
1650:"Women executed 300 years ago as witches in Scotland set to receive pardons"
833:
K. A. Edwards, "Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart Scotland", in K. Cartwright,
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3819:
3603:
3556:
3551:
3511:
3272:
3155:
2947:
2899:
2236:
1958:
488:
394:
337:
275:
163:
69:
544:
5966:
5155:
4938:
4868:
4818:
4703:
4505:
3787:
3731:
3671:
3571:
3536:
3521:
3463:
3376:
3302:
3225:
2867:
684:
In 2023, there was an exhibition of thirteen figures of accused witches,
607:
360:
3716:
1675:"Scotland Moves to Pardon Thousands Executed as Witches—400 Years Later"
18:
6104:
5778:
5072:
4853:
4495:
4297:
4155:
3959:
3618:
3561:
3546:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3351:
3150:
3080:
3045:
3005:
2679:
2051:
455:
447:
408:
through which they could not feel pain. Professional prickers included
372:
185:
1362:
Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland
869:
Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland
218:, where there were unsuccessful attempts to introduce elements of the
4933:
4903:
4793:
4783:
4475:
3651:
3433:
3411:
3361:
3356:
3334:
622:
judicial system and the widespread use of judicial torture. However,
599:
496:
262:
6087:
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
3207:
2988:
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
413:
the king in 1590, whose feet were crushed in a shin press, known as
26:
meet the Devil in the local kirkyard, from a contemporary pamphlet,
5831:
4460:
4339:
4242:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
4165:
3908:
Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
3726:
3608:
3526:
3366:
3329:
3145:
2732:
484:
459:
401:
189:
3165:
4753:
3711:
3641:
3531:
3292:
3267:
1320:
Reforming the Scottish Parish: The Reformation in Fife, 1560–1640
574:
466:
356:
281:
184:
and executed by burning on 10 October 1542. They were accused of
1607:
Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief
433:
153:
5186:
3721:
3676:
3646:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3501:
3484:
3479:
3406:
2087:
1215:
Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization
977:
The Witch Craze in Britain, Europe and North America c1580-1750
480:
231:
196:
121:, and the unified British parliament repealed the 1563 act in
5000:
4251:
3691:
3686:
3666:
3656:
3583:
3494:
3489:
3438:
3346:
3324:
3319:
3250:
1341:
A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland, 1000 to 1600
884:(Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000), 085989388X, p. 5.
640:
471:
365:
235:
3681:
3613:
3381:
3339:
334:, which involved some 664 named witches in four counties.
400:
Scottish witchcraft trials were notable for their use of
1173:
Enforcing Reformation in Ireland and Scotland, 1550–1700
998:
996:
1828:
157:
Illustration of witches, perhaps being tortured before
1751:
1497:
1040:(Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003),
931:(Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003),
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
531:
and occupied. In 1652 Scotland was declared part of a
1058:
1056:
1054:
993:
803:
646:
175:
for allegedly using sorcery against his brother King
1524:
1522:
1520:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
76:
An estimated 4,000 to 6,000 people, mostly from the
4292:
1146:
1144:
951:"Francis Stewart Hepburn, the 5th Earl of Bothwell"
744:
1051:
1630:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1574:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1532:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1517:
1430:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1388:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1301:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1259:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
1165:
1104:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
897:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
780:
733:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
6148:
1255:J. Goodare, "Introduction", in J. Goodare, ed.,
1141:
829:
827:
825:
723:
132:Scottish judicial system, the widespread use of
1609:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998),
1343:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011),
1122:
1120:
1118:
1066:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
1064:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
769:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983),
527:by the forces of the English parliament led by
112:in 1660, causing some alarm and leading to the
5944:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
3765:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
2845:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
1128:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History
330:. Probably the most intense witch-hunt was in
6031:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
5202:
4278:
3852:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
3061:
2932:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
2103:
1814:
1543:
1228:
822:
807:J. Goodare, "Witch-hunts", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1752:edinburghcitylibraries (20 September 2023).
1498:edinburghcitylibraries (20 September 2023).
1115:
916:Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574-1581
388:local courts, held under commissions by the
1409:(Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2010),
5209:
5195:
4285:
4271:
3068:
3054:
2110:
2096:
1821:
1807:
1595:A History of the Scottish People 1560-1830
1130:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012),
811:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
767:Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745
5172:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall
3075:
1380:
1378:
809:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
543:
509:
432:
336:
152:
17:
5827:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
2728:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
1725:
974:
837:(Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2010),
300:
6149:
4171:List of people executed for witchcraft
1647:
1291:
1270:
1207:
1094:
948:
5479:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
5252:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
5190:
4799:Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla)
4266:
4140:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
3049:
2380:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
2153:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
2091:
1802:
1699:
1648:Davies, Caroline (19 December 2021).
1620:
1599:
1564:
1399:
1375:
1354:
1333:
1312:
1249:
1236:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe
1194:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe
1186:
1152:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe
1077:
1030:
1017:
921:
858:(Edinburgh: SHS, 1913), pp. 139, 141.
