129:
197:
compensation system is administered on a state-by-state basis, with a state governing board overseeing varying public/private combinations of workers' compensation systems. The names of such governing boards, or "quasi-judicial agencies", vary from state to state, many being designated as "workers' compensation commissions". In North
Carolina, the state entity responsible for administering the workers' compensation system is referred to as the North Carolina Industrial Commission. In Michigan, the Workers' Disability Compensation Agency administers Michigan's Workers' Disability Compensation Act, which provides benefits to cover medical expenses and lost wages for workers who suffer injuries on the job.
303:
employers enrolled in the workers' compensation system. A research survey by Texas's
Research and Oversight Council on Workers' Compensation found that 68% of non-subscribing employers and 60% of subscribing employers—a majority in both cases—were satisfied with their experiences in the system, and that satisfaction with non-subscription increased with the size of the firm; but it stated that further research was needed to gauge satisfaction among employees and to determine the adequacy of compensation under non-subscription compared to subscription. In recent years, the Texas Supreme Court has been limiting employer duties to maintain employee safety, limiting the remedies received by injured workers.
95:
is no longer based on the worker showing that the employer was at fault, nor can compensation be denied if the worker's negligence contributes to the injury. Nearly all employers are required to have insurance to cover payments for: (1) medical costs resulting from occupational injuries and some occupational illnesses suffered by workers; and (2) partial replacement of injured or ill workers' lost wages, also known as indemnity. One unfortunate side effect of compensation laws in their early days was to create incentives for employers to fire or refuse to hire employees with disabilities or health conditions that made them more expensive to injure, such as a person with only one eye.
55:
the
British system. The German system was based on insurance and removed employees' right to sue, while the British system preserved the right to sue. The United States eventually followed the German example. Prior to compensation laws, the United States dealt with employee injuries entirely through litigation. The law made an "unholy trinity" of tort defenses available to employers, including contributory negligence, assumption of risk, and the fellow servant rule. As result of this trio of legal doctrines, employees injured in accidents or the families of workers killed at work often lost lawsuits over workplace injuries.
327:, in part to resolve situations in which the programs in those states had significantly underfunded their liabilities. Only four states rely on entirely state-run programs for workers' compensation: North Dakota, Ohio, Washington, and Wyoming. These four states are referred to as monopolistic states as they require their employers to purchase workers compensation from a government-operated fund. Many other states maintain state-run funds but also allow private insurance companies to insure employers and their employees, as well.
138:
90:
compensation laws. In still other states, employers had the choice whether to fall under compensation laws, but if they chose not to they ran greater risks of employee injury lawsuits. In some states, employers argued in court that compulsory participation laws were unconstitutional and violated the 14th amendment, which required due process before a person or entity could be deprived of property. In 1917 the issue of due process was resolved by the United States
Supreme Court in
260:. In some states, the injured worker (or their attorney) will also have the option of settling or redeeming their workers' compensation claim, accepting a lump sum in exchange for relinquishing their right to further benefits.In Florida, undocumented workers may appeal after being denied workers' compensation, because Florida law specifies that undocumented workers are still entitled to workers' compensation benefits if they are injured while on the job.
201:
crowding out private insurers, the state funds may be required to act as assigned-risk programs or insurers of last resort for businesses that cannot obtain coverage from a private insurer. In contrast, private insurers can turn away the worst risks and may also write comprehensive insurance packages covering general liability, natural disasters, and other forms of insurance coverage. Of the twelve state funds, the largest is
California's
239:
larger amounts if the employee proves the employer intentionally caused the harm, while in other states, like
Pennsylvania, the employer is immune in all circumstances, but other entities involved in causing the injury, like subcontractors or product manufacturers, may still be held liable. In most scenarios, workers' comp laws in California prevent employees from suing their employers for work-related injuries.
118:
109:
299:
must demonstrate that employer negligence caused the injury; if the employer does not subscribe to workers' compensation, the employer loses their common law defense of contributory negligence, assumption of the risk, and the fellow employee doctrine. If successful, the employee can recover their full common law damages, which are more generous than workers' compensation benefits.
