Wound healing - Knowledge

867:

debridement. Oedema increases the wound histologic accessibility for later fibroplastic migration. Second, as inflammation nears completion, macrophage and mast cells release fibroblast growth and chemotactic factors to activate fibroblasts from adjacent tissue. Fibroblasts at this stage loosen themselves from surrounding cells and ECM. Phagocytes further release proteases that break down the ECM of neighbouring tissue, freeing the activated fibroblasts to proliferate and migrate towards the wound. The difference between vascular sprouting and fibroblast proliferation is that the former is enhanced by hypoxia, whilst the latter is inhibited by hypoxia. The deposited fibroblastic connective tissue matures by secreting ECM into the extracellular space, forming granulation tissue (see below). Lastly collagen is deposited into the ECM.

1349:– Individuals with diabetes demonstrate reduced capability in the healing of acute wounds. Additionally, diabetic individuals are susceptible to developing chronic diabetic foot ulcers, a serious complication of diabetes which affects 15% of people with diabetes and accounts for 84% of all diabetes-related lower leg amputations. The impaired healing abilities of diabetics with diabetic foot ulcers and/or acute wounds involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. This impaired healing involves hypoxia, fibroblast and epidermal cell dysfunction, impaired angiogenesis and neovascularization, high levels of metalloproteases, damage from reactive oxygen species and AGEs (advanced glycation end-products), decreased host immune resistance, and neuropathy. 1355:– Malnutrition or nutritional deficiencies have a recognizable impact on wound healing post trauma or surgical intervention. Nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates, arginine, glutamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron all play significant roles in wound healing. Fats and carbohydrates provide the majority of energy required for wound healing. Glucose is the most prominent source of fuel and it is used to create cellular ATP, providing energy for angiogenesis and the deposition of new tissues. As the nutritional needs of each patient and their associated wound are complex, it is suggested that tailored nutritional support would benefit both acute and chronic wound healing. 45: 52: 38: 749:: With the breakdown of endothelial basement membrane, detached endothelial cells from pre-existing capillaries and post-capillary venules can divide and migrate chemotactically towards the wound, laying down new vessels in the process. Vascular sprouting can be aided by ambient hypoxia and acidosis in the wound environment, as hypoxia stimulates the endothelial transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) to transactivate angiogenic genes such as VEGF and GLUT1. Sprouted vessels can self-organise into luminal morphologies, and fusion of blind channels give rise to new capillary networks. 31: 1535:(ECM) found in normal/un-injured dermis. Fundamental conditions required for tissue regeneration often oppose conditions that favor efficient wound repair, including inhibition of (1) platelet activation, (2) inflammatory response, and (3) wound contraction. In addition to providing support for fibroblast and endothelial cell attachment, biodegradable scaffolds inhibit wound contraction, thereby allowing the healing process to proceed towards a more-regenerative/less-scarring pathway. Pharmaceutical agents have been investigated which may be able to turn off 270: 243: 1322:

a few hours to a few weeks to recover. If a foreign body passes by a nerve and causes first-degree nerve injury during entry, then the sensation of the foreign body or pain due to internal wounding may be delayed by a few hours to a few weeks after entry. A sudden increase in pain during the first few weeks of wound healing could be a sign of a recovered nerve reporting internal injuries rather than a newly developed infection.

117: 917:) and fibronectin encourage proliferation, migration to the wound bed, and production of ECM molecules by fibroblasts. Fibroblasts also secrete growth factors that attract epithelial cells to the wound site. Hypoxia also contributes to fibroblast proliferation and excretion of growth factors, though too little oxygen will inhibit their growth and deposition of ECM components, and can lead to excessive, fibrotic 1956:

and maturation are occurring. Foreign materials are walled off by macrophages that may metamorphose into epithelioid cells, which are encircled by mononuclear leukocytes, forming granulomas. Usually the wound is closed surgically at this juncture, or the scab is eaten, and if the "cleansing" of the wound is incomplete, chronic inflammation can ensue, resulting in prominent scarring.

737:: As the wound macrophages switches from inflammatory to healing mode, it begins to secrete endothelial chemotactic and growth factors to attract adjacent endothelial cells. Activated endothelial cells respond by retracting and reducing cell junctions, loosening themselves from their embedded endothelium. Characteristically the activated endothelial cells show enlarged nucleoli. 1225:, actin in the myofibroblast is linked across the cell membrane to molecules in the extracellular matrix like fibronectin and collagen. Myofibroblasts have many such adhesions, which allow them to pull the ECM when they contract, reducing the wound size. In this part of contraction, closure occurs more quickly than in the first, myofibroblast-independent part. 1795:

collagen deposition by these cells. The alignment of collagen describes the degree of scarring; basket-weave orientation of collagen is characteristic of normal skin, whereas aligned collagen fibers lead to significant scarring. It has been shown that the growth of tissue and extent of scar formation can be controlled by modulating the stress at a wound site.

1118: 295:, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Although a useful construct, this model employs considerable overlapping among individual phases. A complementary model has recently been described where the many elements of wound healing are more clearly delineated. The importance of this new model becomes more apparent through its utility in the fields of 1516:, refers to the replacement of lost/damaged tissue with an 'exact' copy, such that both morphology and functionality are completely restored. Though after injury mammals can completely regenerate spontaneously, they usually do not completely regenerate. An example of a tissue regenerating completely after an interruption of morphology is the 1638:. Currently, the principal goals in wound management are to achieve rapid wound closure with a functional tissue that has minimal aesthetic scarring. However, the ultimate goal of wound healing biology is to induce a more perfect reconstruction of the wound area. Scarless wound healing only occurs in mammalian foetal tissues and complete 960:

of the later maturation phase. Granulation gradually ceases and fibroblasts decrease in number in the wound once their work is done. At the end of the granulation phase, fibroblasts begin to commit apoptosis, converting granulation tissue from an environment rich in cells to one that consists mainly of collagen.

5434:

After the repair process has been completed, the structure and function of the injured tissue are completely normal. This type of regeneration is common in physiological situations. Examples of physiological regeneration are the continual replacement of cells of the skin and repair of the endometrium

5355:

The new tissue is not the same as the tissue that was lost. After the repair process has been completed, there is a loss in the structure or function of the injured tissue. In this type of repair, it is common that granulation tissue (stromal connective tissue) proliferates to fill the defect created

1798:

The growth of tissue can be simulated using the aforementioned relationships from a biochemical and biomechanical point of view. The biologically active chemicals that play an important role in wound healing are modeled with Fickian diffusion to generate concentration profiles. The balance equation

1126:

must dissolve any scab that forms, keratinocyte migration is best enhanced by a moist environment, since a dry one leads to formation of a bigger, tougher scab. To make their way along the tissue, keratinocytes must dissolve the clot, debris, and parts of the ECM in order to get through. They secrete

959:

Even as fibroblasts are producing new collagen, collagenases and other factors degrade it. Shortly after wounding, synthesis exceeds degradation so collagen levels in the wound rise, but later production and degradation become equal so there is no net collagen gain. This homeostasis signals the onset

711:

Also called neovascularization, the process of angiogenesis occurs concurrently with fibroblast proliferation when endothelial cells migrate to the area of the wound. Because the activity of fibroblasts and epithelial cells requires oxygen and nutrients, angiogenesis is imperative for other stages in

260:

Timing is important to wound healing. Critically, the timing of wound re-epithelialization can decide the outcome of the healing. If the epithelization of tissue over a denuded area is slow, a scar will form over many weeks, or months; If the epithelization of a wounded area is fast, the healing will

1955:

If the wound edges are not reapproximated immediately, delayed primary wound healing transpires. This type of healing may be desired in the case of contaminated wounds. By the fourth day, phagocytosis of contaminated tissues is well underway, and the processes of epithelization, collagen deposition,

1794:

Considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the physical relationships governing wound healing and subsequent scarring, with mathematical models and simulations developed to elucidate these relationships. The growth of tissue around the wound site is a result of the migration of cells and

1658:

The etymology of the term scarless wound healing has a long history. In print the antiquated concept of scarless healing was brought up in the early 20th century and appeared in a paper published in the London Lancet. This process involved cutting at a surgical slant to the skin surface, rather than

1321:

Foreign bodies. Sharp, small foreign bodies can penetrate the skin leaving little surface wound but causing internal injury and internal bleeding. For a glass foreign body, "frequently, an innocent skin wound disguises the extensive nature of the injuries beneath". First-degree nerve injury requires

1204:

wounds, contraction peaks at 5 to 15 days post wounding. Contraction can last for several weeks and continues even after the wound is completely reepithelialized. A large wound can become 40 to 80% smaller after contraction. Wounds can contract at a speed of up to 0.75 mm per day, depending on

1149:

Growth factors, stimulated by integrins and MMPs, cause cells to proliferate at the wound edges. Keratinocytes themselves also produce and secrete factors, including growth factors and basement membrane proteins, which aid both in epithelialization and in other phases of healing. Growth factors are

992:

are the main cells responsible for the epithelialization phase of wound healing. They advance in a sheet across the wound site and proliferate at its edges, ceasing movement when they meet in the middle. In healing that results in a scar, sweat glands, hair follicles and nerves do not form. With the

951:

generally begin to be produced in appreciable amounts at somewhere between approximately 10 hours and 3 days, depending mainly on wound size. Their deposition peaks at one to three weeks. They are the predominating tensile substances until the later phase of maturation, in which they are replaced by

866:

As a model the mechanism of fibroplasia may be conceptualised as an analogous process to angiogenesis (see above) - only the cell type involved is fibroblasts rather than endothelial cells. Initially there is a latent phase where the wound undergoes plasma exudation, inflammatory decontamination and

646:

from the bloodstream enter the area through blood vessel walls. Numbers of monocytes in the wound peak one to one and a half days after the injury occurs. Once they are in the wound site, monocytes mature into macrophages. Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other

1734:

Cotton gauze dressings have been the standard of care, despite their dry properties that can adhere to wound surfaces and cause discomfort upon removal. Recent research has set out to improve cotton gauze dressings to bring them closer in line to achieve modern wound dressing properties, by coating

1667:

After inflammation, restoration of normal tissue integrity and function is preserved by feedback interactions between diverse cell types mediated by adhesion molecules and secreted cytokines. Disruption of normal feedback mechanisms in cancer threatens tissue integrity and enables a malignant tumor

1558:

is degraded by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Scientists found that the simple up-regulation of HIF-1a via PHD inhibitors regenerates lost or damaged tissue in mammals that have a repair response; and the continued down-regulation of Hif-1a results in healing with a scarring response in mammals with a

1464:

In rare circumstances, such as extensive cutaneous injury, self-renewal subpopulations in the bone marrow are induced to participate in the healing process, whereby they give rise to collagen-secreting cells that seem to play a role during wound repair. These two self-renewal subpopulations are (1)

1762:

Dirt or dust on the surface of the wound, bacteria, tissue that has died, and fluid from the wound may be cleaned. The evidence supporting the most effective technique is not clear and there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether cleaning wounds is beneficial for promoting healing or whether

1688:

and skin aging. Oral collagen supplements also increase skin elasticity, hydration, and dermal collagen density. Collagen supplementation is generally safe with no reported adverse events. Further studies are needed to elucidate medical use in skin barrier diseases such as atopic dermatitis and to

1382:

Age – Increased age (over 60 years) is a risk factor for impaired wound healing. It is recognized that, in older adults of otherwise overall good health, the effects of aging causes a temporal delay in healing, but no major impairment with regard to the quality of healing. Delayed wound healing in

1145:

As keratinocytes continue migrating, new epithelial cells must be formed at the wound edges to replace them and to provide more cells for the advancing sheet. Proliferation behind migrating keratinocytes normally begins a few days after wounding and occurs at a rate that is 17 times higher in this

1125:

As keratinocytes migrate, they move over granulation tissue but stay underneath the scab, thereby separating the scab from the underlying tissue. Epithelial cells have the ability to phagocytize debris such as dead tissue and bacterial matter that would otherwise obstruct their path. Because they

999:

migrate without first proliferating. Migration can begin as early as a few hours after wounding. However, epithelial cells require viable tissue to migrate across, so if the wound is deep it must first be filled with granulation tissue. Thus the time of onset of migration is variable and may occur

862:

begin accumulating in the wound site. Fibroblasts begin entering the wound site two to five days after wounding as the inflammatory phase is ending, and their numbers peak at one to two weeks post-wounding. By the end of the first week, fibroblasts are the main cells in the wound. Fibroplasia ends

871:

suggests that some are derived from blood-borne, circulating adult stem cells/precursors). Initially fibroblasts utilize the fibrin cross-linking fibers (well-formed by the end of the inflammatory phase) to migrate across the wound, subsequently adhering to fibronectin. Fibroblasts then deposit

730:

During the haemostatic and inflammatory phase of the wound healing process, vasodilation and permeabilisation allow leukocyte extravasation and phagocytic debridement and decontamination of the wound area. Tissue swelling aids later angiogenesis by expanding and loosening the existing collagenous

1654:

deposition, collagen remodelling and eventual scar formation, where fetal wound healing is believed to be more of a regenerative process with minimal or no scar formation. Therefore, foetal wound healing can be used to provide an accessible mammalian model of an optimal healing response in adult

1494:

An injury is an interruption of morphology and/or functionality of a given tissue. After injury, structural tissue heals with incomplete or complete regeneration. Tissue without an interruption to the morphology almost always completely regenerates. An example of complete regeneration without an

1208:

At first, contraction occurs without myofibroblast involvement. Later, fibroblasts, stimulated by growth factors, differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts, which are similar to smooth muscle cells, are responsible for contraction. Myofibroblasts contain the same kind of actin as that

1228:

As the actin in myofibroblasts contracts, the wound edges are pulled together. Fibroblasts lay down collagen to reinforce the wound as myofibroblasts contract. The contraction stage in proliferation ends as myofibroblasts stop contracting and commit apoptosis. The breakdown of the provisional

436:

and particles and prevents further blood loss. This fibrin-fibronectin plug is also the main structural support for the wound until collagen is deposited. Migratory cells use this plug as a matrix to crawl across, and platelets adhere to it and secrete factors. The clot is eventually lysed and

1449:

Multipotent adult stem cells have the capacity to be self-renewing and give rise to different cell types. Stem cells give rise to progenitor cells, which are cells that are not self-renewing, but can generate several types of cells. The extent of stem cell involvement in cutaneous (skin) wound

881:

functions as rudimentary tissue, and begins to appear in the wound already during the inflammatory phase, two to five days post wounding, and continues growing until the wound bed is covered. Granulation tissue consists of new blood vessels, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, endothelial cells,

870:

In the first two or three days after injury, fibroblasts mainly migrate and proliferate, while later, they are the main cells that lay down the collagen matrix in the wound site. Origins of these fibroblasts are thought to be from the adjacent uninjured cutaneous tissue (although new evidence

675:

damage if it lasts too long. Thus the reduction of inflammation is frequently a goal in therapeutic settings. Inflammation lasts as long as there is debris in the wound. Thus, if the individual's immune system is compromised and is unable to clear the debris from the wound and/or if excessive

663:

As inflammation dies down, fewer inflammatory factors are secreted, existing ones are broken down, and numbers of neutrophils and macrophages are reduced at the wound site. These changes indicate that the inflammatory phase is ending and the proliferative phase is underway. In vitro evidence,

650:

In wound healing that result in incomplete repair, scar contraction occurs, bringing varying gradations of structural imperfections, deformities and problems with flexibility. Macrophages may restrain the contraction phase. Scientists have reported that removing the macrophages from a

1245:. The onset of the maturation phase may vary extensively, depending on the size of the wound and whether it was initially closed or left open, ranging from approximately three days to three weeks. The maturation phase can last for a year or longer, similarly depending on wound type. 1252:

of the wound increases. Collagen will reach approximately 20% of its tensile strength after three weeks, increasing to 80% after 12 months. The maximum scar strength is 80% of that of unwounded skin. Since activity at the wound site is reduced, the scar loses its red appearance as

1216:

Myofibroblasts are attracted by fibronectin and growth factors and they move along fibronectin linked to fibrin in the provisional ECM in order to reach the wound edges. They form connections to the ECM at the wound edges, and they attach to each other and to the wound edges by

1374:

Smoking – Smoking causes a delay in the speed of wound repair notably in the proliferative and inflammatory phases. It also increases the likelihood of certain complications such as wound rupture, wound and flap necrosis, decrease in wound tensile strength and infection.

