1634:
lawyers and 60 percent of its judges. They also dominate the fields of medicine, healthcare and science. Increasingly, women contribute more to household income than men. As of 2007, sixty-five percent of university students are women, with more than 80% joining the workforce after graduation. They are encouraged by family members to become educated and contribute to
Algerian society. Algerian women are among the first in North Africa to become taxi and bus drivers. Their numbers are also increasing in the police force and security positions. Also, according to a UNESCO report published in February 2021, entitled the Race against Time for Smarter Development, Algeria has a female engineer graduate proportion of 48.5%.
1734:
context of economic development and education. As Zohra Drif said ââThe liberation of men and women comes down to the question of educationâ. It was only in
September 1981 with the family code when the Algerian women who participated in the war for independence decided to step into politics again and protest this project publicly. As this code undermined the rights of women. The family code which became a law in 1984 portrays sexism very clearly. With article 39 making it a âlegal duty for Algerian women to obey their husbands. Article 11 prevents women from arranging their own marriage contracts unless represented by a matrimonial guardianâ.
108:
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discriminatory provisions. The 1984 code had a growing tendency towards
Islamic fundamentalism. Which in turn threatens womenâs rights and privileges in Algeria. This new family code had restrictions for divorce for women, it required male guardians for women in marriage, and it permitted polygamy. Under this law, it was a legal duty for women to obey their husbands in everything, they did not have the right to apply for a divorce unless they choose to give up their alimony. Algerian women cannot marry foreigners, and they cannot give their names, nationalities, or religion to their children.
1742:
the support of the United
Nations Development Program, to provide a legal framework that granted women 30 percent representation in elected assemblies. On the local level, the rate was only 18 percent, due to the fact that it was difficult to find women willing to appear on ballots in the communes. Currently, Algeria is facing a major setback in the representation of women in parliament. While women held 145 seats in the 2012 parliament, and 120 seats in the 2017 parliament, the number of seats in 2021 fell to â34 seats, comprising only 8 percent of the total 407 seatsâ.
1561:
1755:
restricted by their husbands. There is still a gap between men and women when it comes to their percentage in the
Algerian workforce. In 2019, women in the Algerian workforce represented 16.6 % versus men who accounted for 66.73 %. Also, in the year 2023, the female and male unemployment rates in Algeria corresponded to approximately 20.4 and 9.4 percent. The proportion of women in all careers (sciences, technology, medicine, literature) is 45 %, while it is 50 % in the exact sciences, which include physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
1717:
range of involvement by a woman could include both combatant and non-combatant roles. While the majority of the tasks that women undertook centered on the realm of the non-combatant, those that surrounded the limited number that took part in acts of violence were more frequently noticed. The reality was that "rural women in maquis support networks" contained the overwhelming majority of those who participated. This is not to marginalize those women who did engage in acts of violence but simply to illustrate that they constituted in the minority.
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26:
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and
Environment Dalila Boudjemaa; Minister of Culture Nadia Labidi; Minister of Family and Women Mounia Meslem; Minister of Post, Information Technology and Communication Zahra Dardouri; Minister of Tourism Nouria Yamina Zerhouni and Delegate Minister of Handicrafts Aish Tabagho. There has until this day not been a female head of state. Louisa Hanoune became the first women in both Algeria and the Arab world to run for office in 2004.
1686:(AFMA). During the Algerian war of independence, veiling were used both by the Algerians and the French. The French used deveiling of women as a symbol of the liberation women could achieve supported by the French, while the Algerians reacted to this by viewing veiling as a symbol of resistance to colonialism. After the war, women did not achieve liberation, but was insteaad subjected to a repressive conservative family law.
1670:
enrolled in school. In 1930, educational centers were opened for
Algerian women, but the number of students were few, and in 1962, 90 percent Algerian women were illiterate. Due to the treaty of 1830, the reforms of the French in favor of women's rights in Algeria were largely limited to granting bigger divorce rights to women, and to the reforms of women's suffrage and raising of the age of marriage for women in 1958.
1726:âpatriarchal nationalist movementâ. So, gender roles changed only during the war for independence, after that women were asked to return to the original tasks of housewives. During the first National Assembly, there were only 10 women out of the 194 members that were present. These women had all taken part in the war for independence. In the second meeting of the National Assembly, 2 out of 138 members were women.
1662:, the last Bey of Alger, the French agreed to respect the traditional cultural customs of the Algerians, which meant that French law was only to apply to French colonist women, while indigenous Algerian women were to continue to be subjected to Islamic law. As a result, the life of Algerian women long remained unchanged and all reforms were slow, when they occurred at all.
1626:
needs of the country. After independence in 1990 "93% of boys and 83% of girls between 6 and 15 attended school girls constituted 49% of all pupils entered for the baccalaureate examination, and female students constituted 40% of all university". According to UN Women, female literacy rate has reached 81.4 % while male literacy rate is 75.3%.
