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1934:(LDP) has made promises to increase the presence of women in Japanese politics, but has not achieved their stated goals. For example, in 2003, the LDP expressed commitment to achieving 30% female representation in political and administrative positions by 2020 per international norms. However, they remain far from this number. Scholars have noted that the internal structure and rules of the LDP do not favor female candidates. The LDP often seeks out candidates with experience in bureaucracy or local politics, which disadvantages women since they are less likely to have been in these positions. The LDP also has a bottom-up nomination process, whereby the initial nominations are made by local party offices. As these local offices are dominated by men, or the
1611:
2269:
1840:
1986:(DPJ) took over the House of Representatives from the LDP in a landslide victory. Out of the 46 female candidates ran by the DPJ, 40 were elected. However, the DPJ also failed to capitalize on this momentum to institutionalize gender quotas. While the DPJ implemented a few non-quota policies with the aim of increasing women's representation, the effects of these policies were only marginal. Similar to the LDP in 2005, the DPJ ran a large number of women candidates not because the party cared about gender equality, but due to political strategy. In fact, the DPJ imitated Prime Minister Koizumi's strategy of indicating reform and societal change through its nomination of women.
1995:
roles, which dictate that women should take care of children and the household. Research suggests that
Japanese women are more willing to run for office if parties provide support with household duties during the campaign. Women candidates of reproductive age are also less likely than men to run in SMD in Japan, as opposed to party-list seats, which can be explained by the higher time commitment associated with running in SMD. Furthermore, when Japanese women marry, they often have to leave their home and move in with their husbands. As a result, Japanese women are less able to run for local assemblies because they lack connections with their locality.
2041:
2315:
1831:. In 1986, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law took effect, prohibiting discrimination in aspects like dismissal and retirement. The law was revised in 1997 to be more comprehensive, prohibiting discrimination in recruitment and promotion as well. Another round of revision in 2006 also prohibits job requirements that disproportionately advantage one gender over another, or indirect discrimination. However, women remain economically disadvantaged as a wage gap remains between full-time male and female workers. There also exists a wage gap between full-time and irregular workers despite the rising percentage of irregular workers among women.
26:
1600:
2024:
2224:
149:
2346:
2097:
2016:
1,247 female local assembly members had been sexually harassed by voters or other politicians. Even though the 1997 revision of the EEOL criminalized sexual harassment in the workplace, female politicians in Japan often do not have the same support when they are harassed by male colleagues. The LDP has been reluctant to implement measures to counter harassment within the party and to promote gender equality more generally. However, vocal female politicians of the party like
2189:
that time period". Under article 772, a child born 300 days after divorce is presumed to be the legal child of the previous husband. In a ruling issued on
December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court of Japan stated that, in light of the new law requiring 100 days before women's remarriage, any child born after 200 days of remarriage is to be considered the legal child of the current husband, so there is no confusion over the paternity of a child born to a woman who has remarried.
8070:
6788:
1689:
6798:
2498:
8059:
2628:
1669:
1779:, Japanese women and Japanese society are quite different from the strong stereotypes that exist in foreign media or travel guides, which paint the women in Japan as 'submissive' and devoid of any self-determination. Another strong stereotype about Japan is that women always stay in the home as housewives and that they do not participate in public life: in reality most women are employed – the
2084:
certain incomes. Additionally, in 1961, income for wives of working men were untaxed below $ 10,000; income above that amount contributed to overall household income. Corporate culture also plays a role; while many men are expected to socialize with their managers after long work days, women may find trouble balancing child-rearing roles with the demands of mandatory after-work social events.
1622:
2849:
2105:
cooking, cleaning, and child-rearing and support their husbands so they can work without any worries about the family, as well as balancing the household's finances. Yet, as the number of dual-income households rises, women and men are sharing household chores, and research shows that this has led to increased satisfaction over households that divide labor in traditional ways.
1907:. In 2019, the proportion of female candidates in local assembly elections hit a record high of 17.3% in city assembly elections and 12.1% in town and village assembly elections. Similar to that in national politics, women's representation in Japan's local politics has seen a general upward trend since the 20th century, but still lags behind other developed countries.
2448:
abusive spouses and created support centers in every prefecture, but women are still reluctant to report abuse to doctors out of shame or fear that the report would be shared with the abuser. A 2001 survey showed that many health professionals were not trained to handle domestic abuse and blamed women who sought treatment.
2048:
During the 21st century, Japanese women are working in higher proportions than the United States's working female population. Income levels between men and women in Japan are not equal; the average
Japanese woman earns 40 percent less than the average man, and a tenth of management positions are held
1871:
has grown since the reform. However, when it comes to women's representation in politics, Japan remains behind other developed democracies as well as many developing countries. As of 2019, Japan ranks 164th out of 193 countries when it comes to the percentage of women in the lower or single house. In
1771:
were expected not to refuse their parents. Self-reliance of women was encouraged because needy women were seen as a burden on others. In these interviews with
Japanese families, Lebra found that girls were assigned helping tasks while boys were more inclined to be left to schoolwork. Lebra's work has
1760:
behavior in Japan followed several patterns of modesty, tidiness, courtesy, compliance, and self-reliance. Modesty extended to the effective use of silence in both daily conversations and activities. Tidiness included personal appearance and a clean home. Courtesy, another trait, was called upon from
2392:
In 1872, the
Japanese government issued an edict (May 4, 1872, Grand Council of State Edict 98) stating, "Any remaining practices of female exclusion on shrine and temple lands shall be immediately abolished, and mountain climbing for the purpose of worship, etc., shall be permitted". However, women
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to a daughter. Heads of households were responsible for house finances, but could delegate to another family member or retainer (employee). Women in these households were typically subject to arranged marriages at the behest of the household's patriarch, with more than half of all marriages in Japan
2648:
is a traditional
Japanese female entertainer who acts as a hostess and whose skills include performing various Japanese arts such as classical music, dance, games, serving tea and conversation, mainly to entertain male customers. Geisha are trained very seriously as skilled entertainers and are not
2188:
In 2015, Article 733 of Japan's Civil Code stating that women could not remarry until six months after divorce was amended to specify 100 days. The six-month ban on remarriage for women previously aimed to "avoid uncertainty regarding the identity of the legally presumed father of any child born in
2072:
after marriage. When mothers do work, they often pick up part-time, low-paying jobs based on their children's or husband's schedule. Taking care of the family and household is seen as a predominately female role, and working women are expected to fulfill it. Nevertheless, in recent years the number
1942:
himself placed women at the top of the PR lists. As a result, all of the 26 LDP's women candidates won either by plurality in their SMD or from the PR list. However, Koizumi's top-down nomination was not a reflection of the LDP's prioritization of gender equality, but rather a political strategy to
2553:
Products reflect several common anxieties among
Japanese women. Multiple polls suggest that women worry about "fatness, breast size, hairiness and bust size". The idealized figure of a Japanese woman is generally fragile and petite. Japanese beauty ideals favor small features and narrow faces. Big
2181:
By 1898, cruelty was added to the grounds for a woman to divorce; the law also allowed divorce through mutual agreement of the husband and wife. However, children were assumed to remain with the male head of the household. In contemporary Japan, children are more likely to live with single mothers
2015:
Given the dominance of men in
Japanese politics, female politicians often face gender-based discrimination and harassment in Japan. They experience harassment from the public, both through social media and in-person interactions, and from their male colleagues. A 2021 survey revealed that 56.7% of
1994:
Survey experiments show that
Japanese voters do not have a bias against female candidates; rather, the low levels of female representation in Japanese politics is due to Japanese women's reluctance to seek office. Japanese women are less likely to run for office because of socially mandated gender
2447:
After a spate of research during the 1990s, Japan passed the
Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims act in 2001. The law referred to domestic violence as "a violation of the constitutional principle of equal rights between sexes". This law established protection orders from
2104:
The traditional role of women in Japan has been defined as "three submissions": young women submit to their fathers, married women submit to their husbands, and elderly women submit to their sons. Strains of this arrangement can be seen in contemporary Japan, where housewives are responsible for
2087:
Some economists suggest that a better support system for working mothers, such as a shorter daily work schedule, would allow more women to work, increasing Japan's economic growth. To that end, in 2003, the Japanese government set a goal to have 30% of senior government roles filled by women. In
2143:
Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis. With regard to choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, choice of domicile, divorce and other matters pertaining to
2083:
A number of government and private post-war policies have contributed to a gendered division of labor. These include a family wage offered by corporations which subsidized health and housing subsidies, marriage bonuses and additional bonuses for each child; and pensions for wives who earn below
2177:
Under the Meiji system, however, the law limited grounds for divorce to seven events: sterility, adultery, disobedience to the parents-in-law, loquacity, larceny, jealousy, and disease. However, the law offered a protection for divorcees by guaranteeing a wife could not be sent away if she had
2006:
household in which the husband is the breadwinner for the family while the wife is a dependant. When the wife is not employed, the family is eligible for social insurance services and tax deductions. With this system, the Japanese state can depend on the housewives for care-related work, which
2310:
By the end of the Meiji period, there was a women's school in every prefecture in Japan, operated by a mix of government, missionary, and private interests. By 1910, very few universities accepted women. Graduation was not assured, as often women were pulled out of school to marry or to study
2512:
The use of women-only cars in Japan has been critiqued from various perspectives. Some suggest that the presence of the cars makes women who choose not to use them more vulnerable. Public comment sometimes include the argument that women-only cars are a step too far in protecting women. Some
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as the central task of women, and allowed education of women toward this end. In Japanese society, mothers usually place a strong emphasis on their children's education and moral growth, with a special focus on nurturing values like politeness, respect and responsibility. Traditionally and
2569:
that emphasized young-looking girls, or Lolitas. While these characters typically included larger eyes, research suggests that it was not a traditional standard of beauty in Japan, preferred in medical research and described as "unsightly" by cosmetic researchers of the Edo era.