324:the Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
267:Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell
108:in the 1650s, but returned after the
5331:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
5321:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
2232:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
2222:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
1280:(1891, Kessinger Publishing, 2003),
887:
874:
51:) took place as part of a series of
6132:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
5850:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
4356:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham
3033:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
2751:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
1831:Scotland in the early modern period
1196:(London: Pearson, 3rd edn., 2006),
241:
53:witch trials in Early Modern Europe
13:
5991:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
5589:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
5232:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
4237:Left-hand path and right-hand path
3812:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
2892:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
2490:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
2133:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
1774:
1628:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1572:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1530:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1428:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1386:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1299:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1257:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
1217:(Indiana University Press, 2004),
1102:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
895:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
731:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context
647:21st-century pardons and memorials
437:Illustration of Doctor Fian, from
341:False witch-pricking bodkins from
14:
6208:
5286:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
4410:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
2187:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
1004:Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland
918:, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907) p. 34.
503:by artist Carolyn Sutton, at the
6167:Early modern history of Scotland
5257:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
5216:
4486:Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers
2158:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
2117:
1006:(London: Harper Collins, 1994),
428:
148:
5822:Witch trials in the Netherlands
5513:Pappenheimer family witch trial
2723:Witch trials in the Netherlands
2414:Pappenheimer family witch trial
1745:
1719:
1693:
1667:
1641:
1585:
1491:
1466:
1441:
1420:
968:
942:
5975:Summis desiderantes affectibus
5768:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
5667:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
3935:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
3796:Summis desiderantes affectibus
2876:Summis desiderantes affectibus
2669:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
2568:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
1790:Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (2007),
1706:www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com
1700:Brown, Hannah (8 March 2022).
1553:(London: Random House, 1991),
908:
861:
848:
201:Reformation settlement of 1560
63:, beginning in 1590, in which
1:
6177:Political history of Scotland
5393:Northern Moravia witch trials
5297:Northamptonshire witch trials
4601:Northamptonshire witch trials
4405:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor
2294:Northern Moravia witch trials
2198:Northamptonshire witch trials
1792:The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt
712:
707:Survey of Scottish Witchcraft
548:Reprint of the title page of
6110:accusations against children
6015:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
5462:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
5315:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
5237:Channel Islands Witch Trials
5110:Last person imprisoned under
4631:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
3940:accusations against children
3836:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
3011:accusations against children
2916:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
2363:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
2216:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
2138:Channel Islands Witch Trials
1979:Seventeenth-century religion
1726:Swanson, Ian (25 May 2022).
1322:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010),
1175:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006),
717:
222:and the hunt collapsed. The
7:
5432:Aix-en-Provence possessions
4320:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms
2333:Aix-en-Provence possessions
2031:Union with England Act 1707
949:JuliaH (14 November 2018).
880:L. Normand and G. Roberts,
695:
690:Edinburgh's Central Library
686:Witches in Words, not Deeds
538:Restoration of the monarchy
10:
6213:
6182:Social history of Scotland
6039:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
5886:Liechtenstein witch trials
5567:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
5427:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
5280:North Berwick witch trials
4879:George and Lachlan Rattray
4749:Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis
4571:North Berwick witch trials
4425:Society of the Inner Light
3860:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
2940:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
2787:Liechtenstein witch trials
2468:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
2328:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
2181:North Berwick witch trials
1989:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1478:www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk
1453:www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk
1278:Scottish Witchcraft Trials
518:
255:North Berwick witch trials
245:
143:
61:North Berwick witch trials
6172:Legal history of Scotland
6097:
6071:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
5936:
5895:
5812:
5756:Val Camonica witch trials
5736:Witch trials in Catalonia
5723:
5644:Vardø witch trials (1621)
5576:
5471:
5414:
5387:Kasina Wielka witch trial
5369:
5326:Alloa witch trials (1658)
5224:
5164:
5143:
5134:
5100:
5023:
4993:
4984:
4957:
4694:
4543:
4518:
4438:
4387:
4378:
4348:
4312:
4305:
4204:
4183:
4148:
4132:
4090:
4039:
4008:
3977:
3968:
3925:
3918:
3892:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
3755:
3632:
3472:
3285:
3218:
3094:
3087:
2998:
2972:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
2837:
2796:
2713:
2657:Val Camonica witch trials
2637:Witch trials in Catalonia
2624:
2545:Vardø witch trials (1621)
2477:
2372:
2315:
2288:Kasina Wielka witch trial
2270:
2227:Alloa witch trials (1658)
2125:
2044:
1946:
1838:
1781:Davidson, Thomas (1949),
1238:(London: Longman, 1987),
1213:D. Burton and D. Grandy,
1154:(London: Longman, 1987),
1027:(2008) 37(3), pp. 322-37.
665:International Women's Day
584:
505:Edinburgh Central Library
501:Witches in Word, Not Deed
173:John Stewart, Earl of Mar
114:Privy Council of Scotland
100:during the period of the
6197:Witch trials in Scotland
6079:The Discovery of Witches
5951:Directorium Inquisitorum
5921:Witch trials in New York
5909:Connecticut Witch Trials
5903:Witch trials in Virginia
5741:Witch trials in Portugal
5555:Mergentheim witch trials
5549:Baden-Baden witch trials
5317:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
5151:Witches' Well, Edinburgh
4222:Christian views on magic
3900:The Discovery of Witches
3772:Directorium Inquisitorum
2980:The Discovery of Witches
2852:Directorium Inquisitorum
2822:Witch trials in New York
2810:Connecticut Witch Trials
2804:Witch trials in Virginia
2642:Witch trials in Portugal
2456:Mergentheim witch trials
2450:Baden-Baden witch trials
2218:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
975:Bullock, Oliver (2016).