1733:
In the 1960s and 1970s
Algerian society has determined every aspect in womenâs public and private life. However, for many Algerian feminists, the problems they faced were not supposed to be confined into only gender issues. The problems Algerian women faced should be seen through a wider lens, in the
1673:
In French
Algeria, traditional custom and tradition, protected by the treaty of 1830, was seen as a bastion of resistance against French colonialism by the Algerians. As a result, the Algerians remained very conservative in regard to women's rights, with the exception of a small educated elite, and
1741:
Today, women are represented, although still not proportionally to men, in both parliament and in ministerial positions. In 2012, Algerian women occupied 31 percent of parliamentary seats, placing the country 26th worldwide and 1st in the Arab world. In 2012 political reforms were established, with
1712:
There exists a distinction between two different types of women who became involved, urban and rural. Urban women, who constituted about twenty percent of the overall force, had received some kind of education and usually chose to enter on the side of the FLN of their own accord. Largely illiterate
1588:
The legal age for marriage is nineteen for men and women. Many
Algerian women are getting married and starting families at much older ages than they did under French Rule. Education, work commitment, and changing social attitudes are the reasons for the change. In 2010, the total fertility rate was
1745:
Following President Bouteflika's re-election in 2014, seven women were appointed as ministers in his cabinet. This adds up to 20 percent of all the ministerial positions. The women occupying the seven new ministerial posts are: Minister of Education Nouria Benghebrit; Minister of Land-Use Planning
1716:
Women operated in a number of different areas during the course of the rebellion. "Women participated actively as combatants, spies, fundraisers, as well as nurses, launderers, and cooks", "women assisted the male fighting forces in areas like transportation, communication and administration", the
1669:
founded a school in 1840s that did accept Algerian girls as students, this was an isolated example. The French Jules Ferry-law with mandatory elementary education for both genders which was introduced in the 1880s did not apply to Algerian girls, and in the 1950s, only 4 percent Algerian girls was
1633:
and Algerian women enjoy many more human rights than their counterparts in neighboring and other African countries. Algerian women can inherit property, obtain a divorce, retain custody of their children, gain an education and work in many sectors of society. Women make up 70 percent of Algeria's
1708:
Women fulfilled a number of different functions during the Algerian War. The majority of Muslim women who became active participants did so on the side of the National Liberation Front (FLN). The French included some women in their war effort, but they were not as fully integrated, nor were they
1625:
Prior to the country's Independence, very few native Algerian women could read and write. This was the result of a French-imposed ban on Islamic education for the entire native Algerian population. Which also led to the shut down of many schools, until there were barely enough schools to fit the
1754:
When it comes to owning land, women are at a major disadvantage. Their access to owning land is limited by the traditional laws of Algeria. Even though Algerian women by law have the right to access bank loans and are free to negotiate financial or business contracts, these actions are usually
1729:
When Ben Bella became president in 1963 he tried to include women in the Algerian socialist society and tried to encourage men to let women start working and be a part of the process of national construction. Under the rule of Ben Bella it was not mandatory for women to wear a veil or a hayk.
1763:
When it comes to legal protections for women in Algeria, the current protections in place are general/vague and insufficient. The Family Code of 1984 is based on conservative religious principles. While the law was modified by Ordinance No. 05-02 of 27 February 2005, it still maintains many
1725:
Prior to the war of independence, women were in general excluded from the political life. Even though Algerian women had a big role in the war of independence, in the immediate postwar period after 1962 womenâs roles as combatants and fighters were removed from the historical narrative by a
1737:
In October 1988 riots broke out in Algiers and then spread to other cities. With these riots the one party system came to an end and a new constitution in 1989 introducing a multi-party system and allowing the formation of associations and political parties. Over two thousand three hundred
2266:
1738:
associations were founded, thirty of which were feminist associations. Some of the well known feminist associations during that time were âequal rights for men and womenâ, âthe triumph of women's rightsâ, âthe defense and promotion of womenâ, and âthe emancipation of womenâ.
1709:
charged with the same breadth of tasks as their Algerian sisters. The total number of women involved in the conflict, as determined by post-war veteran registration, is numbered at 11,000, but it is possible that this number was significantly higher due to underreporting.
2022:
1933:
1677:
It was not until the 1940s that women's rights found support among the Algerians, since women were integrated in the political independence struggle, and it was within the political system the first women's organisations were founded, notably the
2639:
1580:, women are traditionally regarded as the housekeeper, however women make up 65% of Algeria's university graduates and are the most educated gender. Algeria also has a strong culture of family honor, even amongst more liberal citizens.
2889:
2258:
1552:. The 1984 Algerian Family Code entrenched certain forms of gender inequality and discrimination against women. Some progressive reforms were implemented in 2005 amendments to the law, but women are still unequal under Algerian law.
