World Bank - Knowledge

365: 749:: Annual numbers of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths have fallen, but the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the eight worst-hit southern African countries, prevalence is above 15 percent. Treatment has increased globally, but still meets only 30 percent of needs (with wide variations across countries). AIDS remains the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa (1.6 million deaths in 2007). There are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year, leading to more than 1 million deaths. Nearly all the cases and more than 95 percent of the deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. 3649:

University; Technical expertise and some infrastructure is provided by the Tokyo Development Learning Centre (TDLC); Fiduciary services are provided by Australian National University (ANU) Until the GDLN Asia Pacific is established as a legal entity in Thailand, ANU, has offered to assist the governing committee, by providing a means of managing the inflow and outflow of funds and of reporting on them. This admittedly results in some complexity in contracting arrangements, which need to be worked out on a case-by-case basis and depends to some extent on the legal requirements of the countries involved.

3611:

support of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations. The purpose of the institute was to provide an open place where senior officials from developing countries could discuss development policies and programs. Over the years, EDI grew significantly and in 2000, the institute was renamed as the World Bank Institute. Sanjay Pradhan is the past vice president of the World Bank Institute. As of 2019, World Bank Institute functions have been mostly encapsulated by a new unit Global Operations Knowledge Management Unit (GOKMU), which is now responsible for knowledge management and learning across the bank.

2651: 2635: 2391: 2136: 1568: 3240: 2996: 2943: 2842: 1113: 3171: 3065: 3012: 2911: 719:: From 1990 through 2004, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from almost a third to less than a fifth. Although results vary widely within regions and countries, the trend indicates that the world as a whole can meet the goal of halving the percentage of people living in poverty. Africa's poverty, however, is expected to rise, and most of the 36 countries where 90% of the world's undernourished children live are in Africa. Less than a quarter of countries are on track for achieving the goal of halving under-nutrition. 34: 2667: 2550: 2513: 2497: 607: 3134: 3033: 2874: 2773: 2343: 2322: 2290: 2168: 1518: 2895: 2858: 2805: 2704: 2046: 2030: 2014: 1998: 1709: 1671: 1646: 1618: 1493: 1443: 1404: 1379: 1354: 1294: 1266: 1201: 1173: 1141: 1099: 1066: 1038: 1007: 968: 937: 905: 875: 847: 3256: 2529: 2481: 2375: 4922: 3325: 2964: 9007: 8997: 8988: 27: 3288: 3219: 3187: 1238: 3341: 416:, chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was for US$ 250 million, half the amount requested, and came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the 3624:

them choose and apply these tools effectively and to tap development practitioners and experts worldwide. GDLN Affiliates facilitate around 1000 video conference-based activities a year on behalf of their clients, reaching some 90,000 people worldwide. Most of these activities bring together participants in two or more countries over a series of sessions. A majority of GDLN activities are organized by small government agencies and NGOs.

3272: 11223: 647: 3309: 1468: 1418: 3203: 3049: 2237: 2205: 2184: 2152: 4936: 3102: 3357: 2789: 3081: 2980: 2927: 2826: 2720: 331: 2688: 2460: 2428: 2306: 2274: 2253: 2221: 1543: 2736: 2619: 2582: 2566: 3150: 3118: 2757: 2598: 2444: 2412: 2359: 2115: 2099: 2083: 2067: 1734: 1593: 4619:. Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development, it was criticized for ignoring equity, employment, and how reforms like privatization were carried out. Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on GDP growth and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards. 242:

help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank operates a number of training wings, and it works with the Clean Air Initiative and the UN Development Business. It works within the Open Data Initiative and hosts an Open Knowledge Repository.

1825:(IMF) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the bank (such as IDA). The five United Nations member states that are not members of the World Bank are Andorra, Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and North Korea. Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the IMF and the World Bank Group, including the IBRD and IDA. 3386:; by combining an analysis of local groups with an analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a plan pertaining to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank instigates its aid efforts correspondingly. 4775:) of the bank and the countries that are most influential within it. Among other allegations, Klein says the Group's credibility was damaged "when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for 4759:. The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans, allowing for social spending to be maintained, and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises. In 1999, the World Bank and the IMF introduced the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach to replace structural adjustment loans. 3633:

Fiji, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and New Zealand. With over 180 Distance Learning Centers, it is the largest development learning network in the Asia and Pacific region. The Secretariat Office of GDLN Asia Pacific is located in the Center of Academic Resources of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

234:. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s, it focused on loans to developing world countries, shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' 3636:

GDLN Asia Pacific was launched at the GDLN's East Asia and Pacific regional meeting held in Bangkok from 22 to 24 May 2006. Its vision is to become "the premier network exchanging ideas, experience and know-how across the Asia Pacific Region". GDLN Asia Pacific is a separate entity to The World Bank.

3551:

as co-chairs. Furthermore, initiating a process to select an executive director, the board started working on access modalities, financial instruments, facilities, arrangements, and ensuring observer participation in the board meetings and related proceedings. An essential part of the meeting was the

1877:

The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based objective indicators, and transparency among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model", backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is

3657:

A Justice Sector Peer-Assisted Learning (JUSTPAL) Network was launched in April 2011 by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Department of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region. JUSTPAL's objective is to provide an online and offline platform for justice professionals

3648:

GDLN Asia Pacific is built on the principle of shared resources among partners engaged in a common task, and this is visible in the organizational structures that exist, as the network evolves. Physical space for its headquarters is provided by the host of the GDLN Centre in Thailand – Chulalongkorn

3494:

article found that the bank continues "to finance oil and gas exploration, pipelines and refineries," that "these fossil fuel investments make up a greater share of the bank's current energy lending portfolio than renewable projects," and that the bank "has yet to meaningfully shift away from fossil

3466:

A 4-degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided—we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing

4835:

Critics have argued that the terms of the PEF are too stringent, and the 12-week delay means that the funding will be much less effective than if it was released to assist governments in initially containing the outbreak. They argue that the fund prioritizes the interests of the private bondholders

4595:

One of the most common criticisms of the World Bank has been the way it is governed. While the World Bank represents 188 countries, it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries. These countries (which also provide most of the institution's funding) choose the bank's leadership and

3623:

GDLN clients are typically NGOs, government, private sector, and development agencies who find that they work better together on subregional, regional, or global development issues using the facilities and tools offered by GDLN Affiliates. Clients also benefit from the ability of Affiliates to help

4799:

from countries it deals with. Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions. It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a "shield which The World Bank wants to resort to, for escaping accountability and security by the people". As the United States has

3632:

The GDLN in the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced rapid growth and Distance Learning Centers now operate or are planned in 20 countries: Australia, Mongolia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Japan, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Thailand, Laos, Timor Leste,

3475:

in 2012 noted that (p. xiii) "even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 °C by 2100." This is despite the fact that the "global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2 °C to prevent

806:

The boards of directors consist of the World Bank Group president and 25 executive directors. The president is the presiding officer, and ordinarily has no vote except to break a tie. The executive directors as individuals cannot exercise any power or commit or represent the bank unless the boards

711:

targets for 2015 within reach in some cases. For the goals to be realized, six criteria must be met: stronger and more inclusive growth in Africa and fragile states, more effort in health and education, integration of the development and environment agendas, more as well as better aid, movement on

544:

has been selected from candidates nominated by the United States. This is significant because the World Bank tends to lend more readily to countries that are friendly with the United States, not because of direct U.S. influence but because of the employees of the World Bank. In 2012, for the first

4856:

amidst a broader effort by Kim to implement cost-cutting reforms, sparked debates over transparency, ethics, and the organization's commitment to its own principles, further exacerbating concerns about trust and leadership within the World Bank. Badré renounced the bonus and left the Bank shortly

3665:

To facilitate fruitful exchange of reform experiences and sharing of applicable good practices, JUSTPAL has organized its activities under five Communities of Practice (COPs): Budgeting for the Justice Sector; Information Systems for Justice Services; Justice Sector Physical Infrastructure; Court

241:

As of 2022, the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at developing countries to

3610:

WBI had four major strategies to approach development problems: innovation for development, knowledge exchange, leadership and coalition building, and structured learning. World Bank Institute (WBI) was formerly known as Economic Development Institute (EDI), established on 11 March 1955 with the

536:

In order to promote global public goods, the World Bank tries to control communicable diseases such as malaria, delivering vaccines to several parts of the world, and joining combat forces. In 2000, the bank announced a "war on AIDS" and in 2011 the bank joined the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership.

522:

Beginning in 1989, in response to harsh criticism from many groups, the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism. It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal

3619:

The Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) is a partnership of over 120 learning centers (GDLN Affiliates) in nearly 80 countries around the world. GDLN Affiliates collaborate in holding events that connect people across countries and regions for learning and dialogue on development issues.

777:

To ensure that World Bank-financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation, the following environmental, social, and legal safeguards were defined: Environmental Assessment, Indigenous Peoples, Involuntary Resettlement, Physical Cultural Resources, Forests,

3691:

and its partners the space to initiate conversations on public procurement’s key role in spurring better development outcomes for a country. It promotes a global dialogue on the value of well-functioning procurement systems by supporting enhanced donor coordination, responsible innovation, and

3683:

The Global Procurement Partnership (GPP) MDTF is a seven-year program that aims to advance worldwide and country-level procurement reforms, increase coordination and maximize impact. The GPP MDTF seeks to contribute to this overall objective through (i) global standards and models that lead to

628:

The US Treasury has committed $ 667 million for the World Bank's global Pandemic Fund, a third of the $ 2 billion the fund hopes to raise. The Pandemic Fund, established in September 2022, is a collaborative initiative among countries, implementing partners, philanthropies, and civil society

527:

damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting

794:. The president is responsible for chairing meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the bank. Traditionally, the president of the bank has always been a U.S. citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank (the managing director of the 384:

were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations. The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low-income countries that could not obtain loans commercially. The bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients.

4754:

By the late 1980s, some international organizations began to believe that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world's poor, due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food, as subsidies were lifted. It also have been criticized for being

781:

At the World Bank's 2012 annual meeting in Tokyo, a review of these safeguards was initiated, which was welcomed by several civil society organisations. As a result, the World Bank developed a new Environmental and Social Framework, which has been in implementation since 1 October 2018.

761:: Donor countries have renewed their commitment. Donors have to fulfill their pledges to match the current rate of core program development. Emphasis is being placed on the Bank Group's collaboration with multilateral and local partners to quicken progress toward the MDGs' realization. 4828:(PEF), a fund that was created to provide money to help manage pandemic outbreaks. The terms of the PEF, which is financed by bonds sold to private investors, prevent any money from being released from the fund until 12 weeks after the outbreak was initially detected (23 March). The 4633:

has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty. Instead, the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power. His case studies of development projects in

3405:, a grant program that surfaces and funds development projects with potential for development impact that are scalable and/or replicable. The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver social and public services to groups with the lowest incomes. 3753:

The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models. These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse, whereas the recent publications describing them are available as

4626:

report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much "on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time" and called on the institution to "strengthen anti-corruption efforts".

453:

to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank. One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of

731:: The tide is turning slowly for women in the labor market, yet far more women than men—worldwide more than 60%—are contributing but unpaid family workers. The World Bank Group Gender Action Plan was created to advance women's economic empowerment and promote shared growth. 11162: 4596:

senior management, and their interests dominate. Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank's role in developing countries makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid, and therefore a pillar of

3640:

The committee comprises China (2), Australia (1), Thailand (1), The World Bank (1), and finally, a nominee of the Government of Japan (1). The organization is currently hosted by Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, a founding member of the GDLN Asia Pacific.

3397:

sometimes fund their own aid projects, including those for diseases. Robert B. Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank, said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007, that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on".

4669:

Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank, implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding. "When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice," observed

3674:

As a guideline to the World Bank's operations in any particular country, a Country Assistance Strategy is produced in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the bank or other parties.

4718:

In September 2023, it was revealed that the World Bank had poured billions of dollars into fossil fuel projects in 2022. Campaigners estimated that about $ 3.7bn in trade finance was supplied to oil and gas projects despite the World Bank's green pledges.

737:: There is some improvement in survival rates globally; accelerated improvements are needed most urgently in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 10 million-plus children under five died in 2005; most of their deaths were from preventable causes. 3552:

discussion between the board and the World Bank on establishing the fund as a World Bank-hosted financial intermediary fund (FIF), specifically focusing on ensuring that the most vulnerable frontline communities can access the fund's resources directly.

556:

as the next president of the bank. Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012 and reelected to a second five-year term in 2017. He announced that he would resign effective 1 February 2019. He was replaced on an interim basis by now-former World Bank CEO

743:: Almost all of the half-million women who die during pregnancy or childbirth every year live in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. There are numerous causes of maternal death that require a variety of health care interventions to be made widely accessible. 4898:, enacted in May 2023, contradicts its core values on human rights. The World Bank joined the United States in imposing sanctions against Uganda over the anti-homosexuality law. Uganda dismissed the move by the World Bank as unjust and hypocritical. 4852:(2013-2016), at his request on top of a tax-free salary of $ 379,000, while significant staff cuts and austerity measures were being implemented, drew criticism from within and outside the organization. This bonus, revealed by Senior Country Officer 4747:, and altering the distribution of government resources. Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily. For some countries, particularly in 4580:. Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and "a world in which international trade is State-dominated" when they were being advocated. Stiglitz argued that the 625:, the World Bank announced a $ 12 billion plan to supply "low and middle income countries" with a vaccine once it was approved. In June 2022, the bank reported that $ 10.1 billion had been allocated to supply 78 countries with the vaccine 3644:

The Governing Committee has determined that the most appropriate legal status for the GDLN AP in Thailand is a "Foundation". The World Bank is engaging a solicitor in Thailand to process all documentation in order to obtain this status.

461:

The World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established in 1980, to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored.

11177: 3661:

The JUSTPAL Network includes representatives of judiciaries, ministries of justice, prosecutors, anti-corruption agencies, and other justice-related entities from across the globe. It has active members from more than 50 countries.

3606:

The World Bank Institute (WBI) was a "global connector of knowledge, learning and innovation for poverty reduction". It aimed to inspire change agents and prepare them with essential tools that can help achieve development results.

3658:

to exchange knowledge, good practices, and peer-driven improvements to justice systems and thereby support countries to improve their justice sector performance, quality of justice, and service delivery to citizens and businesses.

10808: 3684:

modern, effective, and transparent procurement systems; (ii) development of country capacities for better procurement systems; and (iii) systematized learning and research on the impact of effective procurement reform approaches.

798:

having always been a European). The nominee is subject to confirmation by the board of executive directors to serve a five-year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not.

725:: The percentage of children in school in developing countries increased from 80% in 1991 to 88% in 2005. Still, about 72 million children of primary school age, 57% of them girls, were not being educated as of 2005. 10820: 3700:

Clean Air Initiative (CAI) is a World Bank initiative to advance innovative ways to improve air quality in cities through partnerships in selected regions of the world by sharing knowledge and experiences. It includes

11111: 528:

development. For example, in 1991, the bank announced that to protect against deforestation, especially in the Amazon, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.

10681: 10986: 10848: 4642:

was flawed, and the bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting its projects. As a result, the projects failed to help the poor but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy.