871:(Tuckwell, 2001), p. 33.
203:, Parliament passed the
6007:De praestigiis daemonum
5959:De maleficis mulieribus
5856:Bredevoort witch trials
5803:Witch trial of Nogaredo
5684:Kastelholm witch trials
5620:Copenhagen witch trials
5599:Witch trials in Iceland
5594:Witch trials in Finland
5584:Witch trials in Denmark
5501:Rottenburg witch trials
5495:Wiesensteig witch trial
5377:Witch trials in Hungary
5360:Islandmagee witch trial
5242:Witch trials in England
4681:Islandmagee witch trial
4330:Cunning folk in Britain
3828:De praestigiis daemonum
3780:De maleficis mulieribus
2908:De praestigiis daemonum
2860:De maleficis mulieribus
2757:Bredevoort witch trials
2704:Witch trial of Nogaredo
2585:Kastelholm witch trials
2521:Copenhagen witch trials
2500:Witch trials in Iceland
2495:Witch trials in Finland
2485:Witch trials in Denmark
2402:Rottenburg witch trials
2396:Wiesensteig witch trial
2278:Witch trials in Hungary
2261:Islandmagee witch trial
2143:Witch trials in England
1679:The Wall Street Journal
1551:Scotland: a New History
702:Witch trials in England
569:Lothian in 1678 and in
348:Discovery of Witchcraft
192:, using harmful magic.
6192:Witchcraft in Scotland
6063:Compendium Maleficarum
6055:Magical Investigations
5946:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
5762:Mirandola witch trials
5746:Witch trials in Sicily
5609:Witch trials in Sweden
5604:Witch trials in Norway
5561:Esslingen witch trials
5531:Eichstätt witch trials
5489:Derenburg witch trials
5422:Witch trials in France
5382:Witch trials in Poland
4635:1645, 1662, 1655, 1694
3884:Compendium Maleficarum
3876:Magical Investigations
3767:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
2964:Compendium Maleficarum
2956:Magical Investigations
2847:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
2663:Mirandola witch trials
2647:Witch trials in Sicily
2510:Witch trials in Sweden
2505:Witch trials in Norway
2462:Esslingen witch trials
2432:Eichstätt witch trials
2390:Derenburg witch trials
2323:Witch trials in France
2283:Witch trials in Poland
1360:P. G. Maxwell-Stuart,
867:P. G. Maxwell-Stuart,
557:
554:Satans Invisible World
515:
479:, the young wife of a
443:
352:
168:
48:
32:
6162:Early modern politics
6122:Werewolf witch trials
5915:Maryland Witch Trials
5880:Salzburg witch trials
5797:Terrassa witch trials
5751:Witch trials in Spain
5731:Witch trials in Italy
5702:Katarina witch trials
5696:Torsåker witch trials
5672:Kirkjuból witch trial
5649:Akershus witch trials
5537:Würzburg witch trials
5525:Ellwangen witch trial
5484:Rottweil Witch Trials
5456:Affair of the Poisons
5450:Normandy witch trials
5405:Doruchowo witch trial
4581:Aberdeen witch trials
3507:Cloak of invisibility
3263:Solitary practitioner
3176:Witch-cult hypothesis
3023:Werewolf witch trials
2816:Maryland Witch Trials
2781:Salzburg witch trials
2698:Terrassa witch trials
2652:Witch trials in Spain
2632:Witch trials in Italy
2603:Katarina witch trials
2597:Torsåker witch trials
2573:Kirkjuból witch trial
2550:Akershus witch trials
2438:Würzburg witch trials
2426:Ellwangen witch trial
2385:Rottweil Witch Trials
2357:Affair of the Poisons
2351:Normandy witch trials
2306:Doruchowo witch trial
1002:J. Keay and J. Keay,
856:Rentale Sancti Andree
547:
513:
436:
364:particularly after a
340:
261:and the schoolmaster
156:
37:early modern Scotland
24:North Berwick Witches
21:
5862:Roermond witch trial
5832:Stedelen witch trial
5785:Witches of Laspaúles
5661:Rosborg witch trials
5638:Finspång witch trial
5543:Bamberg witch trials
5444:Louviers possessions
5342:Bideford witch trial
5247:Witchcraft in Orkney
5225:In the British Isles
4651:Bideford witch trial
4420:Ordo Templi Orientis
4325:Anglo-Saxon paganism
4227:Magical organization
3742:Witches of Benevento
2763:Roermond witch trial
2733:Stedelen witch trial
2686:Witches of Laspaúles
2562:Rosborg witch trials
2539:Finspång witch trial
2444:Bamberg witch trials
2345:Louviers possessions
2243:Bideford witch trial
2148:Witchcraft in Orkney
2126:In the British Isles
1417:, pp. 3, 79 and 138.
