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1940:
503:
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1905:
492:
897:
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river was curtailed by the encroachment of
European settlers. All the while, the land was becoming well known to wealthy elites, who took advantage of the quality hunting and sport-fishing spots scattered throughout the province. They took all the farmland along the Saint John River, which was previously occupied by the Wolastoqiyik, displacing many Aboriginal people from more than a million and a half acres of prime land.
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sports. Some are successful in middle and higher education and have important trade and professional standings; individuals and families are prominent in
Indigenous and women's rights; and others serve in provincial and federal native organizations, in government and in community development. There were 4,659 registered Wolastoqiyik in 1996.
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With the gradual cessation of hostilities in the first quarter of the 18th century, and with the beaver supply severely diminished, fur trading declined. There was little possibility for the
Wolastoqiyik to return to their traditional ways of life. Their style of seasonal, shifting agriculture on the
940:
At the time of
European encounter, the Wəlastəkwewiyik were living in walled villages and practicing horticulture (corn, beans, squash and tobacco). In addition to cultivating and growing crops, the women gathered and processed fruits, berries, nuts and natural produce. The men contributed by fishing
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means "bright river" or "shining river" ("wəl-" = good, "-as-" shining, "-təkw" = river; "-iyik" = people of). Wəlastəkwiyik therefore simply means "People of the Bright River" in their native language. The
Wolastoqiyik have long been associated with the Saint John River, from which they draw their
1334:
There have been centuries of intermarriage between the
Wolastoqiyik and European colonists and settlers. Surnames associated with Wolastoqey ancestry include: Denis, Sabattis, Gabriel, Saulis, Atwin, Launière, Athanase, Nicholas, Brière, Bear, Ginnish, Jenniss, Solis, Vaillancourt, Wallace, Paul,
1012:
As both the French and
English increased the number of their settlers in North America, their competition grew for control of the fur trade and physical territory. In addition, wars were carried out that reflected war in Europe. The lucrative eastern fur trade faltered with the general unrest, as
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The
Wolastoqiyik of New Brunswick struggled with problems of unemployment and poverty common to Indigenous people elsewhere in Canada, but they have evolved a sophisticated system of decision making and resource allocation. They support community enterprises in economic development, scouting and
1020:
In this period, Wolastoqey women took over a larger share of the economic burden and began to farm, raising crops which previously had been grown only south of
Wolastoqey territory. Men continued to hunt, though with limited success. They became useful allies to the French as support against the
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farming in Maine and New
Brunswick, which created a new market and demand for Wolastoqey baskets and containers. Other Wolastoqiyik worked in pulp mills, construction, nursing, teaching and business. With evidence that many Wolastoqiyik suffered widespread hunger and were wandering, government
1046:. They had made changes during the previous two centuries while acquiring European metal cutting tools and containers, muskets and alcohol, foods and clothing. In making wood, bark or basketry items, or in guiding, trapping and hunting, the Wolastoqiyik identified as engaging in "Indian work".
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and lobbying for the 1985 legislation which reinstated some rights of First Nation women and their children in Canada via Bill C31 (1985). Retaining Aboriginal status for future generations is still an issue for the Wolastoqiyik and all Aboriginal groups. Nicholas was appointed to the
1300:
About 650 native speakers of Wolastoqey remain, and about 500 of Passamaquoddy, living on both sides of the border between New Brunswick and Maine. Most are older, although some young people have begun studying and preserving the language. An active program of scholarship on the
728:
of Wolastoqey people. Today Wolastoqey people have also migrated to other parts of the world. The Wolastoqiyik have occupied areas of forest, river and coastal areas within their 20,000,000-acre, 200-mile-wide, and 600-mile-long homeland in the Saint John River watershed.
780:
word believed to mean "He speaks slowly," or differently, and was term that Miꞌkmaq people used to describe people from other nations. The meaning of the word today is unknown but it is commonly mistranslated to "he speaks badly, lazy, or broken". This term is the
1100:
economy. They also overlapped territory with neighbouring peoples. The Wəlastəkwewiyik and Passamaquoddy languages are similar enough that linguists consider them slightly different dialects of the same language. Typically they are not differentiated for study.