1184:

Contraction is a key phase of wound healing with repair. If contraction continues for too long, it can lead to disfigurement and loss of function. Thus there is a great interest in understanding the biology of wound contraction, which can be modelled in vitro using the

1852:

Primary intention is the healing of a clean wound without tissue loss. In this process, wound edges are brought together, so that they are adjacent to each other (re-approximated). Wound closure is performed with sutures (stitches), staples, or adhesive tape or glue.

1623:). Clinical judgment is necessary to successfully balance the potential benefits of the various treatments available against the likelihood of a poor response and possible complications resulting from these treatments. Many of these treatments may only have a 572:(PMNs) arrive at the wound site and become the predominant cells in the wound for the first two days after the injury occurs, with especially high numbers on the second day. They are attracted to the site by fibronectin, growth factors, and substances such as 696:

begin to enter the wound site, marking the onset of the proliferative phase even before the inflammatory phase has ended. As in the other phases of wound healing, steps in the proliferative phase do not occur in a series but rather partially overlap in time.

1546:

are key player in tissue homeostasis: the process that makes the tissue replace dead cells by identical cells. In wound areas, tissue homeostasis is lost as the heparan sulfates are degraded preventing the replacement of dead cells by identical cells.

1011:

in the same fashion that occurs in uninjured skin. However, if the basement membrane is ruined at the wound site, reepithelization must occur from the wound margins and from skin appendages such as hair follicles and sweat and oil glands that enter the

3495:

Macrophages are present essentially in all tissues, beginning with embryonic development and, in addition to their role in host defense and in the clearance of apoptotic cells, are being increasingly recognized for their trophic function and role in

1114:, collagen, and fibronectin in the ECM may further signal cells to divide and migrate. Like fibroblasts, migrating keratinocytes use the fibronectin cross-linked with fibrin that was deposited in inflammation as an attachment site to crawl across. 246:

Approximate times of the different phases of wound healing on a logarithmic scale, with faded intervals marking substantial variation, depending mainly on wound size and healing conditions, but image does not include major impairments that cause

1157:

causes them to stop migrating. When they have finished migrating, the keratinocytes secrete the proteins that form the new basement membrane. Cells reverse the morphological changes they underwent in order to begin migrating; they reestablish

96:

layer) form a protective barrier against the external environment. When the barrier is broken, a regulated sequence of biochemical events is set into motion to repair the damage. This process is divided into predictable phases: blood clotting

5557:

Tong M, Tuk B, Hekking IM, Vermeij M, Barritault D, van Neck JW (2009). "Stimulated neovascularization, inflammation resolution and collagen maturation in healing rat cutaneous wounds by a heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan mimetic, OTR4120".

1859:

This process is faster than healing by secondary intention. There is also less scarring associated with primary intention, as there are no large tissue losses to be filled with granulation tissue, though some granulation tissue will form.

1477:

progenitor cells or EPC) that, in the same type of setting, are mobilized to aid in the reconstruction of blood vessels. Moreover, it is thought that extensive injury to skin also promotes the early trafficking of a unique subclass of

1229:

matrix leads to a decrease in hyaluronic acid and an increase in chondroitin sulfate, which gradually triggers fibroblasts to stop migrating and proliferating. These events signal the onset of the maturation stage of wound healing.

4206: 1092:

on the pseudopod attach to the ECM, and the actin filaments in the projection pull the cell along. The interaction with molecules in the ECM through integrins further promotes the formation of actin filaments, lamellipodia, and

1142:(MMPs) to dissolve damaged parts of the ECM in their way, particularly at the front of the migrating sheet. Keratinocytes also dissolve the basement membrane, using instead the new ECM laid down by fibroblasts to crawl across. 1383:

patients of increasing age is associated with altered inflammatory response; for example delayed T-cell infiltration of the wound with alterations in the production of chemokines, and reduced macrophage phagocytic capacity.

6335:

Gurtner GC, Dauskardt RH, Wong VW, Bhatt KA, Wu K, Vial IN, Padois K, Korman JM, Longaker MT (August 2011). "Improving cutaneous scar formation by controlling the mechanical environment: large animal and phase I studies".

1205:

how loose the tissue in the wounded area is. Contraction usually does not occur symmetrically; rather most wounds have an 'axis of contraction' which allows for greater organization and alignment of cells with collagen.

936:

Collagen deposition is important because it increases the strength of the wound; before it is laid down, the only thing holding the wound closed is the fibrin-fibronectin clot, which does not provide much resistance to

314:

The early phase, which begins immediately following skin injury, involves cascading molecular and cellular events leading to hemostasis and formation of an early, makeshift extracellular matrix that provides structural

588:

that break down damaged tissue. Functional neutrophils at the wound site only have life-spans of around two days, so they usually undergo apoptosis once they have completed their tasks and are engulfed and degraded by

968:

The formation of granulation tissue into an open wound allows the reepithelialization phase to take place, as epithelial cells migrate across the new tissue to form a barrier between the wound and the environment.

3851:

Researchers have identified a cell that aids limb regrowth in Salamanders. Macrophages are a type of repairing cell that devour dead cells and pathogens, and trigger other immune cells to respond to pathogens.

322:

The cellular phase involves several types of cells working together to mount an inflammatory response, synthesize granulation tissue, and restore the epithelial layer. Subdivisions of the cellular phase are:

540:, a widening of blood vessels, which peaks at about 20 minutes post-wounding. Vasodilation is the result of factors released by platelets and other cells. The main factor involved in causing vasodilation is 1595:(wound healing to scar more). Historically, certain cultures consider scarification attractive; however, this is generally not the case in the modern western society, in which many patients are turning to 223:

decrease the size of the wound by gripping the wound edges and contracting using a mechanism that resembles that in smooth muscle cells. When the cells' roles are close to complete, unneeded cells undergo

5998: 1655:

human tissues. Clues as to how this might be achieved come from studies of wound healing in embryos, where repair is fast and efficient and results in essentially perfect regeneration of any lost tissue.

5934: 4640:

Mirastschijski U, Haaksma CJ, Tomasek JJ, Agren MS (October 2004). "Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM 6001 attenuates keratinocyte migration, contraction and myofibroblast formation in skin wounds".

162:

in the blood begin to stick to the injured site. They change into an amorphous shape, more suitable for clotting, and they release chemical signals to promote clotting. This results in the activation of

4696:

by Gregory S Schultz, Glenn Ladwig and Annette Wysocki – in turn adapted from Asmussen PD, Sollner B. Mechanism of wound healing. In: Wound Care. Tutorial Medical Series. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag,

4898: 1506:. Repair or incomplete regeneration, refers to the physiologic adaptation of an organ after injury in an effort to re-establish continuity without regards to exact replacement of lost/damaged tissue. 5396:(1) Complete regeneration: The new tissue is the same as the tissue that was lost. After the repair process has been completed, the structure and function of the injured tissue are completely normal 1697:

Modern wound dressing to aid in wound repair has undergone considerable research and development in recent years. Scientists aim to develop wound dressings which have the following characteristics:

1551:

cannot be degraded by all known heparanases and glycanases and bind to the free heparin sulfate binding spots on the ECM, therefore preserving the normal tissue homeostasis and preventing scarring.

4470:

Etscheid M, Beer N, Dodt J (December 2005). "The hyaluronan-binding protease upregulates ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in fibroblasts and stimulates cell proliferation and migration".

635:. By secreting these factors, macrophages contribute to pushing the wound healing process into the next phase. They replace PMNs as the predominant cells in the wound by two days after injury. 3434: 4226: 1108:. These basal cells continue to migrate across the wound bed, and epithelial cells above them slide along as well. The more quickly this migration occurs, the less of a scar there will be. 842:

When macrophages and other growth factor-producing cells are no longer in a hypoxic, lactic acid-filled environment, they stop producing angiogenic factors. Thus, when tissue is adequately

668:

model, suggests that the presence of macrophages actually delays wound contraction and thus the disappearance of macrophages from the wound may be essential for subsequent phases to occur.

1495:

interruption of the morphology is non-injured tissue, such as skin. Non-injured skin has a continued replacement and regeneration of cells which always results in complete regeneration.

906:, which create a very hydrated matrix and facilitate cell migration. Later this provisional matrix is replaced with an ECM that more closely resembles that found in non-injured tissue. 788:

by angiogenic factors released by other cells, e.g. from macrophages and platelets when in a low-oxygen environment. Endothelial growth and proliferation is also directly stimulated by

2980:

Healing in 2 weeks – minimal to no scar; Healing in 3 weeks – minimal to no scar except in high risk scar formers;Healing in 4 weeks or more – hypertrophic in more than 50% of patients

2895:

Cubison TC, Pape SA, Parkhouse N (December 2006). "Evidence for the link between healing time and the development of hypertrophic scars (HTS) in paediatric burns due to scald injury".

1461:(hair follicular stem cell or HFSC), and the papillary dermis (dermal stem cells). Moreover, bone marrow may also contain stem cells that play a major role in cutaneous wound healing. 1856:

Primary intention can only be implemented when the wound is precise and there is minimal disruption to the local tissue and the epithelial basement membrane, e.g. surgical incisions.

1402:. The models show that the "rate of the healing process" appears to be "highly influenced by the activity and size of the injury itself as well as the activity of the healing agent." 680:

is present in the wound, these factors may cause a prolonged inflammatory phase and prevent the wound from properly commencing the proliferation phase of healing. This can lead to a

1889:

Secondary intention is implemented when primary intention is not possible because of significant tissue damage or loss, usually due to the wound having been created by major trauma.

886:(ECM). The provisional ECM is different in composition from the ECM in normal tissue and its components originate from fibroblasts. Such components include fibronectin, collagen, 671:

Because inflammation plays roles in fighting infection, clearing debris and inducing the proliferation phase, it is a necessary part of healing. However, inflammation can lead to

3247:

Muller MJ, Hollyoak MA, Moaveni Z, Brown TL, Herndon DN, Heggers JP (December 2003). "Retardation of wound healing by silver sulfadiazine is reversed by Aloe vera and nystatin".

203:

formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction occur. In angiogenesis, vascular endothelial cells form new blood vessels. In fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation,

1150:

also important for the innate immune defense of skin wounds by stimulation of the production of antimicrobial peptides and neutrophil chemotactic cytokines in keratinocytes.

4598:

Eichler MJ, Carlson MA (February 2006). "Modeling dermal granulation tissue with the linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix: a comparison with the round matrix model".

1100:

Epithelial cells climb over one another in order to migrate. This growing sheet of epithelial cells is often called the epithelial tongue. The first cells to attach to the

941:. Also, cells involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, and connective tissue construction attach to, grow and differentiate on the collagen matrix laid down by fibroblasts. 755:: the endothelium of vessels mature by laying down new endothelial extracellular matrix, followed by basal lamina formation. Lastly the vessel establishes a pericyte layer. 3839: 642:

contains half the body's monocytes in reserve ready to be deployed to injured tissue. Attracted to the wound site by growth factors released by platelets and other cells,

363:

Dermal matrix: elements of fabrication (begins on day 4, lasting 2 weeks) and alteration/remodeling (begins after week 2, lasting weeks to months—depending on wound size).

4678: 131:

Wound care encourages and speeds wound healing via cleaning and protection from reinjury or infection. Depending on each patient's needs, it can range from the simplest

5683:

Zhang Y, Strehin I, Bedelbaeva K, Gourevitch D, Clark L, Leferovich J, Messersmith PB, Heber-Katz E. Drug-induced regeneration in adult mice. Sci Transl Med. 2015;290.

380:, or the stopping of blood loss by way of a fibrin clot. Thereafter, various soluble factors (including chemokines and cytokines) are released to attract cells that 1241:, which is prevalent during proliferation, is replaced by type I collagen. Originally disorganized collagen fibers are rearranged, cross-linked, and aligned along 604:

to cause more T cells to divide and to increase inflammation and enhance vasodilation and vessel permeability. T cells also increase the activity of macrophages.

993:

lack of hair follicles, nerves and sweat glands, the wound, and the resulting healing scar, provide a challenge to the body with regards to temperature control.

5926: 1146:

stage of epithelialization than in normal tissues. Until the entire wound area is resurfaced, the only epithelial cells to proliferate are at the wound edges.

4890: 2672: 1559:

previous regenerative response to the loss of tissue. The act of regulating HIF-1a can either turn off, or turn on the key process of mammalian regeneration.