226:
abate discrimination of this type, some states have created a "subsequent injury trust fund" which will reimburse insurers for benefits paid to workers who suffer aggravation or recurrence of a compensable injury. It is also suggested that laws should be made to prohibit inclusion of claims history in databases or to make it anonymous. (See
400:
billion in unnecessary costs, and government entities acknowledging that "there is no generally accepted method or standard for measuring the extent of workers' compensation fraud ... as a consequence, there are widely divergent opinions about the size of the problem and the relative importance of the issue."
238:
Although workers' compensation statutes generally make the employer completely immune from any liability (such as for negligence) above the amount provided by the workers' compensation statutory framework, there are exceptions. In some states, like New Jersey, an employer can still be held liable for
225:
In all states except
Georgia and Mississippi, it is illegal for an employer to terminate or refuse to hire an employee for having reported a workplace injury or filed a workers' compensation claim. However, it is often not easy to prove discrimination on the basis of the employee's claims history. To
163:
Smaller organizations must, and self-insured organizations may, purchase a workers' compensation insurance policy to cover obligations for work-related injuries to employees. Some self-insured organizations will use a "hybrid" approach, hiring an insurance company to investigate workers' compensation
54:
in 1884 is often cited as a model for the rest of Europe and later the United States. In the late 19th and early 20th century, U.S. policymakers, journalists, and social scientists convinced of the need for a compensation law disagreed over whether the United States should follow the German system or
247:
If a workers' compensation claim is denied, for example because an employer or employee fail to follow proper procedures when reporting the injury or if the insurance company does not believe the claim, the injured worker may appeal the denial. In most states, workers compensation claims are handled
446:
Through the introduction of "opt-out plans" that are governed by the federal
Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA, which is regulated by the Labor Department. The "opt-out plans" provide lower and fewer payments, make it more difficult to qualify for benefits, control access to doctors
399:
The topic of workers' compensation fraud is highly controversial, with claimant supporters arguing that fraud by claimants is rare—as low as one-third of one percent, others focusing on the widely reported
National Insurance Crime Bureau statistic that workers' compensation fraud accounts for $ 7.2
200:
In a majority of states, workers' compensation is solely provided by private insurance companies. Twelve states operate state funds (that serve as models to private insurers and insures state employees), and a handful of states have state-owned monopoly insurance providers. To keep state funds from
94:
which held that an employer's due process rights were not impeded by mandatory workers' compensation. Following this ruling, each state instituted different threshold requirements. The adoption of the workers' compensation laws led to changes in how workplace accidents are compensated. Compensation
286:
system. However, such appeals are difficult and are regarded skeptically by most state appellate courts, because the point of workers' compensation was to reduce litigation. A few states still allow the employee to initiate a lawsuit in a trial court against the employer. For example, Ohio allows
171:
Insurance policies are available to employers through commercial insurance companies: if the employer is deemed an excessive risk to insure at market rates, it can obtain coverage through an assigned-risk program. In many states, there are public uninsured employer funds to pay benefits to workers
298:
Texas is unusual in that it allows employers to opt out of the workers' compensation system, with those employers who do not purchase workers' compensation insurance being called non-subscribers. However, those employers are exposed to legal liability in the event of employee injury. The employee
221:
Typically, workers can only receive compensation for injuries received while on the job, but in some states there are exceptions: traveling salespersons and similar employees can be covered if they are injured while taking a work-related trip, employees who are sent on special errands can receive
187:
Clinical outcomes for patients with workers' compensation tend to be worse compared to those non-workers' compensation patients among those undergoing upper extremity surgeries, and have found they tend to take longer to return to their jobs and tend to return to work at lower rates. Factors that
167:
Note that being self-insured is not the same as being uninsured. A self-insured organization has permission from a state agency to not carry workers' compensation insurance, generally because the organization is large enough and has enough assets to cover claims on its own. In almost all States,
302:
In 1995, 44% of Texas employers were non-subscribers, while in 2001 the percentage was estimated to be 35%. The industry advocacy group Texas
Association of Business Nonsubscription claims that non-subscribing employers have had greater satisfaction ratings and reduced expenses when compared to
183:
In the United States, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2010 National Compensation Survey, workers' compensation costs represented 1.6% of employer spending overall, although rates varied significantly across industry sectors. For instance, workers' compensation accounted for 4.4% of
266:
Some employers and insurance companies vigorously contest employee claims for workers' compensation payments. Injured workers may be able to get help with their claims from state agencies or by retaining a workers' compensation lawyer. Laws in many states limit a claimant's legal expenses to a
196:
As each state within the United States has its own workers' compensation laws, the circumstances under which workers' compensation is available to workers, the amount of benefits that a worker may receive, and the duration of the benefits paid to an injured worker, vary by state. The workers'
152:
In the United States, most employees who are injured on the job receive medical care responsive to the workplace injury, and, in some cases, payment to compensate for resulting disabilities. Generally, an injury that occurs when an employee is on their way to or from work does not qualify for
89:
In the early 20th century workers' compensation laws varied between states in the degree to which they were voluntary or required. In some states, employers were forced to become liable for the costs of employees' injuries. In other states, employers could choose whether or not to fall under
213:
Underreporting of injuries is a significant problem in the workers' compensation system. Workers, fearing retaliation from their employers, may avoid reporting injuries incurred on the job and instead seek treatment privately, bearing the cost themselves or passing these costs on to their
349:
The federal government has its own workers' compensation program, subject to its own requirements and statutory parameters for federal employees. The federal government pays its workers' compensation obligations for its own employees through regular appropriations.
66:
passed Employer Liability Acts; 26 other states passed similar acts between 1855 and 1907. Early laws permitted injured employees to sue the employer and then prove a negligent act or omission. (A similar scheme was set forth in Britain's 1880 Act.)
34:
as of 2018. Regardless of compulsory requirements, businesses may purchase insurance voluntarily, and in the United States policies typically include Part One for compulsory coverage and Part Two for non-compulsory coverage.
946:
720:
180:(ABA), the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC), the National Association of Workers' Compensation Judiciary (NAWCJ), and the Workers Compensation Research Institute.
175:
Various organizations focus resources on providing education and guidance to workers' compensation administrators and adjudicators in various state and national workers' compensation systems. These include the
267:
certain fraction of an award; such "contingency fees" are payable only if the recovery is successful. In some states this fee can be as high as 40% or as little as 11% of the monetary award recovered, if any.
2075:
2209:
362:(FELA), 45 U.S.C. sec. 51, which provides that a carrier "shall be liable" to an employee who is injured by the negligence of the employer. To enforce his compensation rights, the employee may file suit in
30:
In the United States, some form of workers compensation is typically compulsory for almost all employers in most states (depending upon the features of the organization), with the notable exception of
1844:
70:
Statewide workers' compensation laws were passed in New York in 1898, Maryland in 1902, Massachusetts in 1908, and Montana in 1909. The first law covering federal employees was passed in 1906. (See:
1579:
222:
compensation for injuries received on those errands. In some cases workers who, though not currently working, suffer injuries while on the premises of the employer can also receive compensation.
188:
might explain this outcome include this patient population having strenuous upper extremity physical demands, and a possible financial gain from reporting significant post-operative disability.
153:
workers' compensation benefits; however, there are some exceptions if your responsibilities demand that you be in multiple locations, or stay in the course of your employment after work hours.
156:
There are two methods by which an employer can comply with its obligation to provide workers' compensation coverage for its employees. Very large organizations and governments may choose to "
86:. In 1911, Wisconsin became the first state to pass a comprehensive law that was not successfully challenged in the courts. By 1949, every state had enacted a workers' compensation program.
1985:
417:
Inflating injuries. A worker has a fairly minor job injury, but lies about the magnitude of the injury in order to collect more workers' compensation money and stay away from work longer.
