1207:
3039:
3067:
3743:(CTE), and thus has been studied in sports where athletes suffer repeated concussions. Tau is important as it helps hold together and stabilize brain neurons. Woodpeckers' brains share similarities to humans with CTE showing most build-up in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is not yet known whether these accumulations are pathological or the result of behavioral changes. More research is being done on the subject and the woodpecker is a suitable animal model to study. The orientation of the brain within the skull increases the area of contact when pecking to reduce stress on the brain, and their small size helps, given the acceleration speeds.
141:
3086:
3793:(CFRP), this is to mimic the high-strength beak. Next is a rubber layer core for the hyoid bone for absorbing and spreading impact, a second core layer of aluminum honeycomb that is porous and light like the woodpecker's spongey bone for impact cushioning. The final layer is the same as the first a CFRP to act as the skull bone. Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams when compared to conventional beams reduced area damage by 50β80% and carried 40 to 5% of the level of stresses in the bottom layer while having an impact-resistance efficiency 1.65 to 16.22 times higher.
127:
3733:βsafety beltβ the woodpecker has uneven beak lengths which drastically reduce strains when compared to equal length. Models have shown that pecking force is changed to strain energy and stored into the body at around 99% absorption while 1% is in the head. The head also has many factors that reduce strain to the brain and small portions of energy are dissipated into the form of heat; therefore the pecks are always intermittent. Others dispute shock-absorption in the head (which reduces the force of pecking) but instead point to adaptations within the brain itself.
3660:
1011:
second) is heavily conserved within species. Comparative analyses within species between distant geographic populations have shown that cadence is heavily conserved across species' respective ranges, indicating that there likely are not 'dialects' as seen in passerine song. Drumming in woodpeckers is controlled by a set of nuclei in the forebrain that closely resemble the brain regions that underlie song learning and production in many songbirds. A 2023 study revealed a strong association between extractive foraging and relative brain size across the Family
455:
663:
904:
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as opposed to regular hammering tend to have longer and more decurved bills. Due to their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. Their long, sticky tongues, which possess barbs, aid these birds in grabbing and extracting insects from deep within a hole in a tree. The tongue was reported to be used to spear grubs, but more detailed studies published in 2004 have shown that the tongue instead wraps around the prey before being pulled out.
161:
525:, consisting of four toes, the first (hallux) and the fourth facing backward and the second and third facing forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up tree trunks, which is beneficial for activities such as foraging for food or nest excavation. In addition to their strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short, strong legs. This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. Exceptions are the
573:
3023:
1247:
1059:
1139:
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excavation; other wood chips are liberally scattered on the ground, thus providing visual evidence of the site of the nest. Many species of woodpeckers excavate one hole per breeding season, sometimes after multiple attempts. It takes around a month to finish the job and abandoned holes are used by other birds and mammals that are cavity nesters unable to excavate their own holes.
609:, which is distributed throughout the bird's body, with only a small remaining fraction of the energy going into the brain. The pecking also causes the woodpecker's skull to heat up, which is part of the reason why they often peck in short bursts with brief breaks in between, giving the head some time to cool. During the millisecond before contact with wood, a thickened
373:. They usually nest and roost in holes that they excavate in tree trunks, and their abandoned holes are of importance to other cavity-nesting birds. They sometimes come into conflict with humans when they make holes in buildings or feed on fruit crops, but perform a useful service by their removal of insect pests on trees.
3584:, demonstrating the quality of the habitat. Their hole-making abilities make their presence in an area an important part of the ecosystem, because these cavities are used for breeding and roosting by many bird species that are unable to excavate their own holes, as well as being used by various mammals and invertebrates.
1684:
Stepwise adaptations for drilling, tapping, and climbing head first on vertical surfaces have been suggested. The last common ancestor of woodpeckers (Picidae) was incapable of climbing up tree trunks or excavating nest cavities by drilling with its beak. The first adaptations for drilling (including
1102:
Ecologically, woodpeckers help to keep trees healthy by keeping them from suffering mass infestations. The family is noted for its ability to acquire wood-boring grubs from the trunks and branches, whether the timber is alive or dead. Having hammered a hole into the wood, the prey is extracted by use
1090:
Other means are also used to garner prey. Some species, such as the red-naped sapsucker, sally into the air to catch flying insects, and many species probe into crevices and under bark, or glean prey from leaves and twigs. The rufous woodpecker specialises in attacking the nests of arboreal ants, and
1045:
range for efficient transmission through forested environments. Mated couples may exchange muted, low-pitched calls, and nestlings often issue noisy begging calls from inside their nest cavity. The wrynecks have a more musical song, and in some areas, the song of the newly arrived
Eurasian wryneck is
597:
surrounding it to prevent it from moving back and forth inside the skull during pecking, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which maximises the contact area between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact. The skull consists of strong but compressible, sponge-like bone,
568:
Furthermore, the tongue bone (or hyoid bone) of the woodpecker is very long, and winds around the skull through a special cavity, thereby cushioning the brain. Combined, this anatomy helps the beak absorb mechanical stress. Species of woodpecker and flicker that use their bills in soil or for probing
1178:
Cavities are in great demand for nesting by other cavity nesters, so woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. This may come from other species of woodpecker, or other cavity-nesting birds such as swallows and starlings. Woodpeckers may
1174:
Woodpeckers and piculets excavate their own nests, but wrynecks do not, and need to find pre-existing cavities. A typical nest has a round entrance hole that just fits the bird, leading to an enlarged vertical chamber below. No nesting material is used, apart from some wood chips produced during the
1010:
rituals. Individual birds are thought to be able to distinguish the drumming of their mates and those of their neighbors. Drumming can be reliably used to distinguish between multiple species in a region, even if those species are phenotypically similar. Cadence (or the mean number of drum beats per
1202:
cooperative breeder where groups of up to 12 individuals breed and help to raise the young. Young birds from previous years may stay behind to help raise the group's young, and studies have found reproductive success for the group goes up with group size, but individual success goes down. Birds may
969:
with other insectivorous birds, although they tend to stay at the edges of these groups. Joining these flocks allows woodpeckers to decrease their anti-predator vigilance and increase their feeding rate. Woodpeckers are diurnal, roosting at night inside holes and crevices. In many species the roost
1001:
Drumming is a form of nonvocal communication used by most species of woodpeckers, and involves the bill being repeatedly struck on a hard surface with great rapidity. After a pause, the drum roll is repeated, with each species having a pattern that is unique in the number of beats in the roll, the
3771:
The jaw apparatus was studied, looking into its cushioning effects. When comparing the same impact to the beak and to the forehead, the forehead experiences an impact force 1.72 times that of the beak, due to the contact time being 3.25 ms in the forehead and 4.9 ms in the beak. This is
368:
Members of this family are chiefly known for their characteristic behaviour. They mostly forage for insect prey on the trunks and branches of trees, and often communicate by drumming with their beaks, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance. Some species vary their diet
3555:
In general, humans consider woodpeckers in a favourable light; they are viewed as interesting birds and fascinating to watch as they drum or forage, but their activities are not universally appreciated. Many woodpecker species are known to excavate holes in buildings, fencing, and utility poles,
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young. In most species, though, the male does most of the nest excavation and takes the night shift while incubating the eggs. A clutch usually consists of two to five round, white eggs. Since these birds are cavity nesters, their eggs do not need to be camouflaged and the white color helps the
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living under bark and in wood, but overall, the family is characterized by its dietary flexibility, with many species being both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. The diet includes ants, termites, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, spiders, other arthropods, bird eggs, nestlings, small
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behaviors include bill pointing and jabbing, head shaking, wing flicking, chasing, drumming, and vocalizations. Ritual actions do not usually result in contact, and birds may "freeze" for a while before they resume their dispute. The colored patches may be flouted, and in some instances, these
4488:
3682:
Nevertheless, several woodpeckers are under threat as their habitats are destroyed. Being woodland birds, deforestation and clearance of land for agriculture and other purposes can reduce populations dramatically. Some species adapt to living in plantations and secondary growth, or to open
1789:
was not included in the study. The relative positions of
Picumninae, Sasiinae and Picinae in the cladogram are uncertain. In the 2017 study the results depended upon which of two different statistical procedures were used to analyse the DNA sequence data. One method found that Sasiinae was
1015:
indicating that a larger brain does not necessarily result in more powerful drumming abilities, but is implicated in foraging behaviors, as the act of sensing and retrieving wood-boring larvae from woody substrates likely requires an increase in sensory and motor control capabilities.
3591:
needs to survive intact when a plane falls from the sky, and modelling the black box with regard to a woodpecker's anatomy has increased the resistance of this device to damage 60-fold. The design of protective helmets is another field being influenced by the study of woodpeckers.
3706:
is classified as extinct in the wild, with some authorities believing them extinct, though possible but disputed ongoing sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers have been made in the United States and a small population may survive in Cuba. A critically endangered species is the
764:
all move southwards in the fall in North
America. Most woodpecker movements can be described as dispersive, such as when young birds seek territories after fledging, or eruptive, to escape harsh weather conditions. Several species are altitudinal migrants, for example the
1234:, where adults continue to feed their young for several months. In general, cavity nesting is a successful strategy and a higher proportion of young is reared than is the case with birds that nest in the open. In Africa, several species of honeyguide are
3559:
Woodpeckers also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, downspouts, chimneys, vents, and aluminium sheeting. Drumming is a less-forceful type of pecking that serves to establish territory and attract mates. Houses with
1206:
3724:
Woodpeckers possess many sophisticated shock-absorption mechanisms that help protect them from head injury. Micro-CT scans show that plate-like spongy bones are in the skull with an uneven distribution, highly accumulated in the forehead and
1032:
birds, and the sounds they make tend to be simpler in structure. Calls produced include brief, high-pitched notes, trills, rattles, twittering, whistling, chattering, nasal churrs, screams, and wails. These calls are used by both sexes in
3564:
or wooden boarding are also attractive as possible nesting or roosting sites, especially when close to large trees or woodland. Several exploratory holes may be made, especially at the junctions of vertical boards or at the corners of
544:
that they use for drilling and drumming on trees, and long, sticky tongues for extracting food (insects and larvae). Woodpecker bills are typically longer, sharper, and stronger than the bills of piculets and wrynecks, but their
987:
891:
enlarged as it extended eastwards. With the exception of the green and middle-spotted woodpeckers, the increase in the amount of deadwood is likely to be the major factor explaining the population increase of these species.