1386:

Alcohol – Alcohol consumption impairs wound healing and also increases the chances of infection. Alcohol affects the proliferative phase of healing. A single

647:

cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wounding days. These factors attract cells involved in the proliferation stage of healing to the area.

5635:

Van Neck et al, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan mimetics thrive tissue regeneration: an overview. In Intech book under the working title "Tissue Regeneration",

1000:

about one day after wounding. Cells on the wound margins proliferate on the second and third day post-wounding in order to provide more cells for migration.

5966: 4351:

Larjava H., Koivisto L., and Hakkinen L. 2002. Chapter 3: Keratinocyte Interactions with Fibronectin During Wound Healing. In, Heino, J. and Kahari, V.M.

2429:

and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms. This includes a number of products under the trade names such as

5839:

Ferguson MW, Whitby DJ, Shah M, Armstrong J, Siebert JW, Longaker MT (April 1996). "Scar formation: the spectral nature of fetal and adult wound repair".

234:

During maturation and remodeling, collagen is realigned along tension lines, and cells that are no longer needed are removed by programmed cell death, or

2935: 1523:

In some instances, after a tissue breakdown, such as in skin, a regeneration closer to complete regeneration may be induced by the use of biodegradable (

1570:

is a concept based on the healing or repair of the skin (or other tissue/organs) after injury with the aim of healing with subjectively and relatively

1016:

that are lined with viable keratinocytes. If the wound is very deep, skin appendages may also be ruined and migration can only occur from wound edges.

4689: 1799:

for open systems when modeling wound healing incorporates mass growth due to cell migration and proliferation. Here the following equation is used:

5414: 5376: 5335: 5250: 3072:

Sandeman SR, Allen MC, Liu C, Faragher RG, Lloyd AW (November 2000). "Human keratocyte migration into collagen gels declines with in vitro ageing".

128:. Factors that contribute to non-healing chronic wounds are diabetes, venous or arterial disease, infection, and metabolic deficiencies of old age. 124:

The wound-healing process is not only complex but fragile, and it is susceptible to interruption or failure leading to the formation of non-healing

3414: 1201: 548:

because proteins from the bloodstream leak into the extravascular space, which increases its osmolar load and draws water into the area. Increased

4847:

Iconomou TG, Zuker RM, Michelow BJ (1993). "Management of major penetrating glass injuries to the upper extremities in children and adolescents".

1836:, where the sensitivity to single parameters such as initial collagen alignment, cytokine properties, and cell proliferation rates can be tested. 177:

During this phase, damaged and dead cells are cleared out, along with bacteria and other pathogens or debris. This happens through the process of

1237:

When the levels of collagen production and degradation equalize, the maturation phase of tissue repair is said to have begun. During maturation,

4267:

When the dermis is destroyed, the scars do not regrow hair, nerves or sweat glands, providing additional challenges to body temperature control.

2669:

Cellular, molecular and biochemical differences in the pathophysiology of healing between acute wounds, chronic wounds and wounds in the elderly

1264:

The phases of wound healing normally progress in a predictable, timely manner; if they do not, healing may progress inappropriately to either a

5702:

Brown BC, McKenna SP, Siddhi K, McGrouther DA, Bayat A (September 2008). "The hidden cost of skin scars: quality of life after skin scarring".

5662: 4335:. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Virtual Naval Hospital Project. Accessed through web archive on September 15, 2007. 7494: 6078:"Aberrant control of NF-κB in cancer permits transcriptional and phenotypic plasticity, to curtail dependence on host tissue: molecular mode" 4250: 4207:"Morphological and distribution characteristics of sweat glands in hypertrophic scar and their possible effects on sweat gland regeneration" 3799:

Hinz B (April 2006). "Masters and servants of the force: the role of matrix adhesions in myofibroblast force perception and transmission".

1222: 384:

debris, bacteria, and damaged tissue, in addition to releasing signaling molecules that initiate the proliferative phase of wound healing.

5514:

O'Leary R, Ponnambalam S, Wood EJ (September 2003). "Pioglitazone-induced myofibroblast cell death: implications for cutaneous scarring".

2963: 1782:

to help venous leg ulcers heal. It is uncertain whether the choice of cleaning solution or method of application makes any difference to

1170:

begin to divide and differentiate in the same manner as they do in normal skin to reestablish the strata found in reepithelialized skin.

6140:

Zeng R, Lin C, Lin Z, Chen H, Lu W, Lin C, Li H (November 2018). "Approaches to cutaneous wound healing: basics and future directions".

743:: The wound macrophages, mast cells and the endothelial cells themselves secrete proteases to break down existing vascular basal lamina. 5215:[Modelamiento matemático del proceso de sanación de heridas bajo la acción de un ingrediente farmacéuticamente activo (IFA).]. 1450:

healing is complex and not fully understood. Stem cell injection leads to wound healing primarily through stimulation of angiogenesis.

3604:

Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, Figueiredo JL, Kohler RH, et al. (July 2009).

303:(see Research and development section below). In this construct, the process of wound healing is divided into two major phases: the 5078:"Effects of "second-hand" smoke on structure and function of fibroblasts, cells that are critical for tissue repair and remodeling" 4707:

Morton LM, Phillips TJ (April 2016). "Wound healing and treating wounds: Differential diagnosis and evaluation of chronic wounds".

1832:

represents a mass source (from cell proliferation, division, or enlargement). Relationships like these can be incorporated into an

5274:"Stem and Somatic Cell Monotherapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Review of Clinical Studies and Mechanisms of Action" 2820:"Gene expression signature of fibroblast serum response predicts human cancer progression: similarities between tumors and wounds" 7290: 3515:

Newton PM, Watson JA, Wolowacz RG, Wood EJ (August 2004). "Macrophages restrain contraction of an in vitro wound healing model".

2421:

have commanded significant biomedical innovations in the treatment of acute, chronic, and other types of wounds. Many biologics,

3835: 1668:

to escape the immune system. An example of the importance of the wound healing response within tumors is illustrated in work by

5435:

after menstruation. Complete regeneration can occur in pathological situations in tissues that have good regenerative capacity.

2299: 5692:

Rush, J. (2005). Spiritual tattoo: a cultural history of tattooing, piercing, scarification, branding, and implants, Frog Ltd.

4675: 712:

wound healing, like epidermal and fibroblast migration. The tissue in which angiogenesis has occurred typically looks red (is

655:

resulted in failure of a typical regeneration response (limb regeneration), instead bringing on a repair (scarring) response.

444:

Platelets, the cells present in the highest numbers shortly after a wound occurs, release mediators into the blood, including

6759: 5640: 4400:

Son HJ, Bae HC, Kim HJ, Lee DH, Han DW, Park JC (2005). "Effects of β-glucan on proliferation and migration of fibroblasts".

4159: 3759: 3736: 2541: 493: 136: 1284:

Many factors controlling the efficacy, speed, and manner of wound healing fall under two types: local and systemic factors.

3582: 3332:

Santoro MM, Gaudino G (March 2005). "Cellular and molecular facets of keratinocyte reepithelization during wound healing".

3180: 3055: 1928:

There is lack of evidence for the effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy in wound healing by secondary intention.

1076:

Before they begin migrating, keratinocytes change shape, becoming longer and flatter and extending cellular processes like

5449:"Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin" 3370: 1453:

It is thought that the epidermis and dermis are reconstituted by mitotically active stem cells that reside at the apex of

7824: 6866: 1604: 846:, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells is reduced. Eventually blood vessels that are no longer needed die by 3946: 2882: 1394:

In the 2000s there arose the first Mathematical models of the healing process, based on simplified assumptions and on a

7177: 6827: 2109: 1554:

Repair or regeneration with regards to hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a). In normal circumstances after injury

1138:

to dissolve the scab. Cells can only migrate over living tissue, so they must excrete collagenases and proteases like

809: 452:. Growth factors stimulate cells to speed their rate of division. Platelets release other proinflammatory factors like 3985: 1925:

There is insufficient evidence that the choice of dressings or topical agents affects the secondary healing of wounds.

1153:

Keratinocytes continue migrating across the wound bed until cells from either side meet in the middle, at which point

5272:

Krasilnikova, O. A.; Baranovskii, D. S.; Lyundup, A. V.; Shegay, P. V.; Kaprin, A. D.; Klabukov, I. D. (2022-04-27).

4328: 4286:

Bartkova J, Grøn B, Dabelsteen E, Bartek J (February 2003). "Cell-cycle regulatory proteins in human wound healing".

532:

that cause the vessel to spasm to prevent blood loss and to collect inflammatory cells and factors in the area. This

4064:"Use of the parabiotic model in studies of cutaneous wound healing to define the participation of circulating cells" 2780:

Midwood KS, Williams LV, Schwarzbauer JE (June 2004). "Tissue repair and the dynamics of the extracellular matrix".

7829: 7385: 7145: 6379:

Kuhl E, Steinmann P (June 2004). "Computational modeling of healing: an application of the material force method".

2667: 1395: 1293:

Moisture; keeping a wound moist rather than dry makes wound healing more rapid and with less pain and less scarring

6557:

Toon CD, Lusuku C, Ramamoorthy R, Davidson BR, Gurusamy KS, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (September 2015).

3282:

Martin P, Leibovich SJ (November 2005). "Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly".

2931: 2632:

Stadelmann WK, Digenis AG, Tobin GR (August 1998). "Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds".

1007:

is not breached, epithelial cells are replaced within three days by division and upward migration of cells in the

5958: 2261: 2037: 7880: 5213:"Mathematical modeling of injury healing process under the action of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)" 4435:

Falanga V (2004). "The chronic wound: impaired healing and solutions in the context of wound bed preparation".

2136: 1904:

Wound care must be performed daily to encourage wound debris removal to allow for granulation tissue formation.

1186: 182: 5601:

Barritault D, Caruelle JP (March 2006). "" [Regenerating agents (RGTAs): a new therapeutic approach].

1520:; the endometrium after the process of breakdown via the menstruation cycle heals with complete regeneration. 476:, which serve several purposes, including increasing cell proliferation and migration to the area and causing 6559:"Early versus delayed dressing removal after primary closure of clean and clean-contaminated surgical wounds" 1073:

during migration. Thus keratinocytes detach from the basement membrane and are able to enter the wound bed.

631:

and they also stimulate cells that reepithelialize the wound, create granulation tissue, and lay down a new

7521: 7489: 7345: 6655:

Vermeulen H, Ubbink D, Goossens A, de Vos R, Legemate D, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (2004-01-26).

5212: 4507:"The cell based dressing with living allogenic keratinocytes in the treatment of foot ulcers: a case study" 44: 4686: 1844:

Successful wound healing is dependent on various cell types, molecular mediators and structural elements.

185:

are released into the wound that cause the migration and division of cells during the proliferative phase.

51: 37: 7283: 5990: 5422: 5384: 5343: 4355:. Medical Intelligence Unit; 33. Georgetown, Tex., Austin, Tex Landes Bioscience, Inc. Electronic book. 2439:

Transcyte, Dermagraft, AlloDerm/Strattice, Biobrane, Integra, Apligraf, OrCel, GraftJacket and PermaDerm.

1879:

Early removal of dressings from clean or clean-contaminated wounds does affect primary healing of wounds.

1764: 623:

Macrophages function in regeneration and are essential for wound healing. They are stimulated by the low

6704:

Dumville JC, Owens GL, Crosbie EJ, Peinemann F, Liu Z, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (June 2015).

5210: 1907:

Using antibiotics or antiseptics for the surgical wound healing by secondary intention is controversial.

6424:"Mechanical regulation of fibroblast migration and collagen remodelling in healing myocardial infarcts" 2321: 1414:

restricted to organ-specific lineages, had never been seriously challenged. Since then, the notion of

1390:

causes a negative effect on re-epithelialization, wound closure, collagen production and angiogenesis.

219:

proliferate and 'crawl' atop the wound bed, providing cover for the new tissue. In wound contraction,

113:). Blood clotting may be considered to be part of the inflammation stage instead of a separate stage. 7844: 7562: 5211:

Alfredo Palomino I.; Leighton Estrada R.; Javier Valeriano M.; Sergio Luque M. (September 24, 2019).

4769:

Desmoulière A, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G (2005). "Tissue repair, contraction, and the myofibroblast".

2455: 1196:

Contraction commences approximately a week after wounding, when fibroblasts have differentiated into

1139: 5654: 7916: 7458: 7450: 2450: 2395: 2207: 2180: 2076: 1608: 1548: 1470: 1423: 801: 77:

refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.

7926: 7689: 7684: 7252: 6859: 4254: 1988: 1047: 274: 2722:

Versteeg HH, Heemskerk JW, Levi M, Reitsma PH (January 2013). "New fundamentals in hemostasis".

7885: 7694: 7531: 7526: 7276: 6124: 2967: 2818:

Chang HY, Sneddon JB, Alizadeh AA, Sood R, West RB, Montgomery K, et al. (February 2004).

2470: 1685: 1639: 1511: 1466: 1036: 354:: progressive alignment, collagen production, and matrix contraction (between day 4 and day 14) 7873: 7659: 7619: 7463: 7433: 7040: 7008: 6706:"Negative pressure wound therapy for treating surgical wounds healing by secondary intention" 4897:. The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System. 2529: 2480: 2465: 1127: 824: 296: 6284:

Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT (May 2008). "Wound repair and regeneration".

1941:

The wound is initially cleaned, debrided and observed, typically 4 or 5 days before closure.

1630:

Since the 1960s, comprehension of the basic biologic processes involved in wound repair and

620:, bacteria and damaged tissue, and they also debride damaged tissue by releasing proteases. 7834: 7473: 7378: 7210: 7205: 7162: 7112: 7003: 6982: 6293: 6032: 5460: 4812:

Metzger S (September 2004). "Clinical and financial advantages of moist wound management".

4409: 4150:

Pollock RE, Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn D, Hunter JG, Matthews JJ (2009).

3876: 3674: 3617: 1620: 1532: 883: 797: 771: 632: 419: 208: 110: 3606:"Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites" 1577:

tissue than normally expected. Scarless healing is sometimes mixed up with the concept of

496:

in infection: they become activated, and secrete molecular mediators – vasoactive amines,

30: 8: 7921: 7669: 7639: 7167: 7135: 6977: 6945: 4742:

O'Leary R, Wood EJ, Guillou PJ (2002). "Pathological scarring: strategic interventions".