443:
Evasion. An employer fails to obtain workers' compensation for their employees when it is required by law. Workers are often deceived into thinking they are covered when they are not.
968:
82:, 1918.) These laws were later struck down in the courts as unconstitutional, including a 1910 New York law that was declared unconstitutional on March 24, 1911, one day before the
1316:
1409:
Lipscomb, Hector J. (25 Oct 2012). "Safety, incentives, and the reporting of work-related injuries among union carpenters: "You're pretty much screwed if you get hurt at work"".
938:
1507:"The Inconvenient Worker–Can Mississippi's Public Policy Exceptions to the Employment-At-Will Doctrine be Expanded to Encompass the Exercise of Workers' Compensation Rights?"
1732:
366:
or in a state court. The FELA remedy is based on tort principles of ordinary negligence and differs significantly from most state workers' compensation benefit schedules.
79:
1665:
708:"The Employers' Liability Act of Alabama, first enacted in 1855 (Civil Code 1907, Ch. 80, sec. 3910), is a substantial, if not an exact copy, of the English Act of 1880."
440:
Inflating experience. An employer claims workers are more experienced than they actually are in order to make them seem less risky and therefore less expensive to cover.
717:
168:
having employees without either being authorized to self-insure or carrying workers' compensation insurance is a serious crime, punishable by fines and imprisonment.
2201:
1812:
1384:
1521:
414:
Remote injury. Workers get injured away from work, but say they were hurt on the job so that their workers' compensation policy will cover the medical bills.
290:
In California, the Article XIV section 4 of the California Constitution, sets forth the intent of the people to establish a system of workers' compensation.
1836:
1571:
160:" in which the organization obtains permission from the workers' compensation agency to pay claims directly, without being required to carry insurance.
1107:
377:
2049:
1294:
1718:
1930:
396:
can be committed by doctors, lawyers, employers, insurance company employees and claimants, and may occur in both the private and public sectors.
369:
Seafarers employed on United States vessels who are injured because of the owner's or the operator's negligence can sue their employers under the
1790:
700:
481:
Mary Kati Haupt (2016) "Workers' Compensation Law & the Remedial Waiver," Barry Law Review: Vol. 21 : Iss. 2 , Article 4. Available at:
2124:
1977:
993:
344:
146:
Types of jobs that involve dangerous tasks. Clockwise from upper left: Oil rig worker, firefighter, crab fisherman, construction worker.
2006:
Bonner, Marianne. “How to Buy Workers Compensation Insurance in Monopolistic States.” The Balance Small Business, NELP, 20 Nov. 2019, |
423:
Old injury. A worker with an old injury that never quite healed claims it as a recent work injury in order to get medical care covered.
512:
1261:
782:
2097:
1904:
1445:
1657:
1132:
Gruson, KI; Huang, K; Wanich, T; Depalma, AA (February 2013). "Workers' compensation and outcomes of upper extremity surgery".
437:
Underreporting payroll. An employer reports that workers are paid less than they actually are in order to lower their premiums.
340:
75:
765:
746:
538:
2170:
2007:
376:
Dock workers and other maritime workers, who are not seafarers working aboard navigating vessels, are covered by the Federal
1446:"An Examination of the Arising out of and the in the Course Of Requirements under the Minnesota Workers' Compensation Law"
2022:
1952:
359:
1875:
2236:
1373:
429:
Failure to Disclose. A worker knowingly, or unknowingly, makes a false statement or representation about their injury.
404:
202:
420:
Faking injuries. Workers fabricate an injury that never took place, and claim it for workers' compensation benefits.
83:
1506:
336:
71:
1757:
23:
until the name was changed to make it gender neutral) in the United States is a primarily state-based system of
1635:
800:
128:
1344:"The Impact on Workers' Compensation Insurance Markets of Allowing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to Expire"
2071:
617:
407:, tens of billions of dollars in false claims and unpaid premiums are stolen in the U.S. alone every year.