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produces a significantly higher Young's modulus and ultimate strength scores compared to other birds its size. The cranial bone has a high bone mineral density with plate-like structures that are thick with high numbers of
1075:
rodents, lizards, fruit, nuts, and sap. Many insects and their grubs are taken from living and dead trees by excavation. The bird may hear sounds from inside the timber indicating where creating a hole would be productive.
537:, which have only three toes on each foot. The tails of all woodpeckers, except the piculets and wrynecks, are stiffened, and when the bird perches on a vertical surface, the tail and feet work together to support it.
1006:. Woodpeckers choose a surface that resonates, such as a hollow tree, and may use man-made structures such as gutters and downpipes. Drumming serves for the mutual recognition of conspecifics and plays a part in
142:
1046:
considered to be the harbinger of spring. The piculets either have a song consisting of a long, descending trill, or a descending series of two to six (sometimes more) individual notes, and this song alerts
989:
1154:
in cavities, nearly always in the trunks and branches of trees, well away from the foliage. Where possible, an area of rotten wood surrounded by sound timber is used. Where trees are in short supply, the
474:
at 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in length and a weight of 8.9 g (0.31 oz). Some of the largest woodpeckers can be more than 50 cm (20 in) in length. The largest surviving species is the
642:
have a fast, direct form of flight, but the majority of species have a typical undulating flight pattern consisting of a series of rapid flaps followed by a swooping glide. Many birds in the genus
5175:
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from Japan, with a single declining population of a few hundred birds. It is threatened by deforestation, golf course, dam, and helipad construction, road building, and agricultural development.
3789:
Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams are inspired by the woodpecker's skull design; this beam's goal is to withstand continuous impacts without the need of replacement. The BHSB is composed of
949:
lives, but their behavior ranges from highly antisocial species that are aggressive towards their own kind, to species that live in groups. Solitary species defend such feeding resources as a
922:
1657:
The evolutionary history of this group is not well documented, but the known fossils allow some preliminary conclusions; the earliest known modern picids were piculet-like forms of the Late
809:
have been colonised by various species. These habitats are more easily occupied where a small number of trees exist, or in the case of desert species like the Gila woodpecker, tall
3587:
The spongy bones of the woodpecker's skull and the flexibility of its beak, both of which provide protection for the brain when drumming, have provided inspiration to engineers; a
840:
Several species are adapted to spending a portion of their time feeding on the ground, and a very small minority have abandoned trees entirely and nest in holes in the ground. The
589:
from the rapid and repeated powerful impacts, woodpeckers have a number of physical features that protect their brains. These include a relatively small and smooth brain, narrow
920:
617:
from tearing. Their nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them. Woodpeckers are capable of repeated pecking on a tree at high
3776:
where impulse is the integral of force over time. The quadrate bone and joints play an important role in extending impact time, which decreases impact load to brain tissue.
887:. Populations of all these species increased by varying amounts from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the amount of deadwood in the forest increased and the range of the
602:
which subdivides, passes on either side of the spinal column and wraps around the brain case, before ending in the right nostril cavity. It plays the role of safety-belt.
6812:
Webb DM, Moore WS (August 2005). "A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt b, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order
Piciformes)".
988:
974:
makes several shallow holes for roosting which are quite distinct from its nesting site. Most birds roost alone and will oust intruders from their chosen site, but the
3683:
countryside with forest remnants and scattered trees, but some do not. A few species have even flourished when they have adapted to man-made habitats. There are few
3572:
Woodpeckers sometimes cause problems when they raid fruit crops, but their foraging activities are mostly beneficial as they control forest insect pests such as the
6319:"Comparative study of the mechanical properties, micro-structure, and composition of the cranial and beak bones of the great spotted woodpecker and the lark bird"
921:
6503:
Fuchs J, Pons JM (July 2015). "A new classification of the Pied
Woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny".
1665:(Mya). By that time, however, the group was already present in the Americas and Europe, and they actually may have evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the
1230:
and ready to leave the nest. In most species, soon after this, the young are left to fend for themselves, exceptions being the various social species, and the
1226:
parents to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about 11β14 days before they hatch. About 18β30 days are then needed before the chicks are fully
725:
that are found in
Southeast Asia. The wrynecks (Jynginae) are found exclusively in the Old World, with the two species occurring in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
5418:
Benz BW, Robbins MB, Peterson AT (August 2006). "Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree".
1654:
as the sister group of all remaining true woodpeckers, besides a sister-group relationship between the true woodpecker tribes
Dendropicini and Malarpicini.
1179:
aggressively harass potential competitors, and also use other strategies to reduce the chance of being usurped from their nesting sites; for example, the
5200:
479:, which weighs 430 g (15 oz) on average and up to 563 g (19.9 oz), and measures 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), but the extinct
6409:
Abo Sabah SH, Kueh AB, Al-Fasih MY (April 2018). "Bio-inspired vs. conventional sandwich beams: A low-velocity repeated impact behavior exploration".
4604:
Miles MC, Schuppe ER, Fuxjager MJ (2020). "Selection for Rhythm as a
Trigger for Recursive Evolution in the Elaborate Display System of Woodpeckers".
1673:(10β15 Mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. A feather enclosed in fossil
1644:
of the
Picidae, which seem to have originated in the Old World, but the geographic origins of the Picinae is unclear. The Picumninae are returned as
4952:
494:
of woodpeckers varies from drab to conspicuous. The colours of many species are based on olive and brown and some are pied, suggesting a need for
7275:
5882:
1002:
length of the roll, the length of the gap between rolls, and the cadence. The drumming is mainly a territorial call, equivalent to the song of a
3679:
faced by the various bird families, woodpeckers were the only bird family to have significantly fewer species at risk than would be expected.
3524:
598:
which is most concentrated in the forehead and the back of the skull. Another anatomical adaptation of woodpeckers is the enormously elongated
7314:
3509:
3759:, but they do not always peck in straight lines, so they produce and resist centripetal forces. Laboratory tests show that the woodpeckers'
6366:
Xu P, Ni Y, Lu S, Liu S, Zhou X, Fan Y (January 2021). "The cushioning function of woodpecker's jaw apparatus during the pecking process".
5678:
Fuchs J, Ohlson J, Ericson P, Pasquet E (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the piculets (Piciformes: Picumninae)".
3556:
creating health and/or safety issues for affected structures. Such activity is very difficult to discourage and can be costly to repair.
3533:
498:; others are boldly patterned in black, white, and red, and many have a crest or tufted feathers on their crowns. Woodpeckers tend to be
6466:
Dufort MJ (January 2016). "An augmented supermatrix phylogeny of the avian family
Picidae reveals uncertainty deep in the family tree".
5945:
Copeyon CK, Walters JR, Carter III JH (1991). "Induction of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Group Formation by Artificial Cavity Construction".
4913:
Winkler H, Christie DA, Kirwan GM (2020). del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (eds.). "Great Spotted Woodpecker (
6679:
Lemaitre J, Villard MA (2005). "Foraging patterns of pileated woodpeckers in a managed Acadian forest: a resource selection function".
5396:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 146, 245.
7396:
5474:
4205:
3691:
has been the focus of much conservation effort in the southeastern United States, with artificial cavities being constructed in the
585:
Many of the foraging, breeding, and signaling behaviors of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using their bills. To prevent
7249:
1725:
excepting, the tail feathers were further transformed for specialized support, the pygostyle disc became greatly enlarged, and the
3639:
as analogous to its real-world counterpart. Its later forms (called "evolutions" in the series) Trumbeak and Toucannon resemble a
1183:
digs its nest in the underside of a small branch, which reduces the chance that a larger species will take it over and expand it.
707:, are distributed across the entire range of the family. The Picumninae piculets have a pantropical distribution, with species in
7288:
1794:
to Picinae (as shown below), the other method found that Sasiinae was sister to a clade containing both Picumninae and Picinae.
1171:
specialises in bamboos. Woodpeckers also excavate nest holes in residential and commercial structures and wooden utility poles.
1774:
1697:) evolved in the ancestral lineage of piculets and true woodpeckers. Additional adaptations for drilling and tapping (enlarged
1337:
6611:
6592:
6448:
5793:
5224:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
4897:
4697:
4670:
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Styring, Alison R.; Hussin, Mohamed Zakaria bin (2004). "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests".
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that create galleries behind the bark and can kill trees. They also eat ants, which may be tending sap-sucking pests such as
7293:
1636:
patterns and evolutionary history. Most notably, the relationship of the Picinae genera has been largely clarified, and the
6998:
4489:"An increase in the population of woodpeckers and other bird species thanks to an increase in the quantities of deadwood?"
6681:
5131:
Koenig WD (1981). "Reproductive success, group size, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker".
3038:
1732:
Prehistoric representatives of the extant Picidae genera are treated in the genus articles. An enigmatic form based on a
997:) tapping, with a few background sounds as well. Species/location unknown, presumably from the continental United States.
5514:
and the stepwise evolution of adaptations for drilling, tapping and climbing up in true woodpeckers (Picinae, Picidae)"
4135:
3898:
1126:
also feed on sap. The technique was once thought to be restricted to the New World, but Old World species, such as the
4775:"Forebrain nuclei linked to woodpecker territorial drum displays mirror those that enable vocal learning in songbirds"
6630:
5898:"Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data"
3647:, respectively, perhaps as a tongue-in-cheek reference to the phylogenetic relationship woodpeckers share with these
1083:, and carrion may be eaten by some species, including the great spotted woodpecker, and bird feeders are visited for
361:
habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the
3601:
3066:
965:
Group-living species tend to be communal group breeders. In addition to these species, a number of species may join
7353:
7228:
4557:"Macroevolutionary patterning of woodpecker drums reveals how sexual selection elaborates signals under constraint"
3740:
1681:, dated to about 25 Mya, however, seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then.
657:
6879:
6775:
5106:
5037:
4407:
3569:. The birds may also drill holes in houses as they forage for insect larvae and pupae hidden behind the woodwork.
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7241:
3790:
6158:
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during the time they were abandoned in the wild, thus enabling them to survive and play their part in history.
884:
856:
715:, with the greatest diversity being in South America. The second piculet subfamily, the Sasiinae, contains the
534:
530:
7301:
5176:"Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960)"
970:
will become the nest-site during the breeding season, but in some species they have separate functions; the
1328:
is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
966:
769:, which moves to lowlands from hills during winter. The woodpeckers that do migrate, do so during the day.