3528: 2406: 1673: 1631: 283:

larvae healing after a puncture wound. The arrow points to cells that have fused to form

6726: 6705: 6297: 6093: 6036: 5891: 5464: 4413: 3880: 3678: 3621: 1486:) to the injured region, where they perform various functions related to wound healing. 7804: 7783: 7742: 7609: 7320: 7195: 7187: 7172: 7140: 7120: 7028: 6852: 6801: 6776: 6681: 6656: 6632: 6607: 6583: 6558: 6509: 6448: 6423: 6404: 6361: 6317: 6261: 6236: 6212: 6187: 6165: 6102: 6077: 6053: 6020: 5900: 5875: 5763: 5738: 5583: 5539: 5478: 5309: 5152: 5058: 5046: 5010: 4985: 4946: 4921: 4872: 4794: 4572: 4547: 4088: 4063: 4028: 4004:"Experimental observations in the rat on the influence of cadmium on skin wound repair" 4003: 3899: 3864: 3765: 3695: 3662: 3638: 3605: 3540: 3486: 3097: 2747: 2586: 2561: 2460: 2027: 1426:

into non-lineage cells has emerged as an alternative explanation. To be more specific,

1304: 1154: 1020: 878: 438: 300: 200: 171:

that serves to plug the break in the blood vessel, slowing/preventing further bleeding.

106: 5614: 5491: 5448: 5104: 5077: 4782: 4378: 4299: 3260: 3225: 3085: 3020: 2993: 2846: 2819: 2707: 2690: 2645: 1750:. These updated dressing provide increase water absorbency and improved antibacterial 544:. Histamine also causes blood vessels to become porous, allowing the tissue to become 484:. In many ways, extravasated platelets in trauma perform a similar function to tissue 167:, which forms a mesh and acts as "glue" to bind platelets to each other. This makes a 7654: 7649: 7604: 7232: 6806: 6755: 6731: 6686: 6637: 6588: 6501: 6453: 6396: 6353: 6321: 6309: 6266: 6217: 6157: 6107: 6058: 5905: 5856: 5852: 5818: 5813: 5796: 5768: 5719: 5636: 5618: 5575: 5571: 5531: 5527: 5496: 5313: 5301: 5293: 5242: 5234: 5193: 5188: 5171: 5144: 5109: 5050: 5015: 4951: 4864: 4829: 4825: 4786: 4751: 4724: 4658: 4615: 4577: 4528: 4487: 4452: 4382: 4303: 4218: 4155: 4128: 4093: 4079: 4059: 4033: 4019: 3904: 3816: 3755: 3700: 3643: 3532: 3478: 3426: 3349: 3299: 3264: 3229: 3089: 3025: 2912: 2851: 2797: 2739: 2649: 2591: 2537: 2475: 2422: 2399: 2370: 1833: 1771: 1635: 1579: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1238: 1190: 1179: 1101: 1004: 944: 887: 836: 832: 789: 665: 581: 93: 6365: 5587: 5543: 5156: 5076:

Wong LS, Green HM, Feugate JE, Yadav M, Nothnagel EA, Martins-Green M (April 2004).

4876: 3769: 3490: 3101: 2751: 7911: 7799: 7763: 7152: 7018: 6904: 6796: 6788: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6539: 6513: 6491: 6443: 6435: 6408: 6388: 6345: 6301: 6256: 6248: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6169: 6149: 6097: 6089: 6048: 6040: 5895: 5887: 5848: 5808: 5758: 5750: 5711: 5610: 5567: 5523: 5486: 5468: 5285: 5224: 5183: 5136: 5099: 5089: 5062: 5042: 5005: 4997: 4941: 4933: 4856: 4821: 4798: 4778: 4716: 4650: 4611: 4607: 4567: 4559: 4518: 4479: 4444: 4417: 4374: 4295: 4120: 4111:

Ruszczak Z (November 2003). "Effect of collagen matrices on dermal wound healing".

4083: 4075: 4023: 4015: 3894: 3884: 3808: 3747: 3690: 3682: 3633: 3625: 3544: 3524: 3468: 3341: 3291: 3256: 3221: 3144: 3081: 3015: 3005: 2904: 2841: 2831: 2789: 2731: 2702: 2641: 2581: 2573: 2363: 2096: 2086: 1919: 1783: 1528: 1430: 1415: 1249: 977: 938: 872: 777: 763: 672: 533: 399: 373: 357: 5785:

Clark, R. (1996). The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair, Springer Us.

4687:

Figure 3 – The time relationship between the different processes of wound healing.

4483: 3773: 7371: 7220: 7200: 6831: 6657:"Dressings and topical agents for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention" 6480:"The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms" 6439: 6349: 4693: 4682: 3989: 3950: 3751: 3184: 3059: 3010: 2836: 2793: 2676: 2418: 2296:

Granulocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte, fibroblast and smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

2004: 1779: 1669: 1596: 1543: 1387: 1376: 989: 953: 216: 6608:"Antibiotics and antiseptics for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention" 6543: 6186:

McLain NE, Moore ZE, Avsar P, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (March 2021).

5229: 4654: 3574: 3345: 3177: 3052: 2908: 875:

into the wound bed, and later collagen, which they can adhere to for migration.

7856: 7851: 7674: 7541: 7352: 7315: 7242: 7237: 7157: 6496: 6479: 5715: 5453:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5289: 4720: 4523: 4506: 4448: 4124: 3869:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3812: 3385: 3148: 2735: 1965: 1624: 1326: 1167: 1105: 1032: 1008: 970: 351: 6392: 6153: 5655:"Scientist at LIMR leads study demonstrating drug-induced tissue regeneration" 5246: 5140: 4421: 3295: 1922:

sockets, poorly reduced fractures, burns, severe lacerations, pressure ulcers.

7905: 7773: 7737: 7732: 7594: 7536: 7428: 7325: 7125: 5297: 5238: 5001: 4148:

Fig. 9-1. The cellular, biochemical, and mechanical phases of wound healing.

3943: 2485: 2009: 1915: 1869: 1775: 1747: 1711: 1647: 1616: 1592: 1536: 1458: 1427: 1265: 1242: 1210: 1197: 1163: 1044: 981: 805: 681: 597: 529: 521: 461: 449: 415: 248: 220: 125: 6824: 5754: 4860: 3889: 3686: 3629: 3457:"Macrophages in the embryo and beyond: much more than just giant phagocytes" 2523: 2521: 269: 7868: 7768: 7727: 7717: 7712: 7634: 7418: 7413: 7340: 7227: 7057: 7033: 7023: 6928: 6916: 6909: 6810: 6735: 6690: 6641: 6592: 6505: 6457: 6400: 6357: 6313: 6270: 6252: 6221: 6161: 6111: 6062: 5909: 5822: 5772: 5723: 5622: 5579: 5535: 5356:

by the necrotic cells. The necrotic cells are then replaced by scar tissue.

5305: 5273: 5197: 5148: 5113: 5094: 5054: 5019: 4955: 4833: 4790: 4755: 4728: 4662: 4619: 4532: 4491: 4456: 4386: 4307: 4222: 4132: 4097: 4037: 3982: 3908: 3820: 3704: 3647: 3536: 3482: 3430: 3353: 3303: 3268: 3093: 3029: 2932:"Giving Burns the First, Second and Third Degree - Classification of burns" 2916: 2855: 2801: 2743: 2595: 2530:"4 The Pathophysiologic Basis for Wound Healing and Cutaneous Regeneration" 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2391:

Deficient contraction (in skin grafts) or excessive contraction (in burns).

1948: 1911: 1873: 1612: 1341: 1269: 1254: 1062: 1058: 1040: 1024: 996: 985: 973: 899: 895: 706: 628: 577: 537: 517: 505: 477: 465: 411: 381: 192: 178: 102: 5860: 5500: 5473: 4868: 4581: 4563: 3928:

Falanga V. (2005). Wound Healing. American Academy of Dermatology (AAD).

3836:"Scientists identify cell that could hold the secret to limb regeneration" 3233: 3212:

Greenhalgh DG (September 1998). "The role of apoptosis in wound healing".

2653: 2412: 2366:

or rupture of the wound due to inadequate formation of granulation tissue.

781: 7839: 7778: 7624: 7546: 7215: 7081: 6962: 6957: 6933: 6530:

Armitage J, Lockwood S (2011-10-01). "Skin incisions and wound closure".

4505:

Bayram Y, Deveci M, Imirzalioglu N, Soysal Y, Sengezer M (October 2005).

4365:

Witte MB, Barbul A (April 2002). "Role of nitric oxide in wound repair".

4058:

Song G, Nguyen DT, Pietramaggiori G, Scherer S, Chen B, Zhan Q, Ogawa R,

2948:

Formation of a thick eschar, slow healing (>1month), Obvious scarring,

2426: 2385: 2184: 2165: 1999: 1727: 1643: 1517: 1474: 1454: 1273: 1131: 948: 820: 793: 693: 613: 569: 557: 525: 469: 429: 393: 347: 337: 316: 212: 140: 16:

Series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue after an injury

6606:

Norman G, Dumville JC, Mohapatra DP, Owens GL, Crosbie EJ (March 2016).

6305: 6044: 2498: 1627:, and the evidence base for the use of many current treatments is poor. 1019:

Migration of keratinocytes over the wound site is stimulated by lack of

287:, and the arrowheads point to cells that are oriented to face the wound. 215:. Concurrently, re-epithelialization of the epidermis occurs, in which 7747: 7629: 7468: 7408: 7247: 7090: 7086: 7062: 6991: 6972: 6792: 5172:"Age-related alterations in the inflammatory response to dermal injury" 2188: 2169: 2060: 1901:

Healing process can be slow due to presence of drainage from infection.

1865: 1744: 1479: 1411: 1218: 1028: 903: 859: 785: 723:

Angiogenesis occurs in overlapping phases in response to inflammation:

652: 627:

content of their surroundings to produce factors that induce and speed

590: 552:

of blood vessels also facilitates the entry of inflammatory cells like

497: 485: 457: 410:

to begin secreting inflammatory factors. Platelets also express sticky

377: 333: 327: 292: 279: 242: 204: 98: 6825:

Wound Healing: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, Biomembranes and Scaffolds

3473: 3456: 1686:

short and long-term use of oral collagen supplements for wound healing

1659:

at a right angle it; the process was described in various Newspapers.

1410:

Up until about 2000, the classic paradigm of wound healing, involving

1065:, are released from the cell's intermediate filaments and relocate to 7599: 7335: 7102: 7045: 6967: 6894: 6875: 5482: 4937: 2994:"Cellular and genetic analysis of wound healing in Drosophila larvae" 2577: 2221: 1789: 1483: 1258: 1159: 1094: 1085: 1077: 1070: 847: 843: 767: 759: 717: 617: 601: 553: 541: 489: 473: 453: 341: 235: 225: 159: 132: 85: 81: 5447:

Yannas IV, Lee E, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM, Murphy GF (February 1989).

5440: 5271: 7863: 7310: 7257: 7052: 7013: 6998: 6921: 6899: 1751: 1736: 1651: 1524: 1498:

There is a subtle distinction between 'repair' and 'regeneration'.

1433:(that give rise to mature cells in the blood) may have the ability 1352: 1346: 1316: 1312: 1089: 1054: 930: 780:

are attracted to the wound area by fibronectin found on the fibrin

713: 643: 585: 549: 501: 445: 407: 403: 284: 196: 168: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 3603: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 914: 7130: 7095: 7075: 6952: 6889: 4639: 3865:"Macrophages are required for adult salamander limb regeneration" 2562:"The role of nuclear hormone receptors in cutaneous wound repair" 2378: 2177:

Fibroblast, endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell proliferation

2019: 1895:

Surgeon may pack the wound with a gauze or use a drainage system.

1768: 1705: 1607:(intralesional steroid injections, surgery) and/or conservative ( 1135: 1050: 891: 839:

and ECM to allow cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis.

677: 433: 7268: 4149: 576:. Neutrophils phagocytise debris and kill bacteria by releasing 116: 7583: 7423: 7394: 6237:"A mathematical model of wound healing and subsequent scarring" 5801:

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings

5127:

Gosain A, DiPietro LA (March 2004). "Aging and wound healing".

5033:

Arnold M, Barbul A (June 2006). "Nutrition and wound healing".

4962: 4057: 3036: 2417:

Advancements in the clinical understanding of wounds and their

2374: 1740: 1399: 1299: 1111: 1013: 929:

One of fibroblasts' most important duties is the production of

853: 639: 624: 481: 425: 319:

for cellular attachment and subsequent cellular proliferation.

164: 89: 6283: 4504: 796:

in the wound. For example, hypoxia stimulates the endothelial

6703: 6654: 6556: 6021:"Reparative inflammation takes charge of tissue regeneration" 4768: 3125:. Oxford; Malden, Mass. Blackwell Science. Electronic book. 1555: 1081: 1066: 1061:

and normally anchor the cell to the basement membrane by its

813: 766:, originating from parts of uninjured blood vessels, develop 573: 545: 6844: 6605: 5701: 4285: 4194:. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 3214:

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

2782:

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

2721: 2560:

Rieger S, Zhao H, Martin P, Abe K, Lisse TS (January 2015).

1584:

which is wound healing which results in absolutely no scar (

1473:(HSC). Bone marrow also harbors a progenitor subpopulation ( 7722: 7330: 5838: 4922:"Cellular and molecular basis of wound healing in diabetes" 3384:. Cambridge University Press. 21 March 2003. Archived from 2779: 1600: 1574: 1531:) scaffolds. These scaffolds are structurally analogous to 918: 910: 828: 6777:"Using biomaterials to rewire the process of wound repair" 5965:. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 1906-07-12. pp. Page 1. 5933:. Christchurch, New Zealand. 1906-07-07. pp. Page 4. 5704:

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

5513: 5170:

Swift ME, Burns AL, Gray KL, DiPietro LA (November 2001).

3246: 1027:. Before they begin to migrate, cells must dissolve their 7363: 6334: 4044: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 2338:

Keratinocyte migration, proliferation and differentiation

1166:

and become anchored once again to the basement membrane.

882:

myofibroblasts, and the components of a new, provisional

6749: 5336:"Graphic general pathology: 2.3 Incomplete regeneration" 3514: 3071: 2817: 181:, where white blood cells engulf debris and destroy it. 120:

Deep wound on shin with stitches healing over five weeks

5736: 2413:

Biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds

1117: 5446: 5415:"Graphic general pathology: 2.2 complete regeneration" 5377:"Graphic general pathology: 2.2 complete regeneration" 5169: 4741: 4593: 4591: 3155: 2631: 1959: 5643:

is scheduled for on line publication on Nov 26, 2011"

5556: 5075: 4846: 1864:

Examples of primary intention include: well-repaired

1444: 372:

Just before the inflammatory phase is initiated, the

6525: 6523: 6234: 5737:

Bayat A, McGrouther DA, Ferguson MW (January 2003).