363:
2045:
1286:
1100:
370:
283:
1926:
1782:
1733:"Yes, You Are Entitled To Workers' Compensation Benefits If You Are An Undocumented Worker In Florida"
1343:
1078:
697:
2120:
278:
to special administrative agencies. Within such agencies, disputes are usually handled informally by
1026:
825:
684:
426:
Malingering. A worker stays home by pretending the disability is ongoing when it is actually healed.
1546:
1476:
1225:
1203:
1056:
279:
249:
177:
24:
463:
513:"Workers Compensation and Employers Liability Policy | Insurance Glossary Definition | IRMI.com"
494:
1601:
725:
The 1906 law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; re-worked by Congress in 1908
1712:
271:
1688:
1175:
869:
582:
184:
employer spending in the construction industry, 1.8% in manufacturing and 1.3% in services.
482:
59:
1250:
8:
826:"New York Cent. R.R. v. White, 243 U.S. 188, 198, 37 S.Ct. 247, 250, 61 L.Ed. 667 (1917)"
2093:
1896:
1547:"Millison v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 101 N.J. 161, 174, 501 A.2d 505 (1985)"
1157:
662:
645:
2166:
1871:
1700:
1426:
1149:
1101:"The Construction Chart Book: The US Construction Industry and Its Workers, Fifth Ed"
667:
47:
1161:
901:
Injury Impoverished: Workplace Accidents, Capitalism, and Law in the Progressive Era
762:
743:
605:
Injury Impoverished: Workplace Accidents, Capitalism, and Law in the Progressive Era
535:
1418:
1141:
844:
657:
215:
1811:"Social Security Programs in the United States" by DIANE Publishing Company, p.34
263:
According to one 2018 study, 70% of initially-denied claims are ultimately paid.
769:
750:
704:
542:
457:
1374:"Injury Underreporting Among Small Establishments in the Construction Industry"
157:
2018:
1944:
1689:"Master or Chancellor? The Workers' Compensation Judge and Adjudicatory Power"
2230:
1704:
913:
324:
312:
274:
over workers' compensation disputes has been transferred by statute from the
257:
939:"Responsibility for employees injured while traveling for work can be murky"
1430:
1153:
1145:
671:
227:
218:
provider—an element in the increasing cost of health insurance nationwide.
2202:"Labor Secretary Calls Workers' Comp Opt-Out Plans A 'Pathway To Poverty'"
1226:"Labor and Economic Opportunity - Workers' Disability Compensation Agency"
639:
637:
373:, 46 U.S.C. App. 688., essentially a remedy very similar to the FELA one.
137:
1019:"International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions"
783:"Ernst Freund, "Constitutional Status of Workmen's Compensation," (1912)"
275:
253:
2096:. California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers' Compensation.
1422:
634:
433:
The most common forms of workers' compensation fraud by employers are:
358:
Employees of common carriers by rail have a statutory remedy under the
320:
2163:
Occupational Safety and Health Simplified for the Industrial Workplace
1897:"A Study of Nonsubscription to the Texas Workers' Compensation System"
410:
The most common forms of workers' compensation fraud by workers are:
1658:"Employees' Guide to Appealing A Workers' Compensation Claim Denial"
1627:
1693:
Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
282:. Appeals may be taken to an appeals board and from there into the
1176:"State Workers' Compensation Officials | U.S. Department of Labor"
1131:
1049:"The National Association of Workers' Compensation Judiciary, Inc"
38:
By 1949, every state had enacted a workers' compensation program.
63:
51:
172:
employed by companies who illegally fail to purchase insurance.
868:
Utterback, David; Meyers, Alysha; Wurzelbacher, Steven (2014).
316:
897:
No Right to Be Idle: The Invention of Disability, 1840s–1930s
870:"Workers' Compensation Insurance: A Primer for Public Health"
393:
164:
claims, but paying the claims itself out of its own pockets.