1621:
opened the first school open to girls, the Luce-Benaben school in Alger; however, few native girls were allowed to study in secular schools by their families, and only a small elite were able to study in the French schools.
2014:
1713:
rural women, on the other hand, the remaining eighty percent, due to their geographic location in respect to the operations of FLN often became involved in the conflict as a result of proximity paired with force.
1907:
2631:
3269:
3109:
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1576:(1991-2002) had a negative influence on women's wellbeing. 99% of the population is Arab-Berber, and a similar percentage is Muslim, predominantly Sunni. In Algeria, as in the rest of the
3129:
246:
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190:
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3169:
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2367:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2358:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2349:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2340:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2331:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2322:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2313:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2304:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2295:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
2286:
Moghadam, Valentine (1994-06) (pÄ engelska). Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-85649-246-1
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2236:
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3099:
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2830:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3204:
1535:
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However, with the overthrow of Ben Bella and the rule of Boumediene in 1965 he started transforming the country to return to its âArab Islamic rootsâ
3264:
3179:
1548:
Throughout Algeria's history as an independent state, there has been conflict between women's rights activists and conservatives about the status of
3384:
3164:
2725:
3314:
2748:
3354:
3124:
2042:
ROGERS, REBECCA. A Frenchwomanâs Imperial Story: Madame Luce in Nineteenth-Century Algeria. 1st ed., Stanford University Press, 2013. JSTOR,
1002:
1824:
1037:
2398:
Turshen, Meredith (2002). "Algerian Women in the Liberation Struggle and the Civil War: From Active Participants to Passive Victims?".
1961:
403:
241:
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2440:
De Groot, Gerard, Peniston-Bird, Corinna. A Soldier and a Woman: Sexual integration in the Military. New York: Longman, 2000, p. 223.
2376:
De Groot, Gerard, Peniston-Bird, Corinna. A Soldier and a Woman: Sexual integration in the Military. New York: Longman, 2000, p. 247.
2046:
1829:
1819:
1792:- Novelist, translator and filmmaker. Most of her works deal with obstacles faced by women, and she is noted for her feminist stance.
2951:
3470:
2852:
1844:
575:
3504:
394:
3046:
1776:- 7th century female Berber religious and military leader, who led indigenous resistance to Arab expansion in Northwest Africa.
1528:
1462:
498:
251:
2197:
3527:
1927:
655:
214:
3720:
1683:
687:
1869:
754:
3705:
3542:
2609:
2573:
2452:"Transgressing Boundaries: Gender, Race, Religion, and "Francaises Musulmanes" during the Algerian War of Independence"
2164:
1993:
3966:
3617:
3483:
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1572:
on the Mediterranean coast. After a prolonged rule by France, Algeria obtained independence from France in 1962. The
1521:
1457:
4016:
204:
154:
3002:
2690:
2537:
2135:
3557:
1798:- Retired lawyer and the vice-president of the Council of the Nation, the upper house of the Algerian Parliament.
1007:
927:
749:
544:
3537:
2228:
3599:
1834:
464:
300:
2822:
3794:
3710:
3604:
1207:
774:
3761:
3683:
3632:
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1590:
1442:
677:
595:
570:
503:
4011:
4006:
3940:
3823:
3584:
672:
310:
3860:
3784:
3700:
3039:
1467:
1057:
4021:
4001:
3730:
3627:
3589:
1839:
1786:- Algerian revolutionaries and nationalists who opposed French colonial rule of Algeria in the 1960s.
1695:
1679:
845:
175:
3845:
3499:
1814:
1297:
991:
320:
285:
1912:
Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring
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3668:
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1674:
suggestions of reforms in the Islamic family law was met with intense resistance in the 1930s.
133:
107:
83:
1804:- A leader in the Algerian independence war, got killed by French troops in her hideout in 1957.
1589:
1.76 children born/woman. This is a drop from 2.41 in 2009 and 7.12 in the 1970s just after the
3918:
3693:
650:
335:
325:
261:
3715:
3673:
3294:
3284:
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1487:
1432:
1362:
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1327:
1197:
719:
682:
590:
454:
290:
1953:
1906:
Bordat, Stephanie Willman; Kouzzi, Saida (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.),
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1022:
972:
852:
413:
374:
209:
199:
185:
8:
3930:
3908:
3903:
3789:
3651:
3637:
3609:
3359:
3279:
3229:
3214:
2063:
Heggoy, Alf Andrew (1973). "Education in French Algeria: An Essay on Cultural Conflict".