10957: 10416: 802:

The vice presidents of the bank are its principal managers, in charge of regions, sectors, networks and functions. There are two executive vice presidents, three senior vice presidents, and 24 vice presidents.

10677: 3543:. This important UN Climate Change initiative was operationalized during the COP28 UN Climate Change Conference in December 2023. During the three-day meeting, the board elected Jean-Christophe Donnellier of 4786:

A study of the period 1970–2004 found that a less-developed country would on average receive more World Bank projects during any period when it occupied one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.

10856: 8651: 8646: 6660: 1833:

In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%),

755:: Deforestation remains a critical problem, particularly in regions of biological diversity, which continues to decline. Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing faster than energy technology advancement. 393:

went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European allies. Until 1968, its loans were

388:

In its early years, the bank made a slow start for two reasons: it was underfunded, and there were leadership struggles between the US executive director and the president of the organization. When the

3476:'dangerous' climate change". Furthermore, "a series of recent extreme events worldwide highlight the vulnerability of all countries ... No nation will be immune to the impacts of climate change." 3421:

cost-competitive with coal-fired power as quickly as possible, but this may not continue after UN's Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009, because of the bank's continued investment in

629:

organizations. It aims to fund investments that address critical gaps in pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response capacities at national, regional, and global levels, with a particular focus on

10937: 6687: 11187: 10383: 5463:

Mr. Clausen was chosen by President Jimmy Carter to lead the World Bank shortly before Mr. Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in 1980, but the new administration supported Mr. Clausen's nomination.

507:

reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in

3730:

is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks, U.N. agencies, and several national governments, many of which have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in

10828: 4659: 398:

for the construction of infrastructure works, such as seaports, highway systems, and power plants, that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan. In 1960, the

10877: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 285:

is an extended entity of five international organizations, and the parent organization of the World Bank, the collective name given to the first two listed organizations, the IBRD and the IDA:

10929: 11061: 11051: 10844: 10729: 1902:(MIGA). Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital (one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member). 11172: 10965: 4552:

The World Bank hosts the Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products. The World Bank's repository is listed in the

1886:

The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015: the

10713: 10836: 4771:, are of the opinion that the World Bank Group's loans and aid have unfair conditions attached to them that reflect the interests, financial power and political doctrines (notably the 3483:

from $ 2.3bn (£1.47bn) in 2011 to $ 4.6bn in 2012. The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times. It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.

10758: 1842:(2.91%), Russia (2.77%), Saudi Arabia (2.77%) and Italy (2.64%). Under the changes, known as 'Voice Reform – Phase 2', countries other than China that saw significant gains included 10924: 6090: 7545: 11011: 10782: 10620: 6399: 6303: 7523: 6367: 6335: 10376: 6043: 4739:, which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance. Some of these policies included encouraging 1152:

US Ambassador to Indonesia, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, dean of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, a prominent architect of

10824: 8295:

Heldt, Eugénia C., and Henning Schmidtke. "Explaining coherence in international regime complexes: How the World Bank shapes the field of multilateral development finance."

778:

Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Safety of Dams, Projects in Disputed Areas, Projects on International Waterways, and Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities.

10689: 3444:. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society, and others to support a single, country-led national health strategy in a well-coordinated way. 5599: 4906:

The World Bank funded a program in Tanzania supposed to help nature conservation. The program was criticized because it led to severe violation of human rights toward the

6839: 5339: 10869: 10721: 10647: 9182: 8481: 6254: 6228: 4886:

5.5 billion funding from a USD 13 billion World Bank capital increase was secured by the US Treasury at the time that David Malpass was the Treasury's undersecretary.

313: 11182: 3436:(IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for 10369: 7888:"Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity on Trial: Noriega, Pinochet, and Milosevic – Trends in Political Accountability and Transnational Criminal Law" 5420: 7586: 405:

Before 1974, the reconstruction and development loans the World Bank made were relatively small. Its staff was aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank.

11152: 11147: 10945: 7338: 10889: 8743: 5030: 10961: 6480: 476:, in 1980. Clausen replaced many members of McNamara's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis. His 1982 decision to replace the bank's Chief Economist, 11192: 10766: 420:

told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied and removed the

10709: 5824: 5676: 11260: 9177: 8461: 7568: 3782: 3491: 1917: 1887: 1814: 289: 215: 10638: 10901: 10697: 10660: 4970: 10933: 7986: 11036: 11031: 10685: 7707: 6194: 4623: 10978: 7457: 6582: 6003: 5184: 580:. He is also expected to help low-income countries deal with debts. He is the first Indian American to lead the bank. He worked before as the head of 11056: 10503: 10465: 6883: 4949: 438:. The size and number of loans to borrowers greatly increased, as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors. 11665: 11462: 10673: 7319: 6736: 3726:

In 1998, the agreement was renegotiated, and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an online version of the publication. Today,

3637:

It has endorsed its own Charter and Business Plan and, in accordance with the Charter, a GDLN Asia Pacific Governing Committee has been appointed.

5702:"United States Announces Up to $ 667 Million Planned Contribution to the Pandemic Fund to Support Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response" 10873: 8389: 7323: 6634: 7820: 11436: 10885: 10778: 10701: 5649: 4870:, as a "prince" and an "important little fellow" who could go "running to daddy" if things went wrong. Malpass served as undersecretary of the 10651: 4878:

before being appointed by Trump in February 2019 to be World Bank's president. Before Malpass became president, his son Robert had joined the

11655: 11086: 9230: 6963: 10738: 9240: 9225: 4616: 807:

specifically authorized them to do so. With the term beginning 1 November 2010, the number of executive directors increased by one, to 25.

8037: 7379: 6513: 6100: 10630: 10346: 10302: 8641: 7681:

Tan, Celine (2007). "The poverty of amnesia: PRSPs in the legacy of structural adjustment". In Stone, Diane; Wright, Christopher (eds.).

7537: 6556: 4954: 8120: 7917: 11670: 11101: 11081: 8788: 8196: 6688:"World Bank to Support Kazakhstan on its Path to Decarbonization and Carbon Neutrality, Says World Bank VP for Europe and Central Asia" 1776: 8097: 6406: 6310: 5488:

That focus paid dividends when President Jimmy Carter nominated him in 1980 to succeed Robert McNamara as president of the World Bank.

5447: 11685: 11253: 10860: 7515: 6525: 6374: 6342: 5973: 5854: 4848:, particularly regarding financial management and staff morale. Reports of a controversial $ 94,000 bonus awarded to the Bank's CFO, 3778: 5128: 11452: 11096: 11026: 11006: 9197: 8476: 4871: 4780: 3467:

development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest.

3402: 1941: 1899: 1506: 307: 11660: 10445: 9042: 8336:

Pereira, João Márcio Mendes. "Assaulting Poverty: Politics and Economic Doctrine in the History of the World Bank (1944-2014)."

5801: 10812: 9235: 9220: 9070: 5153: 4553: 3533: 589: 541: 262: 5347: 9187: 8466: 7690: 7665: 7637: 7561:"Investigation finds World Bank leaders pushed staffers to boost rankings for China and Saudi Arabia in high-profile reports" 7277: 7248: 7223: 7194: 7169: 7139: 7109: 6021: 5513: 5403: 5378: 5295: 5220: 4825: 4688: 3786: 3390: 1933: 1895: 1818: 399: 295: 219: 8346:

Polak, Jacques J., and James M. Boughton. "The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund: A Changing Relationship." in

6609: 6258: 6221: 11246: 11046: 8436: 3777:

The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors to which the World Bank has committed funding, as recorded in its

6854: 5475: 5424: 4866:

reported leaked recordings from some World Bank staff referring to Robert Malpass, the son of the institution's president

3389:

Forty-five countries pledged US$ 25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank

769:

clause prohibits its debtor countries from using public assets to repay other creditors before they repay the World Bank.

10742: 10668: 9350: 9273: 9011: 6990: 6814: 195: 68: 8011: 7767:"Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?" 7405: 11202: 11157: 11091: 9065: 8883: 7353: 3766: 3706: 7656:

deVries, Barend A. (1996). "The World Bank's Focus on Poverty". In Griesgraber, Jo Marie; Gunter, Bernhard G. (eds.).

5839: 11645: 11021: 11016: 9192: 8491: 8471: 8341: 6458: 5776: 4960: 4879: 3568: 1925: 1891: 694: 301: 125: 676: 11041: 8253:

Ascher, W. "New development approaches and the adaptability of international agencies: the case of the World Bank"

3742: 3433: 3383: 630: 10733: 7861: 7560: 5312: 4680:

and fill each important job with the best candidate available. It is good advice. The World Bank should take it."

8913: 8224: 5715: 4630: 8305:

Heyneman, Stephen P. "The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank, 1960–2000."

6910: 6788: 484:

was an example of this new focus. Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing

245:

The World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming economic development, causing protests in

11313: 11076: 10762: 9784: 9096: 8918: 8678: 4564:

The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations, such as the indigenous rights group

3539:

In May 2024, the board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage held its first historic meeting abroad in

1866:, and Spain. Most developed countries' voting power was reduced, along with a few developing countries such as 672: 466: 417: 7714: 4894:

On 9 August 2023, the World Bank announced it was suspending new loans to Uganda because it claims that a new

3575:. To date, the program has helped eight countries, promoting agriculture, research, trade in agriculture, etc. 712:

trade negotiations, and stronger and more focused support from multilateral institutions like the World Bank.

9754: 9744: 9437: 8958: 8928: 8803: 8733: 8713: 8326:

Pereira, João Márcio Mendes. "The World Bank as a political, intellectual, and financial actor (1944-1994)."

7465: 6065: 4651: 3781:(IATI) publications. The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts "will cover 100% of 1835: 235: 10725: 9965: 11680: 11675: 11197: 9904: 9877: 9101: 8923: 8908: 8858: 8783: 8763: 8688: 8683: 4895: 708: 455: 246: 10581: 6887: 5930: 5903: 10953: 10331: 10312: 9889: 9734: 9700: 9685: 9664: 9659: 9167: 9035: 8968: 8933: 8873: 8843: 8828: 8823: 8773: 8753: 8748: 8728: 8708: 8698: 7740: 7708:"Treacherous conditions: How IMF and World Bank policies tied to debt relief are undermining development" 1822: 1659: 795: 668: 354: 342: 227: 87: 11604: 11599: 11457: 10919: 10587: 10306: 9882: 9572: 9562: 8963: 8953: 8948: 8898: 8863: 8853: 8848: 8818: 8793: 8738: 8693: 4875: 4736: 3723:

became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices, Contract Awards, and Project Approvals.

3585:

In process of increasing its yearly spending for agriculture to $ 6–8 billion from earlier $ 4 billion.

1808: 1320: 364: 154: 8386: 8243: 7766: 11640: 11126: 10914: 10910: 9452: 9075: 9001: 8943: 8938: 8903: 8893: 8888: 8868: 8838: 8758: 8703: 8300: 7835: 5955: 4589: 4547: 3759: 3480: 3429: 1456: 421: 412:

The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France in 1947. The bank's president at the time,

207: 7292: 3425:. (In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance fossil fuel development.) 11447: 11420: 10832: 10361: 10336: 10282: 10025: 9980: 9819: 9690: 9567: 8808: 8798: 8778: 8768: 8723: 8718: 8499: 8429: 8331: 5768: 1772: 949: 835: 657: 361:. The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely with each other. 350: 231: 10409: 10040: 7964: 7938: 6967: 6937: 4731:

policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank. The

1249:

Former European Commissioner for the Budget and Human Resources and 2010's "European of the Year"

11650: 10750: 10693: 10664: 9990: 9824: 9814: 9804: 9794: 9532: 9522: 9482: 9472: 9345: 9266: 8878: 8833: 8813: 661: 402:

was formed (as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED), providing soft loans to developing countries.

143: 4882:(IFC), a branch of the World Bank Group that lends money to private sector businesses and whose 1531: 1124:

Wolfensohn was a naturalised American citizen before taking office. Corporate lawyer and banker

11442: 10642: 10469: 10160: 10005: 9865: 9808: 9764: 9727: 9477: 9417: 9392: 9362: 9335: 9028: 8534: 5031:"David Malpass, a US Treasury official and Donald Trump's pick, appointed World Bank president" 4975: 4809: 4740: 4565: 3422: 1878:

based on economic size in addition to the International Development Association contributions.

1213: 1054: 369: 8159: 7623: 6169: 1881: 11269: 11227: 11207: 10539: 10439: 10292: 9975: 9950: 9935: 9909: 9848: 9527: 9467: 9447: 9442: 9215: 9147: 9142: 5553: 5212: 4728: 3505:

In 2021, the World Bank offered support to Kazakhstan to help the country in its mission for

3414: 1792: 1153: 500: 6432: 5207:

Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization

214:

for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the

11121: 10906: 10774: 10746: 10717: 10531: 10341: 10045: 9789: 9759: 9712: 9675: 9601: 9552: 9517: 9457: 9422: 9357: 9340: 9157: 8559: 8509: 7313: 4965: 4883: 4772: 4712: 4692: 4635: 4604: 4585: 3719: 3578:

Launched Global Food Crisis Response Program: Given grants to approximately 40 nations for

3499: 1225: 917: 892: 558: 424: 250: 131: 10949: 10705: 10616: 9290: 7431: 6737:"The Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage Holds its Historic First Meeting" 8: 11635: 10897: 10791: 10543: 10396: 10271: 10080: 9899: 9799: 9779: 9739: 9695: 9680: 9636: 9577: 9502: 9492: 9462: 9385: 9091: 8991: 8422: 6501: 6122: 5287: 4756: 1782: 1367: 406: 338: 9940: 9372: 7294: 5344:

Bretton Woods: looking to the future: commission report, staff review, background papers

5055: 5017: 540:

Traditionally, based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe, the

10656: 10569: 10507: 10489: 10477: 10451: 10326: 10297: 10255: 10060: 9769: 9749: 9717: 9631: 9626: 9606: 9557: 9497: 9487: 9432: 9427: 9259: 8514: 8269:

Dinosaurs or Dynamos? The United Nations and the World Bank at the Turn of the Century.

8147: 7922: 7266: 7129: 5782: 5765:

The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance

5701: 5573: 5502: 5205: 5179: 4796: 4748: 4732: 3506: 3379: 980: 925: 435: 334: 211: 11399: 11167: 10787: 10575: 10551: 10547: 10535: 10519: 10511: 10190: 10165: 10075: 9955: 9843: 9646: 9582: 9547: 9537: 9407: 8128: 7887: 7796: 7686: 7661: 7633: 7594: 7273: 7244: 7219: 7211: 7190: 7165: 7159: 7135: 7105: 7099: 7073: 7030: 6281: 6219: 6095: 5772: 5577: 5509: 5499: 5399: 5374: 5291: 5262: 5216: 4829: 4655: 3510: 3437: 1342: 1217: 988: 622: 601: 477: 446: 434:

From 1974 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the

395: 254: 10115: 6144: 6044:"World Bank Group President Appoints Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg as Chief Economist" 5281: 5157: 4849: 4800:

veto power, it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests.