2660:. Maiko (literally "dance girl") are apprentice geisha, and this stage can last for years. Maiko learn from their senior geisha mentor and follow them to all their engagements. Then at around the age of 20–22, the maiko is promoted to a full-fledged geisha in a ceremony called
2192:
The Ministry of Japan revealed the outline of an amendment for the Civil Code of Japan on February 18, 2016. This amendment shortens the women's remarriage period to 100 days and allows any woman who is not pregnant during the divorce to remarry immediately after divorce.
1971:, who were facing accusations of bribery, a sex scandal, and public dismay at its consumption tax policies at the time. As a result, these "Madonnas" were typical housewives with little to no political experience. However, the JSP quickly lost momentum afterwards. In the
2513:
academics have argued that the cars impose the burden of social segregation to women, rather than seeking the punishment of criminals. Another critique suggests the cars send the signal that men create a dangerous environment for women, who cannot protect themselves.
2521:
The Japanese cosmetics industry is the second largest in the world, earning over $ 15 billion per year. The strong market for beauty products has been connected to the value placed on self-discipline and self-improvement in Japan, where the body is mastered through
2259:
Government policies to increase the birthrate include early education designed to develop citizens into capable parents. Some critics of these policies believe that this emphasis on birth rate is incompatible with a full recognition of women's equality in Japan.
2307:. The 1871 education code established that students should be educated "without any distinction of class or sex". Nonetheless, after 1891 students were typically segregated after third grade, and many girls did not extend their educations past middle school.
2112:, relied on a patriarchal lineage of succession, with disobedience to the male head of the household punishable by expulsion from the family unit. Male heads of households with only daughters would adopt male heirs to succeed them, sometimes through
2557:
Another ideal is pale skin. Tanned skin was historically associated with the working-class, and pale skin associated with the nobility. Many women in Japan will take precaution to avoid the sun, and some lotions are sold to make the skin whiter.
2724:, is a subgenre of Japanese fantasy media (including anime, manga, light novels, and live-action media) centered around young girls who possess magical abilities, which they typically use through an ideal alter ego into which they can transform.
2341:
aimed to enforce equal education between sexes; this included a recommendation in 1946 to provide compulsory co-education until the age of 16. By the end of 1947, nearly all middle schools and more than half of high schools were co-educational.
2153:
In the early Meiji period, many girls married at age 16; by the post-war period, it had risen to 23, and continued to rise. The average age for a Japanese woman's first marriage has steadily risen since 1970, from 24 to 29.3 years old in 2015.
2049:
by women. Women are often found in part time or temporary jobs. 77% of these jobs were filled by women in 2012. Among women who do work, women-only unions are small in size and in relative power. A common occupation for young women is that of
1884:, which resulted in women winning 10.1 percent of House seats. The decrease in women's representation has taken place although the Japanese government has expressed a will to address this inequality of numbers in the 21st century of the
4216:
Anne Allison. 2000. Japanese Mothers and ObentĹŤs: The Lunch Box as Ideological State Apparatus. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan, pp. 81-104. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2178:
nowhere else to go. Furthermore, the law allowed a woman to request a divorce, so long as she was accompanied by a male relative and could prove desertion or imprisonment of the husband, profligacy, or mental or physical illness.
2362:
In 2012, 98.1% of female students and 97.8% of male students were able to reach senior high school. Of those, 55.6% of men and 45.8% of women continued with undergraduate studies, although 10% of these female graduates attended
2676:
The percentage of births to unmarried women in selected countries, 1980 and 2007. As can be seen in the figure, Japan has not followed the trend of other Western countries of children born outside of marriage to the same
2294:
Modern education of women began in earnest during the Meiji era's modernization campaign. The first schools for women began during this time, though education topics were highly gendered, with women learning arts of the
5569:
2205:
requires legally married spouses to have the same surname. Although the law is gender-neutral, meaning that either spouse is allowed to change his/her name to that of the other spouse, Japanese women have traditionally
2214:
upheld the constitutionality of the law, noting that women could use their maiden names informally, and stating that it was for the legislature to decide on whether to pass new legislation on separate spousal names.
2149:
This established several changes to women's roles in the family, such as the right to inherit the family home or land, and the right of women (over the age of 20) to marry without the consent of the house patriarch.
2466:
who had been a stalking victim. With nearly 21,000 reports of stalking in 2013, 90.3% of the victims were women and 86.9% of the perpetrators were men. Anti-stalking laws in Japan were expanded in 2013 to include
2443:
to the wife or mother of the man they are supposed to care for. Because women's abuse would be detrimental to the family of the abused, legal, medical and social intervention in domestic disputes was rare.
2425:
is legal under some restrictions. The number per year has declined by 500,000 since 1975. Of the 200,000 abortions performed per year, however, 10% are teenage women, a number which has risen since 1975.
2073:
of women who work has increased: in 2014, women made up 42.7% of the labour force of Japan. Japan has an especially high proportion of women who work part-time, and a majority of those women are mothers.
2007:
reduces state social expenditures. Yet, the "male breadwinner" model has also entrenched gender roles by providing an optimal life course for families that discourage women participating in public life.
2326:, the first woman in Japan to earn a PhD, did so in the US, as no Meiji-era institution would allow her to receive her doctorate. She and other women who studied abroad and returned to Japan, such as
1578:
in 1945. While Japanese women's status has steadily improved in the decades since then, traditional expectations for married women and mothers are cited as a barrier to full economic equality. The
1717:, spelled out expectations for Japanese women, stating that "such is the stupidity of her character that it is incumbent on her, in every particular, to distrust herself and to obey her husband".
1827:. This allowed them greater freedom, equality to men, and a higher status within Japanese society. Other postwar reforms opened education institutions to women and required that women receive
2489:. They are raped in brothels and other locations and experience physical and psychological trauma. Japanese anti-sex trafficking legislation and laws have been criticized as being lacking.
5449:
2245:
Today, Japanese mothers are still seen as managers of a household, including the behavior of their children. For example, media reports often focus on the apologies of criminals' mothers.
4014:
Briskin, Linda (1999). "Autonomy, diversity and integration: Union women's separate organising in North America and Western Europe in the context of restructuring and globalization".
261:
2471:, after the widely publicized 2012 murder of a young woman who had reported such harassment to police. Stalking reports are growing at a faster rate in Japan than any other country.
1660:, women in Japan could inherit property in their own names and manage it by themselves: "Women could own property, be educated, and were allowed, if discrete (sic), to take lovers."
1656:
The extent to which women could participate in Japanese society has varied over time and social classes. In the 8th century, Japan had an empress, and in the 12th century during the
2451:
In 2013, 100,000 women reported domestic violence to shelters. Of the 10,000 entering protective custody at the shelter, nearly half arrived with children or other family members.
6101:
4530:
5479:
2439:
In Japan, domestic disputes have traditionally been seen as a result of negligence or poor support from the female partner. A partner's outburst can therefore be a source of
2256:
is 1.4 children born per woman (2015 estimate), which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. Japanese women have their first child at an average age of 30.3 (2012 estimate).
5643:
Horii, Mitsutoshi; Burgess, Adam (February 2012). "Constructing sexual risk: 'Chikan', collapsing male authority and the emergence of women-only train carriages in Japan".
2584:, full-length silk robes, are worn by women on special occasions. Traditional patterns for women include many varieties of flowers found in Japan and across Asia such as
2170:
their wives simply through stating their intention to do so in a letter. Wives could not legally arrange for a divorce, but options included joining convents, such as at
4647:
2509:
though there are no penalties for men to ride in a women-only car. Gropers can be punished with seven years or less of jail time and/or face fines of just under $ 500.
2124:
After the Meiji period, the head of the household was required to approve of any marriage. Until 1908, it remained legal for husbands to murder wives for infidelity.
1938:, it is difficult for Japanese women to be nominated by the LDP. A break from this bottom-up process took place in 2005, when Prime Minister and President of the LDP
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4333:
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were women. Of these 186 candidates, 45 were elected, constituting 9.7 percent of the 465 seats in the lower chamber. This number represents a decline from the
3237:
205:
5183:
2538:
Beauty corporations have had a role in creating contemporary standards of beauty in Japan since the Meiji era. For example, the Japanese cosmetics firm,
1571:, economic conditions for women remain unbalanced. Modern policy initiatives to encourage motherhood and workplace participation have had mixed results.
1900:
1550:
4517:
2982:
5308:
Nemoto, Keiko; Rodriguez, Rachel; Valhmu, Lucy Mkandawire (May 2006). "Exploring the Health Care Needs of Women in Abusive Relationships in Japan".
2283:
With the development of society, more and more girls are going to colleges to receive higher education. Today, more than half of Japanese women are
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5007:
4839:
3721:
Bochel, Catherine; Bochel, Hugh; Kasuga, Masashi; Takeyasu, Hideko (2003-04-01). "Against the System? Women in Elected Local Government in Japan".
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is another element in beauty standards for women in Japan, especially with traditional aesthetics. Again, femininity is a large factor; therefore,
5366:
Tokyoto Iryo Syakai Jigyo Kyokai Iryo Fukushi Mondai Kenkyu Kai (2001). "Iryokikan ni okeru domesutikku baiorensu ni tsuite no chosa hokokusho ".
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5457:
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1967:, the JSP ran women outside of conventional political circles and emphasized their clean, "outsider" status to juxtapose themselves against the
3541:
3071:
4777:
Lenz, Ilse (2006). "From Mothers of the Nation to Global Civil Society: The changing role of the Japanese women's movement in Globalization".
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The Roles of Women, Animals, and Nature in Traditional Japanese and Western Folk Tales Carry Over into Modern Japanese and Western Culture
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7107:
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1972:
1952:
1911:
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1998:
The gender roles that discourage Japanese women from seeking elected office have been further consolidated through Japan's model of the
418:
256:
4942:
Patessio, Mara (December 2013). "Women getting a 'university' education in Meiji Japan: discourses, realities, and individual lives".