1477:
1407:
1337:
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1187:
1167:
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1027:
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892:
769:
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330:
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275:
236:
65:
54:
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2423:
2415:
2127:
2088:
2080:
1801:
1647:
1596:
1573:
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1387:
1347:
1217:
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1077:
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580:
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537:
389:
369:
148:
3893:
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3779:
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3334:
3309:
3159:
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2427:
2092:
1983:
1923:
1412:
1382:
1307:
1287:
1272:
1227:
1192:
1157:
1092:
1032:
967:
947:
942:
812:
797:
724:
714:
702:
612:
605:
585:
469:
384:
340:
270:
180:
1700:
1560:
25:
3975:
3935:
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3913:
3888:
3552:
3319:
3289:
3274:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3199:
3149:
3094:
2978:
2923:
2674:
2521:
2463:
2407:
2119:
2072:
1915:
1783:
1779:
1599:
opposed veiling because of their secular sovereign constitution and the concept of
1497:
1482:
1472:
1452:
1422:
1357:
1332:
1257:
1237:
1232:
1177:
1097:
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977:
922:
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784:
627:
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408:
379:
356:
219:
112:
3898:
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3219:
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1447:
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1427:
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1302:
1282:
1222:
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1082:
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932:
917:
872:
817:
632:
305:
3980:
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3522:
3304:
3254:
3209:
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3139:
3079:
1643:
1502:
1417:
1397:
1377:
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1317:
1277:
1252:
1242:
1182:
1152:
1137:
1107:
1102:
1087:
1067:
1017:
962:
957:
912:
834:
667:
617:
527:
476:
420:
41:
2494:
2484:
2468:
2451:
1919:
3995:
3224:
3114:
2944:"The Family Code of 1984 modified by Ordinance No. 05-02 of 27 February 2005"
2678:
2525:
2123:
1630:
1507:
1292:
1267:
1202:
1172:
1122:
1117:
1042:
982:
952:
827:
662:
532:
493:
481:
459:
441:
256:
2605:
2569:
3532:
2595:
2559:
2191:
2189:
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2185:
2183:
2181:
2156:
1987:
1789:
1569:
792:
280:
2411:
2388:
Lazreg, Marnia. The Eloquence of Silence. London: Routledge, 1994, p. 120.
1659:
1577:
739:
709:
486:
2853:"Labor force participation rate in Algeria from 2010 to 2021, by gender"
2419:
2178:
2990:
2686:
2663:"Women and Politics in Algeria from the War of Independence to Our Day"
2533:
2510:"Women and Politics in Algeria from the War of Independence to Our Day"
2509:
2131:
2108:"Women and Politics in Algeria from The War of Independence to Our Day"
2107:
2084:
1795:
822:
764:
759:
2982:
2966:
2928:
2911:
2662:
2043:
1646:, between 1830 and 1962. In the 19th century, Algerian women lived in
2597:
Our fighting sisters: Nation, memory and gender in Algeria, 1954â2012
2561:
Our fighting sisters: Nation, memory and gender in Algeria, 1954â2012
3448:
2076:
224:
3024:
2801:(Fourth ed.). London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 228.
3479:
2749:"Women and Politics in Algeria: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back"
779:
734:
1773:
1607:
Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789
295:
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2259:"Algeria has the highest rate of women engineers in the world"
1654:. The French did very little to liberate women. In the treaty
1651:
229:
167:
2632:"ALGERIA'S SEXIST FAMILY CODE IS LONG OVERDUE FOR REFORM"
1704:
Photograph of two Algerian women from Bou SaĂąda, c. 1906.
2384:
2382:
2015:"What is the minimum legal framework around marriage?"
192:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
2379:
2229:"Algeria's women police defy danger and stereotypes""
2967:"Algerian Women, Citizenship, and the 'Family Code'"
2765:
1689:
2882:"Unemployment rate in Algeria 2010-2024, by gender"
1605:. The French secular constitution is based in the
2768:"President Bouteflika appoints 34 member Cabinet"
1908:"Postponing Equality in the Algerian Family Code"
3993:
415:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
2105:
1658:, signed in 5 July 1830 between the French and
111:Portrait of a young Algerian woman, painted by
2823:"Gender Equity & Women's Issues â Algeria"
2489:. Manchester University Press. pp. 1â28.
1914:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 78â92,
3464:
3040:
1583:
1529:
2660:
2600:. Manchester University Press. p. 296.
2564:. Manchester University Press. p. 296.
2507:
2198:"Algeria's quiet revolution: Gains by women"
1905:
30:Algerian women dressed in traditional garbs.
2964:
2718:"A future in politics for women in Algeria"
1612:
3471:
3457:
3047:
3033:
1536:
1522:
24:
2927:
2467:
1749:
2195:
1845:The Women of Algiers in Their Apartments
1825:Algeria women's national volleyball team
1758:
1699:
1559:
106:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2483:Vince, Natalya (2015). "Introduction".
2397:
3994:
2912:"Algerian Women in the Exact Sciences"
2909:
2796:
2661:Amrane-Minne, DaniĂšle Djamila (1999).
2508:Amrane-Minne, DaniĂšle Djamila (1999).
2106:DaniĂšle Djamila, Amrane-Minne (1999).