766:
7171:
6159:"How the woodpecker avoids brain injury despite high-speed impacts via optimal anti-shock body structure"
1103:
of a long, barbed tongue. Woodpeckers consume beetles that burrow into trees, removing as many as 85% of
553:
action in birds that regularly use it on wood. The beak consists of three layers; an outer sheath called
31:
17:
5568:
5546:
3751:
Straight-line trajectory was theorized to be the reason why woodpeckers do not injure themselves, since
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evolved. These latter characters may have facilitated enormous increases in body size in some lineages.
1726:
1187:
648:
have distinctive, rowing wing-strokes while the piculets engage in short bursts of rapid direct flight.
7176:
6025:
5860:
5644:
5334:
4956:
3060:
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disputes, and alarm calls. Each species has its own range of calls, which tend to be in the 1.0 to 2.5
605:
Computer simulations have shown that 99.7% of the energy generated in pecking is stored in the form of
487:, around 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) and 516 g (18.2 oz), were probably both larger.
7358:
6937:
3687:
projects directed primarily at woodpeckers, but they benefit whenever their habitat is conserved. The
859:
has set up a monitoring program to record breeding populations of woodland birds. This has shown that
6702:
Michalek KG, Winkler H (2001). "Parental care and parentage in monogamous great spotted woodpeckers (
5377:
The name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of Zoology at the time.
4826:"Extractive foraging behaviour in woodpeckers evolves in species that retain a large ancestral brain"
3580:, as is the case with the rufous woodpecker in coffee plantations in India. Woodpeckers can serve as
3421:
1163:
excavate holes in cactus, and the Andean flicker and ground woodpecker dig holes in earth banks. The
880:
876:
872:
829:
in this case). Other species are generalists and are able to adapt to forest clearance by exploiting
733:
684:
503:
4357:
4182:
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sometimes chooses termite mounds, the rufous woodpecker prefers to use ants' nests in trees and the
160:
7401:
6991:
6855:
5183:
3773:
3363:
1210:
1160:
1099:. Other species, such as the wrynecks and the Andean flicker, feed wholly or partly on the ground.
971:
868:
737:
671:
622:
507:
4872:
1298:). The clade Pici (woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides) is well supported and shares a
6642:
3699:
3688:
3664:
3620:
is an animated character that appeared in theatrical short films produced between 1940 and 1972.
1123:
1092:
888:
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for breeding and roosting holes allows some woodpeckers to live in treeless deserts, such as the
626:
526:
484:
6640:
Koenig WD, Haydock J (1999). "Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers".
3624:
1765:
study of the woodpeckers published in 2017 together with the list of bird species maintained by
1186:
Members of Picidae are typically monogamous, with a few species breeding cooperatively and some
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7124:
3488:
3042:
3026:
1778:
1762:
1231:
1195:
1180:
954:
837:, and parks. In general, forest-dwelling species need rotting or dead wood on which to forage.
757:
476:
459:
6183:
Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Mielke, Maja (1 January 2024). "Why woodpeckers don't get concussions".
4887:
4687:
4660:
4232:"Woodpecker drilling behavior. An endorsement of the rotational theory of impact brain injury"
7391:
7340:
7332:
7280:
6970:
5876:
5783:
5368:
3684:
3085:
1118:) feed in this fashion, but the technique is not restricted to these, and others such as the
975:
749:
439:
6931:
4714:
4528:
Kimberly S (1984). "Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks".
4088:"How do woodpeckers extract grubs with their tongues? A study of the Guadeloupe woodpecker (
7381:
7197:
6947:
6821:
6744:
6651:
6553:
6512:
6475:
6234:
6192:
6065:
5605:
5427:
5364:
5288:
5226:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3β²-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
4061:
4014:
1750:
1710:
1633:
1625:
1191:
1034:
913:
610:
546:
471:
247:
1648:. Morphological and behavioural characters, in addition to DNA evidence, highlights genus
1194:, where a female raises two broods with two separate males, has also been reported in the
8:
6984:
6002:
5837:
5338:
3810:
3703:
3659:
3628:
1333:
860:
786:
761:
594:
480:
134:
6825:
6748:
6655:
6557:
6516:
6479:
6238:
6196:
6069:
5609:
5431:
5311:
5292:
5276:
4866:
4018:
3768:
that are spaced closely together which all may lead to lower deformation while pecking.
1669:(50 Mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-
1640:
was found to be a surviving offshoot of protowoodpeckers. Genetic analysis supports the
126:
6904:
6800:
6667:
6391:
6348:
6257:
6222:
6140:
6088:
6053:
5962:
5922:
5897:
5467:(Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns"
5387:
5156:
5148:
5087:
4930:
4801:
4774:
4629:
4581:
4556:
4430:
4388:
4338:
4256:
4231:
4113:
4037:
4002:
3971:
3765:
3708:
1678:
1127:
1038:
700:
155:
6869:
6850:
6422:
6128:
5083:
1705:
and fused lower mandible) have evolved in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (
7327:
7184:
7162:
6837:
6762:
6663:
6626:
6607:
6588:
6571:
6528:
6491:
6444:
6395:
6383:
6340:
6293:
6280:
Gibson LJ (November 2006). "Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury".
6262:
6132:
6093:
5927:
5789:
5691:
5623:
5593:
5488:
5443:
5316:
5257:
5252:
5196:
4934:
4893:
4847:
4806:
4736:
4693:
4666:
4633:
4621:
4586:
4342:
4261:
4154:
4042:
3904:
3862:
3752:
3606:
3581:
3573:
3566:
3281:
3222:
3189:
3152:
1879:
1698:
1690:
1662:
1637:
1168:
1114:, an important source of food for some species. Most famously, the sapsuckers (genus
1104:
1025:
1007:
841:
578:
499:
6923:
6352:
6144:
5724:
5160:
5091:
4392:
4117:
3975:
565:
fibers, and a middle layer made of porous bone which connects the two other layers.
454:
7386:
7189:
7028:
6896:
6887:
6864:
6829:
6792:
6783:
6752:
6719:
6690:
6671:
6659:
6561:
6520:
6483:
6418:
6375:
6330:
6297:
6289:
6252:
6242:
6200:
6124:
6112:
6083:
6073:
6020:
5954:
5917:
5909:
5855:
5753:
5687:
5648:
5613:
5525:
5483:
5435:
5397:
5306:
5296:
5247:
5237:
5192:
5140:
5079:
5016:
4922:
4837:
4824:
CΓ‘rdenas-Posada, Ghislaine; Iwaniuk, Andrew N.; Fuxjager, Matthew J. (2023-04-01).
4796:
4786:
4726:
4613:
4576:
4568:
4537:
4469:
4422:
4380:
4328:
4251:
4243:
4158:
4150:
4103:
4032:
4022:
3963:
3617:
3596:
1770:
1632:
published in 1819. The phylogeny has been updated according to new knowledge about
1218:
1143:
1119:
864:
830:
822:
753:
741:
662:
319:
6379:
4842:
4825:
4756:"Slave to the Rhythm: Variation in the Acoustic Signaling of Picoides Woodpeckers"
4461:
1282:, have traditionally been thought to be closely related to the woodpecker family (
7020:
7007:
6247:
6078:
5652:
5391:
4791:
4755:
4356:
Reichlin TS, Schaub M, Menz MH, Mermod M, Portner P, Arlettaz R, Jenni L (2008).
4333:
4308:
4027:
3692:
3588:
3358:
3137:
2521:
1846:
1322:
946:
716:
443:
377:
362:
7306:
6953:
6833:
6757:
6732:
6566:
6541:
6524:
6487:
5618:
5439:
958:
613:
closes, protecting the eye from flying debris. These membranes also prevent the
502:, but differences between the sexes are generally small; exceptions to this are
7236:
7223:
7088:
5301:
4731:
3726:
3499:
3467:
3369:
2866:
2539:
1741:
1694:
1629:
1539:
1235:
1199:
1156:
1037:
and are related to the circumstances of the occasion; these include courtship,
849:
729:
708:
590:
419:
116:
6723:
6335:
6318:
5005:) nest cavities in urban and suburban forests in Sapporo City, northern Japan"
4384:
3967:
3892:
Winkler, Hans & Christie, David A. (2002), "Family Picidae (Woodpeckers)"
7375:
6054:"Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation"
6011:
5846:
5809:
5242:
5225:
4851:
4740:
4003:"Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation"
3483:
3311:
3260:
3252:
2350:
2162:
1702:
1422:
1318:
1299:
1203:
be forced to remain in groups due to a lack of habitat to which to disperse.
1164:
606:
522:
270:
80:
6052:
Wang L, Cheung JT, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y (2011-10-26). Briffa M (ed.).
4773:
Schuppe ER, Cantin L, Chakraborty M, Biegler MT, Jarvis ER, Chen CC (2022).
4541:
1198:. Another unusual social system is that of the acorn woodpecker, which is a
7147:
7076:
7062:
6841:
6766:
6575:
6532:
6495:
6387:
6344:
6266:
6097:
5913:
5627:
5447:
5320:
5261:
4810:
4625:
4590:
4572:
4046:
3760:
3561:
3427:
3295:
3217:
2724:
2298:
2137:
2017:
1791:
1666:
1555:
1470:
1307:
1303:
1271:
1071:
845:
782:
618:
586:
423:
403:
384:
264:
222:
5931:
4926:
3839:)". In del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (eds.).
572:
561:
proteins, an inner layer of bone which has a large cavity and mineralised
7262:
7156:
7094:
6965:
6946:
5064:"Parental care and social mating system in the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
4713:
Dodenhoff, Danielle J.; Stark, Robert D.; Johnson, Eric V. (2001-02-01).
