264:, which was formulated late in the meeting and was adopted by consensus of 171 states on 25 June 1993. While one possible interpretation sees this document as a "well crafted but empty exhortation", it did come to represent as much of a consensus as could be found on human rights in the early 1990s. And it did in fact set new marks in human rights work in several areas. It established the interdependence of democracy, economic development, and human rights. Specifically, it replaced the Cold War division of Civil and Political Rights (CPR) apart from Economic Social and Cultural rights (ESCR) with the concept of rights being indivisible (one cannot take one type of rights without the other), interdependent (one set of rights needs the other to be realised), and inter-related (that all human rights relate to each other). It called for the creation of instruments to publicize and protect the rights of women, children, and indigenous peoples. It requested more funding for the
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There was much discussion ahead of the conference on what could and could not be said during it. The rules adopted stated that no specific countries or places could be mentioned where human rights abuses were taking place, including those involved in current conflicts such as
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By the early 2000s, all of the explicit establishments recommended by the Vienna
Declaration and Programme of Action had been met in full or in part. The conference also highlighted the importance that NGOs would continue to play in the human rights infrastructure.
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Despite the rules, organizations and demonstrators at the conference's physical site were happy to mention specific ongoing abuses all around the world, with many displaying atrocity photographs in an attempt to out-do each other. One person concerned about the
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to human rights versus nations who said that human rights needed to be interpreted differently in non-Western cultures and that attempts to impose a universal definition amounted to interference in their internal affairs. The latter group was led by China,
126:
The World
Conference on Human Rights was attended by representatives of 171 nations and 800 NGOs, with some 7,000 participants overall. This made it the largest gathering ever on human rights. It was organised by Human Rights expert John Pace.
87:
in
Beijing, China, in September 1995. Such conferences were seen as a way to promote global participation, consultation, and policy formation, and were seen as a likely significant new way to influence the direction of international society.
102:, Switzerland, beginning in 1991, as were a number of regional and satellite meetings. These struggled to produce new ideas that countries could agree upon, and highlighted differences surrounding the role of state sovereignty,
118:, was concerned that conference might represent a backwards step for human rights. He added, "It's not surprising that governments are not overenthusiastic. After all, they are the ones violating human rights."
39:
Although the United
Nations had long been active in the field of human rights, the Vienna conference was only the second global conference to focus exclusively on human rights, with the first having been the
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subsequently endorsed the declaration as part of
Resolution 48/121. It also created the post of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 20 December 1993.
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184:, and more in the context of universal political and economic rights. Women's rights in particular gained a strong and effective presence at the conference.
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Lettre datée du 24 juin 1993, adressée au Président de la Conférence mondiale sur les droits de l'homme par le Chef adjoint de la délégation chinoise
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brought about the hope that the long stalemate and distortion of United
Nations behaviors due to the bipolar superpower confrontation would cease.
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was held by the United
Nations in Vienna, Austria, on 14 to 25 June 1993. It was the first human rights conference held since the end of the
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was taking place only an hour's flight from Vienna testified dramatically that no new era of international cooperation had come into place.
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attended the conference as the alternate U.S. delegate, and was one of the attendees heavily interested in women's rights aspects.
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A speech given by His
Holiness the Dalai Lama to the United Nations World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, Austria, June 1993.
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to state that the conference was taking place "In an atmosphere strangely removed from reality." In particular, that the ongoing
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In the run-up to the 1993 conference, much of the optimism of the 1989 era was lost. Preparatory conferences were held in
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432:"Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968"
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106:(NGOs), and whether new or strengthened human rights instruments for the UN were feasible and impartial. The
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The notion of having a world conference on human rights was first proposed in 1989. The end of the
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The conference did have an expansive view of human rights, with efforts made to highlight
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The Vienna conference came at a time when world conferences were popular, with the
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395:"Stock-Taking on Human Rights: The World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993"
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One fault line at the conference was
Western nations who proclaimed a
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was eventually forced to decide upon the conference's agenda in 1992.
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The United
Nations: Confronting the Challenges of a Global Society
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200:, and also included a number of Asian nations such as Singapore,
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52:, during April–May 1968 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the
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212:. On the opening day of the conference, U.S. Secretary of State
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The key result of the World Conference on Human Rights was the
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In spite of pressures from the People's Republic of China, the
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spoke out strongly against this notion, saying "We cannot let
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680:, Édition Gallimard, 1990 ; Nouv. éd. augmentée 1993,
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594:"U.S. Rejects Notion That Human Rights Vary With Culture"
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Norchi, "Human Rights: A Global Common Interest", p. 88.
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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
268:. Most significantly, it called for a new office, the
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International Conference on Population and Development
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788:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
692:, traduction Tica Broch, Oxford/Zed Books, 1994,
526:"A Rights Meeting, but Don't Mention the Wronged"
270:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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83:in Copenhagen, Denmark, in March 1995 and the
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463:Boyle, "Stock-Taking on Human Rights", p. 80.
242:was able to give a talk at the conference on
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480:"A Bleak Assessment as Rights Meeting Nears"
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27:. The main result of the conference was the
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231:member and vice presidential candidate
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266:United Nations Center for Human Rights
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54:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
352:"Timeline: Human Rights Conventions"
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568:"Women Seize Focus at Rights Forum"
81:World Summit for Social Development
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592:Sciolino, Elaine (15 June 1993).
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277:United Nations General Assembly
108:United Nations General Assembly
818:Austria and the United Nations
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229:U.S. House of Representatives
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16:First human rights conference
318:. In Krasno, Jean E. (ed.).
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690:Tibet: Survival in Question
398:. In Beetham, David (ed.).
114:, the Secretary General of
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813:June 1993 events in Europe
783:United Nations conferences
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220:become the last refuge of
754:at United Nations website
614:"Geraldine Ferraro – Bio"
400:Politics and Human Rights
644:"Human Rights for Women"
324:Lynne Rienner Publishers
314:Norchi, Charles (2004).
436:University of Minnesota
244:human responsibilities
133:Bosnia and Herzegovina
674:Pierre-Antoine Donnet
116:Amnesty International
652:. p. A27 op-ed.
438:Human Rights Library
63:having been held in
218:cultural relativism
649:The New York Times
640:Ferraro, Geraldine
620:. 5 September 2003
599:The New York Times
573:The New York Times
531:The New York Times
485:The New York Times
214:Warren Christopher
178:indigenous peoples
150:The New York Times
678:Tibet mort ou vif
233:Geraldine Ferraro
189:universal meaning
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112:Pierre Sané
762:Categories
406:. p.
356:Al Jazeera
326:. p.
287:References
222:repression
180:' rights,
122:Conference
35:Background
206:Indonesia
624:22 March
442:22 March
392:(1995).
361:22 March
202:Malaysia
93:Cold War
44:held in
25:Cold War
250:Results
227:Former
210:Vietnam
141:Liberia
46:Teheran
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208:, and
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137:Angola
100:Geneva
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77:Egypt
73:Cairo
710:ISBN
702:ISBN
694:ISBN
682:ISBN
626:2009
444:2009
412:ISBN
363:2009
332:ISBN
275:The
198:Iran
196:and
165:and
145:Cuba
50:Iran
19:The
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