2062:
1830:Algeria women's national handball team
1820:Algeria women's national football team
3452:
3028:
2629:
2593:
2557:
2482:
2449:
2239:from the original on 23 December 2015
3478:
2716:United Nations Development Program.
2704:
2450:Vince, Natalya (13 September 2010).
2226:
1982:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1870:"Human Development Report 2021/2022"
1720:
1684:Association of Algerian Muslim Women
1656:Convention franco-algérienne de 1830
688:Gender representation in video games
3054:
2746:
2044:https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdtgp
1964:from the original on 4 January 2021
1882:from the original on 9 October 2022
13:
2815:
2642:from the original on 21 March 2023
1767:
14:
4033:
3020:
2850:
2778:from the original on 8 April 2018
2630:KEBSI, JYHENE (21 October 2022).
2227:Lowe, Christian (6 August 2009).
2208:from the original on 31 July 2017
2196:Slackman, Michael (26 May 2007).
1894:
1690:Role of women in the Algerian War
3355:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3125:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2888:. Statista Research Department.
2799:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
205:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
132:
3005:from the original on 2023-03-21
2958:
2936:
2903:
2892:from the original on 2023-03-21
2874:
2863:from the original on 2023-03-21
2844:
2833:from the original on 2017-05-15
2790:
2759:
2740:
2693:from the original on 2023-03-21
2667:Research in African Literatures
2654:
2623:
2612:from the original on 2023-03-21
2587:
2576:from the original on 2023-03-21
2551:
2540:from the original on 2023-03-21
2514:Research in African Literatures
2501:
2476:
2443:
2434:
2391:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2269:from the original on 2023-03-21
2251:
2220:
2167:from the original on 2023-03-21
2138:from the original on 2023-03-21
2112:Research in African Literatures
2025:from the original on 2023-03-25
1996:from the original on 2023-03-21
1936:from the original on 2024-05-21
2149:
2099:
2056:
2036:
2007:
1976:
1946:
1862:
1835:List of Algerian women artists
1:
1875:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS.
1855:
1642:Algeria was a French colony,
1555:
2065:Comparative Education Review
1591:Algerian War of Independence
656:Portrayal in American comics
247:Heads of state or government
7:
2965:Smail Salhi, Zahia (2003).
2797:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015).
1808:
10:
4038:
3711:People's National Assembly
3528:Nationalism and resistance
2916:AIP Conference Proceedings
2766:Trade Bridge Consultants.
1693:
1637:
1584:Marriage and personal life
3953:
3879:
3831:
3822:
3752:
3743:
3659:
3650:
3580:
3571:
3490:
3368:
3343:
3062:
2469:10.1215/00161071-2010-005
2456:French Historical Studies
2263:Algerian Women in Science
1920:10.1017/9781139151719.005
1840:Women in the Algerian War
1696:Women in the Algerian War
97:
89:
82:
74:
63:
53:
40:
35:
23:
3110:Central African Republic
2772:Trade Bridge Consultants
2753:The Washington Institute
2679:10.2979/RAL.1999.30.3.62
2526:10.2979/RAL.1999.30.3.62
2124:10.2979/RAL.1999.30.3.62
1815:Algerian women in France
1613:Education and employment
1568:Algeria is a country in
4017:Gender roles by society
3513:Medieval Muslim Algeria
2827:acelebrationofwomen.org
2594:Vince, Natalya (2015).
2558:Vince, Natalya (2015).
2053:. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022.
242:Conservatives in the US
215:Explorers and travelers
84:Gender Inequality Index
2971:Gender and Development
2910:Naziha, Kesri (1999).
1750:Economic participation
1705:
1680:Algerian Women's Union
1565:
545:In Shakespeare's works
116:
3674:Council of the Nation
3270:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3130:Republic of the Congo
2412:10.1353/sor.2002.0047
1759:Family life for women
1703:
1563:
301:Nobel Prize laureates
110:
75:Women in labour force
2486:Our fighting sisters
1850:Algerian Family Code
1458:United Arab Emirates
395:in the United States
210:Economic development
200:Diversity (politics)
186:Female entrepreneurs
3533:War of Independence
3345:States with limited
1629:Post-Independence,
1443:Trinidad and Tobago
678:Speculative fiction
571:Theological figures
516:Feminist philosophy
316:Reproductive rights
122:Part of a series on
66:secondary education
64:Women over 25 with
55:Women in parliament
45: (per 100,000)
20:
4012:Society of Algeria
4007:Culture of Algeria
3795:Telecommunications
2202:The New York Times
2049:2024-05-21 at the
1984:Metz, Helen Chapin
1958:The World Factbook
1802:Hassiba Ben Bouali
1706:
1667:Eugénie Allix Luce
1648:gender segregation
1619:Eugénie Allix Luce
1574:Algerian Civil War
1566:
1008:Dominican Republic
775:Mixed martial arts
745:Fastpitch softball
326:Violence and abuse
311:Positions of power
117:
42:Maternal mortality
36:General Statistics
18:
3989:
3988:
3949:
3948:
3856:List of Algerians
3818:
3817:
3739:
3738:
3721:Political parties
3684:Foreign relations
3646:
3645:
3505:Classical period
3446:
3445:
3372:other territories
3145:Equatorial Guinea
2983:10.1080/741954367
2929:10.1063/1.3137913
1960:. 22 March 2023.