4265:
4247:
3736:
3528:(Ogallala Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, US) β possibly dendropicine
3475:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3384:
3350:
3342:
3276:
2884:
2816:
2773:
2755:
2606:
2496:
2471:
2212:
1745:
1516:
1321:
relationship between the woodpeckers and the eight other families in the
1047:
688:
346:
55:
6302:
6136:
4163:
1686:
813:
are available for nesting. Some are specialists and are associated with
554:
7106:
7011:
6908:
6804:
5966:
5152:
4434:
3756:
3730:
3676:
3640:
3408:
3392:
3287:
3268:
3228:
3202:
3184:
3059:
The woodpecker family Picidae contains 37 genera. For more detail, see
3022:
2683:
2624:
2230:
2187:
2035:
1961:
1942:
1839:
1650:
1383:
1367:
1347:
1325:
1279:
1259:
1096:
1076:
937:
712:
692:
644:
599:
495:
435:
396:
380:
350:
342:
298:
256:
212:
100:
65:
6542:"Biogeography and diversification dynamics of the African woodpeckers"
6204:
5980:
5530:
5509:
5342:
5021:
5000:
3519:β Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
1721:
included), which facilitated climbing head first up tree limbs. Genus
7267:
7210:
5107:"Classical polyandry in the West Indian woodpecker on Abaco, Bahamas"
5063:
4473:
3459:
3416:
3303:
3236:
2841:
2730:
2316:
2069:
1782:
1758:
1714:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1295:
1222:
1151:
1111:
1029:
818:
814:
802:
794:
638:
392:
369:
with fruits, birds' eggs, small animals, tree sap, human scraps, and
338:
334:
172:
105:
49:
7254:
7118:
6976:
6900:
6796:
6694:
5958:
5401:
4426:
1624:
The name Picidae for the family was introduced by English zoologist
1246:
7215:
7141:
7070:
7051:
6930:
5144:
4617:
3623:
The PokΓ©mon Pikipek was introduced in the seventh generation games
3577:
3400:
3327:
3244:
2665:
2393:
2087:
1811:
1737:
1733:
1493:
1267:
1003:
790:
562:
411:
358:
286:
192:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
1717:
lamina was enlarged in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (
1302:
with the Galbuli (puffbirds and jacamars). More recently, several
1058:
789:, but occur in almost all suitable habitats, including woodlands,
7045:
7037:
4715:"Do Woodpecker Drums Encode Information for Species Recognition?"
3319:
3171:
3131:
3118:
3112:
2375:
1920:
1818:
1670:
1311:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1263:
1080:
994:
950:
834:
778:
704:
630:
558:
550:
549:
is very similar. The bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the
515:
491:
467:
427:
415:
407:
370:
330:
326:
292:
232:
110:
85:
5569:"A new Pliocene woodpecker, with comments on the fossil Picidae"
5277:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
7082:
6851:"Clutch size relative to tree cavity size in northern flickers"
4772:
3896:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (2002).
3835:
Winkler H, Christie DA, Bonan A (2020). "Bar-breasted Piculet (
3644:
3605:, refers to a legend of a woodpecker bringing food to the boys
3096:
3053:
1275:
1227:
1067:
810:
806:
798:
696:
614:
521:
Woodpeckers, piculets, and wrynecks all possess characteristic
388:
354:
182:
6952:
4823:
3516:β Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of New Mexico, US)
1258:
The Picidae are just one of nine living families in the order
844:
is one such species, inhabiting the rocky and grassy hills of
7202:
3160:
1897:
1674:
1138:
1050:
to the presence of the birds, as they are easily overlooked.
1042:
745:
721:
667:
511:
431:
400:
5592:
Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017).
5547:"A feather in amber from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey"
5223:
4662:
The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors
6368:
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering
5835:
5518:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
4206:"Woodpecker Bodies Cushion Collision Impact On Bird Brains"
4109:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0509:HDWEGW]2.0.CO;2
3941:
A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America
3668:
3079:
1084:
744:, which breeds in Europe and west Asia and migrates to the
541:
426:
of these two groups. The family Picidae includes about 240
316:
202:
6111:
May PR, Newman P, Fuster JM, Hirschman A (February 1976).
4408:"Factors Affecting Nest Site Location in Gila Woodpeckers"
3544:
DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, US) β malarpicine?
957:
and returning frequently until the resource is exhausted.
518:, which have an additional partial moult before breeding.
6731:
Shakya SB, Fuchs J, Pons JM, Sheldon FH (November 2017).
5677:
5375:(15th ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 63β68 .
4554:
3671:, and some authorities believe it may already be extinct.
826:
337:. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for
6623:
The green woodpecker : a monograph on Picus viridis
6110:
5944:
4355:
4136:"Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury"
695:. They are also absent from some of the world's oceanic
5104:
4561:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4229:
1241:
748:
in Africa in the winter. More northerly populations of
651:
6973:
published in United States by Dover Publications, Inc.
6733:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
6730:
6604:
The Black Woodpecker: a monograph on Dryocopus martius
6000:
5594:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
5591:
5061:
4001:
Wang L, Cheung JT, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y (2011).
3537:(Early Pliocene of Kansas, US) β possibly dendropicine
728:
Most woodpeckers are sedentary, but a few examples of
6773:
6408:
6182:
5754:"Three Reasons Why Woodpeckers Drill Holes on Houses"
5463:"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus
4985:
4983:
4912:
4712:
4446:
4444:
4230:
May PR, Fuster JM, Haber J, Hirschman A (June 1979).
1130:
and great spotted woodpecker, also feed in this way.
1110:
The ability to excavate allows woodpeckers to obtain
446:, being extinct and a further two possibly being so.
5643:
5393:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
5333:
4603:
4555:
Miles MC, Schuppe ER, Ligon RM, Fuxjager MJ (2018).
3834:
3729:
but not in other regions. Along with the long
353:
and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in
5417:
4486:
4306:
962:antagonistic behaviors resemble courtship rituals.
376:The Picidae are one of nine living families in the
6880:"Incubation and fledging durations of woodpeckers"
6585:Woodpeckers of Europe: a study of European Picidae
6220:
6026:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22681531A125513230.en
5861:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681425A125486020.en
4980:
4441:
3811:"Family Picidae - Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks"
777:Overall, woodpeckers are arboreal birds of wooded
5566:
7373:
6776:"A quantitative analysis of woodpecker drumming"
6223:"Tau accumulations in the brains of woodpeckers"
5460:
5173:
4366: : an analysis of European ring recoveries"
3698:Two species of woodpeckers in the Americas, the
6701:
6678:
4953:"Resilient Woodpeckers hard to knock β or stop"
4921:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
4302:
4300:
978:and acorn woodpecker are cooperative roosters.
953:colony or fruit-laden tree, driving away other
6539:
6441:Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide
6051:
5507:
5373:Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum
5001:"Secondary users of Great Spotted Woodpecker (
4998:
4000:
3928:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
3843:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
3667:is classified as critically endangered by the
1217:A pair works together to help build the nest,
483:, at 55 to 61 cm (22 to 24 in), and
399:, which (along with woodpeckers) comprise the
6992:
6639:
5895:
5105:Willimont LA, Jackson JA, Jackson BJ (1991).
4946:
4944:
4085:
3953:
3920:Jackson JA (2020). "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (
1024:Woodpeckers do not have such a wide range of
699:, although many insular species are found on
6966:Life histories of North American woodpeckers
6587:. Chalfont St Peter, Bucks.: Bruce Coleman.
6316:
5981:"The search for the ivory-billed woodpecker"
5544:
5038:"Burdens of the Picid Hole-Excavating Habit"
4321:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
4307:Sangster, G.; Gaudin, J.; Fuchs, J. (2022).
4297:
3627:. In addition to being a visual homage to a
863:is an important habitat requirement for the
6774:Stark RD, Dodenhoff DJ, Johnson EV (1998).
6221:Farah G, Siwek D, Cummings P (2018-02-02).
5881:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5748:
5746:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
4892:. Princeton University Press. p. 464.
4692:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 264.
4658:
4645:
4643:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4059:
3550:
1262:. Other members of this group, such as the
6999:
6985:
6848:
5777:
5775:
5062:Wiktander U, Olsson O, Nilsson SG (2000).
4941:
4462:"The evolution of terrestrial woodpeckers"
4405:
3938:
3919:
3654:
470:, the smallest of which appears to be the
449:
125:
6877:
6868:
6811:
6756:
6565:
6540:Fuchs J, Pons JM, Bowie RC (March 2017).
6502:
6365:
6334:
6301:
6256:
6246:
6087:
6077:
6024:
5921:
5859:
5810:"Pikipek | PokΓ©dex | More at Pokemon.com"
5617:
5587:
5585:
5529:
5487:
5475:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5310:
5300:
5251:
5241:
5167:
5020:
4841:
4800:
4790:
4730:
4580:
4332:
4255:
4162:
4129:
4127:
4107:
4036:
4026:
6317:Wang L, Zhang H, Fan Y (November 2011).
5902:Computer Applications in the Biosciences
5743:
5698:
5560:
5538:
4665:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
4652:
4640:
4527:
4503:
4281:
3746:
3714:
3658:
3084:
3065:
3037:
3021:
1245:
1205:
1137:
1057:
985:
661:
571:
510:, which differ markedly. The plumage is
453:
434:. Almost 20 species are threatened with
5889:
5831:
5829:
5781:
5772:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5413:
5411:
5274:
4176:
4174:
3982:
3856:
772:
14:
7374:
6924:Woodpecker videos, photos & sounds
6620:
6601:
6582:
6465:
6438:
6279:
6047:
6045:
6043:
5639:
5637:
5582:
5130:
5124:
4992:
4950:
4685:
4679:
4487:Mollet P, Zbinden N, Schmid H (2009).
4223:
4203:
4133:
4124:
3996:
3994:
3048:Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus
1775:International Ornithological Committee
1338:International Ornithological Committee
678:
7123:
7122:
7006:
6980:
6814:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6737:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6625:. Great Britain: Amazon/Picus Press.
6546:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6505:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6468:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
6216:
6214:
5836:BirdLife International 2018 (2018) .
5719:
5717:
5659:. International Ornithologists' Union
5598:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5461:Moore WS, Weibel AC, Agius A (2006).
5454:
5420:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5363:
5345:. International Ornithologists' Union
5035:
4885:
4879:
4459:
4183:"Why woodpeckers don't get headaches"
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3852:
3850:
3808:
3779:
7242:1f2b2bf1-d885-4769-8d3b-f80159e5ac34
7103:(woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks)
5983:. Big Woods Conservation Partnership
5826:
5496:
5408:
5386:
4864:
4753:
4180:
4171:
3901:. Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers.
1242:Systematics and evolutionary history
652:Distribution, habitat, and movements
6682:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
6411:Construction and Building Materials
6040:
6012:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5847:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5634:
4906:
3991:
1773:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1754:and probably also is a woodpecker.
1336:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1053:
24:
6706:) and middle spotted woodpeckers (
6458:
6211:
5947:The Journal of Wildlife Management
5760:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2002
5714:
5343:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
3899:Handbook of the Birds of the World
3875:
3857:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
3847:
3675:In a global survey of the risk of
3612:
1628:in a guide to the contents of the
1150:All members of the family Picidae
1107:larvae from individual ash trees.