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2403:
Women in Japan were forbidden from participation in Yamakasa, parades in which Shinto shrines are carried through a town, until 2001.
5487:
5678:
2080:
tradition, where mothers prepare elaborate lunches for their children to take to school, is an example of a domestic female role.
590:
6702:
4804:
Huang, Placier, Haigen, Peggy (October 2015). "Four Generations of Women's Educational Experience in a Rural Chinese Community".
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marriage and the family, laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes.
409:
6400:
5077:
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2535:, feminine beauty standards favored darkened teeth, some body fat, and eyebrows painted above the original (which were shaved).
1975:, only 4 women members of the JSP were reelected. The JSP also failed to take advantage of the Madonna Boom to institutionalize
6834:
4655:
2795:
2185:
When divorce was granted under equal measures to both sexes under the post-war constitution, divorce rates steadily increased.
1864:
1543:
1477:
513:
266:
2653:. The training program starts from a young age, typically 15 years old, and can take anywhere from six months to three years.
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6923:
6395:
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historically women were typically responsible for both parenting and managing household matters within the family structure.
670:
229:
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McAndrew, Malia (2014). "Beauty, Soft Power, and the Politics of Womanhood During the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952".
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than single fathers; in 2013, 7.4% of children were living in single-mother households; only 1.3% live with their fathers.
1895:
Japanese women fare better when it comes to local politics. As of 2015, women made up 27.8% of the local assemblies in the
702:
7579:
5706:"Japan Tries Women Only Train Cars to Stop Groping: Tokyo Subway Experiment Attempts to Slow Epidemic of Subway Fondling"
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769:
6195:
Gelb, J; Estevez-Abe, M (1 October 1998). "Political women in Japan: a case study of the Seikatsusha network movement".
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DeWitt, Lindsey Elizabeth (1 March 2016). "Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan".
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While women before the Meiji period were often considered incompetent in the raising of children, the Meiji period saw
2334:, were among the first wave of women's educators who lead the way to the incorporation of women in Japanese academia.
2076:
In one poll, 30% of mothers who returned to work reported being victims of "maternity harassment", or "matahara". The
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was legalized in 1999, much later than in most Western countries. Its use is still low, with many couples preferring
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1536:
1472:
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2015, only 3.5% were; the government has since slashed the 2020 goal to 7%, and set a private industry goal to 15%.
1610:
7599:
7510:
3398:
1968:
1931:
1877:
1868:
219:
169:
6127:
Francks, Penelope (June 2015). "Was Fashion a European Invention?: The Kimono and Economic Development in Japan".
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https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/japan-new-instructions-allow-women-to-remarry-100-days-after-divorce/
2131:" were thought to be rare and somewhat scandalous, especially for the husband, who would be thought "effeminate".
1943:
draw in votes by signaling change. After this election, the LDP has returned to its bottom-up nomination process.
1839:
7661:
7537:
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6722:
1022:
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764:
559:
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5204:
4358:
Bae, Jihey (2010). "Gender Role Division in Japan and Korea: The Relationship between Realities and Attitudes".
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2505:
Surveys show that between 28% and 70% of women have been groped on train cars. Some railway companies designate
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1881:
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1848:
479:
315:
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Tipton, Elise K. (1 May 2009). "How to Manage a Household: Creating Middle Class Housewives in Modern Japan".
1812:
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women in domestic roles and in entertaining guests, extended to activities such as preparing and serving tea.
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1222:
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1959:(JSP), the largest left-wing opposition party to the LDP at the time, succeeded in electing 22 women to the
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2727:
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610:
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518:
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2002:. In particular, since the postwar period, Japan has adopted the "male breadwinner" model, which favors a
7170:
5729:
Freedman, Alisa (1 March 2002). "Commuting Gazes: Schoolgirls, Salarymen, and Electric Trains in Tokyo".
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1963:. The record number of women elected to the Diet was dubbed the "Madonna Boom." Under the leadership of
1741:
687:
325:
4318:
3919:"A feminist critical discourse analysis of sexual harassment in the Japanese political and media worlds"
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6928:
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6758:
3173:
Tamanoi, Mariko Asano (October 1990). "Women's Voices: Their Critique of the Anthropology of Japan".
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1983:
860:
190:
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who was enlisted to the subcommittee assigned to writing the section of the constitution devoted to
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The Post-War Constitution, however, codified women's right to choose their partners. Article 24 of
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300:
110:
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7193:
3766:"The DPJ and Women: The Limited Impact of the 2009 Alternation of Power on Policy and Governance"
1583:
148:
87:
4140:
Nemoto, Kumiko (September 2013). "Long Working Hours and the Corporate Gender Divide in Japan".
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found that nearly 70% of all Japanese polled agreed that men were given preferential treatment.
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6933:
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5365:
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2903:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2739:
2211:
1896:
1889:
1856:
1852:
665:
350:
340:
276:
6156:
Garon, Sheldon (1 August 2010). "State and family in modern Japan: a historical perspective".
5022:
4566:
3854:"What Explains Low Female Political Representation? Evidence from Survey Experiments in Japan"
2546:, with beauty advice for women emphasizing hair styles and contemporary fashion. The pre-war "
8019:
7951:
7843:
7781:
7747:
7717:
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7476:
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6820:
6672:
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6106:
6042:
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4833:
4293:
2135:
1956:
1502:
1447:
1377:
1357:
1342:
1212:
734:
697:
605:
469:
305:
7078:
6239:
Hastings, Sally A. (1 June 1993). "The Empress' New Clothes and Japanese Women, 1868–1912".
4908:
8034:
7776:
7515:
7384:
7344:
6961:
6562:
6557:
6452:
5420:
4682:"East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Japan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3556:"Record no. of female city mayors, assembly members elected in Japan's unified local polls"
2463:
2253:
1915:
1904:
1824:
1387:
1382:
1327:
1277:
1262:
1147:
1037:
987:
867:
428:
389:
224:
214:
200:
4681:
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3042:
1740:, but at the same time the Meiji Civil Code of 1898 (specifically the introduction of the
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7956:
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7829:
7707:
7589:
7559:
7256:
6742:
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6552:
6502:
6472:
6462:
6413:
6217:
5682:
5191:
5166:
4375:
The Too-Good Wife: Alcohol, codependency, and the politics of nurturance in postwar Japan
3019:
The too-good wife: alcohol, codependency, and the politics of nurturance in postwar Japan
2338:
1816:
1772:
been critiqued for focusing specifically on a single economic segment of Japanese women.
1575:
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1422:
1352:
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1202:
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1162:
1042:
917:
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615:
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7198:
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Modern women in China and Japan: Gender, feminism and global modernity between the wars
6173:
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Umeda, S. (2016, February 26). Global Legal Monitor. Retrieved December 04, 2016, from
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163:
5549:"The Sexual Exploitation of Young Girls in Japan Is 'On the Increase,' an Expert Says"
4027:
2550:" of Japan followed Western fashions as filtered through this kind of Japanese media.
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1808:
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1322:
1302:
1287:
1242:
1207:
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739:
729:
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627:
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484:
399:
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285:
195:
6319:
Women and public life in early Meiji Japan: The development of the feminist movement
5971:
5870:
The search for the beautiful woman a cultural history of Japanese and Chinese beauty
5200:
5175:
5156:
4275:
The Animal-Wife: A Comparison of Japanese Folktales with their European Counterparts
3885:
2028:
1922:. The number of women candidates at the election also reached a record high of 181.
8029:
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3182:
2810:
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2118:
1860:
1775:
Although Japan remains a socially conservative society, with relatively pronounced
1767:'s traits for internal comportment of femininity included compliance; for example,
1512:
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1467:
1437:
1372:
1347:
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822:
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642:
637:
423:
394:
371:
234:
6996:
5337:
5223:
4817:
2949:
2501:
Women-only passenger cars were introduced to combat groping and sexual harassment.
1756:
In interviews with Japanese housewives in 1985, researchers found that socialized
7893:
7863:
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7771:
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7656:
7349:
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6084:
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4955:
4400:
3671:"Quota Nonadoption in Japan: The Role of the Women's Movement and the Opposition"
3089:
2744:
2412:
2380:
2345:
1982:
Another spike in the number of women in the Japanese Diet came in 2009, when the
1935:
1780:
1679:
1462:
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1442:
1417:
1407:
1337:
1317:
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1237:
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1002:
952:
947:
932:
887:
832:
647:
320:
79:
6966:
6065:
6046:
5570:"For vulnerable high school girls in Japan, a culture of 'dates' with older men"
5350:
4704:
Shōshika shakai hakusho (Heisei 17nen han) – Shōshika taisaku no genjō to kadai
3133:
2565:" had emerged as a desirable aesthetic, which some scholars linked to a boom in
2117:
being preemptively arranged until the 1960s. Married women marked themselves by
2096:
8073:
8009:
7961:
7918:
7712:
7090:
6896:
6773:
6692:
6652:
6627:
6607:
6517:
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6492:
4580:
3934:
3212:
2585:
2364:
2327:
2249:
2003:
1517:
1432:
1412:
1392:
1367:
1332:
1292:
1267:
1257:
1197:
1167:
1122:
1117:
1102:
1082:
1032:
977:
972:
927:
849:
682:
632:
542:
491:
435:
41:
6373:
5321:
4730:
3869:
3781:
3734:
3686:
3527:
3340:
2023:
1675:
8088:
7971:
7883:
7872:
7641:
7505:
7261:
6791:
6612:
6577:
6532:
6527:
6436:
5925:
5450:"Japan toughens anti-stalking laws, includes repeated emailing as harassment"
4889:. Cambridge, MA: Fleming H. Revell (Harvard University Preservation Program).
4440:
4192:"'You Mean Women Deserve Careers?' Patriarchal Japan Has Breakthrough Moment"
3942:
3877:
3827:
3789:
3742:
3694:
3348:
3279:
2853:
2834:
2815:
2593:
2468:
2128:
1999:
1960:
1885:
1714:
1522:
1307:
1282:
1217:
1187:
1137:
1132:
1057:
997:
967:
842:
677:
547:
508:
496:
474:
456:
271:
7214:
6986:
5121:"Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan"
2785:
2174:, where men were not permitted to go, thus assuring a permanent separation.