117:
108:
31:
2148:
Managing Worker's Compensation: A Guide to Injury Reduction
1758:"Nearly 70 Percent of Denied Workers' Comp Claims Are Paid"
1134:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
867:
1070:
1018:
556:
Dying to Work: Death and Injury in the American Workplace
46:
The Workers' Accident Insurance system put into place by
2094:"Report On The Workers' Compensation Anti-Fraud Program"
569:
Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age
483:
https://lawpublications.barry.edu/barrylrev/vol21/iss2/4
1978:"Workers' Compensation Law - State by State Comparison"
1199:
1048:
688:
re: THE EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY CASES, 207 U.S. 463 (1908)
1868:
California Workers' Compensation Claims & Benefits
1251:"State Workers' Comp Funds Wary of Shrinking Premiums"
1632:
State of Nevada Department of Business & Industry
772:
Includes extended data tables. See table one, note D.
583:"Workers' Compensation Law & the Remedial Waiver"
801:"Workers' Compensation History: The Great Tradeoff!"
447:
and limit independent appeals of benefits decisions.
353:
311:In recent years, workers' compensation programs in
1323:. Insurance Information Institute, Inc. 2014-01-12
460:(1900-1974), child survivor of industrial accident
2021:. Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office.
2228:
1293:. International Risk Management Institute, Inc.
1945:"Texas Association of Business Nonsubscription"
2188:Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation
387:
378:Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act
1381:American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2011
1717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1602:"Can I Sue My Employer After a Work Injury?"
1891:
1889:
1887:
1865:
1837:"California Constitution, Art. XIV, Sec. 4"
718:The Federal Employers Liability Law of 1906
2165:. London, U.K.: Bernan Press. p. 57.
646:"A Brief History of Workers' Compensation"
2046:"The Myth of Workers' Compensation Fraud"
1937:
1071:"Workers Compensation Research Institute"
661:
2185:
2160:
1884:
1606:Greenberg and Ruby Injury Attorneys, APC
1408:
936:
842:
345:Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
1572:"Pennsylvania Workers Compensation Act"
1504:
1411:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1059:from the original on 16 September 2017.
2229:
1870:(9 Spi ed.). Michie Butterworth.
1200:"North Carolina Industrial Commission"
994:"Participants, Including Distributors"
937:Goldgerg, Stephanie (3 January 2016).
643:
2145:
2123:. Coalition Against Insurance Fraud.
2081:from the original on 2 November 2014.
2052:from the original on 19 February 2014
2025:from the original on 21 February 2014
1972:
1970:
1443:
1029:from the original on 7 September 2008
734:Ives v. South B. R. Co., 201 N.Y. 271
622:Best Hip & Knee Surgeon | NY, USA
580:
233:
92:New York Central Railway Co. v. White
2127:from the original on 15 January 2013
2091:
2048:. Public Broadcasting System (PBS).
1988:from the original on 1 December 2017
1847:from the original on 2 February 2017
1668:from the original on 1 December 2017
1638:from the original on 1 December 2017
1481:, 561 Pa. 111, 748 A. 2d 660 (2000)"
1248:
2118:
1793:from the original on 31 August 2017
1582:from the original on 31 August 2017
1341:
341:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
13:
2212:from the original on 27 March 2016
2100:from the original on 16 March 2014
2043:
1967:
1927:"Texas Labor Code Sec. 406.033(a)"
1841:California Legislative Information
1686:
1527:from the original on 19 March 2015
1081:from the original on 20 April 2017
793:
98:
14:
2248:
2190:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 482.
1955:from the original on 29 July 2010
1933:from the original on 1 July 2012.
1907:from the original on 5 March 2017
1479:Kmart Corp. v. WCAB (Fitzsimmons)
1297:from the original on 2 April 2016
1113:from the original on 8 April 2014
405:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud
203:State Compensation Insurance Fund
1826:Ohio Rev. Code Section 4123.512.