1929:978-1-107-02352-9
1721:Post-Independence
1597:French colonizers
1546:
1545:
750:Football / soccer
673:Fictional pirates
465:Art history field
341:Exchange of women
105:
104:
4029:
4022:Women by country
4002:Women in Algeria
3969:
3962:
3829:
3828:
3770:
3750:
3749:
3657:
3656:
3613:
3578:
3577:
3538:1965 coup d'Ă©tat
3508:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3433:
3432:(United Kingdom)
3428:Tristan da Cunha
3424:Ascension Island
3416:
3403:
3394:
3370:Dependencies and
3063:Sovereign states
3056:Women in Africa
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:. Archived from
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2747:Marwane, Ahmed.
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2728:on 6 August 2020
2724:. Archived from
2713:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2193:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2060:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2021:. January 2015.
2019:Girls not Brides
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1784:Djamila Boupacha
1780:Djamila Bouhired
1550:women in Algeria
1538:
1531:
1524:
1208:Marshall Islands
785:Paralympic Games
416:
193:
158:
136:
127:Women in society
119:
118:
101:126th out of 191
46:
28:
21:
19:Women in Algeria
17:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3945:
3875:
3861:Public holidays
3814:
3768:
3757:Bank of Algeria
3735:
3701:Law enforcement
3642:
3611:
3610:Municipalities
3567:
3506:
3486:
3477:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3414:
3401:
3392:
3373:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3058:
3053:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2963:
2959:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2851:Saleh, Mariam.
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2760:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2506:
2502:
2481:
2477:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2400:Social Research
2396:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2104:
2100:
2061:
2057:
2051:Wayback Machine
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1904:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1811:
1770:
1768:Notable figures
1761:
1752:
1723:
1698:
1692:
1640:
1615:
1586:
1564:Map of Algeria.
1558:
1542:
1513:
1512:
848:
838:
837:
830:
818:Track and field
705:
695:
694:
646:
645:Popular culture
638:
637:
566:
565:
550:
549:
504:Science fiction
450:
449:
431:
430:
414:
365:
364:
346:
345:
321:Venture capital
286:Law enforcement
191:
176:Animal advocacy
172:
152:
149:Women's history
144:
44:
31:
12:
11:
5:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3987:
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3832:
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3820:
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3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3731:Prime Minister
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:National parks
3615:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3563:Hirak Movement
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:Western Sahara
3434:
3417:
3404:
3395:
3381:Canary Islands
3377:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
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3262:
3257:
3252:
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3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3022:
3021:External links
3019:
3016:
3015:
2957:
2954:on 2016-07-08.
2935:
2902:
2873:
2843:
2814:
2807:
2789:
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2622:
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2500:
2495:j.ctt1mkbd2f.8
2475:
2462:(3): 445â474.
2442:
2433:
2406:(3): 889â911.
2390:
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2369:
2360:
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2324:
2315:
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2297:
2288:
2279:
2250:
2219:
2177:
2148:
2098:
2077:10.1086/445693
2071:(2): 180â197.
2055:
2035:
2006:
1975:
1945:
1928:
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1694:Main article:
1691:
1688:
1644:French Algeria
1639:
1636:
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1582:
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1463:United Kingdom
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839:
835:List of sports
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519:
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508:
507:
506:
496:
491:
490:
489:
487:"Chick flicks"
479:
474:
473:
472:
470:Women's cinema
462:
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38:
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33:
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29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3859:
3857:
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3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Ethnic groups
3844:
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3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3821:
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3808:
3806:
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3308:
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3211:
3208:
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3198:
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3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Guinea-Bissau
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
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2808:9780810879195
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2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:Men and Women
1985:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
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1632:
1631:North African
1627:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:from France.
1592:
1581:
1579:
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1562:
1553:
1551:
1539:
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1527:
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1468:United States
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1064:
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1041:
1039:
1038:FS Micronesia
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
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986:
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869:
866:
864:
861:
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842:
841:
836:
829:
828:Winter sports
826:
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809:
806:
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799:
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699:
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689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
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664:
663:Film industry
661:
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642:
641:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
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546:
543:
539:
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534:
531:
530:
529:
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523:Photographers
521:
517:
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501:
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445:
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439:
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427:
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422:
419:
417:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Organizations
402:
396:
393:
392:
391:
388:
387:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:Voting rights
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:Queen regnant
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
194:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
177:
174:
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169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
114:
113:Georges Gasté
109:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:79.30% (2021)
69:
67:
62:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
16:
3870:
3836:Demographics
3805:Trade unions
3689:Human rights
3669:Constitution
3518:Ottoman rule
3420:Saint Helena
3391:
3295:South Africa
3285:Sierra Leone
3090:Burkina Faso
3069:
3007:. Retrieved
2977:(3): 27â35.