1815:
for Japan in February 1946. Four women were in the working group, including
8063:
8039:
7982:
7848:
7676:
7495:
7020:
7008:
7003:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6306:
6294:
6208:
6097:
6038:
5528:"Why are foreign women continuing to be forced into prostitution in Japan?"
5329:
5147:
4398:
Yoshizumi, Kyoko (1995). Fujimura-Fanselow, Kumiko; Kameda, Atsuko (eds.).
3370:
2789:
2721:
2532:
2386:
2300:
2202:
1976:
1820:
1776:
1745:
1729:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1657:
1639:
1568:
807:
295:
7231:
7058:
6025:
Adams, Kenneth Alan (2009). "Modernization and dangerous women in Japan".
4790:
3238:"Beate Gordon, Long-Unsung Heroine of Japanese Women's Rights, Dies at 89"
2870:
7251:
7015:
6801:
5622:
4754:
Race for the exits: the unraveling of Japan's system of social protection
4406:. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York]. pp.
4218:
2780:
2707:
is highly valued. However, births outside marriage remain rare in Japan.
2650:
2610:
2547:
2331:
2054:
2050:
1919:
1764:
754:
724:
501:
7085:
5851:
5742:
5606:"LIGHTHOUSE NGO SERVES AS BEACON OF HOPE FOR VICTIMS OF SEX TRAFFICKING"
4601:
Niwa, Akiko (1993). "The Formation of the Myth of Motherhood in Japan".
3806:
Tomoaki, Iwai (1993). ""The Madonna Boom": Women in the Japanese Diet".
30:
A photograph of Japanese women from the book "Japan And Japanese" (1902)
7908:
7273:
7175:
7123:
7036:
6354:
6340:
6326:
6275:
6060:
5075:
4097:
3399:"'It is bullying, pure and simple': being a woman in Japanese politics"
2884:
2606:
2462:
were passed in 2000 after the media attention given to the murder of a
2288:
2163:
2069:
2017:
1964:
1757:
1702:
837:
779:
774:
6401:"Gender and Sexuality in Japan" syllabus by Professor Jeffry T. Hester
6310:
3835:
1688:
7998:
7301:
7145:
7135:
6347:
The New Japanese Woman: Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan
5588:"Schoolgirls for sale: why Tokyo struggles to stop the 'JK business'"
4581:"Japan top court upholds law on married couples' surnames - BBC News"
4531:"Japanese women in court fight to keep their surnames after marriage"
2497:
2248:
There is continuing debate about the role women's education plays in
2058:
5137:
5120:
3510:
Women and political inequality in Japan: gender-imbalanced democracy
1903:, 16.1% in general cities, 10.4% in towns and villages, and 9.1% in
5972:"Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States"
4467:
3852:
Kage, Rieko; Rosenbluth, Frances M.; Tanaka, Seiki (27 July 2018).
3819:
3303:
Mikanagi, Yumiko (2011). "The Japanese conception of citizenship".
2828:
2704:
2562:
2539:
2459:
2291:
graduates. The proportion of female researchers in Japan is 14.6%.
2171:
2127:
As late as the 1930s, arranged marriages continued, and so-called "
239:
7992:
5787:(2. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
2800:
8004:
7931:
7926:
6812:
2852:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2581:
2351:
2304:
2296:
2167:
1737:
794:
749:
6405:
6102:
Women and the economic miracle: Gender and work in postwar Japan
5908:"High heels at work are necessary, says Japan's labour minister"
4988:. Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology
4402:
Japanese Women: new perspectives on the past, present and future
3966:"The Overlooked Issue of Sexual Harassment in Japanese Politics"
8014:
7936:
7913:
7898:
7853:
7187:
5718:"Women Only Cars on Commuter Trains Cause Controversy in Japan"
4977:(MEXT), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology.
3327:
Eto, Mikiko (2010-06-01). "Women and Representation in Japan".
3202:, by Adriana Boscaro, Franco Gatti, Massimo Raveri, pp. 164-173
2692:
2661:
2636:
2627:
2622:
2528:, repeated actions aspiring toward perfection, such as bowing.
2393:
in Japan today do not have complete access to all such places.
2238:
1946:
1876:, less than 18 percent of candidates (186 out of 1051) for the
1733:
310:
6231:
Hastings, Sally A. "Gender and Sexuality in Modern Japan." in
2554:
eyes are admired, especially when they have "double eyelids".
7988:
7838:
7834:
6843:
4979:"Gakko kihon chosa - Heisei 24 nendo (sokuho) kekka no gaiyo"
3427:"Japan's lower house has fewer women despite empowerment law"
2775:
2657:
2656:
A young geisha in training, under the age of 20, is called a
2566:
2440:
2385:
The first female Zen master in Japan was the Japanese abbess
2356:
2077:
2062:
1843:
Proportion of women in Japan's national parliament, 1997–2020
1768:
1694:
Yanagiwara Byakuren, a poet and member of the imperial family
1668:
244:
182:
5810:
The world of the shining prince: court life in ancient Japan
4377:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 68.
3471:
3090:"Heroines: Heian Period (Women in World History Curriculum)"
2695:. Sexuality in Japan has developed separately from mainland
2210:
and 96% of women continue to do so as of 2015. In 2015, the
2020:
have publicly condemned male politicians' sexist statements.
1989:
1888:
through several focused initiatives, and a 2012 poll by the
5510:"Seven Cambodians Rescued in Sex Trafficking Bust in Japan"
5368:
Josei No Anzen to Kenko No Tameno Shien Kyoiku Senta Tushin
3152:(Pbk. ed.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
3072:"Goldman's Matsui Turns Abe to Womenomics for Japan Growth"
2696:
2589:
2577:
2524:
1784:
1630:
Late 19th/early 20th century depictions of Japanese women,
1621:
5783:
Beauty up: exploring contemporary Japanese body aesthetics
4633:
The Japanese Woman: Traditional Image and Changing Reality
4168:"Labor force, female (% of total labor force) | Data"
3720:
3134:
The Meiji Reforms and Obstacles for Women Japan, 1878–1927
3043:"Birth of the Constitution of Japan - Chronological Table"
2485:
Japanese and foreign women and girls have been victims of
1867:. In general, the proportion of female legislators in the
1705:, the status of women declined. In the 17th century, the "
1567:
were recognized as having equal legal rights to men after
6056:"Women At Work Toward Equality In The Japanese Workplace"
5351:
The Gender Equality Bureau of the Cabinet Office (2002).
5118:
3200:
Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought
2580:, reds, bows, and frills are all found in their apparel.
2100:
A Japanese family as presented in a magazine in the 1950s
2053:, that is, a female office worker who performs generally
3633:"Record 35 Women Win Upper House Seats in Sun. Election"
5926:"Japan 'glasses ban' for women at work sparks backlash"
4648:"Tokyo official ties birth decline to higher education"
3899:
Takeda, Hiroko (2011). "Gender-related social policy".
1582:
is strictly male-only and a princess has to resign her
5833:
5831:
5829:
5076:
SUSAN SACHSPublished: November 22, 1998 (1998-11-22).
4756:(. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
4420:
207:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
5838:
Keene, Donald (1989). "The Japanese Idea of Beauty".
5564:
5562:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5307:
5021:
Cabinet Office, Gender Equality Bureau (April 2014).
4487:
4485:
4076:(1st Tuttle ed.). Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Co.
3082:
6186:
Women's history and local community in postwar Japan
5941:
5939:
5872:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
4425:. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers. p. 38.
4232:"Japan slashes target for women in senior positions"
3851:
3277:
2605:
Some employers require their female workers to wear
2400:(Anglican Church in Japan) started to ordain women.
2010:
1925:
1834:
1748:
and subjugated them to the will of household heads.
5826:
4717:Boling, Patricia (1998). "Family Policy in Japan".
3127:
6121:Managing women: Disciplining labor in modern Japan
5780:
5559:
5378:
5252:
4852:
4846:
4482:
4399:
1865:party list system with proportional representation
5936:
4074:Marriage in changing Japan: community and society
3278:Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nelson, Rebecca M. (2014).
8086:
5812:( ed.). New York : Kodansha International.
5472:
5401:. Japanese Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office
5267:. Japanese Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office
5125:Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University
5014:
4701:
4528:
4119:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 49.
4114:
3035:
3021:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
430:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
6194:
6074:Widows of Japan: An anthropological perspective
5996:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5052:"Mugai Nyodai, First Woman to Head a Zen Order"
3110:Onna Daigaku A Treasure Box of Women's Learning
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2031:, pioneering female author on 5000 yen banknote
5078:"Japanese Zen Master Honored by Her Followers"
5020:
4910:The changing social position of women in Japan
4803:
4325:
3607:"Record 35 women elected to Japan upper house"
3581:"Record 35 women elected to Japan upper house"
2667:
2641:
6828:
6421:
6053:
5914:. Agence France-Presse in Tokyo. 5 June 2019.
5868:Selden, Cho Kyo; translated by Kyoko (2012).
5353:Heisei 14 nenban danjo kyodo sankaku hakusho
4864:. Japan Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office
4498:. Japan Cabinet Office Gender Equality Bureau
4230:Yan, Sophia; Ogura, Junko (7 December 2015).
3489:. Japan Cabinet Office Gender Equality Bureau
3143:
3141:
2895:
2227:A Japanese mother with children on her back,
1544:
5892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5642:
5627:
5006:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4360:Journal of Political Science & Sociology
4007:
3371:"Women in Parliaments: World Classification"
3229:
2983:"To Rescue Economy, Japan Turns to Supermom"
2967:
2885:"Women in Parliaments: World Classification"
2068:Japan has a strong tradition of women being
1947:Opposition parties and female representation
1790:
6261:Liquid Life: Abortion and Buddhism in Japan
5958:
5543:
5541:
5102:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5069:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
3901:The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics
3305:The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics
3273:
3271:
3269:
2318:Girls' high school in early period, c. 1939
1912:2022 Japanese House of Councillors election
6835:
6821:
6428:
6414:
5997:Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (20 August 2004).