1601:
Girard, Camil, and Carl Brisson. Essay. In Alliances Et traités Avec Les Peuples Autochtones Du Québec: L'histoire De La Première Nation Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk: La Nation Malécite Du Saint-Laurent, 148. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2021.
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with the Wəlastəkwewiyik, which became important in their territory. Some European goods were desired because they were useful to Wəlastəkwewiyik subsistence and culture. The French Jesuits also established missions, where some Wəlastəkwewiyik
1968:
state schools to job corps to tribal recognition. The history of wabanaki micmac maliseet education included a discussion of wabanaki tribes and land issues . the schools lead to band recognition in maine I.e job corps or related programs in
1116:. Many of these songs were lost to the community, as the pressures to assimilate into mainstream Canadian culture led the Wolastoqiyik to stop passing their songs on to youth; in the 2010s, however, Wolastoqew musician
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collected and published two traditional Wolastoqey songs: a dance song and a love song. As transcribed by Curtis, the love song demonstrates a meter cycle of seven bars and switches between major and minor tonality.
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located to the north. Contact with European fisher-traders in the early 17th century and with specialized fur traders developed into a stable relationship which lasted for nearly 100 years. Despite
724:, based on the Meduxnekeag River in the Maine portion of their historical homeland, are—since 19 July 1776—the first foreign treaty allies with the United States of America. They are a
1771:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 42, nos. 1-7, page 6.
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English. For a short period during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Wolastoqey warriors were engaged frequently in armed conflict, becoming virtually a military organization.
1302:
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kinship systems, whereby children belonged to the mother's people and took their social status from her family. Nicholas was instrumental in bringing the case before the
998:, these Atlantic First Nations held on to their traditional coastal or river locations for hunting, fishing and gathering. They lived along river valleys for trapping.
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by which the Miꞌkmaq people referred to this group when speaking to early Europeans. The French met the Miꞌkmaq people before the Wəlastəkwewiyik, and transliterated
2253:
1473:. The recipient of many honours, he was awarded a Centennial Medal in 1969, received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from the University of New Brunswick, and the
1919:
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531:
1939:
949:, refer to a large Wolastoqey village at the mouth of the Saint John River. Later in the century, sources indicate their headquarters had shifted upriver to
428:
95:
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was a Wolastoqew oral historian (1902-1989) who lived on the Woodstock Reserve (N.B.) on the Saint John River. He shared information with numerous academic
1313:, Maine, has been an important resource for the program. The Institute has the goal of helping Native American students master their native languages. The
1965:
152:
478:
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The Indians' Book: an offering by the American Indians of Indian lore, musical and narrative, to form a record of the songs and legends of their race
453:
357:
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in Quebec. The Brothers is a reserve made up of two islands in the Kennebecasis River; they are uninhabited but available for hunting and fishing.
1661:
Andrea Bear Nicholas (2011). "Settler Imperialism and the Dispossession of the Maliseet, 1758-1765". In Reid, John G.; Savoie, Donald J. (eds.).
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women of their status when they married non-Aboriginals. It imposed a patriarchal idea of descent and identity on peoples who traditionally had
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was a linguist missionary who translated some Bible Selections into Wolastoqey which were published in 1863 and then the Gospel of John in 1870.
327:
1148:) in many ways. Its juice is a laxative, its pitch is medical, and an infusion of its bark, sometimes mixed spruce and tamarack bark, can treat
322:
124:
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878:
1335:
Polchies, Tomah, Sappier, Perley, Aubin, Francis, Sacobie, Nash, Meuse. Also included are DeVoe, DesVaux, DeVou, DeVost, DeVot, DeVeau.
1152:. They have used the fir's needles and branches as pillows and bedding, the roots as thread, and its pitch to waterproof seams in canoes.
241:
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Many other songs were recorded by anthropologist William H. Mechling, whose wax cylinder recordings of Wolastoqey songs are held by the
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Betts, Sarah. “Oromocto's All-Weekend Powwow Builds on Last Year's Success | CBC News.” CBC news. CBC/Radio Canada, July 21, 2017.
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https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/11/archives/indians-to-open-school-in-maine-us-funds-aid-experimental-center.html.-from
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793:, not understanding that it was not their name. The later English colonists anglicized this term as Maliseet.
375:
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at The Brothers, Oromocto, Fredericton, Kingsclear, Woodstock, Tobique, Madawaska (pre-1800s), and Cacouna.