33: 11338: 11308: 11298: 10970: 10795: 10593: 10527: 10523: 10515: 10392: 10240: 10185: 10170: 10155: 10140: 10070: 10050: 10030: 9985: 9592: 9542: 9512: 9507: 9397: 9323: 9172: 8539: 8524: 8453: 8174: 8072: 7786: 7778: 6762: 5565: 5252: 4597: 4573: 3738: 3702: 3418: 1768: 1631: 1431: 1086: 995: 791: 615: 611: 473: 282: 223: 170: 92: 39: 10120: 7782: 5786: 5600:"President Obama Announces U.S. Nomination of Dr. Jim Yong Kim to Lead World Bank" 3567:

Global Food Security Program: Launched in April 2010, six countries alongside the

1785:, former World Bank Managing Director who held several posts in the government of 458:. From 1976 to 1980, developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20%. 11353: 10754: 10572:(Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden) 10481: 10473: 10461: 10351: 10245: 10210: 10175: 10110: 10035: 10020: 9914: 9870: 9707: 9641: 9616: 9611: 9587: 9318: 9303: 9127: 9122: 8549: 8519: 8393: 8238: 6665: 4941: 4853: 4776: 4662:. Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world, even among the Brazilian 4577: 1697: 1556: 1481: 1392: 1161: 1019: 984: 956: 766: 524: 442: 8119:

Makortoff, Kalyeena; correspondent, Kalyeena Makortoff Banking (12 April 2023).

7587:"World Bank spent billions of dollars backing fossil fuels in 2022, study finds" 7008: 4699:, pressured staff members of the bank to alter data to inflate the rankings for 3502:, in November 2019 in calling for an end to World Bank funding of fossil fuels. 606: 11578: 11503: 11384: 10625: 10557: 10457: 10265: 10250: 10215: 10200: 10180: 10150: 9970: 9621: 9330: 9298: 9137: 8544: 8529: 8504: 8121:"World Bank staff were told to give special treatment to son of Trump official" 6858: 5604: 4744: 3525: 3472: 3453: 2348: 2327: 2295: 2173: 1855: 1523: 1129: 1026: 863: 577: 450: 413: 381: 270: 11238: 10000: 6840:"World Bank Announces Additional $ 1.49 Billion Financing Support for Ukraine" 376:

Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the

11629: 11583: 11343: 10982: 10941: 10497: 10230: 10220: 10195: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10105: 10095: 10065: 10055: 9960: 9860: 9833: 9597: 9132: 9106: 8565: 8132: 8076: 7800: 7619: 7598: 7293:

Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 111th Congress (2010).

7187:

From Bretton Woods to World Inflation: A Study of the Causes and Consequences

6714: 6661:"Climate change protesters block downtown D.C. streets in hours-long protest" 5630: 5266: 5105: 4907: 4867: 4779:; when it demanded labour 'flexibility' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the 4672: 4663: 4612: 4569: 3717:

Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981,

3666:

Management and Administration; and Prosecution and Anti-Corruption Agencies.

3572: 3561: 3529: 3441: 2051: 2035: 2019: 2003: 1722: 1714: 1676: 1651: 1623: 1498: 1448: 1409: 1384: 1359: 1299: 1271: 1254: 1206: 1178: 1146: 1104: 1071: 1043: 1012: 973: 942: 910: 880: 852: 585: 562: 512: 390: 377: 358: 258: 253:. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the 203: 149: 5504:

Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth

4646:

Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of

3413:

The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the

572:. His term began on 2 June 2023. He was supported by the American president 11288: 10852: 10634: 10599: 10260: 10205: 10100: 10090: 10085: 10010: 9855: 9380: 9308: 9051: 8554: 8197:"URGENT ALERT: Tanzanian Government on a Rampage Against Indigenous People" 8061:"Challenges Confronting Whistleblowing and the International Civil Servant" 8060: 7765:

Dreher, Axel; Sturm, Jan-Egbert; Vreeland, James Raymond (1 January 2009).

7582: 6529: 5654: 5650:"World Bank announces $ 12bn plan for poor countries to buy Covid vaccines" 4927: 4862: 4845: 4832:

met all other requirements for the funding to be released in January 2020.

4735:

plunged many countries into economic crisis. The World Bank responded with

4704: 4696: 4608: 3548: 3459: 3261: 2534: 2486: 2380: 1882:

List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution

1871: 1762: 1581: 1189: 553: 549: 489: 481: 469: 138: 7488: 5304: 4638:

show that the World Bank's characterization of the economic conditions in

11558: 11548: 11323: 10881: 10235: 10225: 10015: 9894: 9838: 9313: 7965:"'Useless' pandemic bonds offer little hope for dealing with coronavirus" 7101:

The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World's Most Prosperous Decade

4768: 4581: 3755: 3487: 3393:(IDA), which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. Wealthier 3330: 3176: 3070: 3017: 2969: 2916: 2900: 2863: 2810: 2709: 1843: 1795:, former World Bank Managing Director and current Minister of Finance of 1754: 1078: 496: 485: 428: 10799: 10485: 8290:

A history of the social development network in The World Bank, 1973-2003

6635:"No More Excuses: The World Bank Must Halt All Funding for Fossil Fuels" 5500:

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea; Jolly, Richard; Stewart, Frances, eds. (1987).

5257: 5240: 4783:; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq". 1821:(IDA) has 174. Each member state of IBRD should also be a member of the 11415: 10145: 9945: 9722: 8570: 7791: 6583:"The World Bank is Still Hooked on Fossil Fuels Despite Climate Pledge" 6004:"Paul Romer Steps Down as World Bank Chief Economist After Rocky Stint" 5569: 4708: 4647: 3517: 3486:

In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance

1606: 1306: 1282: 1212:

Former Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at

581: 569: 266: 120: 10578:(Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden) 7051: 6481:"New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century" 5283:

The Chairman: John J. McCloy, the Making of the American Establishment

1838:(4.42%), Germany (4.00%), the United Kingdom (3.75%), France (3.75%), 26: 11553: 11523: 11283: 10804: 9995: 9925: 9282: 6914: 6792: 5934: 5907: 5880: 5530: 5316: 3589: 3540: 3521: 3293: 3245: 3224: 3192: 3001: 2948: 2847: 1796: 1118: 573: 503:

policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations.

372:

where the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established

10391: 6991:"Why the World Bank endorses the Principles for Digital Development" 6459:"Climate Change in Nashville: A Gathering Storm for the World Bank?" 5368: 5077: 4995: 646: 11568: 11538: 11303: 11116: 10974: 10893: 10840: 9774: 8175:"World Bank halts new Uganda loans over anti-LGBTQ+ law - BBC News" 7853: 7629: 7403: 7286: 6526:

World's poorest will feel brunt of climate change, warns World Bank

6022:"Yale's Penny Goldberg appointed chief economist at the World Bank" 5922: 5371:

Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending, 2nd Edition

4812:

as a consultant in a bid for privatizing the water distribution in

4677: 3346: 1243: 6213: 5741: 5591: 5146: 11513: 11394: 11368: 10865: 10493: 6069: 5895: 5554:"Pleasing the Principal: US Influence in World Bank Policymaking" 4639: 3394: 3277: 3139: 3038: 2879: 2778: 2242: 2210: 2189: 2157: 1867: 1859: 1786: 330: 9020: 7987:"How Much Money Is the World Bank Spending to Intimidate Staff?" 4824:

The World Bank has been criticized for the slow response of its

11573: 11543: 11508: 11483: 11363: 11071: 11066: 10770: 6780: 6514:

What Climate Change Means for Africa, Asia and the Coastal Poor

4935: 4743:, investment and labour-intensive manufacturing, changing real 4592:"), in the wrong sequence or in weak, uncompetitive economies. 3789:

development flows" but will not cover other development flows.

3544: 3362: 3314: 3208: 3086: 3054: 2985: 2932: 2831: 2794: 2725: 2693: 2672: 2555: 2518: 2502: 2465: 2433: 2311: 2279: 2258: 2226: 1851: 1847: 1548: 1473: 1423: 516: 504: 7683:

The World Bank and Governance: A Decade of Reform and Reaction

7516:"Inquiry puts ex-World Bank officials under scrutiny on China" 6220:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2010).

5412: 4691:

found that World Bank leaders, including then-Chief Executive

3762:, for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award. 3601: 11563: 11533: 11528: 11518: 11493: 11488: 11358: 11348: 11333: 11318: 11106: 10816: 10563: 8414: 8407: 8376:

The globalizers: the IMF, the World Bank, and their borrowers

7241:

The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers

6557:"World Bank to quit upstream oil and gas projects after 2019" 5597: 4813: 4700: 4584:

reform policies that the bank advocates are often harmful to

3579: 3155: 3123: 2762: 2741: 2656: 2640: 2624: 2603: 2587: 2571: 2449: 2417: 2396: 2364: 2141: 2120: 2104: 2088: 2072: 1863: 1839: 1739: 1598: 1573: 181: 9251: 7538:"Probe finds World Bank changed data to boost China ranking" 6908: 6878: 6876: 5677:"World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines" 5346:. Washington, D.C.: Bretton Woods Commission. Archived from 1748: 222:(IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the 11498: 11389: 11328: 11293: 7295:

The International Financial Institutions: A Call For Change

7268:

Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics

5616: 5185:"France, Germany and Italy Say They'll Join China-Led Bank" 3498:

EU finance ministers joined civil sector groups, including

3107: 1906:

The 20 Largest Countries by Voting Power (Number of Votes)

508: 357:(IMF). The president of the World Bank is traditionally an 199: 9183:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

8482:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

8059:

Moloney, Kim; Bowman, James S.; West, Jonathan P. (2018).

7337:

Ferguson, James; Lohmann, Larry (September–October 1994).

6610:"EU finance ministers call for end to fossil fuel funding" 6282:"World Bank: More responsibility for developing countries" 5974:"Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president" 5872: 5855:"Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president" 1277:

Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs

409:

ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria.

314:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

7939:"World Bank's pandemic bonds sink as coronavirus spreads" 7404:

Williams, Clarence; Ruane, Michael E. (20 October 2007).

7397: 6902: 6873: 6846: 5129:"US backs Ajay Banga to lead World Bank in climate fight" 790:

The president of the bank is the president of the entire

495:

During the 1980s, the bank emphasized lending to service

11463:

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)

10454:(Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway) 8369:

Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform

8038:"LGBT Employee Leader Under Investigation At World Bank" 5448:"A.W. Clausen, Former Bank of America Chief, Dies at 89" 3588:

Runs various nutrition programs across the world, e.g.,

858:

Newspaper publisher and Chairman of the Federal Reserve

341:, the "founding fathers" of both the World Bank and the 7892:

Boston College International and Comparative Law Review

6815:"Global Procurement Partnership Multi-Donor Trust Fund" 6502:

Why a 4 degree centrigrade warmer world must be avoided

6304:"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" 6195:"Developing nations get more say in World Bank affairs" 5522: 5396:

Your Money or Your Life!: The Tyranny of Global Finance

4253:

Decentralisation and support to subnational government

3382:

in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on

8283:

Africa's choices: after thirty years of the World Bank

8118: 5990:

Kim is a naturalized US citizen who was born in Korea.

3712: 3614: 3408: 1184:

Deputy Secretary of State and US Trade Representative

772: 9178:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

8462:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

8173:

Mackintosh, Mackintosh; Juma, Mercy (9 August 2023).

7429: 6066:"World Bank Loses Chief Economist in under 15 months" 5018:

https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members

3492:

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

1888:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

1870:. The voting powers of the United States, Russia and 1815:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

290:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

216:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

5956:"Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner's Pay Package" 5733: 5631:"Jim Yong Kim steps down as President of World Bank" 4971:

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

4917: 4762: 4751:, economic growth regressed and inflation worsened. 4683:

In 2021, an independent inquiry of the World Bank's

4676:

in 2012, "they routinely tell governments to reject

4603:

In the 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF forged the

7764: 7157: 7127: 7097: 6966:. Association of Research Libraries. Archived from 4844:Criticism was also leveled under the presidency of 4624:

United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

7885: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7655: 7487: 7480: 7265: 6938:"World Bank Is Opening Its Treasure Chest of Data" 6857:. Clean Air Initiative-Asia Center. Archived from 6495: 6091:"World Bank Chief Economist announces resignation" 5501: 5493: 5445: 5362: 5204: 5013: 5011: 5009: 238:, as well as environmental and social safeguards. 8314:The Lending Policy Of The World Bank In The 1970s 8058: 7458:"Amazon Indians Attack Official Over Dam Project" 7455: 7123: 7121: 5852: 5369:Mosley, Paul; Harrigan, Jane; Toye, John (1995). 4950:Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework 3440:and development cooperation into practice in the 1156:, resigned World Bank post due to ethics scandal 445:, who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by 431:. Within hours, the loan to France was approved. 11627: 8307:International Journal of Educational Development 7741:"The World Bank has the perfect standard bearer" 7705: 7651: 7649: 7449: 7263: 7153: 7151: 6935: 6852: 6786: 6433:"Britain Overtakes U.S. as Top World Bank Donor" 6252: 5971: 5704:. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. 24 July 2024. 5202: 5020:"Member Countries". Retrieved on 2 January 2022. 4889: 3705:. Initiatives like this help address and tackle 3669: 1514: 552:announced that the United States would nominate 11268: 7807: 7336: 7216:Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines 7209: 6715:"Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job" 6607: 5598:Office of the Press Secretary (23 March 2012). 5393: 5337: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5106:"Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job" 5006: 3373: 1705: 1667: 1642: 1614: 1489: 1439: 1400: 1375: 1350: 1290: 1262: 1197: 1169: 1137: 1095: 1062: 1034: 1003: 964: 933: 901: 871: 843: 8172: 7380:"Europe: Norway: Protests As World Bank Meets" 7257: 7203: 7184: 7118: 7091: 6995:Information and Communications for Development 6456: 5837: 5387: 11254: 10377: 9267: 9231:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean 9036: 8430: 7821:"The World Bank and the Question of Immunity" 7646: 7377: 7238: 7212:"World Markets: Anthropological Perspectives" 7148: 6608:Camino Gonzalez, Jenipher (8 November 2019). 6483:(Press release). World Bank. 18 November 2012 6430: 5846: 5822: 5508:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA. 5313:"World Bank Historical Chronology: 1970–1979" 5239:Clemens, Michael A.; Kremer, Michael (2016). 5238: 5156:. International Monetary Fund. Archived from 4839: 4559: 3520:. He was supported by the American president 9241:Central banks and currencies of the Americas 9226:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific 8098:"Is Jim Yong Kim Destroying the World Bank?" 7879: 7738: 7713:. World Development Movement. Archived from 7318:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7218:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 7178: 7164:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 7134:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 7104:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 6450: 6424: 6279: 5331: 5189: 4541: 4417:Health policy and administrative management 4171:Energy policy and administrative management 759:Develop a Global Partnership for Development 747:Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases 261:faced strong criticism as he challenged the 8262:The World Bank and Transferring Development 7680: 7423: 6170:"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 933" 4955:Energy Sector Management Assistance Program 4130:Business support services and institutions 3602:Global Operations Knowledge Management Unit 1817:(IBRD) has 189 member countries, while the 1109: 920:and executive director with the World Bank 675:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 11261: 11247: 10384: 10370: 9274: 9260: 9043: 9029: 8437: 8423: 7859: 7406:"Violence Erupts at Protest in Georgetown" 7371: 7322:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7232: 6955: 6929: 6400:"Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency" 6273: 6255:"China given more influence in World Bank" 6246: 5799: 5551: 5476:"Tom Clausen, BofA, World Bank head, dies" 5099: 5097: 5095: 4767:Some critics, most prominently the author 1234: 1049:New York State Senator and US Congressman 545:time, two non-US citizens were nominated. 8297:Review of International Political Economy 7818: 7790: 7674: 7658:The World Bank: Lending on a Global Scale 7430:Wilson, Kimberly A.C. (7 December 1999). 7300:(Report). U.S. Government Printing Office 6145:"Ashraf Ghani | president of Afghanistan" 5279: 5273: 5256: 4803: 3779:International Aid Transparency Initiative 3678: 1749:Politicians who were World Bank employees 886:Lawyer and US Assistant Secretary of War 695:Learn how and when to remove this message 11453:International Organization for Migration 9198:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 8477:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 7243:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 7189:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. 7031:"About - The World Bank - IATI Registry" 5373:. Vol. 1. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 5340:"Financial Operations of the World Bank" 4722: 1900:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 1539: 1464: 1414: 983:, US Defense Secretary under presidents 636: 605: 568:In 2023, a new president was appointed: 363: 329: 308:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 11666:Organizations based in Washington, D.C. 8355:Historical dictionary of the World Bank 8319:Mason, Edward S., and Robert E. Asher. 8276:The World Bank: Structures and Policies 7618: 7526:from the original on 25 September 2023. 6368:"International Development Association" 5552:Clark, Richard; Dolan, Lindsay (2021). 5092: 3748: 3695: 3516:In 2023 a new president was appointed: 1757:who worked for the World Bank include: 1730: 1589: 1564: 349:The World Bank was created at the 1944 11628: 9236:Central banks and currencies of Europe 9221:Central banks and currencies of Africa 9071:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 7581: 7571:from the original on 6 September 2023. 7548:from the original on 6 September 2023. 6988: 6712: 6542:Ness, Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism", 6063: 6001: 5928: 5901: 5878: 5739: 5647: 5528: 5446:NELSON D. SCHWARTZ (25 January 2013). 5418: 5310: 5103: 4901: 4554:Registry of Research Data Repositories 3925:Electrical transmission/ distribution 3592:doses for children, school meals, etc. 3534:scientific consensus on climate change 590:scientific consensus on climate change 263:scientific consensus on climate change 11242: 10365: 9255: 9188:International Development Association 9024: 8668: 8467:International Development Association 8418: 8035: 7962: 7936: 6832: 6234:from the original on 29 December 2011 5962:, 12 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2007 5756: 5558:American Journal of Political Science 5234: 5232: 4826:Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility 4790: 4294:Disaster prevention and preparedness 3532:faced criticism as he challenged the 3391:International Development Association 1896:International Development Association 1819:International Development Association 1771:was the chief adviser of the interim 588:faced criticism as he challenged the 400:International Development Association 296:International Development Association 220:International Development Association 11656:International economic organizations 10566:(Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Spain) 8348:Economic Theory and Financial Policy 8323:(Brookings Institution Press, 2010). 7558: 6842:. The World Bank Group. 7 June 2022. 6659:Lang, Marissa J. (6 December 2019). 6658: 5840:"Environmental and Social Framework" 5762: 5421:"World Bank Administrative Tribunal" 4588:if implemented badly, too quickly (" 3760:Creative Commons Attribution License 3627: 717:Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 673:adding citations to reliable sources 640: 595: 226:. It was established along with the 10669:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare 9351:Agent-based computational economics 6336:"International Finance Corporation" 5853:Hurlburt, Heather (23 March 2012). 5802:"Environmental and Social Policies" 5648:Elliot, Larry (29 September 2020). 3713:United Nations Development Business 3615:Global Development Learning Network 3479:The World Bank doubled its aid for 3409:Global partnerships and initiatives 1314: 773:Environmental and social safeguards 753:Ensure Environmental Sustainability 723:Achieve Universal Primary Education 449:. McNamara implored bank treasurer 441:These changes can be attributed to 276: 196:international financial institution 69:International financial institution 16:International financial institution 13: 10448:(Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany) 9066:Bank for International Settlements 8362:The World Bank: A Critical History 8321:The world bank since Bretton Woods 8218: 7559:Wang, Philip (17 September 2021). 7464:. Associated Press. Archived from 6909:United Nations Development Group. 6791:. World Bank Group. Archived from 6431:Landler, Mark (15 December 2007). 6253:Veloo, Betsy May (26 April 2010). 6222:IBRD 2010 Voting Power Realignment 6002:Mayeda, Andrew (24 January 2018). 5972:Heather Hurlburt (23 March 2012). 5933:. World Bank Group. Archived from 5906:. World Bank Group. Archived from 5423:. World Bank Group. Archived from 5315:. World Bank Group. Archived from 5229: 5126: 3797:Committed funding (US$ millions) 3767:Principles for Digital Development 3741:is also a sitting observer in the 3652: 3582:, etc. for improving productivity. 14: 11697: 11671:Organizations established in 1944 9193:International Finance Corporation 9050: 8472:International Finance Corporation 8399: 8036:Feder, J. Lester (9 April 2015). 7918:"WB channels Delhi water for PWC" 7456:Clendenning, Alan (21 May 2008). 7131:Globalization and Its Discontents 7074:"World Bank Entry in re3data.org" 7052:"Open Knowledge Repository (OKR)" 6964:"SPARC Innovator: The World Bank" 6961: 6099:. 6 February 2020. Archived from 6064:Lawder, David (5 February 2020). 5241:"The New Role for the World Bank" 4961:International Finance Corporation 4880:International Finance Corporation 4763:Fairness of assistance conditions 4576:, and its former Chief Economist 4089:Urban development and management 3765:The World Bank also endorses the 3596: 3569:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 3447: 3432:, the World Bank administers the 1892:International Finance Corporation 707:Various developments brought the 548:On 23 March 2012, U.S. president 302:International Finance Corporation 11686:United Nations Development Group 11221: 9809:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 9006: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8987: 8986: 8744:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8274:Bilbert, C., and C. Vines, eds. 8189: 8166: 8112: 8090: 8052: 8029: 8004: 7979: 7956: 7930: 7910: 7771:Journal of Development Economics 7758: 7732: 7699: 7612: 7575: 7552: 7530: 7432:"Embattled police chief resigns" 6989:Vasdev, Samhir (18 April 2016). 6936:Strom, Stephanie (2 July 2011). 6913:. United Nations. Archived from 6886:. United Nations. Archived from 5245:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4934: 4920: 3743:United Nations Development Group 3555: 3434:International Health Partnership 3355: 3339: 3323: 3307: 3286: 3270: 3254: 3238: 3217: 3201: 3185: 3169: 3148: 3132: 3116: 3100: 3079: 3063: 3047: 3031: 3010: 2994: 2978: 2962: 2941: 2925: 2909: 2893: 2872: 2856: 2840: 2824: 2803: 2787: 2771: 2755: 2734: 2718: 2702: 2686: 2665: 2649: 2633: 2617: 2596: 2580: 2564: 2548: 2527: 2511: 2495: 2479: 2458: 2442: 2426: 2410: 2389: 2373: 2357: 2341: 2320: 2304: 2288: 2272: 2251: 2235: 2219: 2203: 2182: 2166: 2150: 2134: 2113: 2097: 2081: 2065: 2044: 2028: 2012: 1996: 1789:, including Minister of Finance. 1732: 1707: 1669: 1644: 1616: 1591: 1566: 1541: 1516: 1491: 1466: 1441: 1416: 1402: 1377: 1352: 1292: 1264: 1236: 1199: 1171: 1139: 1111: 1097: 1064: 1036: 1005: 966: 935: 903: 873: 845: 645: 631:low- and middle-income countries 32: 25: 10602:(Austria, Finland, Netherlands) 8100:. Foreign Policy. 27 April 2016 7508: 7330: 7066: 7044: 7023: 7001: 6982: 6807: 6755: 6729: 6713:Fleury, Michelle (4 May 2023). 6706: 6680: 6652: 6627: 6601: 6575: 6549: 6536: 6519: 6507: 6473: 6461:. Center for Global Development 6405:. December 2014. Archived from 6392: 6373:. December 2014. Archived from 6360: 6328: 6296: 6187: 6162: 6137: 6115: 6083: 6057: 6036: 6014: 5995: 5965: 5949: 5838:The World Bank (October 2018). 5831: 5823:Korinna Horta (February 2013). 5816: 5793: 5708: 5694: 5669: 5641: 5623: 5545: 5468: 5439: 5104:Fleury, Michelle (4 May 2023). 4860:In May 2023, British newspaper 4611:and liberalization of markets, 3772: 3571:have pledged $ 925 million for 1828: 1220:, naturalized American citizen 531: 465:McNamara was succeeded by U.S. 325: 11661:Multilateral development banks 10763:International Rescue Committee 9097:Contractionary monetary policy 8669: 8444: 7739:Klein, Naomi (27 April 2007). 7378:Gibbs, Walter (25 June 2002). 7214:. In MacClancy, Jeremy (ed.). 6457:Wheeler, David (20 May 2008). 5742:"Millennium Development Goals" 5172: 5120: 5070: 5048: 5023: 4988: 3403:Development Marketplace Awards 621:In September 2020, during the 418:United States State Department 1: 9745:Critique of political economy 9281: 8371:. Princeton University Press. 8350:(Routledge, 2016) pp. 92–146. 7783:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.02.003 7625:Direct Action: An Ethnography 5080:. World Bank. 14 October 2008 5056:"World Bank Group Leadership" 4981: 4890:Suspension of loans to Uganda 4652:World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests 4376:Water supply - large systems 4212:Agricultural water resources 3670:Country assistance strategies 1777:political crisis of 2006–2008 1761:Former Afghanistan president 816:Presidents of the World Bank 810: 785: 236:Sustainable Development Goals 9102:Expansionary monetary policy 8244:Resources in other libraries 8012:"Opprobrium from the atrium" 7963:Seibt S (26 February 2020). 7937:Gross A (25 February 2020). 7352:(5): 176–181. Archived from 7158:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2007). 7128:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). 7098:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). 6341:. March 2015. Archived from 6309:. March 2015. Archived from 6227:(Report). World Bank Group. 3384:poverty reduction strategies 3374:Poverty reduction strategies 1326:World Bank chief economists 1018:Lawyer, bank executive with 709:Millennium Development Goals 7: 11270:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) 11000:International organisations 9168:International Monetary Fund 8065:Public Personnel Management 7886:Hasson, Adam Isaac (2002). 7685:. New York, NY: Routledge. 7660:. London, UK: Pluto Press. 7339:"The Anti-Politics Machine" 6280:Stumm, Mario (March 2011). 