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5389:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5288:Japanese Women: Constraint and Fulfillment
5258:
5246:Women in the Language and Society of Japan
4675:
4673:
4454:Iwasaki, Yasu (1930). "Divorce in Japan".
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
3540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3477:
3444:
3329:International Feminist Journal of Politics
3213:"Employment - Employment rate - OECD Data"
3150:Japanese women: constraint and fulfillment
3138:
1914:a record 35 women were elected to Japan's
1751:
1551:
1537:
24:
6396:Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law
6114:Lost leaves: women writers of Meiji Japan
5976:CDC/National Center for Health Statistics
5964:
5946:Dalby, Liza (1992). "Kimona and Geisha".
5722:
5146:
5136:
4970:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4695:
4397:
4391:
4288:Moscicki, Helen (8 July 1944). : 19.
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
3982:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
1990:Explanations of low female representation
1783:of women (age 15–64) is 69.6% (data from
6280:
6238:
5728:
5538:
5390:Cabinet Office, Gender Equality Bureau.
5259:Cabinet Office, Gender Equality Bureau.
5243:
5237:
5119:Dewitt, Lindsey Elizabeth (March 2016).
4941:
4928:
4853:Gender Equality Bureau, Cabinet Office.
4522:
4287:
4277:. Los Angeles: University of California.
4272:
4266:
4229:
4115:Hirata, Keiko; Warschauer, Mark (2014).
4096:
4090:
3478:Cabinet Office, Gender Equality Bureau.
3302:
3266:
3065:
3063:
2671:
2626:
2496:
2344:
2313:
2267:
2222:
2095:
2039:
2022:
1838:
7108:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
6126:
5863:
5861:
5801:
5757:
5701:
5699:
5359:
5294:
5290:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
5224:"When churches started to ordain women"
4751:
4745:
4670:
4453:
4447:
4372:
4262:. USA: East Tennessee State University.
4223:
4013:
3805:
3763:
3668:
3396:
3172:
3166:
3016:
1979:due to other priorities on its agenda.
8087:
6359:
5867:
5807:
5778:
5447:
5441:
5163:
4906:
4893:
4882:
4876:
4716:
4710:
4645:
4639:
4255:
4249:
4219:http://fds.duke.edu/db/attachment/1111
4139:
4133:
4108:
4071:
4034:
3963:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3898:
3453:"Unleashing the Power of 'Womenomics'"
3421:
3419:
3069:
3001:
2796:Overview of gender inequality in Japan
6816:
6409:
6333:The hidden sun: Women of modern Japan
6155:
6081:Women and Democracy in Cold War Japan
6024:
5945:
5837:
5285:
5279:
5044:
5023:"White Paper on Gender Equality 2013"
4620:THE UNIQUE IDENTITY OF JAPANESE GIRLS
4529:Reuters in Tokyo (11 December 2015).
4331:
4189:
4183:
3847:
3845:
3801:
3799:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3392:
3390:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3298:
3296:
3147:
3106:
3100:
3060:
2980:
2429:
2274:Summer Evening Beside the Lake (1897)
6092:Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945
5858:
5696:
4776:
4770:
4702:(Cabinet Office), Naikakufu (2005).
4630:
4624:
4600:
4594:
3070:Nohara, Yoshiaki (21 January 2014).
2925:"Human Development Report 2021/2022"
2434:
2396:In 1998 the General Assembly of the
2035:
703:Gender representation in video games
5623:"Tokyo police act on train gropers"
5421:"Stalker-killer's life term upheld"
5310:Health Care for Women International
4883:Burton, Margaret Emerstine (1914).
4357:
4351:
4190:Beech, Hannah (30 September 2013).
4016:Women's Studies International Forum
3923:Women's Studies International Forum
3907:
3507:
3450:
3416:
3397:McCurry, Justin (26 October 2021).
3326:
3257:
3235:
3187:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.000313
2208:adopted their husband's family name
2157:
1589:
13:
7284:2011 TĹŤhoku earthquake and tsunami
6842:
6253:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1993.tb00918.x
6018:
4976:
4493:"Population, Family and Household"
4366:
3842:
3796:
3764:Gaunder, Alisa (26 January 2016).
3709:
3651:
3480:"Perceptions of Gender Inequality"
3387:
3311:
3293:
2981:Soble, Jonathan (1 January 2015).
2474:
2419:of any sex anywhere in the world.
2108:Families, prior to and during the
1973:1992 House of Councillors election
14:
8111:
7151:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)
6435:
6389:
5355:. Tokyo: Zaimusyou insatsu Kyoku.
3451:Abe, Shinzo (25 September 2013).
3280:""Womenomics" in Japan: In Brief"
3236:Fox, Margalit (January 1, 2013).
2904:"LFS by sex and age - indicators"
2492:
2196:
2011:Sexism and harassment in politics
1926:The LDP and female representation
1835:Female representation in politics
1678:, wife of notable diplomat Count
8069:
8068:
8057:
6796:
6787:
6786:
6141:10.2752/175174115X14223685749368
5990:
5918:
5900:
5731:The Journal of Transport History
5711:
5671:
4679:
4654:. New York Times. Archived from
4154:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00599.x
3669:Gaunder, Alisa (17 March 2015).
2901:
2847:
1687:
1667:
1636:Under the Shade of a Tree (1898)
1620:
1609:
1598:
220:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
147:
6233:A Companion to Japanese History
5616:
5598:
5580:
5520:
5502:
5413:
5344:
5216:
5110:
4886:The Education of Women in Japan
4855:"Education and Research Fields"
4797:
4613:
4573:
4510:
4421:Van Houten, Elizabeth. (2005).
4414:
4281:
4210:
4174:
4160:
4142:Gender, Work & Organization
3964:Dalton, Emma (8 October 2021).
3957:
3892:
3757:
3625:
3599:
3573:
3548:
3501:
3363:
3205:
3193:
2950:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022"
2349:Japanese schoolgirls wearing a
1709:", or "Learning for Women", by
7637:Agriculture, forestry, fishing
6754:British Indian Ocean Territory
6123:(U of California Press, 2007).
6094:(U of California Press, 1991).
5999:"Japanese Women Shun The Pill"
4646:Sanger, David (14 June 1990).
4334:"Holding back half the nation"
3990:"Holding back half the nation"
3287:Congressional Research Service
3148:Lebra, Takie Sugiyama (1985).
2942:
2917:
2877:
2699:, and Japan did not adopt the
2091:
2057:tasks such as serving tea and
1874:2021 Japanese general election
1813:drafting of a new constitution
1:
6321:(U of Michigan Press, 2020).
5027:Statistical Topics (Japanese)
4818:10.1080/09540253.2015.1069799
4456:American Journal of Sociology
4117:Japan: the paradox of harmony
4100:(1978). Corbyn, Marie (ed.).
4028:10.1016/S0277-5395(99)00053-9
3770:Journal of East Asian Studies
3175:Annual Review of Anthropology
2841:
2806:Women in agriculture in Japan
2631:Geisha in Miyagawa-chĹŤ, Kyoto
2272:Teenage girls reading books,
2228:
2218:
6197:Social Science Japan Journal
6170:10.1080/03085147.2010.486214
6076:(Trans Pacific Press, 2010).
6054:Akiba, Fumiko (March 1998).
6027:The Journal of Psychohistory
5681:. 2007-12-26. Archived from
5657:10.1080/13698575.2011.641523
5448:Aquino, Faith (2013-06-27).
4956:10.1080/09555803.2013.788053
4752:Schoppa, Leonard J. (2008).
4104:. Penguin Books. p. 98.
4102:Aspects of Japanese Marriage
3047:National Diet Library, Japan
2728:List of idol anime and manga
2263:
2121:and shaving their eyebrows.
1632:Woman in Red Clothing (1912)
1574:Women in Japan obtained the
671:Portrayal in American comics
262:Heads of state or government
7:
7225:1923 Great KantĹŤ earthquake
7171:Abolition of the han system
4423:Women in the Japanese world
3917:Dalton, Emma (2019-11-01).
3808:Journal of Japanese Studies
3252:Correction: January 4, 2013
3094:www.womeninworldhistory.com
2930:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS
2733:
2668:Contraception and sexuality
2454:
2370:
2250:Japan's declining birthrate
1847:In 1994, Japan implemented
1586:if she marries a commoner.
10:
8116:
6283:Journal of Women's History
6116:(U of Hawaii Press, 2000).
5645:Health, Risk & Society
3935:10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102276
2710:
2701:Confucian view of marriage
2680:
2620:
2478:
2374:
1801:Japanese surrender in WWII
8052:
7820:
7698:
7689:
7632:
7623:
7558:
7435:
7431:
7422:
7335:
7326:
7294:
7237:Japan during World War II
7207:
7116:
7054:Mongol invasions of Japan
7029:
6954:
6881:
6872:
6854:
6782:
6741:
6701:
6443:
6374:10.1080/10371390902780555
6090:Bernstein, Lee Gail. ed.
5480:"Japan's stalking crisis"
5322:10.1080/07399330500511774
4731:10.1017/s0047279498005285
4537:. Reuters. Archived from
4273:Kitamura, Mariko (1982).
3870:10.1017/S1743923X18000223
3782:10.1017/S1598240800008092
3735:10.1080/03003930308559368
3687:10.1017/S1743923X1400066X
3341:10.1080/14616741003665227
2865:Federal Research Division
2664:(turning of the collar).
2642:
2616:
2516:
2507:women-only passenger cars
2406:
2389:(born 1223 - died 1298).