1276:J. W. Brodie-Innes,
854:Robert Kerr Hannay,
493:Queen of the Fairies
320:witchcraft in Orkney
301:Nature of the trials
271:Mary, Queen of Scots
6023:Newes from Scotland
5983:Malleus Maleficarum
5844:Geneva witch trials
5838:Valais witch trials
5791:Basque witch trials
5714:Thisted witch trial
5708:Rugård witch trials
5655:Ramsele witch trial
5626:Gyldenstierne-sagen
5614:Põlula witch trials
5399:Szeged witch trials
5114:Witchcraft Act 1735
4986:Neopagan witchcraft
4779:Issobell Fergussone
3844:Newes from Scotland
3804:Malleus Maleficarum
3181:Anglo-Saxon England
2924:Newes from Scotland
2884:Malleus Maleficarum
2745:Geneva witch trials
2739:Valais witch trials
2692:Basque witch trials
2615:Thisted witch trial
2609:Rugård witch trials
2556:Ramsele witch trial
2527:Gyldenstierne-sagen
2515:Põlula witch trials
2300:Szeged witch trials
2009:Massacre of Glencoe
2004:Glorious Revolution
661:Scottish parliament
653:Witches of Scotland
440:Newes from Scotland
378:Court of Justiciary
226:made a progress in
205:Witchcraft Act 1563
57:Witchcraft Act 1563
29:Newes from Scotland
6187:Trials in Scotland
5927:Salem witch trials
5773:Lisbon witch trial
5724:In Southern Europe
5678:Vardø witch trials
5577:In Northern Europe
5519:Fulda witch trials
5507:Trier witch trials
5438:Loudun possessions
5354:Pittenweem witches
5309:Witches of Belvoir
5303:Samlesbury witches
5274:Witches of Warboys
4967:Christian Caldwell
4844:Euphame MacCalzean
4744:Katherine Campbell
4671:Pittenweem witches
4621:Witches of Belvoir
4611:Samlesbury witches
4561:Witches of Warboys
4501:Austin Osman Spare
4491:Madeline Montalban
4196:Witches in fiction
4184:In popular culture
3758:historic treatises
2828:Salem witch trials
2674:Lisbon witch trial
2625:In Southern Europe
2579:Vardø witch trials
2478:In Northern Europe
2420:Fulda witch trials
2408:Trier witch trials
2339:Loudun possessions
2255:Pittenweem witches
2210:Witches of Belvoir
2204:Samlesbury witches
2175:Witches of Warboys
1638:, pp. 34 and 47-8.
1540:, pp. 166–80.
1183:, pp. 149–50.
595:medical profession
558:
516:
444:
353:
282:Tragedy of Macbeth
169:
33:
6142:
6141:
5896:Outside of Europe
5874:Lukh witch trials
5370:In Eastern Europe
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5130:
5129:
5096:
5095:
5005:Alexandrian Wicca
4980:
4979:
4958:Witch hunters and
4939:Major Thomas Weir
4514:
4513:
4374:
4373:
4366:George Pickingill
4260:
4259:
4217:Witch (archetype)
4179:
4178:
4128:
4127:
3454:Sympathetic magic
3281:
3280:
3043:
3042:
2797:Outside of Europe
2775:Lukh witch trials
2271:In Eastern Europe
2085:
2084:
1785:, Oliver and Boyd
1758:Tales of One City
1504:Tales of One City
1364:(Dundurn, 2001),
1089:978-90-04-25292-9
1074:, pp. 168–9.
819:, pp. 644–5.
741:, pp. 185–9.
318:. Persecution of
182:St Andrews Castle
78:Scottish Lowlands
6204:
6157:Early modern law
5690:Mora witch trial
5268:St Osyth Witches
5211:
5204:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5141:
5140:
5107:
5106:
5088:Cecil Williamson
5015:Cochrane's Craft
5010:Gardnerian Wicca
4991:
4990:
4909:Annaple Thomsone
4899:Bessie Stevenson
4814:Gwen ferch Ellis
4759:Margaret Duchill
4724:Margaret Barclay
4541:
4540:
4456:Aleister Crowley
4446:Peter J. Carroll
4385:
4384:
4380:Ceremonial magic
4310:
4309:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4191:Magic in fiction
4021:Northern Moravia
3975:
3974:
3955:Papua New Guinea
3923:
3922:
3707:Nine sorceresses
3459:Witches' Sabbath
3308:Ceremonial magic
3298:Apotropaic magic
3092:
3091:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3046:
2591:Mora witch trial
2169:St Osyth Witches
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2036:Jacobite risings
1969:Marian civil war
1832:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:www.scotsman.com
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1382:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1337:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1162:, pp. 87–9.
1148:
1139:
1124:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1060:
1049:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1000:
991:
990:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
940:
925:
919:
912:
906:
891:
885:
878:
872:
865:
859:
852:
846:
831:
820:
805:
778:
777:, pp. 88–9.