5652: 4548:"Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and wound contraction" 3862: 2894: 1599:

clinics with unrealistic expectations. Depending on

774:

into the wound site to establish new blood vessels.

511: 344:

change within hours, migration begins on day 1 or 2)

6774: 6477: 5873: 4588: 4333:

Textbook of Military Medicine: Military Dermatology

4001: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 2559: 1588:of scarring). However they are different concepts. 1542:A new way of thinking derived from the notion that 1489: 5661:. Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR). 5600: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 2527: 2346:Unless else specified in boxes, then reference is: 1825:represents a mass flux (from cell migration), and 1790:Simulating wound healing from a growth perspective 1650:. In adult humans, injured tissue are repaired by 1279: 255: 6750:Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Nelson F (2007). 6520: 6235:Cumming BD, McElwain DL, Upton Z (January 2010). 5794: 5677: 5408: 5406: 5404: 4744:The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 3365: 3363: 2964:"POST BURN SCAR RELATIVE TO RE-EPITHELIALIZATION" 2353: 2174:Granulocyte, macrophage and fibroblast activation 1069:filaments to serve as attachments to the ECM for 7903: 6529: 6188:"Wound cleansing for treating venous leg ulcers" 6185: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 4469: 4358: 4245: 4243: 4205:Fu XB, Sun TZ, Li XK, Sheng ZY (February 2005). 4002:Lansdown AB, Sampson B, Rowe A (February 2001). 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3572: 3501: 3415:"Surgical physiology of wound healing: a review" 3395: 2958: 2956: 2872:. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc. Electronic book. 2168:, macrophage, fibroblast and smooth muscle cell 692:About two or three days after the wound occurs, 658: 563: 6421: 5834: 5832: 5795:Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RA (December 2000). 5320: 4919: 4152:Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, Ninth Edition 4008:International Journal of Experimental Pathology 3863:Godwin JW, Pinto AR, Rosenthal NA (June 2013). 3281: 432:cross-link together and form a plug that traps 6139: 5985: 5983: 5953: 5951: 5921: 5919: 5401: 5126: 4709:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4706: 4626: 4597: 3953:. Emedicine.com. Accessed September 15, 2007. 3734: 3360: 3331: 2405:Other complications can include infection and 2311:Matrix metalloproteinase production inhibition 1634:have expanded due to advances in cellular and 402:is first wounded, blood comes in contact with 7495:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma 7379: 7284: 6860: 6484:The Journal of International Medical Research 6378: 5361: 4428: 4329:Chapter 7: Cutaneous trauma and its treatment 4253:. nationaltraumainstitute.org. Archived from 4240: 4189: 3992:. Emedicine.com. Accessed December 27, 2006. 3915: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3187:. Emedicine.com. Accessed January 20, 2008. 3135:Theoret CL (2004). "Update on wound repair". 2953: 2627: 2625: 1441:into non-lineage cells, such as fibroblasts. 536:lasts five to ten minutes and is followed by 330:and inflammatory components (within 1–2 days) 6478:Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V (2009-10-01). 6018: 5963:Marlborough Express, Volume XXXIX, Issue 160 5829: 5788: 5032: 4399: 4204: 3856: 3827: 3746:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 191–208. 3737:"Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management" 3663:"Immunology. Dispensable but not irrelevant" 3062:. Emedicine.com. Accessed January 20, 2008. 2991: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 1679: 1379:also impairs a proper wound healing process. 1232: 854:Fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation 741:Degradation of endothelial basement membrane 6710:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6661:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6612:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6563:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6381:Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 6192:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6075: 5980: 5948: 5916: 5867: 4983: 4762: 4735: 4364: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3454: 3412: 2888: 1839: 1405: 1080:and wide processes that look like ruffles. 676:detritus, devitalized tissue, or microbial 596:Other leukocytes to enter the area include 584:. They also cleanse the wound by secreting 7386: 7372: 7291: 7277: 6867: 6853: 6422:Rouillard AD, Holmes JW (September 2012). 5876:"Regeneration as an evolutionary variable" 5646: 5594: 5412: 5374: 5333: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4198: 4144: 4142: 4062:, Wagers AJ, Orgill DP, Murphy GF (2010). 3833: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3211: 3190: 2923: 1684:Preliminary results are promising for the 1437:back into hematopoietic stem cells and/or 902:. Its main components are fibronectin and 291:Wound healing is classically divided into 264: 6800: 6742: 6725: 6680: 6631: 6582: 6495: 6447: 6260: 6211: 6101: 6052: 5899: 5812: 5779: 5762: 5730: 5695: 5490: 5472: 5228: 5187: 5103: 5093: 5009: 4945: 4571: 4522: 4087: 4027: 3898: 3888: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3694: 3637: 3472: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3019: 3009: 2845: 2835: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2706: 2691:"Haemostasis and thrombosis: an overview" 2602: 2585: 2242:Fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation 1642:is limited to lower vertebrates, such as 1562: 1257:that are no longer needed are removed by 827:to degrade the clot and part of the ECM. 109:), and tissue remodeling (maturation and 6775:Stejskalová A, Almquist BD (July 2017). 6754:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. 5874:Brockes JP, Kumar A, Velloso CP (2001). 5686: 5176:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 4545: 4463: 4314: 4272: 4168: 4110: 4104: 3995: 3931: 3660: 3065: 2555: 2553: 2528:Nguyen DT, Orgill DP, Murphy GT (2009). 1457:(basal stem cells or BSC), the bulge of 1116: 268: 241: 158:Within the first few minutes of injury, 115: 6241:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 5421:. pathol.med.stu.edu.cn. Archived from 5383:. pathol.med.stu.edu.cn. Archived from 5342:. pathol.med.stu.edu.cn. Archived from 4811: 4434: 4338: 4139: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3597: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3371:"The phases of cutaneous wound healing" 3310: 3134: 3128: 2966:. Burnsurgery.org. 2011. Archived from 2813: 2811: 2492: 1591:A reverse to scarless wound healing is 808:a set of proliferative genes including 7904: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 5629: 4901:from the original on 27 September 2016 4498: 4327:Mulvaney M. and Harrington A. 1994. 3942:Kuwahara R.T. and Rasberry R. 2007. 3711: 3275: 3240: 3137:Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3123:The care of wounds: A guide for nurses 3108: 2929: 2758: 2688: 1947:Examples: healing of wounds by use of 1898:Granulation results in a broader scar. 1883: 924: 687: 135:to entire nursing specialties such as 7367: 7272: 6848: 6181: 6179: 6135: 6133: 5550: 4926:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 4437:Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases 3585:from the original on 21 November 2008 3448: 3051:Rosenberg L., de la Torre J. (2006). 2938:from the original on 26 December 2011 2550: 2398:, pigmentary changes, painful scars, 2362:Deficient scar formation: Results in 1932: 1035:, which normally anchor the cells by 367: 189:Proliferation (growth of new tissue): 137:wound, ostomy, and continence nursing 5653:eurekalert.org staff (3 June 2015). 4192:Wound Healing: Methods and Protocols 4190:DiPietro LA, Burns AL, eds. (2003). 3956: 3875:(23). University of Texas: 9415–20. 3798: 3783: 3551: 3378:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 3074:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2992:Galko MJ, Krasnow MA (August 2004). 2808: 2660: 2066:Expression of antimicrobial peptides 1847: 1723:Are easily removed from a wound site 963: 7825:Acute respiratory distress syndrome 6464: 6094:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0029 6019:Karin M, Clevers H (January 2016). 5892:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910003.x 5219:(in American English and Spanish). 4393: 3654: 3575:"Wound Healing: Healing and Repair" 3176:de la Torre J., Sholar A. (2006). 2862: 2534:Biomaterials for Treating Skin Loss 2254:Matrix (collagen fibers) deposition 2069:Expression of chemotactic cytokines 1960:Overview of involved growth factors 1735:cotton gauze wound dressing with a 1689:determine optimal dosing regimens. 1335: 1272:or pathological scarring such as a 1221:. Also, at an adhesion called the 819:To migrate, endothelial cells need 387: 340:interaction: re-epithelialization ( 13: 7178:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 6176: 6130: 5841:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5603:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 5516:The British Journal of Dermatology 5253:from the original on July 22, 2020 5047:10.1097/01.prs.0000225432.17501.6c 5035:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4920:Brem H, Tomic-Canic M (May 2007). 4511:British Journal of Plastic Surgery 3529:10.1023/B:IFLA.0000049045.41784.59 2695:European Heart Journal Supplements 2358:The major complications are many: 2110:Vascular endothelial growth factor 1892:The wound is allowed to granulate. 1757: 1692: 1445:Stem cells and cellular plasticity 863:two to four weeks after wounding. 858:Simultaneously with angiogenesis, 810:vascular endothelial growth factor 524:release inflammatory factors like 360:and angiogenesis (begins on day 4) 14: 7938: 7298: 6840: 6834:. Healthcare. 2014; 2(3):356-400. 6125:J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1):9-16 4986:"Factors affecting wound healing" 4984:Guo S, Dipietro LA (March 2010). 4783:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130102.x 4600:Journal of Dermatological Science 3455:Ovchinnikov DA (September 2008). 2532:. In Orgill DP, Blanco C (eds.). 2063:and epithelial cell proliferation 1944:The wound is purposely left open. 1309:Faulty technique of wound closure 616:is to phagocytize other expended 512:Vasoconstriction and vasodilation 207:grow and form a new, provisional 7830:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 7146:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 6817: 6768: 6697: 6648: 6599: 6550: 6415: 5853:10.1097/00006534-199604000-00029 5814:10.1046/j.1087-0024.2000.00014.x 5665:from the original on 4 July 2015 5572:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00548.x 5528:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05501.x 5189:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01539.x 4826:10.1097/00004045-200409000-00003 4080:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2010.00595.x 4020:10.1046/j.1365-2613.2001.00180.x 3981:Romo T. and Pearson J.M. 2005. 3801:European Journal of Cell Biology 3573:Mercandetti M, Cohen AJ (2005). 3419:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 1720:Have high permeability to oxygen 1490:Wound repair versus regeneration 1396:system of differential equations 1287: 211:(ECM) by excreting collagen and 50: 43: 36: 29: 6372: 6328: 6277: 6228: 6118: 6069: 6012: 6001:from the original on 2016-03-12 5997:. 1906-07-06. pp. Page 6. 5969:from the original on 2013-10-08 5937:from the original on 2013-10-08 5797:"Angiogenesis in wound healing" 5507: 5265: 5204: 5163: 5120: 5069: 5026: 4913: 4883: 4840: 4805: 4700: 4669: 4539: 3842:from the original on 2017-07-31 3735:Lorenz HP, Longaker MT (2008). 3437:from the original on 2011-02-26 2985: 2875: 1280:Factors affecting wound healing 1121:A scab covering a healing wound 1043:to other cells and to the ECM. 700: 256:Timing and re-epithelialization 183:Platelet-derived growth factors 7881:Post-traumatic stress disorder 6718:10.1002/14651858.CD011278.pub2 6673:10.1002/14651858.CD003554.pub2 6624:10.1002/14651858.CD011712.pub2 6575:10.1002/14651858.CD010259.pub3 6204:10.1002/14651858.CD011675.pub2 6076:Vlahopoulos SA (August 2017). 5413:Min S, Wang SW, Orr W (2006). 5375:Min S, Wang SW, Orr W (2006). 5334:Min S, Wang SW, Orr W (2006). 4612:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.09.002 4113:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2715: 2682: 2566:Cell Biochemistry and Function 2354:Complications of wound healing 2200:Integrin expression regulation 2137:Platelet derived growth factor 2129:Endothelial cell proliferation 1187:collagen gel contraction assay 1173: 607: 494:microbial molecular signatures 441:and then later with collagen. 1: 6874: 6082:Cancer Biology & Medicine 5615:10.1016/S0003-4509(06)75306-8 5560:Wound Repair and Regeneration 5278:Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 4771:Wound Repair and Regeneration 4484:10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.007 4379:10.1016/S0002-9610(02)00815-2 4300:10.1016/S0003-9969(02)00202-9 4068:Wound Repair and Regeneration 3661:Jia T, Pamer EG (July 2009). 3261:10.1016/S0305-4179(03)00198-0 3226:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00058-2 3178:Wound healing: Chronic wounds 3086:10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00177-9 3053:Wound Healing, Growth Factors 2708:10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90034-3 2646:10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00183-4 1248:As the phase progresses, the 659:Decline of inflammatory phase 570:polymorphonuclear neutrophils 564:Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 556:into the wound site from the 7522:Advanced trauma life support 7490:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 6440:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.229484 6350:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318220b159 4546:Grinnell F (February 1994). 4154:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 3752:10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_10 3413:Deodhar AK, Rana RE (1997). 