1984:Democratic Party of Japan
1791:Political status of women
1732:reduced the authority of
124:
116:
109:
101:
93:
86:
74:
63:
53:
40:
35:
23:
7511:House of Representatives
7307:2019 imperial transition
7279:Great Hanshin earthquake
7247:Second Sino-Japanese War
7220:Japan during World War I
6503:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6215:Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra.
6184:Gayle, Curtis Anderson.
5392:"Violence against Women"
5261:"Women and Men in Japan"
5244:Takemaru, Naoko (2010).
5226:. Religioustolerance.org
4907:Koyama, Takashi (1961).
4719:Journal of Social Policy
4603:US Japan Women's Journal
4256:Cooper, Jessica (2013).
3723:Local Government Studies
2715:
2487:sex trafficking in Japan
2481:Sex trafficking in Japan
1932:Liberal Democratic Party
1878:House of Representatives
1869:House of Representatives
1829:equal pay for equal work
7194:First Sino-Japanese War
6764:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6335:(Westview Press, 1983)
6331:Robins-Mowry, Dorothy.
6268:Women in changing Japan
4635:. New York: Free Press.
3107:Ekken, Kaibara (2010).
1857:single-member districts
1825:women's rights in Japan
1752:Behavioral expectations
1682:. Photographed in 1888.
257:Conservatives in the US
230:Explorers and travelers
111:Global Gender Gap Index
88:Gender Inequality Index
7662:Science and technology
7101:Council of Five Elders
7096:Azuchi–Momoyama period
6295:10.1353/jowh.2014.0063
5779:Miller, Laura (2006).
4301:Cite journal requires
2955:. World Economic Forum
2771:Good Wife, Wise Mother
2765:Gender Equality Bureau
2755:Family policy in Japan
2740:Birth control in Japan
2678:
2632:
2542:published a magazine,
2502:
2359:
2319:
2280:
2234:
2212:Japanese Supreme Court
2119:blackening their teeth
2101:
2045:
2032:
1853:mixed electoral system
1844:
560:In Shakespeare's works
7607:Deputy Prime Minister
6992:Asuka Kiyomihara Code
6263:(Princeton UP, 1992).
6112:Copeland, Rebecca L.
6107:U of California Press
5948:The Threepenny Review
5808:Morris, Ivan (1995).
5286:Lebra, Takie (1984).
4631:Iwao, Sumiko (1993).
4583:. Bbc.com. 2015-12-16
4373:Borovoy, Amy (2005).
3858:Politics & Gender
3675:Politics & Gender
3459:. Wall Street Journal
3017:Borovoy, Amy (2005).
2681:Further information:
2675:
2630:
2500:
2415:of Japanese women is
2348:
2317:
2311:"practical matters".
2271:
2226:
2099:
2043:
2026:
1957:Japan Socialist Party
1897:Tokyo's Special Wards
1882:2017 general election
1842:
1795:Women were given the
1744:system) denied women
1644:Japanese Woman (1903)
316:Nobel Prize laureates
75:Women in labour force
7516:House of Councillors
7410:World Heritage Sites
6678:United Arab Emirates
6259:LaFleur, William R.
6209:10.1093/ssjj/1.2.263
5840:The Wilson Quarterly
5708:An ABC News article.
5685:on December 26, 2007
4806:Gender and Education
4779:Social Science Japan
4072:Hendry, Joy (1986).
3508:Eto, Mikiko (2021).
2649:to be confused with
2254:total fertility rate
2136:Japan's Constitution
1916:House of Councillors
1646:by Hungarian artist
1473:United Arab Emirates
410:in the United States
225:Economic development
215:Diversity (politics)
201:Female entrepreneurs
7533:Self-Defense Forces
6705:limited recognition
6224:Gulliver, Katrina.
6218:Housewives of Japan
6188:(Routledge, 2013).
6158:Economy and Society
6083:(Bloomsbury, 2015)
5743:10.7227/TJTH.23.1.4
5679:"Untitled Document"
5574:The Washington Post
5555:. October 29, 2019.
5532:Mainichi Daily News
5516:. January 24, 2017.
5490:on 5 September 2015
5429:. December 21, 2005
5192:semanticscholar.org
5167:semanticscholar.org
4791:10.1093/ssjj/jyk011
4541:on 11 December 2015
3560:Mainichi Daily News
3457:Wall Street Journal
3431:Mainichi Daily News
2203:Civil Code of Japan
2044:A Kimono-clad woman
1855:that included both
1817:Beate Sirota Gordon
1799:in 1945, after the
1458:Trinidad and Tobago
693:Speculative fiction
586:Theological figures
531:Feminist philosophy
331:Reproductive rights
137:Part of a series on
66:secondary education
64:Women over 25 with
55:Women in parliament
45: (per 100,000)
20:
7667:Telecommunications
7199:Russo-Japanese War
7129:Tokugawa shogunate
7079:Nanboku-chĹŤ period
7074:Ashikaga shogunate
7047:Kamakura shogunate
6270:(Routledge, 20190
6228:(IB Tauris, 2012).
5932:. 8 November 2019.
5083:The New York Times
4565:has generic name (
3512:. Abingdon, Oxon.
3263:Dower, pp. 365-367
3242:The New York Times
3113:. Gardners Books.
2988:The New York Times
2689:contraceptive pill
2683:Sexuality in Japan
2679:
2633:
2503:
2464:university student
2460:Anti-stalking laws
2430:Laws of protection
2360:
2320:
2305:flower arrangement
2281:
2235:
2102:
2046:
2033:
1845:
1023:Dominican Republic
790:Mixed martial arts
760:Fastpitch softball
341:Violence and abuse
326:Positions of power
42:Maternal mortality
36:General Statistics
18:
8082:
8081:
8048:
8047:
7797:Sexual minorities
7685:
7684:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7528:Political parties
7467:Foreign relations
7418:
7417:
7322:
7321:
7312:COVID-19 pandemic
7181:Satsuma Rebellion
7166:Meiji Restoration
7064:Kenmu Restoration
6924:Foreign relations
6810:
6809:
6747:other territories
6349:(Duke UP, 2003).
6307:Project MUSE
5454:Japan Daily Press
4313:Missing or empty
3519:978-1-003-05691-1
3487:www.gender.go.jp/
2837:, female warriors
2760:Feminism in Japan
2599:camellia japonica
2469:e-mail harassment
2435:Domestic violence
2423:Abortion in Japan
2411:At 87 years, the
2398:Nippon Sei Ko Kai
2377:Women in Buddhism
2339:Allied occupation
2324:Tsuruko Haraguchi
2114:arranged marriage
2110:Meiji restoration
2036:Professional life
1940:Junichiro Koizumi
1936:old boys' network
1901:designated cities
1851:and introduced a
1809:Douglas MacArthur
1726:industrialization
1561:
1560:
765:Football / soccer
688:Fictional pirates
480:Art history field
356:Exchange of women
132:
131:
8107:
8100:Women by country
8072:
8071:
8064:Japan portal
8062:
8061:
8060:
7977:National symbols
7696:
7695:
7630:
7629:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7333:
7332:
7267:Economic miracle
7069:Muromachi period
6879:
6878:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6800:
6790:
6789:
6759:Christmas Island
6445:Sovereign states
6430:
6423:
6416:
6407:
6406:
6385:
6362:Japanese Studies
6317:Patessio, Mara.
6314:
6266:Lebra, Joyce C.
6256:
6212:
6181:
6152:
6119:Faison, Elyssa.
6098:Brinton, Mary C.
6069:
6064:. Archived from
6050:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5891:
5883:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5835:
5824:
5823:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5786:
5776:
5755:
5754:
5726:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5640:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5594:. June 15, 2019.
5584:
5578:
5577:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5534:. June 10, 2017.
5524:
5518:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5486:. Archived from
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5456:. Archived from
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5396:
5387:
5376:
5375:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5305:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5210:on 3 March 2019.
5209:
5203:. Archived from
5188:
5179:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5005:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4983:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4939:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4904:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4829:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4706:. Tokyo: Gyosei.
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4098:Morsbach, Helmut
4094:
4088:
4087:
4069:
4032:
4031:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3718:
3707:
3706:
3666:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3531:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3275:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:. Stats.oecd.org
2899:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2868:
2851:
2850:
2811:Yamato nadeshiko
2750:Empress of Japan
2647:
2645:
2644:
2337:After 1945, the
2278:Fujishima Takeji
2233:
2230:
2158:Right to divorce
1918:, the country's
1849:electoral reform
1807:ruler of Japan,
1691:
1671:
1648:Bertalan Székely
1624:
1613:
1602:
1590:Cultural history
1553:
1546:
1539:
1223:Marshall Islands
800:Paralympic Games
431:
208:
173:
151:
142:Women in society
134:
133:
128:116th out of 146
46:
28:
21:
17:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8058:
8056:
8044:
7864:Class S (genre)
7816:
7792:Sex trafficking
7767:Life expectancy
7703:Anti-monarchism
7681:
7611:
7554:
7521:List of members
7501:Law enforcement
7414:
7318:
7290:
7242:Mukden Incident
7203:
7161:Meiji oligarchy
7141:Empire of Japan
7112:
7042:Kamakura period
7025:
6950:
6868:
6850:
6841:
6811:
6806:
6778:
6746:
6737:
6718:Northern Cyprus
6704:
6697:
6439:
6434:
6392:
6345:Sato, Barbara.
6079:Bardsley, Jan.
6021:
6019:Further reading
6016:
6007:
6005:
5995:
5991:
5981:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5944:
5937:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5866:
5859:
5836:
5827:
5820:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5777:
5758:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5697:
5688:
5686:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5641:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5612:. May 15, 2018.
5610:UW–Madison News
5604:
5603:
5599:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5576:. May 16, 2017.