763:
742:
727:
612:Christina Larner
566:George Mackenzie
242:Role of James VI
134:judicial torture
6212:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6138:
6127:Witchcraft Acts
6093:
5932:
5891:
5868:Spa witch trial
5814:
5808:
5719:
5572:
5467:
5410:
5365:
5348:Paisley witches
5262:Windsor Witches
5220:
5215:
5185:
5176:
5160:
5136:
5126:
5111:
5102:
5092:
5083:Doreen Valiente
5068:Frederic Lamond
5043:Robert Cochrane
5038:Charles Cardell
5025:
5019:
4976:
4959:
4953:
4929:Beatrix Watsone
4824:Grissel Jaffray
4739:Margaret Burges
4729:Magdalene Blair
4714:Allison Balfour
4709:Margaret Aitken
4696:
4690:
4661:Paisley witches
4551:Windsor Witches
4539:
4521:
4510:
4451:Andrew Chumbley
4434:
4430:Typhonian Order
4370:
4344:
4301:
4291:
4261:
4256:
4200:
4175:
4144:
4124:
4086:
4040:Northern Europe
4035:
4004:
3964:
3914:
3757:
3751:
3634:
3628:
3567:Magical weapons
3517:Flying ointment
3468:
3313:Magical formula
3277:
3214:
3161:Greece and Rome
3083:
3074:
3044:
3039:
3028:Witchcraft Acts
2994:
2833:
2792:
2769:Spa witch trial
2715:
2709:
2620:
2473:
2368:
2311:
2266:
2249:Paisley witches
2163:Windsor Witches
2121:
2116:
2086:
2081:
2040:
2014:Seven ill years
1974:Union of Crowns
1942:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1775:Further reading
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1681:. December 2021
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1642:
1625:
1621:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1586:
1569:
1565:
1548:
1544:
1527:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1425:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1383:
1376:
1359:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1292:
1275:
1271:
1254:
1250:
1233:
1229:
1212:
1208:
1191:
1187:
1170:
1166:
1149:
1142:
1125:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1061:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1001:
994:
987:
973:
969:
959:
957:
955:The History Jar
947:
943:
926:
922:
913:
909:
892:
888:
879:
875:
866:
862:
853:
849:
832:
823:
806:
781:
764:
745:
728:
724:
720:
715:
698:
672:Nicola Sturgeon
649:
629:defence lawyers
624:Brian P. Levack
604:Presbyterianism
587:
571:Paisley in 1697
550:George Sinclair
529:Oliver Cromwell
521:
431:
303:
250:
244:
151:
146:
106:Oliver Cromwell
45:Scottish Gaelic
12:
11:
5:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6083:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5291:Pendle witches
5288:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Gerald Gardner
5060:
5055:
5053:Stewart Farrar
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4960:Witch-prickers
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:Issobell Young
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Isobell Shyrie
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4874:Alison Pearson
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Barbara Napier
4856:
4851:
4849:Elspeth McEwen
4846:
4841:
4839:Beatrix Leslie
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Geillis Duncan
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:Pendle witches
4588:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4400:Alpha et Omega
4397:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4091:Western Europe
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4009:Eastern Europe
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3747:Witch of Endor
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3624:Witch's ladder
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2192:Pendle witches
2189:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1744:
1718:
1692:
1666:
1640:
1619:
1598:
1584:
1563:
1542:
1516:
1490:
1465:
1440:
1419:
1398:
1374:
1353:
1332:
1311:
1290:
1269:
1248:
1234:B. P. Levack,
1227:
1206:
1192:B. P. Levack,
1185:
1164:
1150:B. P. Levack,
1140:
1114:
1093:
1076:
1050:
1029:
1016:
992:
985:
967:
941:
920:
914:William Boyd,
907:
886:
873:
860:
847:
821:
779:
765:R. Mitchison,
743:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
704:
697:
694:
669:First Minister
648:
645:
637:circuit judges
586:
583:
520:
517:
430:
427:
419:sleep deprived
382:circuit courts
343:Reginald Scott
302:
299:
248:James VI and I
246:Main article:
243:
240:
224:Earl of Argyll
150:
147:
145:
142:
119:merged in 1707
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6209:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6145:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4949:Bessie Wright
4947:
4945:
4944:Janet Wishart
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Marion Walker
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:Marioun Twedy
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:Agnes Sampson
4887:
4885:
4884:Elspeth Reoch
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Helen Guthrie
4807:
4805:
4804:Isobel Gowdie
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:Isobel Elliot
4772:
4770:
4769:Bessie Dunlop
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Margaret Bane
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:Alloa witches
4639:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Kenneth Grant
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:Organizations
4386:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:James Murrell
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Folk religion
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Three Witches
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Morgan le Fay
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Kitchen witch
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Latin America
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:Witch smeller
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2077:Privy Council
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:Darien scheme
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Bishops' Wars
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1636:0-7190-6024-9
1633:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1615:0-521-63875-5
1612:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1580:0-7190-6024-9
1577:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1559:1-4464-7563-8
1556:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1538:0-7190-6024-9
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1436:0-7190-6024-9
1433:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1415:1-84519-180-3
1412:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1394:0-7190-6024-9
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:1-86232-136-1
1367:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1349:0-7486-2157-1
1346:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1328:0-7546-9624-3
1325:
1321:
1318:J. McCallum,
1315:
1308:
1307:0-7190-6024-9
1304:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1286:0-7661-6555-8
1283:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1265:0-7190-6024-9
1262:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1244:0-582-49123-1
1241:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1223:0-253-21656-7
1220:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1202:0-582-41901-8
1199:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1181:0-7546-8223-4
1178:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1160:0-582-49123-1
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1136:0-19-956369-1
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:0-7190-6024-9
1107:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1072:0-7486-0276-3
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:0-333-61395-3
1043:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1012:0-00-255082-2
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
988:
986:9781447985501
982:
978:
971:
956:
952:
945:
938:
937:0-333-61395-3
934:
930:
924:
917:
911:
905:, p. 78.