2974:
2970:
2960:
2952:the original
2948:Equality Now
2947:
2938:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2894:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2865:. Retrieved
2856:
2846:
2835:. Retrieved
2826:
2817:
2798:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2771:
2761:
2752:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:the original
2721:
2695:. Retrieved
2673:(3): 62â77.
2670:
2666:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2635:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2606:j.ctt1mkbd2f
2596:
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2570:j.ctt1mkbd2f
2560:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2520:(3): 62â77.
2517:
2513:
2503:
2485:
2478:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2436:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2271:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2201:
2169:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2140:. Retrieved
2118:(3): 62â77.
2115:
2111:
2101:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1938:, retrieved
1911:
1884:. Retrieved
1864:
1790:Assia Djebar
1762:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1570:North Africa
1567:
1549:
1547:
1488:Vatican City
1433:Turkmenistan
1363:South Africa
1343:Sierra Leone
1328:Saudi Arabia
862:
793:Roller derby
591:Christianity
576:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
455:Architecture
155:legal rights
115:before 1910.
93:0.499 (2021)
78:19.5% (2021)
59:8.11% (2021)
15:
3600:Earthquakes
3558:Arab Spring
3523:French rule
3507:(Antiquity)
3347:recognition
3300:South Sudan
3190:Ivory Coast
1660:Hussein Dey
1578:MENA Region
1373:South Sudan
1368:South Korea
1313:Puerto Rico
1298:Philippines
1263:North Korea
1248:New Zealand
1133:Ivory Coast
1023:El Salvador
853:Afghanistan
710:Auto racing
683:Video games
596:Catholicism
375:Engineering
252:Legislators
3996:Categories
3909:Literature
3769:(currency)
3716:Parliament
3612:(communes)
3605:Ecoregions
3500:Prehistory
3402:(Portugal)
3360:Somaliland
3280:Seychelles
3245:Mozambique
3230:Mauritania
3215:Madagascar
3170:The Gambia
3105:Cape Verde
3009:2023-03-21
2896:2023-03-21
2867:2023-03-21
2837:2017-04-18
2697:2023-03-21
2616:2023-03-21
2580:2023-03-21
2544:2023-03-21
2273:2023-03-21
2212:29 January
2171:2023-03-21
2142:2023-03-21
2029:2023-03-21
2000:2023-03-21
1968:24 January
1940:2023-05-18
1886:9 December
1856:References
1796:Zohra Drif
1682:(UFA) and
1556:Background
1478:Uzbekistan
1408:Tajikistan
1338:Seychelles
1213:Mauritania
1188:Madagascar
1168:Kyrgyzstan
1148:Kazakhstan
1028:East Timor
903:Bangladesh
893:Azerbaijan
846:By country
833:See also:
823:Volleyball
765:Ice hockey
760:Gymnastics
720:Basketball
511:Philosophy
499:Literature
446:Humanities
426:Telegraphy
361:Technology
276:Journalism
237:Government
49:112 (2017)
3866:Squatting
3851:Languages
3841:Education
3810:Transport
3762:Companies
3726:President
3679:Elections
3633:Volcanoes
3623:Provinces
3595:Districts
3573:Geography
3548:Civil War
3543:1962â1999
3235:Mauritius
2999:144164897
2428:140869532
2157:"Algeria"
2093:144718127
1954:"Algeria"
1617:In 1845,
1508:Kurdistan
1493:Venezuela
1388:Sri Lanka
1348:Singapore
1218:Mauritius
1113:Indonesia
1078:Guatemala
888:Australia
878:Argentina
601:Mormonism
538:Punk rock
494:Fine arts
390:dentistry
370:Computing
336:Workforce
220:Education
3976:Category
3931:Religion
3904:Football
3790:Taxation
3706:Military
3652:Politics
3638:Wildlife
3484:articles
3426: /
3422: /
3415:(France)
3409: /
3387: /
3383: /
3335:Zimbabwe
3310:Tanzania
3160:Ethiopia
3155:Eswatini
3135:Djibouti
3100:Cameroon
3085:Botswana
3003:Archived
2890:Archived
2886:Statista
2861:Archived
2857:Statista
2831:Archived
2776:Archived
2691:Archived
2646:21 March
2640:Archived
2610:Archived
2574:Archived
2538:Archived
2420:40971577
2267:Archived
2237:Archived
2206:Archived
2165:Archived
2161:UN Women
2136:Archived
2047:Archived
2023:Archived
1994:Archived
1986:(1993).