5568:
5567:
5560:
5547:
5546:
5539:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5426:The Japan Times
5419:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5394:
5388:
5379:
5364:
5360:
5349:
5345:
5306:
5295:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5257:
5253:
5242:
5238:
5229:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5207:
5186:
5182:
5148:1854/LU-8636481
5138:10.5109/1654566
5115:
5111:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5058:. Lisa Erickson
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5019:
5015:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4940:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4916:. Paris: UNESCO
4913:
4905:
4894:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4831:
4830:
4802:
4798:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4750:
4746:
4715:
4711:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4644:
4640:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4542:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4452:
4448:
4433:
4419:
4415:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4371:
4367:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4330:
4326:
4314:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4271:
4267:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4198:. Time Magazine
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4113:
4109:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4070:
4035:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3962:
3958:
3915:
3908:
3897:
3893:
3850:
3843:
3804:
3797:
3762:
3758:
3719:
3710:
3667:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3375:archive.ipu.org
3369:
3368:
3364:
3325:
3312:
3301:
3294:
3282:
3276:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3246:
3244:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3068:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3015:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2979:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2860:Country Studies
2857:
2848:
2844:
2818:Women in Shinto
2745:Class S (genre)
2736:
2718:
2713:
2685:
2670:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2586:cherry blossoms
2561:By the 1970s, "
2519:
2495:
2483:
2477:
2475:Sex trafficking
2457:
2437:
2432:
2413:life expectancy
2409:
2383:
2381:Women in Shinto
2373:
2299:class, such as
2266:
2231:
2221:
2199:
2164:Tokugawa period
2160:
2094:
2038:
2013:
1992:
1949:
1928:
1837:
1793:
1781:employment rate
1754:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1680:Mutsu Munemitsu
1672:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1557:
1528:
1527:
863:
853:
852:
845:
833:Track and field
720:
710:
709:
661:
660:Popular culture
653:
652:
581:
580:
565:
564:
519:Science fiction
465:
464:
446:
445:
429:
380:
379:
361:
360:
336:Venture capital
301:Law enforcement
206:
191:Animal advocacy
187:
167:
164:Women's history
159:
105:22nd out of 191
80:employment rate
44:
31:
12:
11:
5:
8113:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8095:Women in Japan
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8066:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7995:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7921:
7919:Henohenomoheji
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7832:
7826:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7595:Prime Minister
7592:
7587:
7585:Foreign policy
7582:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7564:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7530:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7469:
7464:
7462:Imperial House
7459:
7458:
7457:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7370:Extreme points
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7091:Sengoku period
7088:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7030:Post-Classical
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6817:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6794:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6437:Women in Asia
6433:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6390:External links
6388:
6387:
6386:
6357:
6343:
6329:
6315:
6278:
6264:
6257:
6247:(4): 677–692.
6236:
6229:
6222:
6213:
6203:(2): 263–279.
6192:
6182:
6164:(3): 317–336.
6153:
6135:(3): 331–361.
6129:Fashion Theory
6124:
6117:
6110:
6095:
6088:
6077:
6072:Aoki, Debora.
6070:
6068:on 2002-03-21.
6051:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:
5989:
5978:. May 13, 2009
5963:
5957:
5935:
5917:
5899:
5878:
5857:
5846:(1): 128–135.
5825:
5819:978-1568360294
5818:
5800:
5793:
5756:
5721:
5710:
5695:
5670:
5626:
5615:
5597:
5579:
5558:
5537:
5519:
5501:
5471:
5440:
5412:
5377:
5358:
5343:
5316:(4): 290–306.
5293:
5278:
5251:
5236:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5180:
5161:
5109:
5068:
5043:
5013:
4969:
4950:(4): 556–581.
4927:
4892:
4875:
4845:
4812:(6): 599–617.
4796:
4769:
4763:978-0801474453
4762:
4744:
4725:(2): 173–190.
4709:
4694:
4669:
4658:on 25 May 2015
4652:New York Times
4638:
4623:
4612:
4593:
4572:
4563:|author1=
4521:
4509:
4481:
4468:10.1086/215417
4462:(3): 435–446.
4446:
4431:
4413:
4390:
4383:
4365:
4350:
4324:
4303:|journal=
4280:
4265:
4248:
4222:
4209:
4182:
4173:
4159:
4148:(5): 512–527.
4132:
4126:978-0300186079
4125:
4107:
4089:
4082:
4033:
4022:(5): 543–554.
4006:
3981:
3956:
3906:
3891:
3864:(2): 285–309.
3841:
3820:10.2307/132866
3814:(1): 103–120.
3795:
3776:(3): 441–466.
3756:
3708:
3681:(1): 176–186.
3650:
3639:. 11 July 2022
3624:
3613:. 11 July 2022
3598:
3587:. 11 July 2022
3572:
3547:
3518:
3500:
3470:
3443:
3415:
3386:
3362:
3335:(2): 177–201.
3310:
3292:
3265:
3256:
3228:
3204:
3192:
3165:
3158:
3137:
3126:
3120:978-0955979675
3119:
3099:
3081:
3059:
3034:
3027:
3000:
2966:
2941:
2916:
2894:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2831:, female spies
2820:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2687:In Japan, the
2669:
2666:
2621:Main article:
2618:
2615:
2594:chrysanthemums
2518:
2515:
2494:
2493:Sexual assault
2491:
2479:Main article:
2476:
2473:
2456:
2453:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2408:
2405:
2372:
2369:
2365:junior college
2328:Yoshioka Yayoi
2301:tea ceremonies
2265:
2262:
2220:
2217:
2198:
2197:Surname change
2195:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2093:
2090:
2037:
2034:
2029:IchiyĹŤ Higuchi
2012:
2009:
2004:nuclear-family
1991:
1988:
1948:
1945:
1927:
1924:
1890:Cabinet Office
1836:
1833:
1792:
1789:
1753:
1750:
1701:From the late
1693:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:imperial title
1565:women in Japan
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:United Kingdom
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
859:
858:
855:
854:
850:List of sports
847:
846:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
674:
673:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
579:
578:
572:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
556:
555:
550:
540:
535:
534:
533:
523:
522:
521:
511:
506:
505:
504:
502:"Chick flicks"
494:
489:
488:
487:
485:Women's cinema
477:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
433:
426:
421:
416:
415:
414:
413:
412:
397:
392:
387:
381:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
264:
259:
249:
248:
247:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
211:
210:
203:
193:
186:
185:
179:
178:
175:
174:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
144:
143:
139:
138:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
68:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
47:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
19:Women in Japan
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8112:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8075:
8067:
8065:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7942:LGBTQ culture
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7652:Manufacturing
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7580:Fiscal policy
7578:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7506:National Diet
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7489:Supreme Court
7487:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7002:
6998:
6997:HakuhĹŤ period
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6944:Imperial Navy
6942:
6940:
6939:Imperial Army
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:South Ossetia
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6426:
6424:
6419:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6368:(1): 95–110.
6367:
6363:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6289:(4): 83–107.
6288:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6241:The Historian
6237:
6235:(2007): 372+.
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5982:September 24,
5977:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5940:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5895:
5889:
5881:
5879:9781442218956
5875:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5794:9780520245082
5790:
5785:
5784:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5624:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5460:on 2015-09-28
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5433:September 16,
5428:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5289:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5240:
5225:
5219:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5105:
5099:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5057:
5056:Buddhism Site
5053:
5047:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5003:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4912:
4911:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4879:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4785:(1): 91–102.
4784:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4698:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4627:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4568:
4556:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4394:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4354:
4339:
4338:The Economist
4335:
4328:
4320:
4308:
4295:
4284:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
3995:
3994:The Economist
3991:
3985:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
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3913:
3911:
3902:
3895:
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3879:
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3867:
3863:
3859:
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3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
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3800:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
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3676:
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3561:
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3529:
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3521:
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3511:
3504:
3488:
3481:
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3447:
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3428:
3422:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3393:
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3376:
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3366:
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3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3253:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2854:public domain
2846:
2845:
2836:
2835:Onna-bugeisha
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2816:Nyonin Kinsei
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
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2738:
2737:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2382:
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2354:
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2347:
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2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2308:
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2302:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2225:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:welfare state
1996:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1977:gender quotas
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:Heisei period
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:. As the new
1802:
1798:
1797:right to vote
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
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1715:Kaibara Ekken
1712:
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1576:right to vote
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678:Film industry
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538:Photographers
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419:Organizations
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346:Voting rights
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272:Queen regnant
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7991: /
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7981:
7952:Martial arts
7844:Architecture
7837: /
7811:
7782:Prostitution
7748:Homelessness
7718:Demographics
7642:Central bank
7472:Human rights
7440:Constitution
7295:Contemporary
7117:Early Modern
7021:Heian period
7009:Monmu period
7004:Taika Reform
6982:Asuka period
6977:Kofun period
6972:Yayoi period
6967:JĹŤmon period
6743:Dependencies
6673:Turkmenistan
6638:Saudi Arabia
6542:
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6361:
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6100:
6091:
6080:
6073:
6066:the original
6059:
6033:(1): 33–44.
6030:
6026:
6006:. Retrieved
6002:
5992:
5980:. Retrieved
5975:
5966:
5960:
5951:
5947:
5929:
5920:
5912:The Guardian
5911:
5902:
5869:
5843:
5839:
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5782:
5737:(1): 23–36.
5734:
5730:
5724:
5713:
5687:. Retrieved
5683:the original
5673:
5651:(1): 41–55.
5648:
5644:
5618:
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5592:The Guardian
5591:
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5573:
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5492:. Retrieved
5488:the original
5483:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5458:the original
5453:
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5424:
5415:
5403:. Retrieved
5399:gender.go.jp
5398:
5371:
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5313:
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5287:
5281:
5269:. Retrieved
5265:Gender.go.jp
5264:
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5248:. McFarland.