904:
903:0-7190-6024-9
900:
896:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
857:
851:
844:
843:1-4051-5477-2
840:
836:
830:
828:
826:
818:
817:0-19-211696-7
814:
810:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
776:
775:0-7486-0233-X
772:
768:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
740:
739:0-7190-6024-9
736:
732:
726:
722:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:member’s bill
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Scottish Kirk
630:
625:
621:
620:inquisitorial
616:
613:
609:
608:Episcopalians
605:
601:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
564:
563:Lord Advocate
555:
551:
546:
542:
539:
534:
530:
526:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Isobel Gowdie
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:Margaret Bane
449:
442:
441:
435:
429:Witch beliefs
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
395:kirk sessions
391:
390:Privy Council
387:
383:
379:
374:
369:
367:
362:
358:
350:
349:
344:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
298:
296:
291:
290:homosociality
286:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:Agnes Sampson
256:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:diabolic pact
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
166:
165:
160:
155:
149:Legal origins
141:
139:
138:diabolic pact
135:
131:
130:inquisitorial
126:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
71:
66:
65:King James VI
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
30:
25:
20:
16:
6144:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6053:
6047:Daemonologie
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5999:Laienspiegel
5997:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5758:(1505, 1518)
5632:Køge Huskors
5336:Bute witches
5251:
5218:Witch trials
5122:Helen Duncan
5078:Alex Sanders
5058:Janet Farrar
4972:John Kincaid
4864:Alice Nutter
4834:Marie Lamont
4789:Agnes Finnie
4734:Janet Boyman
4520:Early Modern
4471:Dion Fortune
4212:Witch (word)
4161:Witch's mark
4076:
3970:Early Modern
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3868:Daemonologie
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3820:Laienspiegel
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3702:Muma Pădurii
3633:Folklore and
3604:Sator Square
3557:Magic circle
3552:Magic carpet
3512:Crystal ball
3449:Spiritualism
3273:Witch doctor
3156:Cunning folk
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2948:Daemonologie
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2900:Laienspiegel
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2659:(1505, 1518)
2533:Køge Huskors
2237:Bute witches
2152:
2119:Witch trials
2045:Institutions
2019:Colonisation
1994:Commonwealth
1959:Rough Wooing
1933:Witch trials
1932:
1846:Architecture
1791:
1782:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1654:The Guardian
1653:
1643:
1627:
1622:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1571:
1566:
1550:
1545:
1529:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1427:
1422:
1406:
1401:
1385:
1361:
1356:
1340:
1335:
1319:
1314:
1298:
1293:
1277:
1272:
1256:
1251:
1235:
1230:
1214:
1209:
1193:
1188:
1172:
1167:
1151:
1127:
1101:
1096:
1079:
1063:
1062:J. Wormald,
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1003:
976:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
944:
928:
923:
915:
910:
894:
889:
881:
876:
868:
863:
855:
850:
834:
808:
766:
730:
725:
685:
683:
676:
650:
617:
588:
559:
553:
533:Commonwealth
522:
500:
464:
445:
438:
423:burned alive
410:John Kincaid
406:Devil's mark
399:
385:
370:
361:folk healers
354:
346:
310:, where the
304:
295:Daemonologie
294:
287:
280:
276:Daemonologie
274:
251:
209:
194:
170:
164:Daemonologie
162:
127:
102:Commonwealth
75:
70:Daemonologie
68:
34:
27:
15:
5967:Formicarius
5929:(1692–1693)
5923:(1642–1790)
5917:(1654–1712)
5911:(1647–1663)
5905:(1626–1730)
5888:(1679–1682)
5882:(1675–1681)
5876:(1656–1660)
5852:(1591–1595)
5840:(1428–1447)
5834:(1397–1407)
5799:(1615–1619)
5781:(1575–1650)
5764:(1522–1525)
5716:(1696–1698)
5686:(1665–1668)
5663:(1639–1642)
5634:(1608–1615)
5563:(1662–1666)
5557:(1628–1631)
5551:(1627–1631)
5545:(1626–1631)
5539:(1626–1631)
5533:(1617–1630)
5527:(1611–1618)
5521:(1603–1606)
5509:(1581–1593)
5503:(1578–1613)
5497:(1562–1563)
5464:(1742–1745)
5458:(1679–1682)
5276:(1589–1593)
5156:Maggie Wall
5137:and museums
4869:Mary Pannal
4819:Janet Horne
4704:Lilias Adie
4530:In Scotland
4506:A. E. Waite
3919:Persecution
3788:Formicarius
3732:Spearfinger
3672:Elbow witch
3572:Magic sword
3537:Julleuchter
3522:Goofer dust
3464:White magic
3377:Incantation
3303:Black magic
3258:Renaissance
3226:Chaos magic
3198:Middle East
3129:Philippines
2868:Formicarius
2830:(1692–1693)
2824:(1642–1790)
2818:(1654–1712)
2812:(1647–1663)
2806:(1626–1730)
2789:(1679–1682)
2783:(1675–1681)
2777:(1656–1660)
2753:(1591–1595)
2741:(1428–1447)
2735:(1397–1407)
2700:(1615–1619)
2682:(1575–1650)
2665:(1522–1525)
2617:(1696–1698)
2587:(1665–1668)
2564:(1639–1642)
2535:(1608–1615)
2464:(1662–1666)
2458:(1628–1631)
2452:(1627–1631)
2446:(1626–1631)
2440:(1626–1631)
2434:(1617–1630)
2428:(1611–1618)
2422:(1603–1606)
2410:(1581–1593)
2404:(1578–1613)
2398:(1562–1563)
2365:(1742–1745)
2359:(1679–1682)
2177:(1589–1593)
1999:Restoration
1964:Reformation
1954:Renaissance
1871:agriculture
1763:24 November
1592:Smout, T.C.