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and hunting, and the women cooked these finds. Written accounts in the early 17th century, such as those of
2040:
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1331:, a treaty rights educator, tribal lawyer, fisherman and forester, was elected by his people to this seat.
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on or along Meduxnekeag River (Maine and New Brunswick); in the territory of the Houlton Band of Maliseets
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The Wolastoqiyik practised some traditional crafts as late as the 19th century, especially building
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undertook a project of listening to the wax cylinder recordings and reviving the songs. His album
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Beginning in 1758, the terms "Marichites" in French and in English "Maricheets" increased in use.
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2144:
1309:, in collaboration with the native speakers. David Francis Sr., a Passamaquoddy elder living in
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Karl V. Teeter, ed. 1993. "In Memoriam Peter Lewis Paul 1902-1989". Canadian Ethnology Service,
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1093:). They are also close to those of the Algonquian-speaking Miꞌkmaq and Penobscot peoples.
1017:. Increasing sporadic fighting and raiding also took place on the lower Saint John River.
8:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Today, in New Brunswick, there are approximately 7,700 Wolastoqiyik with status in the
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68:
1720:"Jeremy Dutcher's Innovative 'Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa' Is Really About the Future"
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https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/oromocto-pow-wow-full-weekend-1.4216564
705:) valley and its tributaries. Their territory extends across the current borders of
1462:
1456:
1428:, a Wolastoqew activist, is known for challenging discriminatory provisions of the
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117:
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1551:, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 123.
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2009:
1960:
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French and English hostilities concentrated in the region between Québec and
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Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the
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The Houlton Band of Maliseet was invited to take a nonvoting seat in the
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986:, five powerful nations based south and east of the Great Lakes, and the
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This article is about the ethnic group. For the Wolastoqey language, see
1780:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, "The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs",
1755:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, "The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs",
896:
1994:
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1946:
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was the founder of the Reserve created in 1867, which is now part of
1149:
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264:
181:
1974:
1165:
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The Wəlastəkwewiyik differed from the Miꞌkmaq by pursuing a partial
2149:
2108:
1742:
1724:
1314:
983:
843:
698:
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614:
594:
1624:
1561:
Tales from Maliseet Country: The Maliseet Texts of Karl V. Teeter,
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of the Wolastoqiyik are very similar to those of the neighbouring
2123:
2078:
1635:
1419:
1310:
1422:
position he acted as the Queen's representative in the province.
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1563:
Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, p. 17, fnote 4
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873:
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782:
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1840:"Liberal.ca :: Senators :: Sandra Lovelace Nicholas"
670:
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1945:
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
1043:
992:
devastating population losses to European infectious diseases
805:
714:
61:
2098:
2093:
1597:
1595:
1593:
987:
754:. Their lands and resources are bounded on the east by the
664:
1543:
Erickson, Vincent O. (1978). "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy." In
658:
1590:
979:, a transliteration of the Mi'kmaq name for the people.
1987:
1680:. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
1301:
Wolastoqey-Passamaquoddy language takes place at the
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673:
661:
1190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
958:The French explorers were the first to establish a
655:
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750:name. Their territory still extends as far as the
955:, on the middle reaches of the Saint John River.
2254:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
2235:
2039:
1377:, active during the “Aroostook War” of (1838–39)
982:Local histories depict many encounters with the
1767:
1765:
1327:, starting with the 126th Legislature in 2013.
971:. After years of colonialism, many learned the
1738:"Jeremy Dutcher Wins 2018 Polaris Music Prize"
1675:
2025:
1320:has done extensive research on the language.
525:
1762:
879:Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk (Viger) First Nation
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1654:
2032:
2018:
1992:
1690:
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532:
518:
1715:
1713:
1514:
1512:
1483:represented the Wolastoqey people to the
1250:Learn how and when to remove this message
1822:"King will caucus with Senate Democrats"
1651:
1370:Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
926:
2172:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
1647:Première Nation Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk
1345:
25:Indigenous people of Canada and the USA
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1988:Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal
1710:
1582:Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal
1509:
1452:United Nations Human Rights Commission
176:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2013:
1868:Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization
1819:
1663:Shaping an Agenda for Atlantic Canada
1418:, Canada, from 2009 to 2014. In this
799:
202:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2005:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1188:adding citations to reliable sources
1159:
1155:
891:
543:
1961:Maliseet language and culture links
1547:, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of
13:
1684:
1549:Handbook of North American Indians
1383:, Wolastoqew leader; fl. 1781–1801
1126:was released in 2018, and won the
14:
2305:
1993:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1954:
1820:Bayly, Julia (January 26, 2012).