1783:"Workers' Compensation Overview"
1578:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
1390:from the original on 21 May 2016
1371:
1317:"Workers Compensation Insurance"
969:"Workers Compensation Insurance"
949:from the original on 14 May 2017
360:Federal Employers' Liability Act
354:Alternate statutory compensation
306:
270:In the vast majority of states,
136:
127:
116:
107:
84:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
2194:
2179:
2154:
2139:
2112:
2085:
2074:. Travelers Indemnity Company.
2064:
2037:
2011:
2000:
1919:
1859:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1775:
1750:
1725:
1680:
1650:
1620:
1594:
1564:
1539:
1498:
1468:
1437:
1402:
1365:
1335:
1321:Insurance Information Institute
1309:
1279:
1267:from the original on 4 May 2018
1242:
1218:
1206:from the original on 1 May 2017
1192:
1168:
1125:
1093:
1063:
1041:
1011:
986:
961:
945:. Business Insurance Holdings.
930:
906:
889:
861:
836:
818:
775:
756:
737:
728:
711:
691:
678:
618:"Workers' Compensation History"
495:"Workers' Compensation - Texas"
337:Federal Employers Liability Act
330:
1866:O'Brien, David W. (Oct 1993).
753:Includes extended data tables.
610:
597:
574:
561:
548:
545:Includes extended data tables.
529:
505:
487:
475:
1:
2121:"Worker's Compensation Fraud"
2019:"Workers' Compensation Fraud"
1901:Texas Department of Insurance
1249:Carr, Sean P. (17 May 2010).
469:
287:appeals to go before a jury.
191:
19:(which formerly was known as
723:16 September 2009 at Wikiwix
650:The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal
364:United States district court
208:
7:
1450:William Mitchell Law Review
1202:. State of North Carolina.
451:
388:Workers' compensation fraud
10:
2253:
1737:The Schiller Kessler Group
1687:B., Torrey, David (2012).
334:
242:
41:
2150:. CRC press. p. 207.
1628:"If Your Claim is Denied"
581:Haupt, Mary Kati (2016).
280:administrative law judges
250:administrative law judges
2186:Oliphant, Keith (2012).
2161:Spellman, Frank (2016).
843:Fishback, Price (2013).
644:Guyton, Gregory (1999).
293:
178:American Bar Association
1843:. State of California.
1514:Mississippi Law Journal
1505:Sawyers, Bryan (2012).
1444:Bradt, Gene P. (1980).
914:"Workers' Compensation"
845:"Workers' Compensation"
464:Scaffold Law (New York)
1146:10.5435/JAAOS-21-02-67
392:Workers' compensation
21:workmen's compensation
2237:Workers' compensation
2146:Wertz, Keith (2000).
272:original jurisdiction
25:workers' compensation
17:Workers' compensation
2092:McBirnie, Thomas J.
1762:Risk & Insurance
1353:. NCCI Holdings, Inc
899:(2017) and Holdren,
768:19 June 2017 at the
749:19 June 2017 at the
541:19 June 2017 at the
1634:. State of Nevada.
703:3 June 2010 at the
256:, who often act as
1903:. State of Texas.
1423:10.1002/ajim.22128
1372:Dong; et al.
1342:Dworsky, Michael.
943:Business Insurance
234:Employer liability
2172:978-1-59888-809-6
1787:Legal Aid at Work
1664:. State of Utah.
805:Insurance Journal
403:According to the
48:Otto von Bismarck
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1984:. 9 June 2017.
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781:
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99:Modern practice
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2223:
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2178:
2171:
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2138:
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2072:"Risk Control"
2063:
2044:Cullen, Lisa.
2036:
2010:
1999:
1966:
1936:
1918:
1883:
1877:978-0250472246
1876:
1858:
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1551:Google Scholar
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307:Privatization
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2129:. Retrieved
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2087:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2013:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1981:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1900:
1867:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1764:. 2018-06-25
1761:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1739:. 2023-03-14
1736:
1727:
1713:cite journal
1696:
1692:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1517:
1513:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1478:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1453:
1449:
1439:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1380:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1350:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1257:
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1140:(2): 67–77.