1962:Archived
1934:archived
1877:Archived
1809:See also
1413:Thailand
1383:Suriname
1308:Portugal
1288:Paraguay
1273:Pakistan
1228:Mongolia
1198:Maldives
1193:Malaysia
1158:Kiribati
1093:Honduras
1033:Ethiopia
1003:DR Congo
968:Colombia
948:Cambodia
943:Bulgaria
808:Swimming
770:Lacrosse
715:Baseball
613:Hinduism
606:Opus Dei
586:Buddhism
561:Religion
385:Medicine
291:Military
225:Feminism
181:Business
3960:Outline
3941:Symbols
3889:Cuisine
3881:Culture
3824:Society
3800:Tourism
3745:Economy
3664:Cabinet
3585:Borders
3492:History
3480:Algeria
3411:RĂ©union
3407:Mayotte
3398:Madeira
3393:(Spain)
3389:Melilla
3320:Tunisia
3290:Somalia
3275:Senegal
3260:Nigeria
3250:Namibia
3240:Morocco
3205:Liberia
3200:Lesotho
3150:Eritrea
3120:Comoros
3095:Burundi
3070:Algeria
2991:4030558
2782:5 April
2732:4 April
2687:3821017
2534:3821017
2243:10 July
2233:Reuters
2132:3821017
2085:1186812
1638:History
1602:laïcité
1498:Vietnam
1483:Vanuatu
1473:Uruguay
1453:Ukraine
1423:Tunisia
1358:Somalia
1333:Senegal
1258:Nigeria
1238:Myanmar
1233:Morocco
1178:Lebanon
1098:Iceland
1063:Germany
1058:Georgia
1048:Finland
1013:Ecuador
998:Denmark
978:Croatia
973:Comoros
923:Bolivia
908:Belgium
898:Bahrain
883:Armenia
868:Andorra
863:Algeria
858:Albania
803:Surfing
780:Netball
740:Cycling
735:Curling
730:Cricket
628:Sikhism
623:Judaism
409:Science
380:Geology
357:Science
143:Society
3981:Portal
3894:Cinema
3785:Mining
3780:Health
3775:Energy
3767:Dinar
3628:Rivers
3590:Cities
3482:
3430:
3413:
3400:
3330:Zambia
3325:Uganda
3265:Rwanda
3220:Malawi
3180:Guinea
3075:Angola
2997:
2989:
2922:: 73.
2805:
2685:
2604:
2568:
2532:
2493:
2426:
2418:
2130:
2091:
2083:
1926:
1774:Kahina
1665:While
1448:Uganda
1438:Tuvalu
1428:Turkey
1403:Taiwan
1393:Sweden
1323:Russia
1303:Poland
1283:Panama
1223:Mexico
1163:Kuwait
1143:Jordan
1128:Israel
1083:Guyana
1073:Greece
1053:France
988:Cyprus
938:Brunei
933:Brazil
928:Bosnia
918:Bhutan
873:Angola
813:Tennis
798:Rowing
725:Boxing
703:Sports
651:Comics
633:Taoism
306:Piracy
296:Mother
271:Health
151:
3967:Index
3936:Sport
3926:Music
3919:films
3914:Media
3871:Women
3553:2000s
3385:Ceuta
3305:Sudan
3255:Niger
3210:Libya
3195:Kenya
3175:Ghana
3165:Gabon
3140:Egypt
3080:Benin
2995:S2CID
2987:JSTOR
2683:JSTOR
2636:Arena
2602:JSTOR
2566:JSTOR
2530:JSTOR
2491:JSTOR
2424:S2CID
2416:JSTOR
2128:JSTOR
2089:S2CID
2081:JSTOR
1880:(PDF)
1873:(PDF)
1652:harem
1503:Yemen
1418:Tonga
1398:Syria
1378:Sudan
1353:Spain
1318:Qatar
1278:Palau
1253:Niger
1243:Nepal
1183:Libya
1153:Kenya
1138:Japan
1108:India
1103:Italy
1088:Haiti
1068:Ghana
1018:Egypt
992:North
963:China
958:Chile
913:Benin
789:Rodeo
668:Music
618:Islam
581:Bible
528:Music
477:Dance
421:Space
230:Womyn
168:Woman
90:Value
3899:Flag
3694:LGBT
3315:Togo
3225:Mali
3115:Chad
2920:1119
2803:ISBN
2784:2018
2734:2018
2722:UNDP
2648:2023
2245:2021
2214:2012
1970:2021
1924:ISBN
1888:2022
1782:and
1293:Peru
1268:Oman
1203:Mali
1173:Laos
1123:Iraq
1118:Iran
1043:Fiji
983:Cuba
953:Chad
755:Golf
533:Jazz
482:Film
460:Arts
442:Arts
262:List
98:Rank
2979:doi
2924:doi
2675:doi
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