1665:. Winnipeg: Fernwood. p. 24.
2274:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
2259:Native American history of Maine
1938:
1918:
1903:
1889:
1799:New Brunswick Aboriginal Affairs
1364:, social worker, awardee of the
1164:
1054:officials established the first
1008:Military history of the Maliseet
1001:
895:
815:Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians
722:Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians
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548:
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42:
2269:Native American tribes in Maine
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1175:needs additional citations for
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838:Madawaska Maliseet First Nation
817:(Metaksonekiyak Wolastoqewiyik)
766:, who also still speak related
148:British Columbia Treaty Process
18:Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language
2284:Ethnic groups in New Brunswick
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1618:
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1485:Maine House of Representatives
1133:
1:
1984:, University of New Brunswick
1502:
1289:. There are also 1700 in the
840:(Matowesekok Wəlastəkwewiyik)
1636:Tobique First Nation Website
1303:Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute
153:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
1795:"First Nations Communities"
1490:
1307:University of New Brunswick
737:The people call themselves
391:Indigenous English Dialects
10:
2310:
1975:Mi'kmaq-Maliseet Institute
1396:Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa
1389:, musician, winner of the
1293:in Maine, and 1200 in the
1123:Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa
1114:Canadian Museum of History
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762:, and on the south by the
726:federally recognized tribe
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1866:Mercury Series Paper 126.
1784:8, nos. 239–63, page 257.
1524:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1520:"Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet)"
1338:The Wolastoqiyik own the
1138:The Wolastoqiyik use the
975:. The French called them
610:
600:
590:
582:
557:This article needs to be
497:Indigenous North Americas
2159:Treaties and land claims
1996:"Maliseet Indians"
1980:January 7, 2007, at the
1759:8, nos. 239–63, page 244
1426:Sandra Lovelace Nicholas
1391:2018 Polaris Music Prize
1128:2018 Polaris Music Prize
1049:The Europeans developed
852:(Sitansisk Wolastoqiyik)
834:(Bilijk Wəlastəkwewiyik)
713:in Canada, and parts of
275:Indigenous personalities
2279:First Nations in Quebec
2166:Great Peace of Montreal
2145:Seven Nations of Canada
1884:(from north to south):
1875:
1676:Natalie Curtis (1907).
1625:St. Mary’s Wolastoqiyik
1469:, ethnohistorians, and
1356:St. Mary's First Nation
994:, to which they had no
858:(Wolastoqiyik Neqotkuk)
850:St. Mary's First Nation
832:Kingsclear First Nation
732:
717:in the United States.
2071:Ethnolinguistic groups
2055:Northeastern Woodlands
1933:, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
1572:Erickson 1978, pg. 135
932:
862:Woodstock First Nation
2188:Regional councils and
2002:Catholic Encyclopedia
1746:, September 17, 2018.
1459:on September 21, 2005
930:
844:Oromocto First Nation
758:, on the west by the
618:
2294:Algonquian ethnonyms
2264:Wabanaki Confederacy
2150:Iroquois Confederacy
1882:Wabanaki Confederacy
1693:"Maliseet Love Song"
1346:Notable Wolastoqiyik
1184:improve this article
931:Wolastoqey Territory
856:Tobique First Nation
768:Algonquian languages
752:Saint Lawrence River
691:Wabanaki Confederacy
401:Aboriginal syllabics
376:Indigenous languages
2138:Historical polities
1846:on February 1, 2009
1691:Clint Goss (2013).