5127:Lo, oe (23 February 2023). 4913: 4819: 4737:structural adjustment loans 4568:, and academics, including 4335:Sanitation - large systems 3524:partly because he supports 1823:International Monetary Fund 796:International Monetary Fund 576:partly because he supports 542:president of the World Bank 355:International Monetary Fund 343:International Monetary Fund 228:International Monetary Fund 38:The World Bank building in 10: 11702: 11458:United Nations Secretariat 9883:Real business-cycle theory 8364:, London: Pluto Press 2023 8328:Relaciones Internacionales 8271:(Earthscan, London, 1999). 8260:Bazbauers, Adrian Robert. 8255:International Organization 7867:(Report). World Bank Group 7436:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 4840:Cronyism and Elite Capture 4560:Criticisms and controversy 4545: 3966:Public finance management 3796: 3707:pollution-related diseases 3692:evidence-based research. 3687:The GPP MDTF provides the 3559: 3451: 3353: 3337: 3321: 3305: 3284: 3268: 3252: 3236: 3215: 3199: 3183: 3167: 3146: 3130: 3114: 3098: 3077: 3061: 3045: 3029: 3008: 2992: 2976: 2960: 2939: 2923: 2907: 2891: 2870: 2854: 2838: 2822: 2801: 2785: 2769: 2753: 2732: 2716: 2700: 2684: 2663: 2647: 2631: 2615: 2594: 2578: 2562: 2546: 2525: 2509: 2493: 2477: 2456: 2440: 2424: 2408: 2387: 2371: 2355: 2339: 2318: 2302: 2286: 2270: 2249: 2233: 2217: 2201: 2180: 2164: 2148: 2132: 2111: 2095: 2079: 2063: 2042: 2026: 2010: 1994: 1979: 1969: 1959: 1949: 1809:List of World Bank members 1806: 1802: 1321:World Bank Chief Economist 1318: 599: 320: 11613: 11592: 11476: 11429: 11408: 11377: 11276: 11228:European Union portal 11216: 11140: 10999: 10609: 10582:Solidarités international 10432: 10425: 10403: 10323: 10281: 9923: 9657: 9406: 9371: 9289: 9208: 9156: 9115: 9084: 9076:Financial Stability Board 9058: 8984: 8675: 8664: 8660: 8579: 8490: 8452: 8383:A Guide to the World Bank 8367:Weaver, Catherine. 2008. 8239:Resources in your library 7834:(1): 1–10. Archived from 7706:Hardstaff, Peter (2003). 7272:. Cambridge, UK: Polity. 7264:Alexander, Titus (1996). 7161:Making Globalization Work 5478:. SFGate. 23 January 2013 5203:Goldman, Michael (2005). 4617:downscaling of government 4607:, policies that included 4548:Open Knowledge Repository 4542:Open Knowledge Repository 3884:Social/ welfare services 3734:a mandatory requirement. 3481:climate change adaptation 3471:A World Bank report into 3430:World Health Organization 3417:(CTF), focused on making 3401:World Bank organizes the 614:headquarters building in 176: 164: 111: 99: 82: 74: 64: 46: 24: 11646:1944 in economic history 11448:Commonwealth Secretariat 11421:Northern Mariana Islands 10648:Estonian Refugee Council 8281:Brown, Michael Barratt. 8267:Bergsen, H., Lunde, L., 8077:10.1177/0734371X18767247 7210:Schneider, Jane (2002). 6504:November 2012 World Bank 6174:archive.thedailystar.net 5769:Cornell University Press 5394:Toussaint, Eric (1999). 5338:Rotberg, Eugene (1994). 4795:The World Bank requires 4687:reports by the law firm 3490:development, but a 2019 1773:Government of Bangladesh 950:First Boston Corporation 351:Bretton Woods Conference 232:Bretton Woods Conference 10588:SOS Children's Villages 9523:Industrial organization 9346:Computational economics 8392:13 October 2015 at the 8360:Toussaint, Eric : 8353:Salda, Anne C. M., ed. 8292:(The World Bank, 2004). 7185:Hazlitt, Henry (1984). 6516:World Bank 19 June 2012 6149:Encyclopedia Britannica 5398:. London: Pluto Press. 3547:and Richard Sherman of 3528:. The former president 3423:coal-fired power plants 741:Improve Maternal Health 729:Promote Gender Equality 584:. The former president 212:middle-income countries 142:(Managing Director and 11443:Asian Development Bank 11430:Observer Organisations 10590:(Austria, Netherlands) 9728:Modern monetary theory 9393:Experimental economics 9363:Pluralism in economics 9336:Mathematical economics 8535:Lewis Thompson Preston 7828:IFI Watch – Bangladesh 7239:Woods, Ngaire (2007). 6853:Clean Air Initiative. 6787:World Bank Institute. 6546:March/April 2018, p.16 6257:. RTHK. Archived from 5825:"Most relevant review" 5154:"The Founding Fathers" 4996:"About the World Bank" 4976:The Swiss constituency 4896:anti-homosexuality act 4810:PricewaterhouseCoopers 4804:PricewaterhouseCoopers 4566:Survival International 3737:The World Bank or the 3679:Multi-Donor Trust Fund 3469: 735:Reduce Child Mortality 618: 373: 370:Mount Washington Hotel 346: 206:to the governments of 10898:War Child Netherlands 10890:Stichting Vluchteling 10440:Action Against Hunger 10410:Humanitarian partners 9216:List of central banks 9148:Sovereign wealth fund 9143:Open market operation 8340:174 (2016): 235–265. 7585:(12 September 2023). 7544:. 17 September 2021. 7522:. 17 September 2021. 6544:Brown Alumni Monthly, 5931:"Boards of Directors" 5767:. Ithaca and London: 5763:Chen, Muyang (2024). 5213:Yale University Press 4729:structural adjustment 4723:Structural adjustment 3464: 3458:World Bank President 3415:Clean Technology Fund 1793:Sri Mulyani Indrawati 1154:2003 invasion of Iraq 637:Evolution of criteria 609: 501:structural adjustment 368:The Gold Room at the 367: 333: 265:. He was replaced by 10894:Tearfund Netherlands 10767:Malteser Hilfsdienst 10747:Diakonie Deutschland 10718:Relief International 10596:(Italy, Netherlands) 9602:Social choice theory 9358:Behavioral economics 9341:Complexity economics 8560:Kristalina Georgieva 8510:Eugene R. Black, Sr. 8278:(Cambridge UP, 2000) 7632:. pp. 442–443. 7009:"DAC 5 Digit Sector" 5288:Simon & Schuster 4966:New Development Bank 4876:Trump administration 4836:over public health. 4773:Washington Consensus 4713:United Arab Emirates 4693:Kristalina Georgieva 4605:Washington Consensus 4586:economic development 3749:Open data initiative 3732:Development Business 3728:Development Business 3720:Development Business 3696:Clean Air Initiative 3500:Extinction Rebellion 3380:developing countries 1532:François Bourguignon 1226:Kristalina Georgieva 1077:Bank executive with 948:Bank executive with 916:Bank executive with 893:Eugene R. Black, Sr. 669:improve this section 559:Kristalina Georgieva 425:coalition government 132:Axel van Trotsenburg 105:189 countries (IBRD) 11681:Supranational banks 11676:Pennsylvania Avenue 10946:Farmacéuticos Mundi 10694:Federation Handicap 10397:European Commission 9686:American (National) 9386:Economic statistics 9092:Capital requirement 8992:Category World Bank 8378:(Cornell UP, 2014). 8338:Revista De História 7860:World Bank (2007). 7489:"Hats off to Ngozi" 7462:National Geographic 7410:The Washington Post 7011:. The IATI Standard 6412:on 6 September 2015 6380:on 6 September 2015 6348:on 6 September 2015 6316:on 6 September 2015 5960:The Financial Times 5904:"Senior Management" 5842:. World Bank Group. 5716:"The Pandemic Fund" 5427:on 29 December 2011 5319:on 13 November 2011 5258:10.1257/jep.30.1.53 4902:Funding to Tanzania 4808:World Bank favored 4757:Debt-trap diplomacy 4695:and then-President 1907: 1783:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 1368:Anne Osborn Krueger 1327: 817: 523:Protocols, to stop 407:Fiscal conservatism 339:John Maynard Keynes 166:Parent organization 135:(Managing Director) 107:174 countries (IDA) 52: (80 years ago) 21: 10657:Fida International 10570:Plan International 10452:CARE International 8515:George David Woods 8312:Hurni, Bettina S. 8285:(Routledge, 2019). 8257:1983. 37, 415–439. 8158:has generic name ( 7923:The Times of India 7862:Sovereign Immunity 7841:on 8 November 2004 7819:IFI Watch (2004). 7384:The New York Times 6942:The New York Times 6694:. 19 November 2021 6563:. 12 December 2017 6437:The New York Times 6199:The Times of India 6103:on 6 February 2020 5883:. World Bank Group 5804:. World Bank Group 5787:10.7591/jj.6230186 5744:. World Bank Group 5570:10.1111/ajps.12531 5533:. World Bank Group 5452:The New York Times 5280:Bird, Kai (1992). 5180:The New York Times 4797:sovereign immunity 4791:Sovereign immunity 4749:Sub-Saharan Africa 4733:1979 energy crisis 4048:Rural development 3428:Together with the 1905: 1482:Joseph E. Stiglitz 1325: 981:Ford Motor Company 815: 619: 374: 347: 335:Harry Dexter White 19: 11623: 11622: 11477:Dialogue partners 11400:Wallis and Futuna 11378:Associate members 11236: 11235: 11168:Protezione Civile 10995: 10994: 10788:Concern Worldwide 10722:Secours Islamique 10686:Institut Bioforce 10576:Save the Children 10560:(Germany, Sweden) 10359: 10358: 9890:New institutional 9249: 9248: 9018: 9017: 9012:Country Relations 8980: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8332:online in English 8309:23 (2003) 315–337 8264:(Springer, 2018). 8225:Library resources 8201:Oakland Institute 7692:978-0-415-41282-7 7667:978-0-7453-1049-7 7639:978-1-904859-79-6 7279:978-0-7456-1352-9 7250:978-0-8014-7420-0 7225:978-0-226-50013-3 7196:978-0-89526-617-0 7171:978-0-393-33028-1 7141:978-0-393-32439-6 7111:978-0-393-05852-9 6890:on 13 August 2012 6741:UN Climate Change 6096:Channel News Asia 5637:. 7 January 2019. 5617:National Archives 5515:978-0-19-828609-7 5405:978-0-7453-1412-9 5380:978-0-415-13209-1 5297:978-0-671-45415-9 5286:. New York City: 5222:978-0-300-11974-9 5211:. New Haven, CT: 5183:, 17 March 2015, 5160:on 22 August 2017 5133:Climate Home news 4830:COVID-19 pandemic 4660:Battle of Seattle 4656:October Rebellion 4539: 4538: 3703:electric vehicles 3628:GDLN Asia Pacific 3511:carbon neutrality 3438:aid effectiveness 3371: 3370: 1746: 1745: 1687: 1636: 1343:Hollis B. Chenery 1312: 1311: 1218:Dartmouth College 989:Lyndon B. Johnson 979:President of the 765:The World Bank's 705: 704: 697: 623:COVID-19 pandemic 602:COVID-19 pandemic 596:COVID-19 pandemic 565:on 9 April 2019. 478:Hollis B. Chenery 447:Lyndon B. Johnson 353:, along with the 255:COVID-19 pandemic 188: 187: 50:July 7, 1944 11693: 11641:World Bank Group 11339:Papua New Guinea 11309:Marshall Islands 11299:French Polynesia 11263: 11256: 11249: 11240: 11239: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11178:Expertise France 10594:Terre des hommes 10430: 10429: 10413: 10395:partners of the 10386: 10379: 10372: 10363: 10362: 9563:Natural resource 9398:Economic history 9324:Mechanism design 9276: 9269: 9262: 9253: 9252: 9173:World Bank Group 9045: 9038: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9009: 9008: 9002:World Bank Group 8999: 8998: 8990: 8989: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8540:James Wolfensohn 8525:Alden W. Clausen 8454:World Bank Group 8439: 8432: 8425: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408:Official website 8212: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8151: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7866: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7825: 7816: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7720:on 29 March 2014 7719: 7712: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7653: 7644: 7643: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7358: 7343: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7317: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7299: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7271: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6692:The Astana Times 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6553: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5969: 5963: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5937:on 16 April 2013 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5910:on 16 April 2013 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5800:The World Bank. 5797: 5791: 5790: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5210: 5200: 5187: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5101: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5004: 5003: 4992: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4598:global apartheid 4574:Ludwig Von Mises 3792: 3791: 3739:World Bank Group 3419:renewable energy 3378:For the poorest 3361: 3359: 3358: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1908: 1904: 1874:were unchanged. 1769:Fakhruddin Ahmed 1742: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1634: 1632:Shanta Devarajan 1626: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1432:Lawrence Summers 1426: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1328: 1324: 1315:Chief economists 1302: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1089: 1087:James Wolfensohn 1074: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1055:Lewis T. Preston 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1008: 996:Alden W. Clausen 976: 972: 970: 969: 945: 941: 939: 938: 913: 909: 907: 906: 895: 883: 879: 877: 876: 855: 851: 849: 848: 818: 814: 792:World Bank Group 700: 693: 689: 686: 680: 649: 641: 616:Washington, D.C. 612:World Bank Group 488:governments as " 474:Alden W. Clausen 456:Third World debt 436:developing world 283:World Bank Group 277:World Bank Group 257:. The president 224:World Bank Group 184: 171:World Bank Group 93:Washington, D.C. 60: 58: 53: 40:Washington, D.C. 36: 29: 22: 18: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11609: 11588: 11472: 11425: 11404: 11373: 11354:Solomon Islands 11272: 11267: 11237: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11212: 11136: 10991: 10934:Ayuda en Acción 10605: 10584:(France, Spain) 10442:(France, Spain) 10421: 10407: 10399: 10390: 10360: 10355: 10352:Business portal 10319: 10318: 10317: 10277: 10041:von Böhm-Bawerk 9929: 9928: 9919: 9691:Ancient thought 9669: 9668: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9402: 9367: 9319:Contract theory 9304:Decision theory 9285: 9280: 9250: 9245: 9204: 9159: 9152: 9123:Capital control 9111: 9080: 9054: 9049: 9019: 9014: 8972: 8671: 8656: 8575: 8550:Robert Zoellick 8520:Robert McNamara 8486: 8448: 8443: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8394:Wayback Machine 8385:(2nd ed. 2007) 8374:Woods, Ngaire. 8288:Davis, Gloria. 8250: 8249: 8248: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8219:Further reading 8216: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8171: 8167: 8155: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8135: 8117: 8113: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8057: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8040:. BuzzFeed News 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7961: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7943:Financial Times 7935: 7931: 7926:. 29 July 2005. 7916: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7823: 7817: 7808: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7580: 7576: 7557: 7553: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7496:. 31 March 2012 7486: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7311: 7310: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7078:www.re3data.org 7072: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6861:on 25 June 2010 6851: 6847: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6763:"Food Security" 6761: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6666:Washington Post 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6589:. 10 April 2019 6581: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6201:. 26 April 2010 6193: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6024:. 