3011:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020239 2837:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020007 2794:10.1016/j.biocel.2003.12.003 2666:Enoch, S. Price, P. (2004). 2536:. Elsevier. pp. 25–57. 2262:Transforming growth factor-β 2038:Transforming growth factor-α 2018:Keratinocyte and fibroblast 1717:Maintain a humid environment 568:Within an hour of wounding, 7: 6544:10.1016/j.mpsur.2011.06.022 5230:10.17268/sel.mat.2019.02.14 4655:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.007 4552:The Journal of Cell Biology 4367:American Journal of Surgery 3834:Souppouris A (2013-05-23). 3346:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.10.033 2909:10.1016/j.burns.2006.02.007 2881:Reference list is found on 2634:American Journal of Surgery 2443: 1968:involved in wound healing: 1937:(Delayed primary closure): 1765:polyhexamethylene biguanide 376:occurs in order to achieve 10: 7943: 7393: 6497:10.1177/147323000903700531 5716:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.020 5290:10.1007/s12015-022-10379-z 4990:Journal of Dental Research 4721:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.068 4715:(4): 589–605, quiz 605–6. 4643:Experimental Cell Research 4524:10.1016/j.bjps.2005.04.031 4449:10.1016/j.bcmd.2003.09.020 4125:10.1016/j.addr.2003.08.003 3813:10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.09.004 3334:Experimental Cell Research 3149:10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.009 2736:10.1152/physrev.00016.2011 2369:Excessive scar formation: 2322:Keratinocyte growth factor 2314:Keratinocyte proliferation 1763:wound cleaning solutions ( 1177: 704: 391: 7817: 7792: 7756: 7705: 7582: 7575: 7563:Resuscitative thoracotomy 7555: 7514: 7507: 7482: 7451:Clinical prediction rules 7449: 7442: 7401: 7306: 7186: 7111: 6882: 6428:The Journal of Physiology 6393:10.1007/s10237-003-0034-3 6154:10.1007/s00441-018-2830-1 5991:"A Wonderful New Surgery" 5141:10.1007/s00268-003-7397-6 4422:10.1016/j.cap.2005.01.011 3296:10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.002 2456:Collective cell migration 2344: 1821:represents mass density, 1680:Oral collagen supplements 1676:studying breast cancers. 1662: 1549:Heparan sulfate analogues 1233:Maturation and remodeling 1140:matrix metalloproteinases 1023:and by chemicals such as 976:from the wound edges and 716:) due to the presence of 146: 21: 7459:Abbreviated Injury Scale 6142:Cell and Tissue Research 5129:World Journal of Surgery 5002:10.1177/0022034509359125 4288:Archives of Oral Biology 2451:Wound response in plants 2396:Dystrophic calcification 2208:Fibroblast growth factor 2181:Matrix metalloproteinase 2077:Hepatocyte growth factor 1840:Wound closure intentions 1774:, etc.) are better than 1701:Provide wound protection 1508:True tissue regeneration 1471:hematopoietic stem cells 1406:Research and development 1088:form. During migration, 802:hypoxia-inducible factor 261:result in regeneration. 232:Maturation (remodeling): 7690:Penetrating head injury 7685:Intracranial hemorrhage 7253:Microbiological culture 6883:Principles of pathology 6752:Robbins Basic Pathology 5755:10.1136/bmj.326.7380.88 5217:Selecciones Matemáticas 4861:10.1002/micr.1920140202 4402:Current Applied Physics 4211:Chinese Medical Journal 3890:10.1073/pnas.1300290110 3687:10.1126/science.1178329 3630:10.1126/science.1175202 2701:(Supplement Q): Q3–Q7. 2384:Exuberant granulation ( 1989:Epidermal growth factor 1964:Following are the main 1603:type, treatment may be 1504:incomplete regeneration 275:fluorescence micrograph 265:Early vs cellular phase 80:In undamaged skin, the 7886:Subcutaneous emphysema 7845:Volkmann's contracture 7695:Traumatic brain injury 7532:Early appropriate care 7527:Damage control surgery 6823:Vyas KS, Vasconez HC. 6253:10.1098/rsif.2008.0536 5095:10.1186/1471-2121-5-13 4895:Johns Hopkins Medicine 3742:. In Norton JA (ed.). 3284:Trends in Cell Biology 2870:Scarless Wound Healing 2471:Regeneration in humans 2245:Keratinocyte migration 2024:Keratinocyte migration 1568:Scarless wound healing 1563:Scarless wound healing 1467:mesenchymal stem cells 1122: 1037:intermediate filaments 990:sebaceous (oil) glands 735:Endothelial activation 520:is breached, ruptured 480:to become dilated and 288: 252: 121: 7660:Thoracic aorta injury 7620:Diaphragmatic rupture 7464:Injury Severity Score 7434:Trauma triad of death 7216:Diagnostic immunology 7041:Programmed cell death 7009:Liquefactive necrosis 5474:10.1073/pnas.86.3.933 4814:Home Healthcare Nurse 4564:10.1083/jcb.124.4.401 2724:Physiological Reviews 2640:(2A Suppl): 26S–38S. 2481:Wound bed preparation 2466:History of wound care 2239:Fibroblast chemotaxis 2126:Vascular permeability 2047:Activated macrophages 1513:complete regeneration 1128:plasminogen activator 1120: 825:plasminogen activator 814:glucose transporter 1 770:and push through the 731:extracellular matrix. 705:Further information: 297:regenerative medicine 272: 245: 119: 7835:Compartment syndrome 7474:Revised Trauma Score 7211:Medical microbiology 7206:Transfusion medicine 7163:Immunohistochemistry 7113:Anatomical pathology 7004:Coagulative necrosis 6781:Biomaterials Science 6534:. Wound Management. 5041:(7 Suppl): 42S–58S. 2934:. skincareguide.ca. 2868:Garg, H.G. (2000). 2493:Notes and references 1621:photodynamic therapy 1533:extracellular matrix 1465:bone marrow-derived 1057:, which are made of 884:extracellular matrix 798:transcription factor 633:extracellular matrix 612:One of the roles of 580:in what is called a 516:Immediately after a 504:– that initiate the 209:extracellular matrix 111:cell differentiation 7670:Blunt kidney trauma 7640:Pulmonary contusion 7168:Electron microscopy 7136:Molecular pathology 7014:Gangrenous necrosis 6946:Cellular adaptation 6306:10.1038/nature07039 6298:2008Natur.453..314G 6045:10.1038/nature17039 6037:2016Natur.529..307K 5465:1989PNAS...86..933Y 4676:worldwidewounds.com 4472:Cellular Signalling 4414:2005CAP.....5..468S 3983:Wound Healing, Skin 3881:2013PNAS..110.9415G 3679:2009Sci...325..549J 3622:2009Sci...325..612S 2286:Smooth muscle cells 2155:Smooth muscle cells 2102:Hepatocyte motility 1884:Secondary intention 1674:Stanford University 1632:tissue regeneration 1609:compression therapy 925:Collagen deposition 753:Vascular maturation 688:Proliferative phase 664:obtained using the 418:that allow them to 406:, triggering blood 7784:Spinal cord injury 7743:Penetrating trauma 7610:Soft tissue injury 7321:Granulation tissue 7196:Clinical chemistry 7188:Clinical pathology 7173:Immunofluorescence 7141:Forensic pathology 7121:Surgical pathology 7029:Fibrinoid necrosis 6830:2017-04-13 at the 6793:10.1039/c7bm00295e 5959:"Scarless Healing" 5927:"Scarless Healing" 5880:Journal of Anatomy 4692:2011-07-18 at the 4681:2011-07-05 at the 3988:2008-12-07 at the 3949:2008-10-25 at the 3779:on 24 August 2014. 3183:2008-10-29 at the 3121:Dealey C. (1999). 3058:2008-11-21 at the 2930:Kraft J, Lynde C. 2675:2017-07-06 at the 2461:Dressing (medical) 2028:Granulation tissue 1933:Tertiary intention 1834:agent-based models 1672:and colleagues at 1439:transdifferentiate 1422:or the ability to 1359:Metabolic diseases 1305:Ionizing radiation 1296:Mechanical factors 1155:contact inhibition 1134:, turning it into 1130:, which activates 1123: 1021:contact inhibition 888:glycosaminoglycans 879:Granulation tissue 833:metalloproteinases 792:, and presence of 747:Vascular sprouting 439:granulation tissue 422:, forming a mass. 368:Inflammatory phase 301:tissue engineering 289: 253: 201:granulation tissue 122: 107:cell proliferation 7899: 7898: 7813: 7812: 7655:Internal bleeding 7650:Cardiac tamponade 7605:Joint dislocation 7571: 7570: 7503: 7502: 7361: 7360: 7266: 7265: 7233:Mass spectrometry 6761:978-1-4160-2973-1 6338:Annals of Surgery 5641:978-953-307-876-2 4161:978-0-07-154769-7 3838:. the verge.com. 3761:978-0-387-30800-5 3474:10.1002/dvg.20417 2689:Rasche H (2001). 2543:978-1-84569-554-5 2476:Scar free healing 2400:incisional hernia 2371:Hypertrophic scar 2351: 2350: 2280:Endothelial cells 2251:Wound contraction 2229:Endothelial cells 2152:Endothelial cells 2119:Mesenchymal cells 2087:Mesenchymal cells 1848:Primary intention 1772:hydrogen peroxide 1636:molecular biology 1580:scar free healing 1539:differentiation. 1369:Connective tissue 1364:Immunosuppression 1239:type III collagen 1191:dermal equivalent 1180:Wound contracture 1102:basement membrane 1005:basement membrane 978:dermal appendages 964:Epithelialization 945:Type III collagen 837:basement membrane 778:Endothelial cells 764:endothelial cells 666:dermal equivalent 582:respiratory burst 358:Endothelial cells 156:(blood clotting): 105:, tissue growth ( 72: 71: 7934: 7805:Pediatric trauma 7800:Geriatric trauma 7764:Abdominal trauma 7580: 7579: 7512: 7511: 7447: 7446: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7365: 7364: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7153:Gross processing 7019:Caseous necrosis 6869: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6787:(8): 1421–1434. 6772: 6766: 6765: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6729: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6532:Surgery (Oxford) 6527: 6518: 6517: 6499: 6475: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6434:(18): 4585–602. 6419: 6413: 6412: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6292:(7193): 314–21. 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6137: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6105: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6056: 6031:(7586): 307–15. 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5886:(Pt 1–2): 3–11. 5871: 5865: 5864: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5766: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5650: 5644: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5476: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5410: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5372: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5284:(6): 1974–1985. 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5232: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5191: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5097: 5082:BMC Cell Biology 5073: 5067: 5066: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5013: 4981: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4938:10.1172/jci32169 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4704: 4698: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4637: 4624: 4623: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4336: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4225:. Archived from 4202: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4166: 4165: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4119:(12): 1595–611. 4108: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4055: 4042: 4041: 4031: 3999: 3993: 3979: 3954: 3940: 3929: 3926: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3892: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3796: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3772:. Archived from 3741: 3732: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3673:(5940): 549–50. 3658: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3570: 3549: 3548: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3476: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3410: 3393: 3392: 3391:on 8 March 2008. 3390: 3375: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3329: 3308: 3307: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3209: 3188: 3174: 3153: 3152: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3106: 3105: 3069: 3063: 3049: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3013: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2970:on 25 April 2012 2960: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2849: 2839: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2777: 2756: 2755: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2686: 2680: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2629: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2578:10.1002/cbf.3086 2557: 2548: 2547: 2525: 2423:skin substitutes 2407:Marjolin's ulcer 2364:wound dehiscence 2347: 2197:Wound remodeling 2097:endothelial cell 1971: 1970: 1920:tooth extraction 1872:, healing after 1786:healing. 1784:venous leg ulcer 1780:saline solutions 1544:heparan sulfates 1529:glycoaminoglycan 1435:de-differentiate 1431:progenitor cells 1418:having cellular 1416:adult stem cells 1336:Systemic factors 1250:tensile strength 939:traumatic injury 909:Growth factors ( 873:ground substance 600:, which secrete 534:vasoconstriction 388:Clotting cascade 374:clotting cascade 217:epithelial cells 54: 47: 40: 33: 19: 18: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7917:Skin physiology 7902: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7809: 7788: 7752: 7701: 7576:Pathophysiology 7567: 7551: 7499: 7478: 7438: 7397: 7392: 7362: 7357: 7346:Intussusception 7302: 7297: 7267: 7262: 7221:Immunopathology 7201:Hematopathology 7182: 7107: 6878: 6873: 6843: 6838: 6832:Wayback Machine 6822: 6818: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6747: 6743: 6712:(6): CD011278. 6702: 6698: 6667:(2): CD003554. 6653: 6649: 6618:(4): CD011712. 6604: 6600: 6569:(9): CD010259. 6555: 6551: 6538:(10): 496–501. 6528: 6521: 6476: 6465: 6420: 6416: 6377: 6373: 6333: 6329: 6282: 6278: 6233: 6229: 6198:(3): CD011675. 6184: 6177: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6074: 6070: 6017: 6013: 6004: 6002: 5989: 5988: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5872: 5868: 5837: 5830: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5749:(7380): 88–92. 5739:"Skin scarring" 5735: 5731: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5651: 5647: 5634: 5630: 5599: 5595: 5555: 5551: 5512: 5508: 5445: 5441: 5428: 5426: 5411: 5402: 5390: 5388: 5373: 5362: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5321: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5209: 5205: 5168: 5164: 5125: 5121: 5074: 5070: 5031: 5027: 4982: 4963: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4845: 4841: 4810: 4806: 4767: 4763: 4740: 4736: 4705: 4701: 4694:Wayback Machine 4683:Wayback Machine 4674: 4670: 4638: 4627: 4596: 4589: 4544: 4540: 4503: 4499: 4478:(12): 1486–94. 