1062:Holes bored by feeding woodpeckers
902:
703:. The true woodpeckers, subfamily
576:Diagram showing the hyoid bone of
25:
7413:
7054:(puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
6917:
6870:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2001.320210.x
6423:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.201
5896:Purvis A, Rambaut A (June 1995).
5567:Cracraft J, Morony Jr JJ (1969).
5275:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
5174:Johansson US, Ericson GP (2003).
5084:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310003.x
4689:Fundamentals Of Animals Behaviour
4062:"Woodpecker Beak Shock Absorbers"
3924:)". In Poole AF, Gill FB (eds.).
3859:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
3702:is critically endangered and the
3635:encyclopedia describes the small
3599:, preserved in the work known as
3017:
1519:β New World barbets (15 species)
514:fully once a year apart from the
365:specialises in exploiting cacti.
7397:Extant Miocene first appearances
6955:The New Student's Reference Work
6664:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00256.x
6432:
6294:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x
5692:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03768.x
5657:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
5489:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x
5197:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x
4155:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x
3741:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
3739:accumulation is associated with
1713:pairs became stiffened, and the
1066:Most woodpecker species feed on
936:Problems playing this file? See
928:A woodpecker pecking into a tree
918:
687:, although they are absent from
658:List of Piciformes by population
159:
53:
6926:on the Internet Bird Collection
6402:
6359:
6310:
6273:
6176:
6151:
6104:
6001:BirdLife International (2018).
5994:
5973:
5938:
5802:
5788:. Cherry Lake. pp. 24β26.
5671:
5380:
5357:
5327:
5268:
5230:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5217:
5098:
5055:
5029:
4971:
4858:
4817:
4766:
4747:
4706:
4597:
4548:
4521:
4480:
4453:
4399:
4349:
4272:
4197:
4079:
4053:
3791:carbon fiber-reinforced plastic
1496:β African barbets (42 species)
825:, with individual tree genera (
732:species are known, such as the
674:, which uses cacti for nesting.
636:Some large woodpeckers such as
535:Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers
5785:From Woodpeckers to... Helmets
4358:"Migration patterns of Hoopoe
3947:
3932:
3913:
3828:
3802:
3695:they favour as nesting sites.
3602:Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)
1761:is based on the comprehensive
885:Eurasian three-toed woodpecker
857:Swiss Ornithological Institute
13:
1:
6380:10.1080/10255842.2020.1838489
6129:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91477-x
6113:"Woodpeckers and Head Injury"
5545:Grimaldi DA, Case GR (1995).
5508:Manegold A, TΓΆpfer T (2013).
4999:Kotaka N, Matsuoka S (2002).
4843:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.02.003
3796:
1727:ectropodactyl toe arrangement
1542:β toucan barbets (2 species)
1473:β Asian barbets (35 species)
1306:analyses have confirmed that
967:mixed-species foraging flocks
821:woodlands, or even, like the
719:and two species in the genus
557:, made of scales formed from
466:Woodpeckers include the tiny
387:(comprising three families),
144:Tapping sound of a woodpecker
6248:10.1371/journal.pone.0191526
6079:10.1371/journal.pone.0026490
5725:"Stopping Woodpecker Damage"
5510:"The systematic position of
4955:. Birds News. Archived from
4792:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001751
4334:10.25226/bboc.v142i4.2022.a6
4086:Villard P, Cuisin J (2004).
4060:Helmenstine T (8 May 2014).
4028:10.1371/journal.pone.0026490
3164:β Asian piculets (2 species)
1441:β woodpeckers (240 species)
781:. They reach their greatest
767:grey-capped pygmy woodpecker
621:on the order of 10,000
7:
6849:Wiebe KL, Swift TL (2001).
6834:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015
6758:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
6567:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.01.007
6525:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016
6488:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.025
6323:Science China Life Sciences
5619:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
5440:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021
4309:"A new subfamily taxon for
4204:Gammon K (25 August 2014).
3956:Journal of Tropical Ecology
3861:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
3595:One of the accounts of the
2525:β orange-backed woodpecker
1425:β honeyguides (16 species)
1133:
993:The sound of a woodpecker (
981:
895:
32:Woodpecker (disambiguation)
10:
7418:
5302:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
3943:. Oxford University Press.
3939:Howell SN, Webb S (1995).
3719:
3567:tongue-and-groove boarding
3513:(Late Oligocene of France)
3061:list of woodpecker species
1221:the eggs, and raise their
1190:reported in a few others.
756:, Williamson's sapsucker,
683:Woodpeckers have a mostly
655:
462:using its tail for support
438:due to loss of habitat or
325:, which also includes the
29:
7131:
7061:
7036:
7018:
6724:10.1163/15685390152822210
6336:10.1007/s11427-011-4242-2
6019:: e.T22681531A125513230.
5854:: e.T22681425A125486020.
5576:American Museum Novitates
5554:American Museum Novitates
5253:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
4951:Graham R (24 July 2014).
4754:Baer, Alex (2018-01-05).
4466:American Museum Novitates
4406:Korol J, Hutto R (1984).
4385:10.1007/s10336-008-0361-3
3968:10.1017/S0266467404001579
3422:yellow-crowned woodpecker
3373:β 10 species (flamebacks)
2881:
2863:
2856:
2838:
2831:
2813:
2806:
2770:
2752:
2745:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2680:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2621:
2610:β 4 species (sapsuckers)
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2536:
2518:
2511:
2493:
2486:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2390:
2372:
2365:
2347:
2340:
2313:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2227:
2209:
2202:
2184:
2177:
2159:
2152:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2091:β 5 species (flamebacks)
2084:
2066:
2059:
2032:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1958:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1843:
1833:
1815:
1805:
1553:
1537:
1530:
1514:
1507:
1491:
1484:
1468:
1461:
1436:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1386:β puffbirds (38 species)
1381:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1250:Black-rumped goldenback (
1213:feeding its chick, Russia
881:European green woodpecker
877:lesser spotted woodpecker
873:middle spotted woodpecker
734:rufous-bellied woodpecker
685:cosmopolitan distribution
283:
278:
262:
255:
156:Scientific classification
154:
133:
124:
41:
27:Family of birds (Picidae)
6878:Yom-Tov Y, Ar A (1993).
6856:Journal of Avian Biology
5680:Journal of Avian Biology
5341:, eds. (December 2023).
5184:Journal of Avian Biology
5072:Journal of Avian Biology
4760:Theses and Dissertations
4732:10.1093/condor/103.1.143
4181:Puiu T (23 March 2017).
3784:
3631:, entries in the game's
3551:Relationship with humans
3388:β 4 species (sapsuckers)
3364:orange-backed woodpecker
3248:β 5 species (flamebacks)
1850:β 26 species (piculets)
1748:, has been described as
1689:, frontal overhang, and
1370:β jacamars (18 species)
1211:Great spotted woodpecker
1161:ladder-backed woodpecker
1019:
972:grey-and-buff woodpecker
869:great spotted woodpecker
738:yellow-bellied sapsucker
672:ladder-backed woodpecker
540:Woodpeckers have strong
508:orange-backed woodpecker
6938:The American Cyclopædia
6643:Journal of Biogeography
5840:Campephilus principalis
5651:, eds. (January 2023).
5133:The American Naturalist
4659:Williams Jr EH (2005).
4606:The American Naturalist
4542:10.1163/156853984X00128
4092:) in the French Indies"
3922:Campephilus principalis
3700:ivory-billed woodpecker
3689:red-cockaded woodpecker
3665:ivory-billed woodpecker
3655:Status and conservation
3141:β piculets (25 species)
3074:Xiphidiopicus percussus
2728:β 4 species (including
1901:β 2 species (piculets)
1822:β 2 species (wrynecks)
1558:β toucans (43 species)
1124:white-headed woodpecker
1093:buff-spotted woodpecker
889:white-backed woodpecker
527:black-backed woodpecker
485:ivory-billed woodpecker
450:General characteristics
6606:(1st ed.). Lynx.
5914:10.1098/rspb.1997.0057
5711:Gorman 2014, pp. 30β32
5243:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
5009:Ornithological Science
4573:10.1098/rspb.2017.2628
4518:Gorman 2014, pp. 19β20
4373:Journal of Ornithology
3988:Gorman 2014, pp. 22β23
3672:
3489:Cuban green woodpecker
3099:
3082:
3070:Cuban green woodpecker
3056:
3043:Red-crowned woodpecker
3035:
3027:Ochre-collared piculet
1779:Cuban green woodpecker
1763:molecular phylogenetic
1709:excepting). The inner
1255:
1232:Hispaniolan woodpecker
1214:
1196:West Indian woodpecker
1181:red-crowned woodpecker
1147:
1095:feeds on and nests in
1063:
998:
945:Most woodpeckers live
907:
758:red-breasted sapsucker
675:
582:
504:Williamson's sapsucker
477:great slaty woodpecker
463:
460:black-rumped flameback
7341:Paleobiology Database
5365:Leach, William Elford
4927:10.2173/bow.grswoo.01
4868:Rymes and Roundelayes
4236:Archives of Neurology
4090:Melanerpes herminieri
3747:Mechanical properties
3715:Brain impact research
3662:
3128:Subfamily: Picumninae
3088:
3069:
3041:
3025:
1249:
1209:
1141:
1087:and domestic scraps.
1061:
992:
976:Magellanic woodpecker
906:
665:
575:
457:
440:habitat fragmentation
7237:Fauna Europaea (new)
6005:Dendrocopos noguchii
4248:10.1136/bjo.86.8.843
3625:PokΓ©mon Sun and Moon
2216:β ground woodpecker
2021:β rufous woodpecker
1946:β Antillean piculet
1751:Bathoceleus hyphalus
1626:William Elford Leach
1254:) in Guwahati, India
1252:Dinopium benghalense
1146:attending its chicks
787:tropical rainforests
773:Habitat requirements
611:nictitating membrane
472:bar-breasted piculet
424:sister relationships
30:For other uses, see
6826:2005MolPE..36..233W
6749:2017MolPE.116..182S
6656:1999JBiog..26..159K
6558:2017MolPE.108...88F
6517:2015MolPE..88...28F
6480:2016MolPE..94..313D
6239:2018PLoSO..1391526F
6197:2024PhT....77a..54V
6070:2011PLoSO...626490W
5610:2017MolPE.116..182S
5432:2006MolPE..40..389B
5293:2024Natur.629..851S
4019:2011PLoSO...626490W
3809:Bouglouan, Nicole.