26 April 2018 6020: 6019: 6015: 6000: 5996: 5983: 5981: 5970: 5966: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5851: 5847: 5836: 5832: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5798: 5794: 5779: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5646: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5610: 5608: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5498: 5494: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5456: 5454: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5278: 5274: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5201: 5190: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5007: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4942:Business portal 4940: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4854:Fabrice Houdart 4842: 4822: 4806: 4793: 4777:Hurricane Mitch 4765: 4725: 4658:, and the 1999 4578:Joseph Stiglitz 4562: 4550: 4544: 4007:Rail transport 3843:Road transport 3775: 3751: 3715: 3698: 3681: 3672: 3655: 3653:JUSTPAL Network 3630: 3617: 3604: 3599: 3564: 3558: 3507:decarbonization 3456: 3450: 3411: 3376: 3356: 3354: 3340: 3338: 3324: 3322: 3308: 3306: 3287: 3285: 3271: 3269: 3255: 3253: 3239: 3237: 3218: 3216: 3202: 3200: 3186: 3184: 3170: 3168: 3149: 3147: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3115: 3101: 3099: 3080: 3078: 3064: 3062: 3048: 3046: 3032: 3030: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2993: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2961: 2942: 2940: 2926: 2924: 2910: 2908: 2894: 2892: 2873: 2871: 2857: 2855: 2841: 2839: 2825: 2823: 2804: 2802: 2788: 2786: 2772: 2770: 2756: 2754: 2735: 2733: 2719: 2717: 2703: 2701: 2687: 2685: 2666: 2664: 2650: 2648: 2634: 2632: 2618: 2616: 2597: 2595: 2581: 2579: 2565: 2563: 2549: 2547: 2528: 2526: 2512: 2510: 2496: 2494: 2480: 2478: 2459: 2457: 2443: 2441: 2427: 2425: 2411: 2409: 2390: 2388: 2374: 2372: 2358: 2356: 2342: 2340: 2321: 2319: 2305: 2303: 2289: 2287: 2273: 2271: 2252: 2250: 2236: 2234: 2220: 2218: 2204: 2202: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2165: 2151: 2149: 2135: 2133: 2114: 2112: 2098: 2096: 2082: 2080: 2066: 2064: 2045: 2043: 2029: 2027: 2013: 2011: 1997: 1995: 1898:(IDA), and the 1884: 1831: 1811: 1805: 1751: 1733: 1731: 1708: 1706: 1698:Carmen Reinhart 1670: 1668: 1645: 1643: 1617: 1615: 1592: 1590: 1567: 1565: 1557:Justin Yifu Lin 1542: 1540: 1517: 1515: 1492: 1490: 1467: 1465: 1442: 1440: 1417: 1415: 1403: 1401: 1393:Stanley Fischer 1378: 1376: 1353: 1351: 1323: 1317: 1305:Former head of 1293: 1291: 1265: 1263: 1237: 1235: 1216:, president of 1200: 1198: 1172: 1170: 1162:Robert Zoellick 1140: 1138: 1112: 1110: 1098: 1096: 1085: 1065: 1063: 1037: 1035: 1020:Bank of America 1006: 1004: 985:John F. Kennedy 967: 965: 957:Robert McNamara 936: 934: 904: 902: 891: 874: 872: 846: 844: 813: 788: 775: 767:negative pledge 701: 690: 684: 681: 666: 650: 639: 604: 598: 534: 525:ozone-depletion 443:Robert McNamara 427:—the so-called 328: 323: 279: 180: 167: 160: 155:Chief Economist 152: 141: 134: 123: 114: 106: 102: 91: 56: 54: 51: 42: 31: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11699: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11651:Carbon finance 11648: 11643: 11638: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11579:United Kingdom 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11504:European Union 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11385:American Samoa 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11266: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11243: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10979:Läkarmissionen 10968: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10904: 10863: 10802: 10785: 10751:Die Johanniter 10736: 10710:Œuvre d'Orient 10671: 10654: 10645: 10628: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10558:Islamic Relief 10555: 10501: 10470:Czech Republic 10458:Caritas Europa 10455: 10449: 10443: 10436: 10434: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10389: 10388: 10381: 10374: 10366: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10300: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9817: 9812: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9755:Disequilibrium 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9568:Organizational 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9331:Macroeconomics 9328: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9299:Microeconomics 9295: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9279: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9170: 9164: 9162: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9138:Money creation 9135: 9133:Interest rates 9130: 9125: 9119: 9117: 9116:Implementation 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9048: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9016: 9015: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8545:Paul Wolfowitz 8542: 8537: 8532: 8530:Barber Conable 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8505:John J. McCloy 8502: 8496: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8442: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8401: 8400:External links 8398: 8397: 8396: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8334: 8330:26.52 (2017): 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8299:(2019): 1–27. 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8188: 8165: 8111: 8089: 8071:(4): 611–634. 8051: 8028: 8003: 7978: 7955: 7929: 7909: 7878: 7852: 7806: 7757: 7731: 7698: 7691: 7673: 7666: 7645: 7638: 7620:Graeber, David 7611: 7574: 7551: 7529: 7507: 7479: 7468:on 28 May 2008 7448: 7422: 7396: 7370: 7359:on 16 May 2019 7329: 7285: 7278: 7256: 7249: 7231: 7224: 7202: 7195: 7177: 7170: 7147: 7140: 7117: 7110: 7090: 7065: 7043: 7022: 7000: 6981: 6970:on 8 July 2012 6954: 6928: 6917:on 11 May 2011 6911:"UNDG Members" 6901: 6872: 6845: 6831: 6806: 6795:on 29 May 2012 6779: 6754: 6728: 6705: 6679: 6651: 6626: 6614:Deutsche Welle 6600: 6574: 6548: 6535: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6472: 6449: 6423: 6391: 6359: 6327: 6295: 6272: 6261:on 5 June 2011 6245: 6212: 6186: 6161: 6136: 6114: 6082: 6056: 6035: 6013: 5994: 5964: 5948: 5921: 5894: 5871: 5845: 5830: 5815: 5792: 5777: 5755: 5732: 5720:The World Bank 5707: 5693: 5668: 5640: 5622: 5605:whitehouse.gov 5590: 5544: 5521: 5514: 5492: 5467: 5438: 5411: 5404: 5386: 5379: 5361: 5350:on 5 July 2016 5330: 5303: 5296: 5272: 5228: 5221: 5188: 5171: 5145: 5119: 5091: 5069: 5047: 5022: 5005: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4931: 4915: 4912: 4903: 4900: 4891: 4888: 4850:Bertrand Badré 4841: 4838: 4821: 4818: 4805: 4802: 4792: 4789: 4764: 4761: 4745:exchange rates 4727:The effect of 4724: 4721: 4685:Doing Business 4650:, such as the 4631:James Ferguson 4561: 4558: 4546:Main article: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3774: 3771: 3750: 3747: 3714: 3711: 3697: 3694: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3654: 3651: 3629: 3626: 3616: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3597:Training wings 3595: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3560:Main article: 3557: 3554: 3526:climate action 3473:climate change 3462:said in 2012: 3454:Climate Change 3452:Main article: 3449: 3448:Climate change 3446: 3410: 3407: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3352: 3349: 3336: 3333: 3320: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3264: 3251: 3248: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3214: 3211: 3198: 3195: 3182: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3145: 3142: 3129: 3126: 3113: 3110: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3076: 3073: 3060: 3057: 3044: 3041: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3007: 3004: 2991: 2988: 2975: 2972: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2938: 2935: 2922: 2919: 2906: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2869: 2866: 2853: 2850: 2837: 2834: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2800: 2797: 2784: 2781: 2768: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2731: 2728: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2662: 2659: 2646: 2643: 2630: 2627: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2593: 2590: 2577: 2574: 2561: 2558: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2524: 2521: 2508: 2505: 2492: 2489: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2455: 2452: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2420: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2386: 2383: 2370: 2367: 2354: 2351: 2349:United Kingdom 2338: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2328:United Kingdom 2317: 2314: 2301: 2298: 2296:United Kingdom 2285: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2248: 2245: 2232: 2229: 2216: 2213: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2179: 2176: 2174:United Kingdom 2163: 2160: 2147: 2144: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2110: 2107: 2094: 2091: 2078: 2075: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2041: 2038: 2025: 2022: 2009: 2006: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1883: 1880: 1856:Czech Republic 1830: 1827: 1807:Main article: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1780: 1766: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1665: 1662: 1660:Penny Goldberg 1656: 1655: 1640: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1524:United Kingdom 1512: 1509: 1507:Nicholas Stern 1503: 1502: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1232: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1210: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1135: 1132: 1130:Paul Wolfowitz 1126: 1125: 1122: 1093: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1032: 1029: 1027:Barber Conable 1023: 1022: 1016: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 977: 962: 959: 953: 952: 946: 931: 928: 922: 921: 914: 899: 896: 888: 887: 884: 869: 866: 864:John J. McCloy 860: 859: 856: 841: 838: 832: 831: 830:Previous work 828: 825: 822: 812: 809: 787: 784: 774: 771: 763: 762: 756: 750: 744: 738: 732: 726: 720: 703: 702: 653: 651: 644: 638: 635: 600:Main article: 597: 594: 578:climate action 533: 530: 451:Eugene Rotberg 382:United Kingdom 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 311: 305: 299: 293: 278: 275: 271:climate action 198:that provides 186: 185: 178: 174: 173: 168: 165: 162: 161: 159: 158: 147: 136: 129: 117: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 100: 97: 96: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 48: 44: 43: 37: 20:The World Bank 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11698: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11616: 11615: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11585: 11584:United States 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11344:New Caledonia 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11264: 11259: 11257: 11252: 11250: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11229: 11219: 11218: 11215: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193:Hungary Helps 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10984: 10983:PMU Interlife 10980: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10954:Medicus Mundi 10951: 10947: 10943: 10942:Entreculturas 10939: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10661:FinnChurchAid 10658: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433:International 10431: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10387: 10382: 10380: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10314: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9936:de Mandeville 9934: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9878:New classical 9876: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9834:Malthusianism 9832: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9795:Institutional 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9598:Public choice 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9573:Participation 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9533:Institutional 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9483:Expeditionary 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9473:Environmental 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9158:Bretton Woods 9155: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9128:Discount rate 9126: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9107:Basel Accords 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9052:Central banks 9046: 9041: 9039: 9034: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9013: 9004: 9003: 8993: 8983: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8566:David Malpass 8564: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8428: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8149: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8099: 8093: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8032: 8017: 8016:The Economist 8013: 8007: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7966: 7959: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7863: 7856: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7650: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7615: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7583:Harvey, Fiona 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7495: 7494:The Economist 7490: 7483: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346:The Ecologist 7340: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7260: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7124: 7122: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7094: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7053: 7047: 7032: 7026: 7010: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6835: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6716: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6655: 6640: 6639:Common Dreams 6636: 6630: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6545: 6539: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6482: 6476: 6460: 6453: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6124: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6045: 6039: 6023: 6017: 6009: 6008:Bloomberg.com 6005: 5998: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5875: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5819: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5778:9781501775857 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5743: 5736: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5496: 5489: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5073: 5057: 5051: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5001: 5000:worldbank.org 4997: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4908:Maasai people 4899: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4868:David Malpass 4865: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4798: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4781:Asian tsunami 4778: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4673:The Economist 4667: 4665: 4664:Kayapo people 