4468: 4464: 4433: 4429: 4398: 4394: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4339: 4326: 4315: 4284: 4273: 4260: 4258: 4257:on 3 March 2016 4251:"BURN INJURIES" 4249: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4169: 4162: 4147: 4140: 4109: 4105: 4056: 4045: 4000: 3996: 3990:Wayback Machine 3980: 3957: 3951:Wayback Machine 3941: 3932: 3927: 3916: 3861: 3857: 3845: 3843: 3832: 3828: 3807:(3–4): 175–81. 3797: 3784: 3776: 3762: 3739: 3733: 3712: 3659: 3655: 3616:(5940): 612–6. 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3552: 3513: 3502: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3411: 3396: 3388: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3361: 3330: 3311: 3290:(11): 599–607. 3280: 3276: 3245: 3241: 3210: 3191: 3185:Wayback Machine 3175: 3156: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3109: 3070: 3066: 3060:Wayback Machine 3050: 3037: 2990: 2986: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2941: 2939: 2928: 2924: 2893: 2889: 2883:image main page 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2816: 2809: 2778: 2759: 2720: 2716: 2687: 2683: 2677:Wayback Machine 2665: 2661: 2630: 2603: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2526: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2446: 2419:pathophysiology 2415: 2356: 2345: 2095:Epithelial and 2005:Salivary glands 1962: 1935: 1886: 1868:, well reduced 1850: 1842: 1830: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1792: 1760: 1758:Wound cleansing 1730:characteristics 1695: 1693:Wound dressings 1682: 1665: 1597:plastic surgery 1565: 1492: 1447: 1408: 1398:solved through 1388:unit of alcohol 1377:Passive smoking 1338: 1290: 1282: 1235: 1182: 1176: 966: 954:type I collagen 927: 856: 786:chemotactically 709: 703: 690: 661: 610: 566: 514: 396: 390: 370: 267: 258: 191:In this phase, 149: 59:Initial injury 17: 12: 11: 5: 7940: 7930: 7929: 7927:Trauma surgery 7924: 7919: 7914: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7857:Rhabdomyolysis 7852:Crush syndrome 7849: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7675:Splenic injury 7672: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7588: 7586: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7542:Trauma surgery 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7483:Investigations 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7353:Vasculogenesis 7350: 7349: 7348: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7316:Maggot therapy 7313: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7296: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7243:Flow cytometry 7240: 7238:Chromatography 7235: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:Histopathology 7155: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7084: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6842: 6841:External links 6839: 6837: 6836: 6816: 6767: 6760: 6748:Table 3-1 in: 6741: 6696: 6647: 6598: 6549: 6519: 6490:(5): 1528–42. 6463: 6414: 6387:(4): 187–203. 6371: 6327: 6276: 6227: 6175: 6148:(2): 217–232. 6129: 6117: 6088:(3): 254–270. 6068: 6011: 5979: 5947: 5915: 5866: 5828: 5787: 5778: 5729: 5710:(9): 1049–58. 5694: 5685: 5676: 5659:eurekalert.org 5645: 5628: 5593: 5549: 5506: 5439: 5400: 5360: 5319: 5264: 5223:(2): 283–288. 5203: 5182:(5): 1027–35. 5162: 5119: 5068: 5025: 4961: 4932:(5): 1219–22. 4912: 4891:"Nerve injury" 4882: 4839: 4804: 4761: 4750:(10): 523–34. 4734: 4699: 4668: 4625: 4587: 4538: 4497: 4462: 4427: 4392: 4357: 4337: 4313: 4271: 4239: 4197: 4167: 4160: 4138: 4103: 4043: 3994: 3955: 3944:Chemical Peels 3930: 3914: 3855: 3826: 3782: 3760: 3710: 3653: 3596: 3550: 3500: 3447: 3394: 3359: 3309: 3274: 3239: 3220:(9): 1019–30. 3189: 3154: 3143:(2): 110–122. 3127: 3107: 3064: 3035: 2984: 2952: 2922: 2887: 2874: 2861: 2807: 2757: 2714: 2681: 2659: 2601: 2549: 2542: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2414: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2389: 2382: 2367: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1966:growth factors 1961: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1870:bone fractures 1849: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1828: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1791: 1788: 1759: 1756: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1708: 1704:Remove excess 1702: 1694: 1691: 1681: 1678: 1664: 1661: 1625:placebo effect 1564: 1561: 1491: 1488: 1469:(MSC) and (2) 1459:hair follicles 1446: 1443: 1407: 1404: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327:oxygen tension 1323: 1319: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1234: 1231: 1202:full thickness 1198:myofibroblasts 1175: 1172: 1164:hemidesmosomes 1106:stratum basale 1084:filaments and 1033:hemidesmosomes 1009:stratum basale 982:hair follicles 965: 962: 926: 923: 855: 852: 757: 756: 750: 744: 738: 732: 728:Latent period: 702: 699: 689: 686: 660: 657: 609: 606: 598:helper T cells 565: 562: 530:prostaglandins 522:cell membranes 513: 510: 462:prostaglandins 450:growth factors 437:replaced with 416:cell membranes 392:Main article: 389: 386: 369: 366: 365: 364: 361: 355: 352:myofibroblasts 345: 331: 309:cellular phase 266: 263: 257: 254: 249:chronic wounds 240: 239: 229: 221:myofibroblasts 186: 172: 148: 145: 126:chronic wounds 70: 69: 66: 63: 60: 56: 55: 48: 41: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7939: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7892: 7891:Wound healing 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818:Complications 7816: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774:Facial trauma 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738:Gunshot wound 7736: 7734: 7733:Electrocution 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7595:Bone fracture 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537:Trauma center 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7429:Resuscitation 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7382: 7377: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326:Growth factor 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7300:Wound healing 7294: 7289: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7126:Cytopathology 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7071: 7070:Accumulations 7068: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939:Wound healing 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6856: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6344:(2): 217–25. 6343: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6247:(42): 19–34. 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6000: 5996: 5995:Reading Eagle 5992: 5986: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5847:(4): 854–60. 5846: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609:(2): 135–44. 5608: 5605:(in French). 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5566:(6): 840–52. 5565: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5425:on 2012-12-07 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5387:on 2012-12-07 5386: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5357: 5346:on 2013-11-10 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4996:(3): 219–29. 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4820:(9): 586–90. 4819: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4649:(2): 465–75. 4648: 4644: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4606:(2): 97–108. 4605: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4517:(7): 988–96. 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4408:(5): 468–71. 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4373:(4): 406–12. 4372: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4353:Cell Invasion 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294:(2): 125–32. 4293: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4229:on 2018-06-20 4228: 4224: 4220: 4217:(3): 186–91. 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4074:(4): 426–32. 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3579:Emedicine.com 3576: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3523:(4): 207–14. 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3496:regeneration. 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3467:(9): 447–62. 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340:(1): 274–86. 3339: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3080:(3): 149–57. 3079: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788:(6): 1031–7. 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730:(1): 327–58. 2729: 2725: 2718: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2487: 2486:Wound licking 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2331:Keratinocytes 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2283:Keratinocytes 2282: 2279: 2276: 2274:T-lymphocytes 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2226:T-lymphocytes 2225: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2158:Keratinocytes 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2099:proliferation 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2053:Keratinocytes 2052: 2050:T-lymphocytes 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2010:Keratinocytes 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1974:Growth factor 1973: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1957: 1950: 1949:tissue grafts 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916:gingivoplasty 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1810:= Div (R) + R 1800: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:sterile water 1773: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1748:nanocomposite 1746: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712:antimicrobial 1709: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648:invertebrates 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:brachytherapy 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:scarification 1589: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1537:myofibroblast 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1482:(circulating 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1428:hematopoietic 1425: 1424:differentiate 1421: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288:Local factors 1285: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:chronic wound 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255:blood vessels 1251: 1246: 1244: 1243:tension lines 1240: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1211:smooth muscle 1206: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:glycoproteins 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045:Transmembrane 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1001: 998: 997:Keratinocytes 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:keratinocytes 972: 961: 957: 955: 952:the stronger 950: 946: 942: 940: 934: 932: 922: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 900:proteoglycans 897: 896:glycoproteins 893: 889: 885: 880: 876: 874: 868: 864: 861: 851: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806:transactivate 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 729: 726: 725: 724: 721: 719: 715: 708: 698: 695: 685: 683: 682:chronic wound 679: 674: 669: 667: 656: 654: 648: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 605: 603: 599: 594: 592: 587: 583: 579: 578:free radicals 575: 571: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:blood vessels 475: 471: 467: 466:prostacyclins 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 435: 431: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 412:glycoproteins 409: 405: 401: 395: 385: 383: 379: 375: 362: 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 343: 339: 335: 332: 329: 326: 325: 324: 320: 318: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 286: 282: 281: 276: 271: 262: 250: 244: 237: 233: 230: 227: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 176: 175:Inflammation: 173: 170: 166: 161: 157: 154: 151: 150: 144: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 118: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 76: 75:Wound healing 67: 64: 61: 58: 57: 53: 49: 46: 42: 39: 35: 32: 28: 27: 24: 23:Hand abrasion 20: 7890: 7769:Chest injury 7728:Crush injury 7718:Blunt trauma 7713:Blast injury 7635:Pneumothorax 7419:Traumatology 7414:Major trauma 7341:Angiogenesis 7299: 7228:Enzyme assay 7074: 7069: 7058:Karyorrhexis 7034:Myocytolysis 7024:Fat necrosis 6938: 6929:Inflammation 6917:Hemodynamics 6910:Pathogenesis 6819: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6751: 6744: 6709: 6699: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6566: 6562: 6552: 6535: 6531: 6487: 6483: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6195: 6191: 6145: 6141: 6120: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6003:. Retrieved 5994: 5971:. Retrieved 5962: 5939:. Retrieved 5930: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5844: 5840: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5781: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5667:. Retrieved 5658: 5648: 5631: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5522:(3): 665–7. 5519: 5515: 5509: 5459:(3): 933–7. 5456: 5452: 5442: 5433: 5427:. Retrieved 5423:the original 5418: 5395: 5389:. Retrieved 5385:the original 5380: 5354: 5348:. Retrieved 5344:the original 5339: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5255:. Retrieved 5220: 5216: 5206: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5135:(3): 321–6. 5132: 5128: 5122: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5038: 5034: 5028: 4993: 4989: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4903:. Retrieved 4894: 4885: 4852: 4849:Microsurgery 4848: 4842: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4671: 4646: 4642: 4603: 4599: 4558:(4): 401–4. 4555: 4551: 4541: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4443:(1): 88–94. 4440: 4436: 4430: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4352: 4332: 4291: 4287: 4266: 4259:. Retrieved 4255:the original 4231:. Retrieved 4227:the original 4214: 4210: 4200: 4191: 4151: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4071: 4067: 4014:(1): 35–41. 