1137:
1133:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1052:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
1000:. 2014-01-12
997:
988:
977:. Retrieved
975:. 2014-01-12
972:
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951:. Retrieved
942:
932:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
900:
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880:. Retrieved
876:
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852:. Retrieved
848:
838:
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820:
809:. Retrieved
807:. 2015-03-19
804:
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777:
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730:
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653:
649:
625:. Retrieved
621:
612:
604:
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586:
576:
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558:(2017), 180.
555:
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520:. Retrieved
517:www.irmi.com
516:
507:
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489:
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391:
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375:
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331:Federal laws
310:
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276:trial courts
269:
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228:privacy laws
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220:
212:
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2131:27 February
1992:21 November
1672:23 November
1642:23 November
1474:See, e.g.,
1180:www.dol.gov
698:lawphil.net
656:: 106–110.
380:, known as
284:state court
254:magistrates
158:self-insure
2104:7 February
2056:7 February
2029:7 February
1768:2018-11-24
1743:2024-05-03
1235:2021-04-06
1185:2021-04-06
1004:2024-05-03
979:2024-05-03
923:2024-05-03
882:2019-11-22
854:2019-12-05
811:2018-11-24
627:2024-05-03
522:2018-11-24
470:References
382:US L&H
335:See also:
323:, through
321:privatised
192:State laws
1949:txbiz.org
1797:31 August
1705:0735-0821
1586:31 August
1556:31 August
1053:nawcj.org
603:Holdren,
567:Rodgers,
371:Jones Act
209:Reporting
58:In 1855,
2231:Category
2216:27 March
2210:Archived
2125:Archived
2098:Archived
2076:Archived
2050:Archived
2023:Archived
1986:Archived
1953:Archived
1931:Archived
1905:Archived
1845:Archived
1791:Archived
1666:Archived
1636:Archived
1580:Archived
1522:Archived
1431:23109103
1385:Archived
1295:Archived
1262:Archived
1258:BestWeek
1204:Archived
1162:20042355
1154:23378370
1108:Archived
1106:. CPWR.
1079:Archived
1057:Archived
1027:Archived
947:Archived
766:Archived
747:Archived
721:Archived
701:Archived
672:10847524
554:Karmel,
539:Archived
452:See also
78:, 1916;
74:, 1908;
2206:NPR.org
1612:3 March
1117:18 June
903:(2021).
895:Rose,
663:1888620
243:Appeals
64:Alabama
60:Georgia
52:Germany
42:History
2169:
1874:
1703:
1576:PA.gov
1490:26 May
1460:26 May
1429:
1260:(20).
1160:
1152:
1023:IAIABC
849:eh.net
670:
660:
607:(2021)
343:, and
317:Nevada
2079:(PDF)
1959:4 May
1911:6 May
1851:5 May
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1531:6 May
1525:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1456:: 533
1394:6 May
1388:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1357:6 May
1347:(PDF)
1327:6 May
1301:6 May
1271:6 May
1265:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1210:6 May
1158:S2CID
1111:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1085:6 May
1033:6 May
953:5 May
877:NIOSH
873:(PDF)
394:fraud
319:were
294:Texas
32:Texas
2218:2016
2167:ISBN
2133:2013
2106:2014
2058:2014
2031:2014
1994:2017
1982:NFIB
1961:2018
1913:2017
1872:ISBN
1853:2017
1799:2017
1719:link
1701:ISSN
1674:2017
1644:2017
1614:2023
1588:2017
1558:2017
1533:2017
1492:2018
1462:2018
1427:PMID
1396:2017
1359:2017
1351:NCCI
1329:2017
1303:2017
1291:IRMI
1273:2017
1212:2017
1150:PMID
1119:2013
1087:2017
1075:WCRI
1035:2017
955:2017
668:PMID
593:(2).
315:and
80:Kern
76:FECA
72:FELA
62:and
1824:See
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252:or
248:by
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