1509:24 November
1483:24 November
1458:24 November
979:. Pearson.
489:Downie Hill
456:divinations
161:, from his
110:Restoration
88:, 1628–31,
6151:Categories
6117:Drudenhaus
6105:Witch-hunt
5813:Elsewhere
5779:Benandanti
5472:In Germany
5103:witchcraft
5073:Sybil Leek
4854:Violet Mar
4829:Mary Hicks
4522:witchcraft
4496:Alan Moore
4481:James Lees
4306:Folk magic
4300:in Britain
4298:witchcraft
4232:Maleficium
4156:Witch-hunt
3960:Witch camp
3619:Witch ball
3562:Magic ring
3547:Love charm
3402:Necromancy
3397:Moon magic
3392:Mediumship
3387:Love magic
3372:Gray magic
3352:Divination
3151:Benandanti
3081:witchcraft
3018:Drudenhaus
3006:Witch-hunt
2714:Elsewhere
2680:Benandanti
2373:In Germany
2072:Parliament
1913:Literature
1898:Government
1861:Demography
1549:M. Lynch,
1405:E. Wilby,
1038:King James
1036:P. Croft,
929:King James
927:P. Croft,
713:References
591:pagan cult
525:Civil Wars
507:in 2023.
483:from near
448:Anstruther
373:Covenanter
186:divination
98:Civil Wars
49:buidseachd
41:witchcraft
5815:in Europe
5805:(1646–47)
5775:(1559–60)
5710:(1685–86)
5680:(1662–63)
5452:(1669–70)
5440:(1633–34)
5415:In France
5401:(1728–29)
5144:Monuments
5135:Monuments
4934:Jane Weir
4904:Anna Tait
4794:Maud Galt
4784:John Fian
4585:1596–1597
4565:1589–1593
4476:Phil Hine
4439:Magicians
4349:Magicians
4133:Classical
3652:Baba Yaga
3635:mythology
3444:Spiritism
3434:Sex magic
3412:Shamanism
3407:Occultism
3362:Evocation
3357:Entheogen
3335:Damnation
3286:Practices
2716:in Europe
2706:(1646–47)
2676:(1559–60)
2611:(1685–86)
2581:(1662–63)
2353:(1669–70)
2341:(1633–34)
2316:In France
2302:(1728–29)
1893:Geography
1883:Education
1856:Childhood
1685:3 January
1659:3 January
1617:, p. 118.
1561:, p. 286.
1351:, p. 227.
1330:, p. 204.
1225:, p. 170.
1112:, p. 169.
1091:, p. 150.
1014:, p. 556.
718:Citations
667:in 2022,
655:group, a
600:Calvinism
497:Kirkcaldy
462:in 1649.
415:the boots
316:Highlands
263:John Fian
177:James III
5024:Neopagan
4994:Variants
4535:In Wales
4461:John Dee
4340:Nicnevin
4313:Variants
4166:Pricking
4077:Scotland
4000:Virginia
3990:New York
3985:Maryland
3978:Americas
3727:Sorginak
3717:Pasiphaë
3609:Talisman
3579:Mojo bag
3527:Grimoire
3422:Regional
3367:Familiar
3330:Anathema
3246:Neopagan
3241:Medieval
3146:Akelarre
1908:Language
1903:Identity
1794:, Tempus
1582:, p. 75.
1438:, p. 47.
1396:, p. 45.
1372:, p. 25.
1309:, p. 48.
1288:, p. 44.
1246:, p. 74.
1204:, p. 52.
1138:, p. 81.
1048:, p. 27.
939:, p. 26.
845:, p. 32.
696:See also
485:Auldearn
460:Dingwall
402:pricking
357:warlocks
308:Lowlands
214:and the
190:malefice
159:James VI
6098:Related
5165:Museums
5033:Artemis
5026:witches
4754:Meg Dow
4697:witches
4695:Accused
4205:Related
4149:Related
4067:Iceland
4062:Finland
4057:England
4052:Denmark
4016:Hungary
3712:Obayifo
3642:Agamede
3599:Potions
3532:Incense
3473:Objects
3293:Animism
3268:Warlock
3203:Oceania
3186:Britain
2999:Related
1928:Warfare
1923:Society
1866:Economy
1267:, p. 1.