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613:privatization 4610: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4590:shock therapy 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570:Henry Hazlitt 4567: 4557: 4556:re3data.org. 4555: 4549: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3573:food security 3570: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562:Food security 3556:Food security 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3530:David Malpass 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3442:health sector 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3366: 3364: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3332: 3318: 3316: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3281: 3279: 3265: 3263: 3249: 3247: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3212: 3210: 3196: 3194: 3180: 3178: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3141: 3127: 3125: 3111: 3109: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3074: 3072: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3040: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3005: 3003: 2989: 2987: 2973: 2971: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2936: 2934: 2920: 2918: 2904: 2902: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2865: 2851: 2849: 2835: 2833: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2798: 2796: 2782: 2780: 2766: 2764: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2729: 2727: 2713: 2711: 2697: 2695: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2660: 2658: 2644: 2642: 2628: 2626: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2591: 2589: 2575: 2573: 2559: 2557: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2522: 2520: 2506: 2504: 2490: 2488: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2453: 2451: 2437: 2435: 2421: 2419: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2384: 2382: 2368: 2366: 2352: 2350: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2315: 2313: 2299: 2297: 2283: 2281: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2246: 2244: 2230: 2228: 2214: 2212: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2177: 2175: 2161: 2159: 2145: 2143: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2108: 2106: 2092: 2090: 2076: 2074: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2052:United States 2039: 2037: 2036:United States 2023: 2021: 2020:United States 2007: 2005: 2004:United States 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850:, Singapore, 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1753:Some notable 1741: 1729: 1727:2022–present 1726: 1724: 1723:Indermit Gill 1721: 1720: 1716: 1715:United States 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1677:United States 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652:United States 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1624:United States 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1499:United States 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1457:Michael Bruno 1455: 1454: 1450: 1449:United States 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1411: 1410:United States 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1385:United States 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360:United States 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1300:United States 1289: 1287:2023–present 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272:United States 1261: 1258: 1256: 1255:David Malpass 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1207:United States 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179:United States 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147:United States 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1106: 1105:United States 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1072:United States 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1044:United States 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013:United States 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 990: 986: 982: 978: 975: 974:United States 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 951: 947: 944: 943:United States 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 915: 912: 911:United States 900: 897: 894: 890: 889: 885: 882: 881:United States 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 854: 853:United States 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 829: 826: 823: 820: 819: 808: 804: 800: 797: 793: 783: 779: 770: 768: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 699: 696: 688: 678: 674: 670: 664: 663: 659: 654:This section 652: 648: 643: 642: 634: 632: 626: 624: 617: 613: 608: 603: 593: 591: 587: 586:David Malpass 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 563:David Malpass 560: 555: 551: 546: 543: 538: 529: 526: 520: 518: 514: 513:Latin America 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 463: 459: 457: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 432: 430: 426: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 397: 392: 391:Marshall Plan 386: 383: 379: 378:United States 371: 366: 362: 360: 356: 352: 344: 340: 336: 332: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 286: 284: 274: 272: 269:, supporting 268: 264: 260: 259:David Malpass 256: 252: 248: 243: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 183: 182:worldbank.org 179: 175: 172: 169: 163: 156: 151: 150:Indermit Gill 148: 145: 140: 137: 133: 130: 127: 122: 119: 118: 116: 110: 104: 98: 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 49: 45: 41: 35: 28: 23: 11467: 11289:Cook Islands 11131: 10853:Un Ponte Per 10779:Sign of Hope 10635:DanChurchAid 10600:World Vision 10408: 10393:Humanitarian 10347:Publications 10303:Publications 10270: 9866:Neoclassical 9856:Mercantilism 9765:Evolutionary 9627:Sociological 9600: / 9498:Geographical 9478:Evolutionary 9453:Digitization 9418:Agricultural 9381:Econometrics 9309:Price theory 8994: 8914:South Africa 8555:Jim Yong Kim 8500:Eugene Meyer 8445: 8382: 8381:World Bank. 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8337: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8229: 8204:. Retrieved 8200: 8191: 8179:. Retrieved 8168: 8156:|last2= 8136:. Retrieved 8125:The Guardian 8124: 8114: 8102:. Retrieved 8092: 8080:. Retrieved 8068: 8064: 8054: 8042:. Retrieved 8031: 8019:. Retrieved 8015: 8006: 7994:. Retrieved 7990: 7981: 7969:. Retrieved 7958: 7946:. Retrieved 7942: 7932: 7921: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7898:(1): 125–158 7895: 7891: 7881: 7869:. Retrieved 7855: 7843:. Retrieved 7836:the original 7831: 7827: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7745:The Guardian 7744: 7734: 7722:. Retrieved 7715:the original 7701: 7682: 7676: 7657: 7624: 7614: 7604:12 September 7602:. Retrieved 7591:The Guardian 7590: 7577: 7565:CNN Business 7564: 7554: 7541: 7532: 7519: 7510: 7498:. Retrieved 7493: 7482: 7470:. Retrieved 7466:the original 7461: 7451: 7439:. Retrieved 7435: 7425: 7413:. Retrieved 7409: 7399: 7387:. Retrieved 7383: 7373: 7361:. Retrieved 7354:the original 7349: 7345: 7332: 7302:. Retrieved 7288: 7267: 7259: 7240: 7234: 7215: 7205: 7186: 7180: 7160: 7130: 7100: 7093: 7081:. Retrieved 7077: 7068: 7056:. Retrieved 7054:. World Bank 7046: 7034:. Retrieved 7025: 7013:. Retrieved 7003: 6994: 6984: 6972:. Retrieved 6968:the original 6957: 6945:. Retrieved 6941: 6931: 6919:. Retrieved 6915:the original 6904: 6892:. Retrieved 6888:the original 6863:. Retrieved 6859:the original 6848: 6834: 6822:. Retrieved 6818: 6809: 6797:. Retrieved 6793:the original 6782: 6770:. Retrieved 6766: 6757: 6745:. Retrieved 6743:. 6 May 2024 6740: 6731: 6719:. Retrieved 6708: 6696:. Retrieved 6691: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6664: 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6638: 6629: 6617:. Retrieved 6613: 6603: 6591:. Retrieved 6586: 6577: 6565:. Retrieved 6560: 6551: 6543: 6538: 6533:19 June 2012 6530:The Guardian 6528: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485:. Retrieved 6475: 6463:. Retrieved 6452: 6440:. Retrieved 6436: 6426: 6414:. Retrieved 6407:the original 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6375:the original 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6343:the original 6330: 6318:. Retrieved 6311:the original 6298: 6286:. Retrieved 6275: 6263:. Retrieved 6259:the original 6248: 6236:. Retrieved 6215: 6203:. Retrieved 6198: 6189: 6177:. Retrieved 6173: 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6148: 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6125:. World Bank 6123:"Aart Kraay" 6117: 6105:. Retrieved 6101:the original 6094: 6085: 6073:. Retrieved 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6038: 6026:. Retrieved 6016: 6007: 5997: 5989: 5982:. Retrieved 5978:The Guardian 5977: 5967: 5959: 5951: 5939:. Retrieved 5935:the original 5929:World Bank. 5924: 5912:. Retrieved 5908:the original 5902:World Bank. 5897: 5885:. Retrieved 5881:"Leadership" 5879:World Bank. 5874: 5862:. Retrieved 5859:The Guardian 5858: 5848: 5833: 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5795: 5764: 5758: 5746:. Retrieved 5740:World Bank. 5735: 5723:. Retrieved 5719: 5710: 5696: 5684:. Retrieved 5680: 5671: 5661:30 September 5659:. Retrieved 5655:The Guardian 5653: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5615:– via 5609:. Retrieved 5603: 5593: 5581:. Retrieved 5561: 5557: 5547: 5535:. Retrieved 5529:World Bank. 5524: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5480:. Retrieved 5470: 5462: 5455:. Retrieved 5451: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5425:the original 5419:World Bank. 5414: 5395: 5389: 5370: 5364: 5352:. Retrieved 5348:the original 5343: 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5317:the original 5311:World Bank. 5306: 5282: 5275: 5251:(1): 53–76. 5248: 5244: 5206: 5178: 5174: 5162:. Retrieved 5158:the original 5148: 5136:. Retrieved 5132: 5122: 5110:. Retrieved 5082:. Retrieved 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5058:. World Bank 5050: 5038:. Retrieved 5034: 5025: 4999: 4990: 4928:Banks portal 4905: 4893: 4863:The Guardian 4861: 4859: 4846:Jim Yong Kim 4843: 4834: 4823: 4807: 4794: 4785: 4766: 4753: 4726: 4717: 4705:Saudi Arabia 4697:Jim Yong Kim 4684: 4682: 4671: 4668: 4645: 4629: 4621: 4609:deregulation 4602: 4594: 4563: 4551: 3776: 3773:Grants table 3764: 3752: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3699: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3605: 3549:South Africa 3538: 3515: 3504: 3497: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3460:Jim Yong Kim 3457: 3427: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3377: 3262:Saudi Arabia 3174: 3068: 3015: 2914: 2535:Saudi Arabia 2487:Saudi Arabia 2381:Saudi Arabia 1981: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1890:(IBRD), the 1885: 1876: 1872:Saudi Arabia 1832: 1829:Voting power 1812: 1763:Ashraf Ghani 1752: 1582:Kaushik Basu 1337:Nationality 1190:Jim Yong Kim 926:George Woods 836:Eugene Meyer 827:Nationality 805: 801: 789: 780: 776: 764: 758: 752: 746: 740: 734: 728: 722: 716: 706: 691: 685:January 2022 682: 667:Please help 655: 627: 620: 567: 554:Jim Yong Kim 550:Barack Obama 547: 539: 535: 532:21st century 521: 494: 490:rent-seeking 482:Anne Krueger 472:'s nominee, 470:Jimmy Carter 464: 460: 440: 433: 411: 404: 387: 375: 348: 326:20th century 280: 244: 240: 230:at the 1944 191: 189: 139:Anshula Kant 101:Membership 83:Headquarters 75:Legal status 11559:South Korea 11549:Philippines 11439:Secretariat 11324:New Zealand 10882:Mercy Corps 10540:Netherlands 10494:Netherlands 10141:von Neumann 9910:Supply-side 9895:Physiocracy 9839:Marginalism 9528:Information 9468:Engineering 9448:Development 9443:Demographic 9314:Game theory 9291:Theoretical 8919:South Korea 8884:Philippines 8679:Afghanistan 7967:. France 24 7845:4 September 7792:10419/50418 7777:(1): 1–18. 7314:cite report 7036:4 September 7015:4 September 6789:"About WBI" 6698:20 November 5827:. dandc.eu. 4872:US Treasury 4857:after. 4769:Naomi Klein 4654:, the 2007 4636:Thaba-Tseka 4582:free market 3805:Before 2007 3756:open access 3488:fossil fuel 3331:South Korea 3177:Switzerland 3071:Switzerland 3018:Switzerland 2970:South Korea 2917:Switzerland 2901:Netherlands 2864:Netherlands 2811:Netherlands 2710:Netherlands 1894:(IFC), the 1844:South Korea 1775:during the 1755:politicians 1684:Aart Kraay 1079:J.P. Morgan 497:Third World 486:Third World 414:John McCloy 337:(left) and 218:(IBRD) and 47:Established 11636:World Bank 11630:Categories 11468:World Bank 11416:East Timor 11314:Micronesia 11132:World Bank 11082:UN-HABITAT 11052:UNDP MPTFO 10739:arche noVa 10532:Luxembourg 10490:Luxembourg 10298:Economists 10171:Schumacher 10076:Schumpeter 10046:von Wieser 9966:von Thünen 9926:Economists 9825:Circuitism 9790:Humanistic 9785:Historical 9760:Ecological 9750:Democratic 9723:Chartalism 9713:Behavioral 9676:Mainstream 9637:Statistics 9632:Solidarity 9553:Managerial 9518:Humanistic 9513:Historical 9458:Ecological 9423:Behavioral 8959:Uzbekistan 8929:Tajikistan 8804:Kazakhstan 8734:Costa Rica 8714:Cape Verde 8670:by country 8571:Ajay Banga 8492:Presidents 8446:World Bank 8230:World Bank 8177:. BBC News 7542:Al-Jazeera 7058:22 October 6884:"About Us" 6855:"About Us" 6819:World Bank 6772:14 October 6767:World Bank 6672:8 December 6644:6 December 6619:6 December 6593:6 December 6487:12 October 6465:9 November 6320:25 October 5808:4 December 5681:World Bank 5583:8 December 5482:27 October 5457:27 October 5078:"About Us" 4982:References 4741:production 4709:Azerbaijan 4689:WilmerHale 4648:protesting 4535:297,948.5 4494:140,074.5 3689:World Bank 3518:Ajay Banga 1977:24,682,951 1862:, Brazil, 1846:, Turkey, 1702:2020–2022 1690:2020–2020 1664:2018–2020 1639:2018–2018 1611:2016–2018 1607:Paul Romer 1586:2012–2016 1561:2008–2012 1536:2003–2007 1511:2000–2003 1486:1997–2000 1461:1993–1996 1436:1991–1993 1397:1988–1990 1372:1982–1986 1347:1972–1982 1307:Mastercard 1283:Ajay Banga 1259:2019–2023 1194:2012–2019 1166:2007–2012 1134:2005–2007 1092:1995–2005 1059:1991–1995 1031:1986–1991 1000:1981–1986 961:1968–1981 930:1963–1968 898:1949–1963 868:1947–1949 840:1946–1946 811:Presidents 786:Leadership 582:Mastercard 570:Ajay Banga 561:, then by 499:debt, and 429:tripartite 267:Ajay Banga 192:World Bank 121:Ajay Banga 113:Key people 57:1944-07-07 11554:Singapore 11524:Indonesia 11409:Observers 11284:Australia 11112:UNSECOORD 10833:Emergency 10805:ActionAid 10652:MTÜ Mondo 10216:Greenspan 10181:Samuelson 10161:Galbraith 10131:Tinbergen 10071:von Mises 10066:Heckscher 10026:Edgeworth 9905:Stockholm 9900:Socialist 9800:Keynesian 9780:Happiness 9740:Classical 9701:Mutualism 9696:Anarchist 9681:Heterodox 9578:Personnel 9538:Knowledge 9503:Happiness 9493:Financial 9463:Education 9438:Democracy 9373:Empirical 9283:Economics 8924:Sri Lanka 8909:Singapore 8859:Nicaragua 8784:Indonesia 8764:Guatemala 8689:Australia 8684:Argentina 8580:Elections 8181:10 August 8148:cite news 8133:0261-3077 7871:20 August 7801:0304-3878 7599:0261-3077 7389:20 August 7304:20 August 6947:20 August 6921:19 August 6894:19 August 6567:26 August 6442:14 August 6288:12 August 6238:14 August 6179:23 August 6154:23 August 5941:12 August 5914:12 August 5686:4 October 5578:219757123 5564:: 36–51. 