3704:imperial woodpecker
3629:pileated woodpecker
3175:β true woodpeckers
3147:Subfamily: Sasiinae
3109:Subfamily: Jynginae
3092:Colaptes campestris
3032:Picumnus temminckii
1334:Pamela C. Rasmussen
1314:are sister groups.
762:red-naped sapsucker
701:continental islands
679:Global distribution
595:cerebrospinal fluid
481:imperial woodpecker
383:, the others being
304:Sasiinae - piculets
135:Pileated woodpecker
7097:(American barbets)
6948:"Woodpecker"
6932:"Woodpecker"
6282:Journal of Zoology
5782:Gregory J (2012).
5647:; Donsker, David;
5337:; Donsker, David;
4989:Gorman 2014, p. 22
4977:Gorman 2014, p. 20
4919:Birds of the World
4889:Birds of Venezuela
4649:Gorman 2014, p. 28
4450:Gorman 2014, p. 18
4294:Gorman 2014, p. 15
4278:Gorman 2014, p. 27
4143:Journal of Zoology
3926:Birds of the World
3841:Birds of the World
3837:Picumnus aurifrons
3780:Bio-inspired ideas
3755:were the cause of
3753:centripetal forces
3709:Okinawa woodpecker
3673:
3574:woodboring beetles
3337:Tribe Campephilini
3100:
3083:
3057:
3036:
1883:β African piculet
1679:Dominican Republic
1256:
1215:
1148:
1128:Arabian woodpecker
1064:
999:
908:
750:Lewis's woodpecker
711:, Africa, and the
691:, Madagascar, and
676:
583:
500:sexually dimorphic
464:
422:has confirmed the
295:β true woodpeckers
7369:
7368:
7328:Open Tree of Life
7125:Taxon identifiers
7116:
7115:
7073:(African barbets)
6718:(10): 1259β1285.
6689:(10): 2387β2393.
6621:Gorman G (2020).
6613:978-84-96553-79-8
6602:Gorman G (2011).
6594:978-1-872842-05-9
6583:Gorman G (2004).
6450:978-1-77085-309-6
6443:. Firefly Books.
6439:Gorman G (2014).
6205:10.1063/PT.3.5385
6123:(7957): 454β455.
5795:978-1-61080-582-7
5649:Rasmussen, Pamela
5531:10.1111/jzs.12000
5339:Rasmussen, Pamela
5287:(8013): 851β860.
5066:Dendrocopos minor
5036:Short LL (1979).
5022:10.2326/osj.1.117
5003:Dendrocopos major
4917:), version 1.0".
4915:Dendrocopos major
4899:978-1-4008-3409-9
4886:Hilty SL (2002).
4871:. Smith. p.
4699:978-81-7141-742-1
4686:Sarkar A (2003).
4672:978-0-19-972075-0
4134:Gibson L (2006).
3909:978-84-87334-37-5
3868:978-1-4200-6444-5
3815:oiseaux-birds.com
3607:Romulus and Remus
3582:indicator species
3379:Tribe Melanerpini
3282:ground woodpecker
3223:rufous woodpecker
3197:Tribe Hemicircini
3190:Antillean piculet
3179:Tribe Nesoctitini
3156:β African piculet
3014:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2696:
2695:
2637:
2636:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2329:
2328:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2048:
2047:
1974:
1973:
1910:
1909:
1701:lateralis of the
1663:million years ago
1638:Antillean piculet
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1450:
1449:
1395:
1394:
1169:bamboo woodpecker
1105:emerald ash borer
990:
923:
842:ground woodpecker
579:Dendrocopos major
310:
309:
251:
16:(Redirected from
7409:
7362:
7361:
7349:
7348:
7336:
7335:
7323:
7322:
7310:
7309:
7307:NBNSYS0000000957
7297:
7296:
7284:
7283:
7271:
7270:
7258:
7257:
7245:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7219:
7218:
7206:
7205:
7193:
7192:
7180:
7179:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7120:
7119:
7091:(toucan-barbets)
7001:
6994:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6961:
6959:
6950:
6942:
6934:
6912:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6845:
6808:
6780:
6770:
6760:
6727:
6698:
6675:
6636:
6617:
6598:
6579:
6569:
6536:
6499:
6474:(Pt A): 313β26.
6454:
6427:
6426:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6338:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6260:
6250:
6218:
6209:
6208:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6081:
6049:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6028:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5880:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5779:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5721:
5712:
5709:
5696:
5695:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5641:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5573:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5551:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5505:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5471:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5304:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5245:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5199:. Archived from
5180:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4830:Animal Behaviour
4821:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4460:Short L (1971).
4457:
4451:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4370:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4304:
4295:
4292:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4030:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3911:
3890:
3873:
3872:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3774:impulse momentum
3618:Woody Woodpecker
3597:founding of Rome
2859:
2858:
2834:
2833:
2809:
2808:
2748:
2747:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2514:
2513:
2489:
2488:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2368:
2367:
2343:
2342:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2205:
2204:
2180:
2179:
2155:
2154:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2062:
2061:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1836:
1835:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1771:Pamela Rasmussen
1533:
1532:
1510:
1509:
1487:
1486:
1464:
1463:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1284:true woodpeckers
1238:of woodpeckers.
1144:black woodpecker
1120:acorn woodpecker
1054:Diet and feeding
991:
925:
924:
905:
865:black woodpecker
831:secondary growth
823:acorn woodpecker
754:northern flicker
742:Eurasian wryneck
442:, with one, the
315:are part of the
246:
164:
163:
149:
148:
147:
145:
129:
115:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7402:Oligocene birds
7372:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7357:
7352:
7344:
7339:
7331:
7326:
7318:
7313:
7305:
7300:
7292:
7287:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7261:
7253:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7227:
7222:
7214:
7209:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7127:
7117:
7112:
7079:(Asian barbets)
7057:
7032:
7014:
7005:
6945:
6929:
6920:
6915:
6901:10.2307/1369350
6882:
6797:10.2307/1370276
6778:
6708:Picoides medius
6695:10.1139/x05-148
6633:
6614:
6595:
6461:
6459:Further reading
6451:
6435:
6430:
6407:
6403:
6364:
6360:
6329:(11): 1036β41.
6315:
6311:
6278:
6274:
6233:(2): e0191526.
6219:
6212:
6181:
6177:
6168:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6109:
6105:
6050:
6041:
6031:
6029:
5999:
5995:
5986:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5959:10.2307/3809497
5943:
5939:
5894:
5890:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5864:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5816:
5814:www.pokemon.com
5808:
5807:
5803:
5796:
5780:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5731:. 22 March 2018
5723:
5722:
5715:
5710:
5699:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5642:
5635:
5590:
5583:
5571:
5565:
5561:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5506:
5497:
5469:
5459:
5455:
5416:
5409:
5388:Bock, Walter J.
5385:
5381:
5369:"Eleventh Room"
5362:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5332:
5328:
5273:
5269:
5222:
5218:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5129:
5125:
5114:Wilson Bulletin
5109:
5103:
5099:
5060:
5056:
5045:Wilson Bulletin
5040:
5034:
5030:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4959:on 4 April 2016
4949:
4942:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4884:
4880:
4865:Noel T (1841).
4863:
4859:
4822:
4818:
4785:(9): e3001751.
4771:
4767:
4752:
4748:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4602:
4598:
4553:
4549:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4427:10.2307/1367350
4410:
4404:
4400:
4368:
4354:
4350:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4138:
4132:
4125:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4054:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3952:
3948:
3937:
3933:
3918:
3914:
3903:Lynx Edicions.
3891:
3876:
3869:
3855:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3787:
3782:
3749:
3722:
3717:
3657:
3615:
3613:Popular culture
3553:
3359:Reinwardtipicus
3103:Family: Picidae
3094:
3090:
3077:
3071:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3020:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2796:
2787:
2697:
2638:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2522:Reinwardtipicus
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2330:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2110:
2101:
2049:
1975:
1911:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1451:
1396:
1300:zygodactyl foot
1244:
1236:brood parasites
1136:
1056:
1026:songs and calls
1022:
986:
984:
943:
942:
934:
932:
931:
930:
929:
926:
919:
916:
909:
903:
898:
833:, plantations,
775:
717:African piculet
681:
660:
654:
523:zygodactyl feet
452:
444:Bermuda flicker
430:arranged in 35
363:Gila woodpecker
274:
268:
245:
158:
143:
140:
139:
137:
120:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7415:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7350:
7337:
7324:
7311:
7298:
7285:
7272:
7259:
7246:
7233:
7224:Fauna Europaea
7220:
7207:
7194:
7181:
7168:
7153:
7137:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7089:Semnornithidae
7086:
7080:
7074:
7067:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7049:
7042:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7026:
7024:
7016:
7015:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6962:
6943:
6927:
6919:
6918:External links
6916:
6914:
6913:
6895:(2): 282β287.
6875:
6863:(2): 167β173.
6846:
6809:
6791:(2): 350β356.
6771:
6728:
6704:Picoides major
6699:
6676:
6650:(1): 159β165.
6637:
6631:
6618:
6612:
6599:
6593:
6580:
6537:
6500:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6449:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6401:
6374:(5): 527β537.
6358:
6309:
6288:(3): 462β465.
6272:
6210:
6175:
6150:
6103:
6064:(10): e26490.
6039:
5993:
5972:
5953:(4): 549β556.
5937:
5888:
5825:
5801:
5794:
5771:
5742:
5713:
5697:
5686:(5): 487β496.
5670:
5633:
5581:
5559:
5537:
5495:
5482:(4): 611β624.
5453:
5407:
5379:
5356:
5326:
5267:
5236:(1): 108β127.
5216:
5191:(2): 185β197.
5166:
5145:10.1086/283726
5139:(4): 421β443.
5123:
5097:
5078:(4): 447β456.
5054:
5028:
5015:(2): 117β122.
4991:
4979:
4970:
4940:
4905:
4898:
4878:
4857:
4816:
4765:
4746:
4725:(1): 143β150.
4705:
4698:
4678:
4671:
4651:
4639:
4618:10.1086/707748
4612:(5): 772β787.
4596:
4547:
4536:(4): 294β311.
4520:
4502:
4479:
4452:
4440:
4398:
4379:(2): 393β400.
4364:Jynx torquilla
4348:
4327:(4): 478β479.