5245:
5239:
5228:. Retrieved
5218:
5205:the original
5190:
5165:
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5124:
5112:
5087:. Retrieved
5081:
5071:
5060:. Retrieved
5055:
5046:
5034:. Retrieved
5030:
5026:
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4990:. Retrieved
4985:
4972:
4947:
4943:
4918:. Retrieved
4909:
4885:
4878:
4866:. Retrieved
4862:gender.go.jp
4861:
4848:
4834:cite journal
4809:
4805:
4799:
4782:
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4772:
4753:
4747:
4722:
4718:
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4703:
4697:
4686:. Retrieved
4660:. Retrieved
4656:the original
4651:
4641:
4632:
4626:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4585:. Retrieved
4575:
4543:. Retrieved
4539:the original
4535:The Guardian
4534:
4524:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4459:
4455:
4449:
4422:
4416:
4401:
4393:
4374:
4368:
4362:(13): 71–85.
4359:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:
4327:
4315:|title=
4294:cite journal
4283:
4274:
4268:
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4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:
4225:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4195:
4185:
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4141:
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4101:
4092:
4073:
4019:
4015:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3973:. Retrieved
3970:Tokyo Review
3969:
3959:
3926:
3922:
3900:
3894:
3861:
3857:
3811:
3807:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3729:(2): 19–31.
3726:
3722:
3678:
3674:
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3611:The Mainichi
3610:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3584:
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3562:. 2019-04-22
3559:
3550:
3509:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3486:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3456:
3446:
3435:. Retrieved
3433:. 2021-11-01
3430:
3406:. Retrieved
3403:The Guardian
3402:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3332:
3328:
3304:
3286:
3259:
3251:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:
3231:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3181:(1): 17–37.
3178:
3174:
3168:
3149:
3129:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:
3037:
3018:
2992:. Retrieved
2986:
2957:. Retrieved
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2919:
2908:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2879:
2859:
2822:
2821:
2790:career woman
2722:Magical girl
2686:
2655:
2634:
2604:
2597:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2544:Hannatsubaki
2543:
2537:
2533:Heian period
2530:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2484:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2421:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2387:Mugai Nyodai
2384:
2361:
2350:
2336:
2321:
2309:
2293:
2282:
2273:
2258:
2247:
2244:
2236:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2166:, men could
2161:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2129:love matches
2126:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2047:
2027:Portrait of
2014:
1997:
1993:
1981:
1950:
1929:
1909:
1894:
1859:(SMD) using
1846:
1821:civil rights
1811:ordered the
1804:
1794:
1777:gender roles
1774:
1763:
1755:
1746:legal rights
1730:urbanization
1722:Meiji period
1719:
1711:Confucianist
1707:Onna Daigaku
1700:
1658:Heian period
1655:
1643:
1640:Kuroda Seiki
1635:
1631:
1573:
1569:World War II
1564:
1562:
1503:Vatican City
1448:Turkmenistan
1378:South Africa
1358:Sierra Leone
1343:Saudi Arabia
1152:
808:Roller derby
606:Christianity
591:Baháʼà Faith
470:Architecture
170:legal rights
120:0.650 (2022)
97:0.083 (2021)
70:80.0% (2010)
59:10.2% (2018)
15:
8035:Video games
7777:Pornography
7385:Prefectures
7365:Environment
7360:Earthquakes
7345:Archipelago
7252:Pacific War
7208:Late Modern
7016:Nara period
6962:Paleolithic
6802:Asia portal
6703:States with
6623:Philippines
6563:South Korea
6558:North Korea
6453:Afghanistan
5494:20 December
5464:20 December
5405:16 December
5271:16 December
5036:19 December
4992:18 December
4944:Japan Forum
4920:17 December
4868:17 December
4662:26 December
4545:15 December
4502:15 December
4343:15 December
4332:Economist.
4241:17 December
4202:15 December
3999:12 December
3493:15 December
3463:15 December
3408:11 November
3052:18 February
2889:www.ipu.org
2781:Hinamatsuri
2651:prostitutes
2611:eye glasses
2609:and forbid
2567:comic books
2548:modern girl
2417:the longest
2332:Tsuda Umeko
2232: 1947
2092:Family life
2059:secretarial
2055:pink collar
2051:office lady
1920:upper house
1905:prefectures
1899:, 17.4% in
1720:During the
1676:Mutsu RyĹŤko
1388:South Sudan
1383:South Korea
1328:Puerto Rico
1313:Philippines
1278:North Korea
1263:New Zealand
1148:Ivory Coast
1038:El Salvador
868:Afghanistan
725:Auto racing
698:Video games
611:Catholicism
390:Engineering
267:Legislators
8089:Categories
8025:Television
7947:Literature
7909:Hikikomori
7830:Aesthetics
7708:Censorship
7590:Ministries
7560:Government
7274:Heisei era
7257:Occupation
7215:TaishĹŤ era
7176:Boshin War
7156:Government
7124:Edo period
7037:Genpei War
6987:TaihĹŤ Code
6683:Uzbekistan
6658:Tajikistan
6573:Kyrgyzstan
6553:Kazakhstan
6473:Bangladesh
6463:Azerbaijan
6355:0822330083
6341:0865314217
6327:192928067X
6276:B07S9H3S18
6061:Look Japan
6008:2018-10-14
5689:2015-12-20
5484:Al-jazeera
5230:2019-08-04
5089:2013-11-12
5062:2013-10-16
4688:2019-08-04
4587:2019-08-04
4432:1590848594
4384:0520244524
4180:Yu, p. 494
4083:0804815062
3975:2021-12-11
3929:: 102276.
3903:: 212–222.
3637:Nippon.com
3585:Kyodo News
3566:2021-12-12
3528:1176320849
3437:2021-11-12
3380:2021-12-01
3307:: 130–139.
3247:2013-01-02
3222:2019-11-03
3159:0824810252
3028:0520244524
2994:2015-04-07
2934:18 October
2910:2019-08-04
2842:References
2786:Kyariaūman
2607:high heels
2375:See also:
2289:university
2252:. Japan's
2239:motherhood
2219:Motherhood
2078:obento box
2070:housewives
2018:Seiko Noda
1965:Takako Doi
1703:Edo period
1493:Uzbekistan
1423:Tajikistan
1353:Seychelles
1228:Mauritania
1203:Madagascar
1183:Kyrgyzstan
1163:Kazakhstan
1043:East Timor
918:Bangladesh
908:Azerbaijan
861:By country
848:See also:
838:Volleyball
780:Ice hockey
775:Gymnastics
735:Basketball
526:Philosophy
514:Literature
461:Humanities
441:Telegraphy
376:Technology
291:Journalism
252:Government
7999:Otokonoko
7967:Mythology
7879:Festivals
7802:Sexuality
7755:Languages
7728:Etiquette
7723:Education
7672:Transport
7484:Judiciary
7445:Elections
7355:Districts
7340:Addresses
7328:Geography
7302:Reiwa era
7232:ShĹŤwa era
7146:Meiji era
7136:Bakumatsu
7059:GenkĹŤ War
6919:Education
6882:Overviews
6769:Hong Kong
6723:Palestine
6648:Sri Lanka
6643:Singapore
6523:Indonesia
6382:144960231
6303:143829831
6178:144451445
6149:194189967
6047:203930080
5888:cite book
5751:144758844
5665:143965339
5131:: 19–28.
5098:cite news
4964:143515278
4826:143211123
4739:145757734
4684:. Cia.gov
4476:143833023
4441:761397473
3951:203519380
3943:0277-5395
3878:1743-923X
3828:0095-6848
3790:1598-2408
3751:154284863
3743:0300-3930
3703:145457053
3695:1743-923X
3536:cite book
3357:142938281
3349:1461-6742
3076:Bloomberg
2792:in Japan)
2703:in which
2602:flowers.
2322:Notably,
2264:Education
1861:plurality
1674:Countess
1563:Although
1523:Kurdistan
1508:Venezuela
1403:Sri Lanka
1363:Singapore
1233:Mauritius
1128:Indonesia
1093:Guatemala
903:Australia
893:Argentina
616:Mormonism
553:Punk rock
509:Fine arts
405:dentistry
385:Computing
351:Workforce
235:Education
8074:Category
7889:Folklore
7787:Religion
7760:Japanese
7733:Gambling
7543:Maritime
7424:Politics
7405:Villages
7086:ĹŚnin War
6929:Military
6914:Economic
6848:articles
6792:Category
6713:Abkhazia
6663:Thailand
6618:Pakistan
6598:Mongolia
6593:Maldives
6588:Malaysia
6488:Cambodia
6109:, 1993).
6043:ProQuest
6039:19852238
6003:CBS News
5954:: 30–31.
5930:BBC News
5852:40257465
5374:: 23–38.
5330:16595363
5201:55419374
5176:55419374
5157:55419374
5002:cite web
4609:: 70–82.
4555:cite web
3886:53413394
2829:Kunoichi
2823:History:
2734:See also
2705:chastity
2574:Clothing
2563:cuteness
2540:Shiseido
2455:Stalking
2371:Religion
2172:Kamakura
2138:states:
2063:clerical
1805:de facto
1769:children
1758:feminine
1738:husbands
1580:monarchy
1428:Thailand
1398:Suriname
1323:Portugal
1303:Paraguay
1288:Pakistan
1243:Mongolia
1213:Maldives
1208:Malaysia
1173:Kiribati
1108:Honduras
1048:Ethiopia
1018:DR Congo
983:Colombia
963:Cambodia
958:Bulgaria
823:Swimming
785:Lacrosse
730:Baseball
628:Hinduism
621:Opus Dei
601:Buddhism
576:Religion
400:Medicine
306:Military
240:Feminism
196:Business
49:5 (2010)
8030:Theatre
8005:Origami
7932:Irezumi
7927:Ikebana
7894:Gardens
7869:Cuisine
7822:Culture
7807:Smoking
7743:Housing
7691:Society
7625:Economy
7568:Cabinet
7450:Emperor
7390:Regions
7375:Islands
7262:Postwar
7190:(noble)
6955:Ancient
6902:Shoguns
6874:History
6864:Outline
6688:Vietnam
6603:Myanmar
6583:Lebanon
6513:Georgia
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