5531:"Results" 5431:14 August 5354:13 August 5267:0895-3309 5164:11 August 5035:scroll.in 4816:, India. 4529:41,905.2 4526:43,748.8 4523:27,593.9 4520:34,248.6 4517:26,314.8 4514:33,975.6 4511:27,152.6 4508:17,712.6 4505:13,069.4 4502:24,602.6 4488:21,096.5 4485:20,057.6 4482:13,967.1 4479:16,873.4 4476:11,096.6 4473:17,099.5 4470:11,425.7 4461:13,162.7 4002:14,158.6 3961:15,177.8 3920:15,303.5 3879:34,799.8 3590:vitamin A 3541:Abu Dhabi 3522:Joe Biden 3294:Indonesia 3246:Australia 3225:Argentina 3193:Indonesia 3002:Australia 2949:Australia 2848:Australia 2247:1,368,001 2178:1,510,934 2109:2,112,243 2040:2,546,503 1967:2,653,476 1957:2,201,754 1797:Indonesia 1228:(acting) 1119:Australia 656:does not 574:Joe Biden 492:states". 467:President 422:Communist 396:earmarked 126:President 11593:Meetings 11569:Thailand 11539:Malaysia 11304:Kiribati 11141:Agencies 11117:UN Women 10975:Diakonia 10962:Mundubat 10841:INTERSOS 10800:Trócaire 10730:Triangle 10610:National 10327:Category 10307:journals 10293:Glossary 10246:Stiglitz 10211:Rothbard 10191:Buchanan 10176:Friedman 10166:Koopmans 10156:Leontief 10136:Robinson 10021:Marshall 9871:Lausanne 9775:Georgism 9770:Feminist 9718:Buddhist 9708:Austrian 9607:Regional 9583:Planning 9558:Monetary 9488:Feminist 9433:Cultural 9428:Business 9085:Policies 8969:Zimbabwe 8934:Tanzania 8874:Paraguay 8844:Mongolia 8829:Maldives 8824:Malaysia 8774:Honduras 8754:Ethiopia 8749:Djibouti 8729:Colombia 8709:Cambodia 8699:Botswana 8562:(acting) 8390:Archived 8206:10 March 8104:30 March 8082:30 March 8044:30 March 8021:30 March 7996:30 March 7991:HuffPost 7902:25 April 7630:AK Press 7622:(2009). 7569:Archived 7546:Archived 7524:Archived 7363:13 April 6824:9 August 6416:26 March 6384:26 March 6352:26 March 6265:26 April 6229:Archived 6049:27 April 6028:27 April 5980:. London 5864:23 March 5635:BBC News 5611:23 March 5062:2 August 4914:See also 4820:COVID-19 4711:and the 4678:cronyism 4615:and the 4532:7,624.5 4491:3,070.3 4467:8,707.1 4464:6,588.3 4453:5,753.1 4432:1,581.4 4412:6,241.3 4403:1,332.4 4371:6,096.3 4353:1,209.4 4330:5,733.5 4324:1,759.7 4321:1,267.8 4289:6,597.3 4280:1,417.0 4248:7,011.0 4239:1,214.8 4236:1,040.3 4207:6,648.0 4201:1,001.8 4198:1,594.2 4166:6,753.7 4160:1,996.0 4157:1,281.9 4125:7,214.9 4119:1,122.1 4107:1,308.1 4084:7,452.4 4078:1,090.3 4063:2,317.4 4043:9,862.5 4037:1,172.2 4034:1,964.9 4025:1,487.4 4016:1,289.0 3996:2,438.9 3993:3,160.5 3990:2,724.0 3987:3,156.8 3955:1,632.2 3952:2,457.1 3946:1,614.9 3940:1,465.1 3937:2,435.4 3934:1,740.2 3928:1,292.5 3914:1,537.7 3911:2,745.4 3908:2,592.6 3905:1,498.5 3902:1,493.2 3899:1,477.4 3896:2,878.4 3873:3,922.6 3870:3,081.7 3867:2,883.6 3864:3,852.5 3861:2,603.7 3858:4,032.3 3855:5,550.3 3852:1,501.8 3849:1,993.5 3846:4,654.2 3758:under a 3495:fuels." 3347:Pakistan 1987:218,237 1686:(Acting) 1635:(Acting) 1244:Bulgaria 359:American 88:H Street 11514:Germany 11395:Tokelau 11369:Vanuatu 11277:Members 11062:UNESCAP 10925:AKF PRT 10866:Cordaid 10861:WeWorld 10528:Germany 10520:Finland 10516:Denmark 10512:Belgium 10508:Austria 10486:Ireland 10482:Germany 10474:Denmark 10466:Belgium 10462:Austria 10417:DG ECHO 10342:Outline 10313:Schools 10305: ( 10266:Piketty 10261:Krugman 10126:Kuznets 10116:Kalecki 10091:Polanyi 9981:Cournot 9976:Bastiat 9961:Ricardo 9951:Malthus 9941:Quesnay 9844:Marxian 9735:Chicago 9665:history 9660:Schools 9647:Welfare 9617:Service 9408:Applied 9010: 8964:Vietnam 8954:Uruguay 8949:Ukraine 8899:Senegal 8864:Nigeria 8854:Myanmar 8849:Morocco 8819:Lebanon 8794:Jamaica 8789:Ireland 8739:Croatia 8694:Belarus 7971:4 March 7948:4 March 7520:AP News 7500:2 April 7083:21 July 6974:11 July 6962:SPARC. 6205:5 April 6129:3 March 6107:3 March 6075:3 March 6070:Reuters 5984:9 March 5887:17 July 5725:24 July 5084:13 June 5040:6 April 4957:(ESMAP) 4874:in the 4640:Lesotho 4245:−105.8 3395:nations 3351:218,506 3282:231,685 3278:Denmark 3213:258,209 3144:275,474 3140:Belgium 3075:275,755 3039:Belgium 3006:312,566 2937:412,322 2880:Belgium 2868:488,209 2799:494,360 2779:Belgium 2730:498,102 2661:521,830 2592:573,858 2523:629,658 2454:661,909 2438:103,653 2385:810,293 2369:103,747 2316:908,843 2300:121,815 2243:Germany 2231:121,815 2211:Germany 2190:Germany 2162:129,708 2158:Germany 2146:107,244 2093:163,334 2077:166,094 2056:32,790 2024:570,179 2008:358,498 1938:Country 1930:Country 1922:Country 1914:Country 1868:Nigeria 1860:Hungary 1803:Members 1787:Nigeria 1214:Harvard 677:removed 662:sources 480:, with 321:History 316:(ICSID) 177:Website 55: ( 11574:Turkey 11544:Norway 11509:France 11484:Canada 11364:Tuvalu 11173:Enabel 11163:DGSCGC 11072:UNICEF 11067:UNESCO 10771:Medair 10631:DACAAR 10552:Sweden 10544:Norway 10524:France 10478:France 10251:Thaler 10231:Ostrom 10226:Becker 10221:Sowell 10201:Baumol 10106:Myrdal 10101:Sraffa 10096:Frisch 10086:Knight 10081:Keynes 10056:Fisher 10051:Veblen 10036:Pareto 10016:Menger 10011:George 10006:Jevons 10001:Walras 9991:Gossen 9915:Thermo 9593:Public 9588:Policy 9543:Labour 9508:Health 9160:system 9059:Global 9000: 8944:Uganda 8939:Turkey 8904:Serbia 8894:Russia 8889:Poland 8869:Panama 8839:Mexico 8759:France 8704:Brazil 8387:online 8357:(1997) 8342:online 8316:(1980) 8301:online 8227:about 8131: 7799: 7750:12 May 7724:12 May 7689: 7664: 7636: 7597: 7472:21 May 7441:19 May 7415:30 May 7276: 7247: 7222: 7193: 7168: 7138: 7108: 6865:31 May 6799:31 May 5785: 5775: 5748:31 May 5576: 5537:31 May 5512: 5402: 5377: 5323:31 May 5294: 5265: 5219: 4499:Total 4458:Other 4450:496.0 4447:368.1 4444:154.8 4441:426.3 4438:251.5 4435:799.3 4429:673.8 4426:285.8 4420:661.3 4409:224.7 4406:609.9 4400:250.5 4397:469.0 4394:640.2 4391:845.1 4388:486.5 4385:298.3 4382:438.1 4379:646.5 4365:900.8 4362:890.6 4356:268.0 4350:613.1 4347:422.0 4344:521.6 4341:679.7 4338:441.9 4327:114.2 4318:373.5 4315:852.9 4312:609.5 4309:417.2 4303:260.0 4286:821.3 4283:432.5 4277:466.8 4274:880.6 4271:852.8 4268:331.2 4265:206.7 4262:176.1 4259:107.9 4256:904.5 4242:824.0 4233:618.3 4230:819.5 4227:780.6 4224:251.8 4218:749.5 4215:733.2 4204:347.9 4195:480.5 4192:902.1 4189:654.9 4186:762.0 4183:234.2 4180:324.9 4177:243.0 4174:102.5 4163:491.3 4154:760.1 4151:310.0 4148:514.0 4145:363.3 4142:181.4 4139:721.7 4133:113.3 4122:212.2 4116:747.3 4113:258.9 4110:914.3 4104:542.1 4101:739.6 4098:733.3 4095:375.9 4092:261.2 4075:380.9 4072:177.8 4069:944.0 4066:972.0 4060:616.7 4057:382.8 4054:237.5 4051:335.4 4031:740.6 4028:841.8 4022:892.5 4019:912.2 4013:284.4 4010:279.3 3999:690.5 3984:346.6 3981:455.3 3978:129.0 3975:499.7 3972:223.1 3969:334.2 3958:374.8 3949:395.7 3943:907.7 3931:862.1 3893:185.5 3890:208.1 3887:613.1 3876:723.7 3802:Sector 3545:France 3367:2,075 3363:Sweden 3360: 3344: 3335:28,895 3328: 3319:26,293 3315:Turkey 3312: 3298:2,075 3291: 3275: 3266:30,862 3259: 3250:30,910 3243: 3229:2,436 3222: 3209:Norway 3206: 3197:32,402 3190: 3181:33,296 3160:2,491 3153: 3137: 3128:37,826 3121: 3112:34,718 3105: 3091:2,832 3087:Brazil 3084: 3059:38,929 3055:Mexico 3052: 3043:36,463 3036: 3022:2,869 2999: 2990:40,279 2986:Brazil 2983: 2974:36,591 2967: 2953:3,245 2946: 2933:Brazil 2930: 2921:44,863 2905:42,348 2898: 2884:3,803 2877: 2861: 2852:48,129 2845: 2836:42,613 2832:Brazil 2829: 2815:4,048 2808: 2795:Sweden 2792: 2783:51,410 2776: 2767:42,948 2760: 2746:5,196 2739: 2726:Poland 2723: 2714:56,931 2707: 2698:54,651 2694:Russia 2691: 2677:5,451 2673:Canada 2670: 2654: 2645:62,392 2638: 2629:54,877 2622: 2608:5,597 2601: 2585: 2576:82,142 2569: 2560:59,004 2556:Canada 2553: 2539:5,754 2532: 2519:Canada 2516: 2507:82,142 2503:Canada 2500: 2491:67,155 2484: 2470:5,754 2466:Russia 2463: 2447: 2434:Russia 2431: 2422:67,690 2415: 2401:5,756 2394: 2378: 2362: 2353:87,241 2346: 2332:8,791 2325: 2312:France 2309: 2293: 2284:87,241 2280:France 2277: 2263:8,791 2259:France 2256: 2240: 2227:France 2224: 2215:97,224 2208: 2194:9,162 2187: 2171: 2155: 2139: 2125:9,205 2118: 2102: 2086: 2070: 2049: 2033: 2017: 2001: 1852:Greece 1848:Mexico 1737: 1712: 1674: 1649: 1621: 1596: 1571: 1549:France 1546: 1521: 1496: 1474:Israel 1471: 1446: 1424:Israel 1421: 1407: 1382: 1357: 1334:Dates 1297: 1269: 1241: 1204: 1176: 1144: 1116: 1102: 1069: 1041: 1010: 971: 940: 908: 878: 850: 824:Dates 517:Africa 515:, and 505:UNICEF 310:(MIGA) 292:(IBRD) 204:grants 194:is an 95:, U.S. 78:Treaty 11564:Spain 11534:Japan 11529:Italy 11519:India 11494:China 11489:Chile 11359:Tonga 11349:Samoa 11334:Palau 11319:Nauru 11153:DGPCE 11148:AECID 11107:UNRWA 11102:UNOPS 11097:UNODC 11092:UNMAS 11087:UNHCR 11077:UNFPA 11057:UNDRR 11037:OHCHR 10987:SWEDO 10938:EDUCO 10874:HNTPO 10829:CUAMM 10825:COOPI 10817:Cesvi 10809:AISPO 10702:iMMAP 10678:ALIMA 10674:ACTED 10564:Oxfam 10548:Spain 10536:Italy 10498:Spain 10337:Lists 10332:Index 10283:Lists 10256:Hoppe 10241:Lucas 10206:Solow 10196:Arrow 10186:Simon 10151:Lange 10146:Hicks 10121:Röpke 10111:Hayek 10061:Pigou 10031:Clark 9946:Smith 9861:Mixed 9820:Post- 9642:Urban 9622:Socio 9612:Rural 9209:Lists 8809:Kenya 8799:Japan 8779:India 8769:Haiti 8724:China 8719:Chile 8138:9 May 7865:(PDF) 7839:(PDF) 7824:(PDF) 7718:(PDF) 7711:(PDF) 7357:(PDF) 7342:(PDF) 7298:(PDF) 6747:6 May 6721:7 May 6717:. BBC 6561:Devex 6410:(PDF) 6403:(PDF) 6378:(PDF) 6371:(PDF) 6346:(PDF) 6339:(PDF) 6314:(PDF) 6307:(PDF) 6284:. D+C 6232:(PDF) 6225:(PDF) 5783:JSTOR 5574:S2CID 5138:7 May 5112:7 May 5108:. BBC 4814:Delhi 4701:China 4423:54.8 4368:93.9 4359:55.4 4297:66.9 4221:84.6 4136:20.8 4081:−2.5 4040:−1.6 3917:73.6 3580:seeds 3156:Spain 3124:Spain 2763:Spain 2742:Italy 2657:China 2641:China 2625:Italy 2604:India 2588:Italy 2572:Italy 2450:India 2418:India 2397:China 2365:India 2142:China 2121:Japan 2105:Japan 2089:Japan 2073:Japan 1982:World 1972:World 1962:World 1952:World 1864:India 1840:India 1836:China 1740:India 1599:India 1574:China 1331:Name 1231:2019 918:Chase 821:Name 345:(IMF) 304:(IFC) 298:(IDA) 200:loans 86:1818 11605:51st 11600:45th 11499:Cuba 11390:Guam 11329:Niue 11294:Fiji 11188:GSCP 11158:DEMA 11047:UNDP 11042:PAHO 11032:OCHA 11012:IFRC 11007:ICRC 10958:MPDL 10930:ACPP 10878:INSO 10849:LVIA 10837:FADV 10821:CISP 10813:AVSI 10792:GOAL 10759:HELP 10698:GRET 10682:AVSF 10504:ICRC 10446:ADRA 10426:NGOs 10272:more 9996:Marx 9986:Mill 9971:List 9849:Neo- 9805:Neo- 8879:Peru 8834:Mali 8814:Laos 8652:2019 8647:2017 8642:2012 8637:2007 8632:2005 8627:1995 8622:1991 8617:1986 8612:1981 8607:1968 8602:1963 8597:1949 8592:1947 8587:1946 8208:2024 8183:2023 8160:help 8140:2023 8129:ISSN 8106:2024 8084:2024 8046:2024 8023:2024 7998:2024 7973:2020 7950:2020 7904:2012 7873:2012 7847:2004 7797:ISSN 7752:2013 7726:2013 7687:ISBN 7662:ISBN 7634:ISBN 7606:2023 7595:ISSN 7502:2012 7474:2008 7443:2008 7417:2008 7391:2012 7365:2017 7324:link 7320:link 7306:2012 7274:ISBN 7245:ISBN 7220:ISBN 7191:ISBN 7166:ISBN 7136:ISBN 7106:ISBN 7085:2014 7060:2013 7038:2016 7017:2016 6976:2012 6949:2012 6923:2012 6896:2012 6867:2010 6826:2024 6801:2012 6774:2020 6749:2024 6723:2023 6700:2021 6674:2019 6646:2019 6621:2019 6595:2019 6587:ICIJ 6569:2020 6489:2013 6467:2008 6444:2011 6418:2015 6386:2015 6354:2015 6322:2014 6290:2011 6267:2010 6240:2011 6207:2014 6181:2021 6156:2021 6131:2020 6109:2020 6077:2020 6051:2018 6030:2018 5986:2016 5943:2012 5916:2012 5889:2012 5866:2012 5810:2020 5773:ISBN 5750:2012 5727:2024 5688:2022 5663:2020 5613:2012 5585:2020 5539:2012 5510:ISBN 5484:2016 5459:2016 5433:2011 5400:ISBN 5375:ISBN 5356:2012 5325:2012 5292:ISBN 5263:ISSN 5217:ISBN 5166:2012 5140:2023 5114:2023 5086:2019 5064:2018 5042:2019 4622:The 4306:9.0 4300:2.7 3838:Sum 3835:2016 3832:2015 3829:2014 3826:2013 3823:2012 3820:2011 3817:2010 3814:2009 3811:2008 3808:2007 3785:and 3783:IBRD 3509:and 3108:Iran 1942:MIGA 1918:IBRD 1911:Rank 1813:The 1413:and 1108:and 987:and 660:any 658:cite 610:The 509:Asia 380:and 281:The 251:2000 249:and 247:1988 210:and 208:low- 202:and 190:The 90:, NW 65:Type 11437:ACP 11208:THW 11203:MSB 11198:ITF 11183:GIZ 11127:WHO 11122:WFP 11027:IOM 11022:ILO 11017:FAO 10971:COS 10966:SIA 10950:MDM 10920:PAH 10915:NRC 10911:NPA 10907:NCA 10902:ZOA 10886:REK 10870:DAI 10857:VIS 10845:JRS 10796:SHA 10783:VSF 10755:GAC 10743:ASB 10734:TSF 10726:SPF 10714:PUI 10706:MDM 10690:CDE 10665:FRC 10643:DRC 10639:DPA 10626:PIN 10621:VSF 10617:MDM 10236:Sen 9956:Say 9815:New 9548:Law 8073:doi 7787:hdl 7779:doi 5566:doi 5253:doi 4884:USD 3787:IDA 1934:IDA 1926:IFC 671:by 519:". 144:CFO 11632:: 10985:· 10981:· 10977:· 10973:· 10964:· 10960:· 10956:· 10952:· 10948:· 10944:· 10940:· 10936:· 10932:· 10913:· 10909:· 10900:· 10896:· 10892:· 10888:· 10884:· 10880:· 10876:· 10872:· 10868:· 10859:· 10855:· 10851:· 10847:· 10843:· 10839:· 10835:· 10831:· 10827:· 10823:· 10819:· 10815:· 10811:· 10807:· 10798:· 10794:· 10790:· 10781:· 10777:· 10775:MI 10773:· 10769:· 10765:· 10761:· 10757:· 10753:· 10749:· 10745:· 10741:· 10732:· 10728:· 10724:· 10720:· 10716:· 10712:· 10708:· 10704:· 10700:· 10696:· 10692:· 10688:· 10684:· 10680:· 10676:· 10667:· 10663:· 10659:· 10650:· 10641:· 10637:· 10633:· 10619:· 10550:, 10546:, 10542:, 10538:, 10534:, 10530:, 10526:, 10522:, 10518:, 10514:, 10510:, 10496:, 10492:, 10488:, 10484:, 10480:, 10476:, 10472:, 10468:, 10464:, 8199:. 8152:: 8150:}} 8146:{{ 8127:. 8123:. 8069:39 8067:. 8063:. 8014:. 7989:. 7941:. 7920:. 7896:25 7894:. 7890:. 7830:. 7826:. 7809:^ 7795:. 7785:. 7775:88 7773:. 7769:. 7743:. 7648:^ 7628:. 7593:. 7589:. 7567:. 7563:. 7540:. 7518:. 7492:. 7460:. 7434:. 7408:. 7382:. 7350:24 7348:. 7344:. 7316:}} 7312:{{ 7150:^ 7120:^ 7076:. 6993:. 6940:. 6875:^ 6817:. 6765:. 6739:. 6690:. 6663:. 6637:. 6612:. 6585:. 6559:. 6435:. 6197:. 6172:. 6147:. 6093:. 6068:. 6006:. 5988:. 5976:. 5958:, 5857:. 5781:. 5771:. 5718:. 5679:. 5652:. 5633:. 5602:. 5572:. 5562:65 5560:. 5556:. 5486:. 5461:. 5450:. 5342:. 5290:. 5261:. 5249:30 5247:. 5243:. 5231:^ 5215:. 5191:^ 5131:. 5094:^ 5033:. 5008:^ 4998:. 4910:. 4715:. 4707:, 4703:, 4666:. 4600:. 4572:, 3769:. 3745:. 3709:. 3536:. 3513:. 3303:20 3234:19 3165:18 3096:17 3027:16 2958:15 2889:14 2820:13 2751:12 2682:11 2613:10 1858:, 1854:, 633:. 592:. 511:, 273:. 11262:e 11255:t 11248:v 10554:) 10506:( 10500:) 10460:( 10385:e 10378:t 10371:v 10309:) 9811:) 9807:( 9667:) 9663:( 9275:e 9268:t 9261:v 9044:e 9037:t 9030:v 8438:e 8431:t 8424:v 8210:. 8185:. 8162:) 8142:. 8108:. 8086:. 8075:: 8048:. 8025:. 8000:. 7975:. 7952:. 7906:. 7875:. 7849:. 7832:1 7803:. 7789:: 7781:: 7754:. 7728:. 7695:. 7670:. 7642:. 7608:. 7504:. 7476:. 7445:. 7419:. 7393:. 7367:. 7326:) 7308:. 7282:. 7253:. 7228:. 7199:. 7174:. 7144:. 7114:. 7087:. 7062:. 7040:. 7019:. 6997:. 6978:. 6951:. 6925:. 6898:. 6869:. 6828:. 6803:. 6776:. 6751:. 6725:. 6702:. 6676:. 6648:. 6623:. 6597:. 6571:. 6491:. 6469:. 6446:. 6420:. 6388:. 6356:. 6324:. 6292:. 6269:. 6242:. 6209:. 6183:. 6158:. 6133:. 6111:. 6079:. 6053:. 6032:. 6010:. 5945:. 5918:. 5891:. 5868:. 5812:. 5789:. 5752:. 5729:. 5690:. 5665:. 5619:. 5587:. 5568:: 5541:. 5518:. 5435:. 5408:. 5383:. 5358:. 5327:. 5300:. 5269:. 5255:: 5225:. 5168:. 5142:. 5116:. 5088:. 5066:. 5044:. 5002:. 2544:9 2475:8 2406:7 2337:6 2268:5 2199:4 2130:3 2061:2 1992:1 1779:. 1765:. 698:) 692:( 687:) 683:( 679:. 665:. 157:) 153:( 146:) 128:) 124:( 59:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.