4296:
4280:
4271:
4222:
4210:Inside Science
4196:
4170:
4149:(3): 462β465.
4123:
4102:(2): 509β514.
4078:
4052:
4013:(10): e26490.
3990:
3981:
3962:(5): 487β494.
3946:
3931:
3912:
3874:
3867:
3846:
3827:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3748:
3745:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3693:longleaf pines
3656:
3653:
3614:
3611:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3500:Incertae sedis
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3472:
3468:Leuconotopicus
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3370:Chrysocolaptes
3366:
3355:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3019:
3018:List of genera
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2867:Leuconotopicus
2862:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2540:Chrysocolaptes
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1757:The following
1742:New Providence
1630:British Museum
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:Semnornithidae
1536:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1243:
1240:
1200:polygynandrous
1157:gilded flicker
1135:
1132:
1097:termite mounds
1055:
1052:
1048:ornithologists
1021:
1018:
983:
980:
933:
927:
917:
912:
911:
910:
901:
900:
899:
897:
894:
850:Andean flicker
801:forests. Even
774:
771:
709:Southeast Asia
680:
677:
653:
650:
591:subdural space
451:
448:
420:DNA sequencing
393:toucan-barbets
308:
307:
306:
305:
302:
296:
290:
281:
280:
276:
275:
269:
260:
259:
253:
252:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
131:
130:
122:
121:
117:Late Oligocene
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7414:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7173:
7169:
7164:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7109:(honeyguides)
7108:
7107:Indicatoridae
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6988:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6939:
6933:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6820:(2): 233β48.
6819:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6632:9798676711870
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6433:Cited sources
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6185:Physics Today
6179:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6006:
5997:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5908:(3): 247β51.
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5878:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5832:
5830:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5778:
5776:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5658:
5654:
5653:"Woodpeckers"
5650:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5468:
5466:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:(2): 389β99.
5425:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5206:on 2018-10-04
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4984:
4974:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4185:. ZME Science
4184:
4177:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4067:
4066:Science Notes
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3487:β monotypic:
3486:
3485:
3484:Xiphidiopicus
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3420:β monotypic:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:β monotypic:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3280:β monotypic:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:Chrysophlegma
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3221:β monotypic:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:β monotypic:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3089:Campo flicker
3087:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3010:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:β 14 species
2887:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:β 12 species
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:β 12 species
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:β 24 species
2627:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:β 12 species
2474:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2459:Campephilini
2458:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:β 14 species
2396:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:β 13 species
2353:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:β 11 species
2233:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:Chrysophlegma
2157:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:β 14 species
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1787:Xiphidiopicus
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Indicatoridae
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:campo flicker
1162:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:invertebrates
1069:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:communication
1031:
1027:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
996:
979:
977:
973:
968:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
939:
915:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
770:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
673:
669:
664:
659:
649:
647:
646:
641:
640:
634:
632:
628:
625:(33,000
624:
620:
619:decelerations
616:
612:
608:
607:strain energy
603:
601:
596:
592:
588:
581:
580:
574:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
469:
461:
456:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:in the clade
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
374:
372:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
282:
277:
272:
267:
266:
261:
258:
254:
249:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
150:
146:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7392:Pici (taxon)
7132:
7100:
7083:Ramphastidae
7077:Megalaimidae
7027:
7019:
6964:
6954:
6936:
6892:
6886:
6860:
6854:
6817:
6813:
6788:
6782:
6740:
6736:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6686:
6680:
6647:
6641:
6622:
6603:
6584:
6549:
6545:
6508:
6504:
6471:
6467:
6440:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6303:1721.1/70094
6285:
6281:
6275:
6230:
6226:
6191:(1): 54β55.
6188:
6184:
6178:
6167:. Retrieved
6165:. 2014-08-11
6162:
6153:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6061:
6057:
6030:. Retrieved
6016:
6010:
6004:
5996:
5985:. Retrieved
5975:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5877:cite journal
5865:. Retrieved
5851:
5845:
5839:
5817:. Retrieved
5813:
5804:
5784:
5762:. Retrieved
5757:
5733:. Retrieved
5729:Joy of Birds
5728:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5656:
5601:
5597:
5578:(2400): 1β8.
5575:
5562:
5556:(3126): 1β6.
5553:
5540:
5524:(1): 72β82.
5521:
5517:
5511:
5479:
5473:
5464:
5456:
5423:
5419:
5392:
5382:
5372:
5359:
5347:. Retrieved
5329:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5208:. Retrieved
5201:the original
5188:
5182:
5169:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5100:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5057:
5048:
5044:
5031:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4994:
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4957:the original
4918:
4914:
4908:
4888:
4881:
4867:
4860:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4782:
4779:PLOS Biology
4778:
4768:
4759:
4749:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4688:
4681:
4661:
4654:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4493:. Retrieved
4482:
4465:
4455:
4421:(1): 73β78.
4418:
4414:
4401:
4376:
4372:
4363:
4362:and Wryneck
4359:
4351:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4274:
4242:(6): 370β3.
4239:
4235:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4164:1721.1/70094
4146:
4142:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4065:
4055:
4010:
4006:
3984:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3897:
3893:
3858:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:
3804:
3788:
3770:
3761:cranial bone
3750:
3735:
3723:
3697:
3685:conservation
3681:
3674:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3586:
3571:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3532:
3525:Palaeonerpes
3523:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3482:
3479:β 14 species
3474:
3466:
3458:
3455:β 12 species
3450:
3447:β 12 species
3442:
3434:
3428:Dendrocoptes
3426:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3396:β 24 species
3391:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3357:
3349:
3346:β 12 species
3341:
3336:
3331:β 14 species
3326:
3318:
3315:β 13 species
3310:
3302:
3296:Mulleripicus
3294:
3291:β 11 species
3286:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3256:β 14 species
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3218:Micropternus
3216:
3212:Tribe Picini
3211:
3201:
3196:
3183:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3136:
3127:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3073:
3058:
3047:
3031:
2883:
2882:
2870:β 6 species
2865:
2864:
2845:β 5 species
2840:
2839:
2815:
2814:
2772:
2771:
2759:β 3 species
2754:
2753:
2729:
2725:Dendrocoptes
2723:
2722:
2687:β 7 species
2682:
2681:
2669:β 3 species
2664:
2663:
2623:
2622:
2605:
2604:
2580:Melanerpini
2543:β 9 species
2538:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2500:β 2 species
2495:
2494:
2470:
2469:
2392:
2391:
2379:β 7 species
2374:
2373:
2349:
2348:
2320:β 6 species
2315:
2314:
2302:β 4 species
2299:Mulleripicus
2297:
2296:
2229:
2228:
2211:
2210:
2191:β 2 species
2186:
2185:
2166:β 3 species
2161:
2160:
2136:
2135:
2086:
2085:
2073:β 3 species
2068:
2067:
2039:β 4 species
2034:
2033:
2018:Micropternus
2016:
2015:
1965:β 2 species
1960:
1959:
1941:
1940:
1937:Nesoctitini
1896:
1895:
1878:
1877:
1845:
1844:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1786:
1756:
1749:
1740:deposits of
1731:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1687:rhamphotheca
1683:
1667:Early Eocene
1656:
1649:
1646:paraphyletic
1623:
1556:Ramphastidae
1554:
1538:
1515:
1492:
1471:Megalaimidae
1469:
1438:
1437:
1421:
1382:
1366:
1319:phylogenetic
1316:
1304:DNA sequence
1257:
1251:
1216:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1149:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1089:
1065:
1023:
1012:
1000:
964:
955:conspecifics
944:
935:
854:
852:is another.
846:South Africa
839:
776:
727:
720:
682:
643:
637:
635:
604:
587:brain damage
584:
577:
567:
555:rhamphotheca
539:
520:
489:
465:
375:
367:
322:
312:
311:
279:Subfamilies
263:
242:
229:Infraorder:
138:
36:
7382:Woodpeckers
7263:iNaturalist
7157:Wikispecies
7095:Capitonidae
6969:(1939), by
6743:: 182β191.
6417:: 193β204.
6032:12 November
5758:Woodpeckers
5663:19 February
5645:Gill, Frank
5604:: 182β191.
5465:Veniliornis
5335:Gill, Frank
5051:(1): 16β28.
4836:: 141β152.
4360:Upupa epops
3737:Tau protein
3637:Flying-type
3510:Palaeopicus
3476:Veniliornis
3471:β 6 species
3463:β 5 species
3452:Dendrocopos
3444:Dendropicos
3439:β 3 species
3436:Chloropicus
3431:β 3 species
3412:β 7 species
3404:β 3 species
3385:Sphyrapicus
3354:β 2 species
3351:Blythipicus
3343:Campephilus
3323:β 7 species
3307:β 6 species
3299:β 4 species
3277:Geocolaptes
3272:β 2 species
3264:β 3 species
3240:β 3 species
3232:β 4 species
3206:β 2 species
3170:Subfamily:
3122:(2 species)
2885:Veniliornis
2817:Dendrocopos
2774:Dendropicos
2756:Chloropicus
2607:Sphyrapicus
2497:Blythipicus
2472:Campephilus
2213:Geocolaptes
1956:Hemicirini
1777:(IOC). The
1746:the Bahamas
1736:, found in
1695:pterygoidei
1685:reinforced
1661:, about 25
1634:convergence
1517:Capitonidae
1280:honeyguides
1116:Sphyrapicus
1077:Crustaceans
1039:territorial
689:Australasia
397:honeyguides
347:New Zealand
313:Woodpeckers
18:Woodpeckers
7376:Categories
7052:Bucconidae
7048:(jacamars)
7046:Galbulidae
7012:Piciformes
6552:: 88β100.
6169:2021-04-16
6117:The Lancet
5987:2017-03-26
5819:2023-04-24
5512:Hemicircus
5210:2006-09-01
5120:: 124β125.
4719:The Condor
4317:(Picidae)"
4315:Verreauxia
3820:2 December
3797:References
3766:trabeculae
3757:concussion
3731:hyoid bone
3677:extinction
3651:families.