960:20 June
659:in the
641:fairies
575:Dornoch
519:Decline
467:Culross
332:1661–62
328:1649–50
144:Origins
104:led by
94:1661–62
90:1649–50
82:1590–91
6090:(1751)
6082:(1647)
6074:(1627)
6066:(1608)
6058:(1599)
6050:(1597)
6042:(1595)
6034:(1593)
6026:(1591)
6018:(1584)
6010:(1563)
6002:(1509)
5994:(1489)
5986:(1487)
5978:(1484)
5970:(1475)
5962:(1440)
5954:(1376)
5870:(1616)
5864:(1613)
5858:(1610)
5846:(1571)
5793:(1609)
5787:(1593)
5704:(1676)
5698:(1675)
5692:(1669)
5674:(1656)
5657:(1634)
5651:(1624)
5640:(1617)
5628:(1596)
5622:(1590)
5616:(1542)
5569:(1703)
5515:(1600)
5491:(1555)
5446:(1647)
5434:(1611)
5407:(1783)
5395:(1678)
5389:(1634)
5362:(1711)
5356:(1704)
5350:(1696)
5344:(1682)
5338:(1662)
5311:(1619)
5305:(1612)
5299:(1612)
5293:(1612)
5282:(1590)
5270:(1582)
5264:(1579)
5101:Modern
4544:Trials
4415:O∴A∴A∴
4335:Goetia
4118:Basque
4103:Geneva
4098:France
4082:Sweden
4072:Norway
4047:Baltic
4031:Russia
4026:Poland
3927:Modern
3911:(1751)
3903:(1647)
3895:(1627)
3887:(1608)
3879:(1599)
3871:(1597)
3863:(1595)
3855:(1593)
3847:(1591)
3839:(1584)
3831:(1563)
3823:(1509)
3815:(1489)
3807:(1487)
3799:(1484)
3791:(1475)
3783:(1440)
3775:(1376)
3722:Sebile
3677:Hecate
3647:Aradia
3594:Poppet
3589:Nkondi
3502:Censer
3485:Athame
3480:Amulet
3439:Sigils
3427:Yellow
3236:Hoodoo
3231:Goetia
3208:Mākutu
3136:Europe
3107:Azande
3102:Africa
3095:Region
2991:(1751)
2983:(1647)
2975:(1627)
2967:(1608)
2959:(1599)
2951:(1597)
2943:(1595)
2935:(1593)
2927:(1591)
2919:(1584)
2911:(1563)
2903:(1509)
2895:(1489)
2887:(1487)
2879:(1484)
2871:(1475)
2863:(1440)
2855:(1376)
2771:(1616)
2765:(1613)
2759:(1610)
2747:(1571)
2694:(1609)
2688:(1593)
2605:(1676)
2599:(1675)
2593:(1669)
2575:(1656)
2558:(1634)
2552:(1624)
2541:(1617)
2529:(1596)
2523:(1590)
2517:(1542)
2470:(1703)
2416:(1600)
2392:(1555)
2347:(1647)
2335:(1611)
2308:(1783)
2296:(1678)
2290:(1634)
2263:(1711)
2257:(1704)
2251:(1696)
2245:(1682)
2239:(1662)
2212:(1619)
2206:(1612)
2200:(1612)
2194:(1612)
2183:(1590)
2171:(1582)
2165:(1579)
1947:Events
1888:Family
1839:Topics
1737:1 June
1711:1 June
1634:
1613:
1578:
1557:
1536:
1434:
1413:
1392:
1368:
1347:
1326:
1305:
1284:
1263:
1242:
1221:
1200:
1179:
1158:
1134:
1108:
1087:
1070:
1044:
1010:
983:
935:
901:
841:
815:
773:
737:
585:Causes
481:cottar
472:covens
386:ad hoc
351:, 1584
234:, and
232:Argyll
216:Mearns
197:heresy
167:(1597)
5937:Texts
5001:Wicca
4294:Magic
4252:Adept
4113:Spain
4108:Italy
3995:Salem
3950:Nepal
3945:India
3756:Major
3692:Medea
3687:Kalku
3667:Drude
3662:Dayan
3657:Circe
3584:Nkisi
3495:besom
3490:Broom
3417:Black
3347:Demon
3325:Curse
3320:Coven
3251:Wicca
3171:Völva
3166:Seiðr
3141:Italy
3112:Ghana
3088:Types
3077:Magic
2838:Texts
2057:Court
1938:Women
1918:Music
1876:trade
366:curse
236:Cowal
228:Lorne
212:Angus
5112:the
5048:Dafo
4685:1711
4675:1704
4665:1696
4655:1684
4645:1658
4625:1619
4615:1612
4605:1612
4595:1612
4575:1590
4555:1579
4395:A∴A∴
4296:and
3682:Huld
3614:Wand
3382:Jinn
3340:Jinx
3219:Form
3124:Asia
3079:and
2067:Navy
2052:Army
1765:2023
1739:2022
1713:2022
1687:2022
1661:2022
1632:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1511:2023
1485:2023
1460:2023
1432:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1025:CLIO
1008:ISBN
981:ISBN
962:2022
933:ISBN
899:ISBN
839:ISBN
813:ISBN
771:ISBN
735:ISBN
679:Kirk
677:The
602:and
579:1736
312:Kirk
188:and
123:1736
92:and
86:1597
22:The
2062:Law
1851:Art
610:.
552:'s
470:of
345:'s
35:In
6153::
5003::
1756:.
1730:.
1704:.
1677:.
1652:.
1519:^
1502:.
1476:.
1451:.
1377:^
1143:^
1117:^
1053:^
995:^
953:.
824:^
782:^
746:^
692:.
425:.
230:,
125:.
84:,
47::
5210:e
5203:t
5196:v
4286:e
4279:t
4272:v
3069:e
3062:t
3055:v
2111:e
2104:t
2097:v
1822:e
1815:t
1808:v
1767:.
1741:.
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