1584:- "Metaksonekiyak:
1412:Lieutenant Governor
943:Samuel de Champlain
429:Traditional beliefs
270:Indigenous cultures
113:Residential schools
103:Settler colonialism
2249:Algonquian peoples
2041:Indigenous peoples
1497:Algonquian peoples
1295:Viger First Nation
1062:Silas Tertius Rand
933:
907:. You can help by
800:Wolastoqey nations
34:Indigenous peoples
2289:North Maine Woods
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1925:Eastern Abenaki (
1826:Bangor Daily News
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1438:, which deprived
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1156:Current situation
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508:Canada portal
454:Index of articles
207:Numbered Treaties
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2200:Tribal Council 1
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2244:Wolastoqiyik
2000:
1929:, Kennebec,
1879:
1865:
1860:
1850:February 16,
1848:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1834:
1825:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
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1702:November 22,
1700:. Retrieved
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1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1429:
1394:
1381:Noël Bernard
1337:
1333:
1322:
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1291:Houlton Band
1280:Saint Mary's
1261:
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1194:
1182:Please help
1177:verification
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1103:
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1090:
1080:
1071:
1068:20th century
1060:
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1034:19th century
1028:
1025:18th century
1019:
1011:
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951:
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936:17th century
913:
909:adding to it
904:
881:(Wahsipekuk)
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772:
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687:First Nation
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558:
297:Demographics
280:Country food
167:
163:Idle No More
67:
60:
53:
27:
22:
2193:governments
2084:Anishinaabe
1448:matrilineal
1362:Sarah Anala
1134:Ethnobotany
969:Catholicism
787:Malesse'jik
774:Malesse'jik
605:Wəlastəkwey
586:Wəlastəkwew
406:Chinuk pipa
386:Chinuk Wawa
370:Linguistics
353:Territories
323:Atlantic CA
187:Land claims
2238:Categories
1805:October 9,
1697:Flutopedia
1529:October 5,
1503:References
1444:Indigenous
1440:Aboriginal
1431:Indian Act
1340:Kataskomiq
1276:Kingsclear
1240:April 2015
1210:newspapers
1140:balsam fir
1015:Port-Royal
685:-speaking
683:Algonquian
646:English:
615:Wəlastəkok
459:Indigenous
197:Land title
169:Indian Act
2191:community
2089:Atikamekw
2059:Subarctic
1947:Pennacook
1927:Penobscot
1545:Northeast
1467:linguists
1420:Viceregal
1375:Noel Bear
1342:reserve.
1272:Woodstock
1264:Madawaska
1150:gonorrhea
1104:In 1907,
965:converted
960:fur trade
916:June 2008
864:(Wetstak)
760:Penobscot
747:Wəlastəkw
681:) are an
569:June 2024
423:Religions
182:Land Back
36:in Canada
2220:Bands...
2109:Maliseet
1978:Archived
1743:Exclaim!
1725:Exclaim!
1491:See also
1477:in 1987.
1410:was the
1368:and the
1315:linguist
1284:Oromocto
1098:agrarian
1083:language
996:immunity
984:Iroquois
977:Malécite
952:Meductic
791:Malécite
699:Wolastoq
641:Maliseet
637:Malecite
620:Wabanaki
601:Language
247:Politics
237:Case law
232:Genocide
137:Politics
108:Genocide
96:Genetics
86:Timeline
2129:Wyandot
2124:Naskapi
2114:Miꞌkmaq
2079:Abenaki
1897:Miꞌkmaq
1311:Sipayik
1305:at the
1268:Tobique
1224:scholar
1077:Culture
1040:wigwams
888:History
778:Miꞌkmaq
697:of the
689:of the
631:, also
611:Country
559:updated
259:Culture
80:History
2180:(2002)
2174:(1975)
2168:(1701)
2119:Mohawk
2063:Arctic
2045:Quebec
1436:Canada
1404:, poet
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1142:tree (
1051:potato
1044:canoes
874:Canada
870:Quebec
827:Canada
783:exonym
776:was a
711:Quebec
591:People
583:Person
2206:Bands
2104:Inuit
1969:maine
1231:JSTOR
1217:books
806:Maine
715:Maine
479:Stubs
474:Métis
469:Inuit
448:Index
316:Métis
285:Music
69:Métis
62:Inuit
2099:Innu
2094:Cree
1876:Maps
1852:2009
1807:2019
1704:2013
1531:2023
1282:and
1203:news
988:Innu
945:and
741:and
733:Name
720:The
709:and
627:The
396:NAPA
2043:in
1442:or
1434:in
1414:of
1186:by
967:to
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789:to
639:or
307:AB
265:Art
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