3649:Piciformes
3641:honeyguide
3409:Yungipicus
3393:Melanerpes
3288:Campethera
3269:Pardipicus
3229:Meiglyptes
3203:Hemicircus
3185:Nesoctites
3153:Verreauxia
2684:Yungipicus
2625:Melanerpes
2231:Campethera
2188:Pardipicus
2036:Meiglyptes
1962:Hemicircus
1943:Nesoctites
1880:Verreauxia
1840:Picumninae
1767:Frank Gill
1723:Hemicircus
1719:Hemicircus
1707:Hemicircus
1651:Hemicircus
1384:Bucconidae
1368:Galbulidae
1348:Piciformes
1330:Frank Gill
1326:Piciformes
1296:sapsuckers
1260:Piciformes
1070:and other
959:Aggressive
938:media help
914:Woodpecker
848:, and the
815:coniferous
803:grasslands
795:scrublands
713:Neotropics
693:Antarctica
656:See also:
645:Melanerpes
600:hyoid bone
547:morphology
496:camouflage
436:extinction
406:, and the
381:Piciformes
351:Madagascar
343:New Guinea
335:sapsuckers
301:β piculets
299:Picumninae
289:β wrynecks
257:Type genus
219:Suborder:
213:Piciformes
119:to present
48:26β0
42:Woodpecker
7085:(toucans)
6971:A.C. Bent
6712:Behaviour
6511:: 28β37.
6396:231596453
5867:8 January
4935:226025386
4852:0003-3472
4741:0010-5422
4634:212917887
4530:Behaviour
4474:2246/2675
4343:254367038
3589:black box
3578:mealybugs
3534:Pliopicus
3460:Dryobates
3417:Leiopicus
3304:Dryocopus
3237:Gecinulus
2842:Dryobates
2731:Leiopicus
2317:Dryocopus
2070:Gecinulus
1867:Sasiinae
1783:monotypic
1759:cladogram
1715:pygostyle
1693:dorsalis
1691:processus
1677:from the
1659:Oligocene
1642:monophyly
1268:puffbirds
1223:altricial
1192:Polyandry
1030:passerine
1008:courtship
1004:passerine
819:deciduous
791:savannahs
783:diversity
730:migratory
639:Dryocopus
593:, little
412:puffbirds
339:Australia
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
7142:Wikidata
7071:Lybiidae
7021:Suborder
6842:15869887
6767:28890006
6576:28089840
6533:25818851
6496:26416706
6388:33439040
6353:25697639
6345:22173310
6267:29394252
6227:PLOS ONE
6163:phys.org
6145:28685873
6098:22046293
6058:PLOS ONE
5735:27 April
5628:28890006
5448:16635580
5402:2246/830
5390:(1994).
5367:(1819).
5321:38560995
5312:11111414
5262:32781465
5161:85399703
5092:56399785
4963:24 March
4811:36125990
4626:32364790
4591:29467264
4567:(1873).
4495:28 March
4468:(2467).
4393:43360238
4118:86781719
4047:22046293
4007:PLOS ONE
3976:83528456
3562:shingles
3542:Colaptes
3531:Genus: β
3522:Genus: β
3507:Genus: β
3401:Picoides
3328:Colaptes
3245:Dinopium
3138:Picumnus
3132:piculets
3113:wrynecks
3095:female,
3078:female,
3052:female,
2666:Picoides
2394:Colaptes
2088:Dinopium
1847:Picumnus
1812:Jynginae
1738:Pliocene
1734:coracoid
1703:quadrate
1699:condylus
1494:Lybiidae
1292:wrynecks
1288:piculets
1264:jacamars
1219:incubate
1188:polygamy
1134:Breeding
1112:tree sap
1081:molluscs
1013:Picidae,
982:Drumming
947:solitary
896:Behavior
861:deadwood
835:orchards
779:habitats
629:) (1000
563:collagen
531:American
529:and the
516:wrynecks
506:and the
468:piculets
408:jacamars
359:woodland
331:wrynecks
327:piculets
287:Jynginae
271:Linnaeus
239:Family:
193:Chordata
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
7387:Picidae
7359:1459901
7333:1020138
7163:Picidae
7133:Picidae
7101:Picidae
7038:Galbuli
6960:. 1914.
6941:. 1879.
6909:1369350
6822:Bibcode
6805:1370276
6745:Bibcode
6672:5068060
6652:Bibcode
6554:Bibcode
6513:Bibcode
6476:Bibcode
6258:5796688
6235:Bibcode
6193:Bibcode
6089:3202538
6066:Bibcode
5967:3809497
5932:7583692
5923:1688257
5606:Bibcode
5428:Bibcode
5349:17 June
5289:Bibcode
5153:2460453
4802:9488818
4582:5832706
4435:1367350
4257:1771249
4215:24 July
4189:24 July
4071:24 July
4038:3202538
4015:Bibcode
3727:occiput
3720:Anatomy
3633:PokΓ©dex
3503:fossils
3320:Piculus
3172:Picinae
2376:Piculus
1991:Picini
1921:Picinae
1802:Picidae
1781:in the
1711:rectrix
1671:Miocene
1439:Picidae
1340:(IOC).
1312:Galbuli
1276:toucans
1272:barbets
1228:fledged
1142:A male
1068:insects
995:Picidae
951:termite
807:deserts
705:Picinae
697:islands
666:Use of
559:keratin
551:pecking
512:moulted
492:plumage
428:species
416:Galbuli
389:toucans
385:barbets
371:carrion
355:forests
323:Picidae
293:Picinae
243:Picidae
233:Picides
209:Order:
199:Class:
7294:178148
7281:104832
7216:1PICIF
7148:Q25439
7029:Family
6957:
6907:
6888:Condor
6840:
6803:
6784:Condor
6765:
6670:
6629:
6610:
6591:
6574:
6531:
6494:
6447:
6394:
6386:
6351:
6343:
6265:
6255:
6143:
6135:
6096:
6086:
5965:
5930:
5920:
5792:
5764:6 July
5626:
5446:
5319:
5309:
5281:Nature
5260:
5159:
5151:
5090:
4933:
4896:
4850:
4809:
4799:
4739:
4696:
4669:
4632:
4624:
4589:
4579:
4433:
4415:Condor
4391:
4341:
4266:454236
4264:
4254:
4116:
4045:
4035:
3974:
3907:
3865:
3645:toucan
3312:Celeus
3097:Brazil
3054:Tobago
2351:Celeus
1792:sister
1785:genus
1294:, and
1278:, and
1028:as do
883:, and
799:bamboo
797:, and
760:, and
740:, and
615:retina
432:genera
395:, and
320:family
273:, 1758
250:, 1819
7354:WoRMS
7346:39438
7276:IRMNG
7268:17599
7229:10840
7190:625L8
7008:Order
6905:JSTOR
6883:(PDF)
6801:JSTOR
6779:(PDF)
6668:S2CID
6392:S2CID
6349:S2CID
6141:S2CID
6137:55721
5963:JSTOR
5572:(PDF)
5550:(PDF)
5470:(PDF)
5204:(PDF)
5179:(PDF)
5157:S2CID
5149:JSTOR
5110:(PDF)
5088:S2CID
5041:(PDF)
4931:S2CID
4630:S2CID
4491:. FAO
4431:JSTOR
4411:(PDF)
4389:S2CID
4369:(PDF)
4339:S2CID
4311:Sasia
4139:(PDF)
4114:S2CID
3972:S2CID
3785:Beams
3253:Picus
3161:Sasia
2138:Picus
1898:Sasia
1675:amber
1323:order
1020:Calls
811:cacti
746:Sahel
722:Sasia
668:cacti
542:bills
401:clade
378:order
265:Picus
248:Leach
7320:9220
7315:NCBI
7289:ITIS
7255:9333
7250:GBIF
7211:EPPO
7203:1595
7177:1410
7172:BOLD
7063:Pici
6838:PMID
6763:PMID
6710:)".
6627:ISBN
6608:ISBN
6589:ISBN
6572:PMID
6529:PMID
6492:PMID
6445:ISBN
6384:PMID
6341:PMID
6263:PMID
6133:PMID
6094:PMID
6034:2021
6017:2018
5928:PMID
5883:link
5869:2020
5852:2018
5790:ISBN
5766:2017
5737:2018
5665:2023
5624:PMID
5444:PMID
5351:2024
5317:PMID
5258:PMID
4965:2016
4894:ISBN
4848:ISSN
4807:PMID
4737:ISSN
4694:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4622:PMID
4587:PMID
4497:2017
4313:and
4262:PMID
4217:2017
4191:2017
4073:2017
4043:PMID
3905:ISBN
3863:ISBN
3822:2022
3669:IUCN
3663:The
3643:and
3540:cf.
3119:Jynx
3080:Cuba
1819:Jynx
1317:The
1310:and
1308:Pici
1159:and
1152:nest
1122:and
1091:the
1085:suet
855:The
827:oaks
805:and
627:ft/s
533:and
490:The
410:and
404:Pici
333:and
317:bird
223:Pici
203:Aves
56:Preκ
7302:NBN
7198:EoL
7185:CoL
6897:doi
6865:doi
6830:doi
6793:doi
6789:100
6753:doi
6741:116
6720:doi
6716:138
6691:doi
6660:doi
6562:doi
6550:108
6521:doi
6484:doi
6419:doi
6415:169
6376:doi
6331:doi
6298:hdl
6290:doi
6286:270
6253:PMC
6243:doi
6201:doi
6125:doi
6121:307
6084:PMC
6074:doi
6021:doi
5955:doi
5918:PMC
5910:doi
5856:doi
5688:doi
5614:doi
5602:116
5526:doi
5484:doi
5436:doi
5398:hdl
5307:PMC
5297:doi
5285:629
5248:hdl
5238:doi
5193:doi
5141:doi
5137:117
5118:103
5080:doi
5017:doi
4923:doi
4873:144
4838:doi
4834:198
4797:PMC
4787:doi
4727:doi
4723:103
4614:doi
4610:195
4577:PMC
4569:doi
4565:285
4538:doi
4470:hdl
4423:doi
4381:doi
4377:150
4329:doi
4325:142
4252:PMC
4244:doi
4159:hdl
4151:doi
4147:270
4104:doi
4100:121
4096:Auk
4033:PMC
4023:doi
3964:doi
1744:in
1043:kHz
817:or
785:in
633:).
623:m/s
357:or
7378::
7356::
7343::
7330::
7317::
7304::
7291::
7278::
7265::
7252::
7239::
7226::
7213::
7200::
7187::
7174::
7159::
7144::
7010::
6951:.
6935:.
6903:.
6893:95
6891:.
6885:.
6861:32
6859:.
6853:.
6836:.
6828:.
6818:36
6816:.
6799:.
6787:.
6781:.
6761:.
6751:.
6739:.
6735:.
6714:.
6687:35
6685:.
6666:.
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