4011: 4007: 3997: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3850: 3844:. Retrieved 3829: 3804: 3800: 3774:the original 3743: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3587:. Retrieved 3578: 3520: 3517:Inflammation 3516: 3494: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3439:. Retrieved 3422: 3418: 3386:the original 3381: 3377: 3337: 3333: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3255:(8): 834–6. 3252: 3248: 3242: 3217: 3213: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3122: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3001: 2998:PLOS Biology 2997: 2987: 2979: 2972:. Retrieved 2968:the original 2947: 2940:. Retrieved 2925: 2903:(8): 992–9. 2900: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2827: 2824:PLOS Biology 2823: 2785: 2781: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2668: 2662: 2637: 2633: 2569: 2565: 2533: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427:biomembranes 2416: 2404: 2357: 2305:Angiogenesis 2248:Angiogenesis 2194:Angiogenesis 1980:Main origins 1977:Abbreviation 1963: 1954: 1936: 1912:gingivectomy 1874:flap surgery 1858: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1761: 1733: 1728:anaphylactic 1726:Possess non- 1696: 1683: 1670:Howard Chang 1666: 1657: 1640:regeneration 1629: 1613:silicone gel 1590: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1553: 1541: 1522: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1463: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1434: 1419: 1409: 1393: 1342:Inflammation 1283: 1270:venous ulcer 1263: 1247: 1236: 1227: 1215: 1207: 1195: 1183: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1124: 1110: 1099: 1078:lamellipodia 1075: 1063:cytoskeleton 1041:cytoskeleton 1025:nitric oxide 1018: 1002: 995: 986:sweat glands 967: 958: 943: 935: 928: 908: 877: 869: 865: 857: 841: 821:collagenases 818: 776: 758: 752: 746: 740: 734: 727: 722: 714:erythematous 710: 707:Angiogenesis 701:Angiogenesis 691: 670: 662: 649: 637: 629:angiogenesis 622: 611: 595: 567: 538:vasodilation 526:thromboxanes 518:blood vessel 515: 506:inflammatory 443: 424: 397: 371: 321: 313: 308: 304: 290: 278: 277:of cells in 259: 231: 199:deposition, 193:angiogenesis 188: 179:phagocytosis 174: 155: 152: 130: 123: 103:inflammation 79: 74: 73: 22: 7840:Contracture 7793:Demographic 7779:Head injury 7625:Flail chest 7547:Trauma team 7082:Hemosiderin 6963:Hyperplasia 6958:Hypertrophy 6934:Cell damage 5807:(1): 40–6. 4855:(2): 91–6. 4777:(1): 7–12. 3425:(2): 52–6. 3004:(8): E239. 2572:(1): 1–13. 2386:proud flesh 2308:Fibroplasia 2289:Fibroblasts 2277:Macrophages 2232:Fibroblasts 2218:Macrophages 2185:fibronectin 2166:Granulocyte 2149:Macrophages 2000:macrophages 1866:lacerations 1644:salamanders 1518:endometrium 1475:endothelial 1455:rete ridges 1274:keloid scar 1174:Contraction 1168:Basal cells 1132:plasminogen 1086:pseudopodia 1071:pseudopodia 949:fibronectin 860:fibroblasts 831:-dependent 812:(VEGF) and 794:lactic acid 768:pseudopodia 718:capillaries 694:fibroblasts 614:macrophages 608:Macrophages 591:macrophages 558:bloodstream 498:eicosanoids 492:exposed to 486:macrophages 470:thromboxane 430:fibronectin 394:Coagulation 382:phagocytise 348:Fibroblasts 338:mesenchymal 328:Macrophages 305:early phase 213:fibronectin 205:fibroblasts 141:burn center 88:layer) and 7922:Physiology 7906:Categories 7748:Stab wound 7630:Hemothorax 7556:Procedures 7515:Principles 7508:Management 7469:NACA score 7443:Assessment 7409:Polytrauma 7402:Principles 7248:Blood bank 7091:Lipofuscin 7087:Lipochrome 7063:Karyolysis 6992:Cell death 6973:Metaplasia 6005:2013-07-02 5973:2013-07-02 5941:2013-07-02 5429:2013-11-10 5391:2012-12-07 5350:2012-12-07 5257:August 29, 5247:8469127433 4233:2014-06-18 3846:2017-09-18 3589:20 January 3441:2005-10-27 2942:31 January 2222:Mast cells 2213:FGF-1, −2 2191:production 2189:hyaluronan 2170:chemotaxis 2061:Hepatocyte 1998:Activated 1910:Examples: 1714:properties 1611:, topical 1484:fibrocytes 1480:leukocytes 1420:plasticity 1412:stem cells 1268:such as a 1223:fibronexus 1219:desmosomes 1178:See also: 1160:desmosomes 1029:desmosomes 904:hyaluronan 760:Stem cells 653:salamander 618:phagocytes 554:leukocytes 490:mast cells 458:bradykinin 378:hemostasis 334:Epithelial 293:hemostasis 280:Drosophila 153:Hemostasis 99:hemostasis 94:connective 86:epithelial 84:(surface, 7706:Mechanism 7600:Degloving 7336:Stem cell 7103:Steatosis 7046:Apoptosis 6983:Glandular 6968:Dysplasia 6900:Neoplasia 6895:Infection 6876:Pathology 6322:205213660 5419:Pathology 5381:Pathology 5340:Pathology 5314:248402820 5298:2629-3277 5239:2411-1783 5088:(1): 13. 4905:2 October 4060:Yannas IV 2830:(2): E7. 2435:Laserskin 2302:synthesis 2271:Platelets 2146:Platelets 2030:formation 1371:disorders 1353:Nutrients 1331:Perfusion 1259:apoptosis 1209:found in 1104:form the 1095:filopodia 1090:integrins 1055:integrins 1039:in their 848:apoptosis 816:(GLUT1). 804:(HIF) to 644:monocytes 602:cytokines 586:proteases 546:edematous 542:histamine 508:process. 502:cytokines 474:histamine 454:serotonin 446:cytokines 420:aggregate 414:on their 408:platelets 342:phenotype 236:apoptosis 226:apoptosis 160:platelets 133:first aid 92:(deeper, 82:epidermis 7864:Embolism 7311:Fibrosis 7258:Serology 7053:Pyknosis 6999:Necrosis 6978:Squamous 6922:Ischemia 6828:Archived 6811:28692083 6736:26042534 6727:10960640 6691:15106207 6642:27021482 6593:26331392 6506:19930861 6458:22495588 6401:14872320 6366:21111114 6358:21606834 6314:18480812 6271:19324672 6222:33734426 6162:29637308 6112:28884042 6063:26791721 5999:Archived 5967:Archived 5935:Archived 5910:11523827 5823:11147674 5773:12521975 5724:18617450 5663:Archived 5623:16568015 5588:17262546 5580:19903305 5544:45852269 5536:14511015 5306:35476187 5251:Archived 5198:11710909 5157:28491255 5149:14961191 5114:15066202 5055:16799374 5020:20139336 4956:17476353 4899:Archived 4877:25492817 4834:15359168 4791:15659031 4756:12666691 4729:26979352 4690:Archived 4679:Archived 4663:15350544 4620:16226016 4533:16040019 4492:16153533 4457:14757419 4387:11975928 4308:12642231 4223:15740645 4133:14623403 4098:20546556 4038:11422539 3986:Archived 3947:Archived 3909:23690624 3840:Archived 3821:16546559 3770:83849346 3705:19644100 3648:19644120 3583:Archived 3537:15673162 3491:38894501 3483:18781633 3435:Archived 3431:10740722 3354:15707592 3304:16202600 3269:14636760 3181:Archived 3102:21115977 3094:11080534 3056:Archived 3030:15269788 2974:16 March 2936:Archived 2917:16901651 2856:14737219 2802:15094118 2752:10367343 2744:23303912 2673:Archived 2596:25529612 2444:See also 2394:Others: 2210:1 and 2 1983:Effects 1752:efficacy 1737:chitosan 1710:Possess 1652:collagen 1605:invasive 1525:collagen 1347:Diabetes 1317:necrosis 1313:Ischemia 1051:proteins 1048:receptor 980:such as 931:collagen 919:scarring 844:perfused 550:porosity 434:proteins 404:collagen 307:and the 285:syncytia 197:collagen 68:30 days 65:17 days 7912:Healing 7646:Cardio 7131:Autopsy 7096:Melanin 7076:pigment 6953:Atrophy 6890:Disease 6802:5576529 6682:8407283 6633:6599835 6584:7087443 6514:2496871 6449:3477759 6409:8070456 6294:Bibcode 6262:2839370 6213:8092712 6170:4727434 6103:5570602 6054:5228603 6033:Bibcode 5901:1594962 5861:8628785 5764:1125033 5501:2915988 5461:Bibcode 5063:8658373 5011:2903966 4947:1857239 4869:8469109 4799:2590702 4582:8106541 4573:2119916 4410:Bibcode 4331:. In, 4261:13 July 4089:2935287 4029:2517695 3900:3677454 3877:Bibcode 3744:Surgery 3696:2917045 3675:Bibcode 3667:Science 3639:2803111 3618:Bibcode 3610:Science 3545:9612298 3461:Genesis 3234:9785465 2654:9777970 2587:4357276 2379:desmoid 2020:mitogen 1769:aqueous 1706:exudate 1213:cells. 1193:model. 1189:or the 1136:plasmin 1053:called 1003:If the 892:elastin 835:digest 790:hypoxia 678:biofilm 317:staging 62:3 days 7757:Region 7681:Neuro 7584:Injury 7424:Triage 7395:Trauma 6809: 6799: 6758: 6734: 6724: 6689: 6679: 6640: 6630: 6591: 6581: 6512: 6504: 6456: 6446: 6407: 6399: 6364: 6356: 6320: 6312: 6286:Nature 6269: 6259: 6220: 6210: 6168: 6160: 6110: 6100: 6061: 6051: 6025:Nature 5908: 5898: 5859: 5821: 5771: 5761: 5722: 5669:3 July 5639: 5621: 5586: 5578: 5542: 5534: 5499: 5492:286593 5489: 5481: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5245: 5237: 5196: 5155: 5147: 5112: 5105:400727 5102: 5061: 5053: 5018: 5008: 4954: 4944: 4875: 4867: 4832: 4797: 4789: 4754: 4727: 4661: 4618: 4580: 4570: 4531: 4490: 4455: 4385: 4306: 4221: 4158: 4131: 4096: 4086: 4036: 4026: 3907: 3897: 3819: 3768: 3758: 3703: 3693: 3646: 3636: 3543: 3535: 3489: 3481: 3429: 3352: 3302: 3267: 3232: 3100: 3092: 3028: 3021:479041 3018: 2915: 2854: 2847:314300 2844: 2800: 2750: 2742: 2652: 2594: 2584: 2540: 2431:Epicel 2375:keloid 2266:TGF-β 2042:TGF-α 1817:where 1663:Cancer 1646:, and 1556:HIF-1a 1502:means 1500:Repair 1400:MATLAB 1300:Oedema 1200:. In 1112:Fibrin 1014:dermis 673:tissue 640:spleen 625:oxygen 574:kinins 500:, and 482:porous 472:, and 426:Fibrin 400:tissue 165:fibrin 147:Stages 143:care. 90:dermis 7616:Resp 6905:Cause 6510:S2CID 6405:S2CID 6362:S2CID 6318:S2CID 6166:S2CID 5584:S2CID 5540:S2CID 5483:33315 5479:JSTOR 5310:S2CID 5153:S2CID 5059:S2CID 4873:S2CID 4795:S2CID 4697:1993. 4685:> 3777:(PDF) 3766:S2CID 3740:(PDF) 3541:S2CID 3487:S2CID 3389:(PDF) 3374:(PDF) 3249:Burns 3098:S2CID 2897:Burns 2748:S2CID 2141:PDGF 2114:VEGF 1082:Actin 1067:actin 971:Basal 915:TGF-β 398:When 7723:Burn 7591:MSK 7331:Scar 6807:PMID 6756:ISBN 6732:PMID 6687:PMID 6665:2012 6638:PMID 6589:PMID 6567:2015 6502:PMID 6454:PMID 6397:PMID 6354:PMID 6310:PMID 6267:PMID 6218:PMID 6196:2021 6158:PMID 6108:PMID 6059:PMID 5931:Star 5906:PMID 5857:PMID 5819:PMID 5769:PMID 5720:PMID 5671:2015 5637:ISBN 5619:PMID 5576:PMID 5532:PMID 5497:PMID 5302:PMID 5294:ISSN 5259:2020 5243:OCLC 5235:ISSN 5194:PMID 5145:PMID 5110:PMID 5051:PMID 5016:PMID 4952:PMID 4907:2016 4865:PMID 4830:PMID 4787:PMID 4752:PMID 4725:PMID 4659:PMID 4616:PMID 4578:PMID 4529:PMID 4488:PMID 4453:PMID 4383:PMID 4304:PMID 4263:2016 4219:PMID 4156:ISBN 4129:PMID 4094:PMID 4034:PMID 3905:PMID 3817:PMID 3756:ISBN 3701:PMID 3644:PMID 3591:2008 3533:PMID 3479:PMID 3427:PMID 3350:PMID 3300:PMID 3265:PMID 3230:PMID 3090:PMID 3026:PMID 2976:2011 2944:2012 2913:PMID 2852:PMID 2798:PMID 2740:PMID 2650:PMID 2592:PMID 2538:ISBN 2326:KGF 2300:TIMP 2187:and 2081:HGF 1993:EGF 1601:scar 1586:free 1575:scar 1572:less 1325:Low 1315:and 1162:and 1031:and 988:and 947:and 911:PDGF 898:and 829:Zinc 823:and 784:and 782:scab 638:The 528:and 488:and 448:and 428:and 350:and 299:and 169:clot 139:and 7874:fat 7869:air 7666:GI 6797:PMC 6789:doi 6722:PMC 6714:doi 6677:PMC 6669:doi 6628:PMC 6620:doi 6579:PMC 6571:doi 6540:doi 6492:doi 6444:PMC 6436:doi 6432:590 6389:doi 6346:doi 6342:254 6302:doi 6290:453 6257:PMC 6249:doi 6208:PMC 6200:doi 6150:doi 6146:374 6098:PMC 6090:doi 6049:PMC 6041:doi 6029:529 5896:PMC 5888:doi 5884:199 5849:doi 5809:doi 5759:PMC 5751:doi 5747:326 5743:BMJ 5712:doi 5611:doi 5568:doi 5524:doi 5520:149 5487:PMC 5469:doi 5286:doi 5225:doi 5184:doi 5180:117 5137:doi 5100:PMC 5090:doi 5043:doi 5039:117 5006:PMC 4998:doi 4942:PMC 4934:doi 4930:117 4857:doi 4822:doi 4779:doi 4748:168 4717:doi 4651:doi 4647:299 4608:doi 4568:PMC 4560:doi 4556:124 4519:doi 4480:doi 4445:doi 4418:doi 4375:doi 4371:183 4296:doi 4215:118 4121:doi 4084:PMC 4076:doi 4024:PMC 4016:doi 3895:PMC 3885:doi 3873:110 3809:doi 3748:doi 3691:PMC 3683:doi 3671:325 3634:PMC 3626:doi 3614:325 3525:doi 3469:doi 3342:doi 3338:304 3292:doi 3257:doi 3222:doi 3145:doi 3082:doi 3078:119 3016:PMC 3006:doi 2905:doi 2842:PMC 2832:doi 2790:doi 2732:doi 2703:doi 2642:doi 2638:176 2582:PMC 2574:doi 1778:or 1745:ZnO 1510:or 772:ECM 762:of 101:), 7908:: 6805:. 6795:. 6783:. 6779:. 6730:. 6720:. 6708:. 6685:. 6675:. 6663:. 6659:. 6636:. 6626:. 6614:. 6610:. 6587:. 6577:. 6565:. 6561:. 6536:29 6522:^ 6508:. 6500:. 6488:37 6486:. 6482:. 6466:^ 6452:. 6442:. 6430:. 6426:. 6403:. 6395:. 6383:. 6360:. 6352:. 6340:. 6316:. 6308:. 6300:. 6288:. 6265:. 6255:. 6243:. 6239:. 6216:. 6206:. 6194:. 6190:. 6178:^ 6164:. 6156:. 6144:. 6132:^ 6106:. 6096:. 6086:14 6084:. 6080:. 6057:. 6047:. 6039:. 6027:. 6023:. 5993:. 5982:^ 5961:. 5950:^ 5929:. 5918:^ 5904:. 5894:. 5882:. 5878:. 5855:. 5845:97 5843:. 5831:^ 5817:. 5803:. 5799:. 5767:. 5757:. 5745:. 5741:. 5718:. 5708:61 5706:. 5657:. 5617:. 5607:64 5582:. 5574:. 5564:17 5562:. 5538:. 5530:. 5518:. 5495:. 5485:. 5477:. 5467:. 5457:86 5455:. 5451:. 5432:. 5417:. 5403:^ 5394:. 5379:. 5363:^ 5353:. 5338:. 5322:^ 5308:. 5300:. 5292:. 5282:18 5280:. 5276:. 5249:. 5241:. 5233:. 5192:. 5178:. 5174:. 5151:. 5143:. 5133:28 5131:. 5108:. 5098:. 5084:. 5080:. 5057:. 5049:. 5037:. 5014:. 5004:. 4994:89 4992:. 4988:. 4964:^ 4950:. 4940:. 4928:. 4924:. 4893:. 4871:. 4863:. 4853:14 4851:. 4828:. 4818:22 4816:. 4793:. 4785:. 4775:13 4773:. 4746:. 4723:. 4713:74 4711:. 4657:. 4645:. 4628:^ 4614:. 4604:41 4602:. 4590:^ 4576:. 4566:. 4554:. 4550:. 4527:. 4515:58 4513:. 4509:. 4486:. 4476:17 4474:. 4451:. 4441:32 4439:. 4416:. 4404:. 4381:. 4369:. 4340:^ 4316:^ 4302:. 4292:48 4290:. 4274:^ 4265:. 4242:^ 4213:. 4209:. 4170:^ 4141:^ 4127:. 4117:55 4115:. 4092:. 4082:. 4072:18 4070:. 4066:. 4046:^ 4032:. 4022:. 4012:82 4010:. 4006:. 3958:^ 3933:^ 3917:^ 3903:. 3893:. 3883:. 3871:. 3867:. 3849:. 3815:. 3805:85 3803:. 3785:^ 3764:. 3754:. 3713:^ 3699:. 3689:. 3681:. 3669:. 3665:. 3642:. 3632:. 3624:. 3612:. 3608:. 3581:. 3577:. 3553:^ 3539:. 3531:. 3521:28 3519:. 3503:^ 3493:. 3485:. 3477:. 3465:46 3463:. 3459:. 3433:. 3423:43 3421:. 3417:. 3397:^ 3380:. 3376:. 3362:^ 3348:. 3336:. 3312:^ 3298:. 3288:15 3286:. 3263:. 3253:29 3251:. 3228:. 3218:30 3216:. 3192:^ 3157:^ 3139:. 3110:^ 3096:. 3088:. 3076:. 3038:^ 3024:. 3014:. 3000:. 2996:. 2978:. 2955:^ 2946:. 2911:. 2901:32 2899:. 2850:. 2840:. 2826:. 2822:. 2810:^ 2796:. 2786:36 2784:. 2760:^ 2746:. 2738:. 2728:93 2726:. 2697:. 2693:. 2648:. 2636:. 2604:^ 2590:. 2580:. 2570:33 2568:. 2564:. 2552:^ 2500:^ 2437:, 2433:, 2425:, 2409:. 2388:). 2377:, 2373:, 2183:, 1918:, 1914:, 1814:, 1767:, 1754:. 1741:Ag 1619:, 1615:, 1276:. 1261:. 1097:. 984:, 956:. 933:. 921:. 913:, 894:, 890:, 850:. 800:, 720:. 684:. 593:. 560:. 468:, 464:, 460:, 456:, 311:: 273:A 195:, 7387:e 7380:t 7373:v 7292:e 7285:t 7278:v 7089:/ 6868:e 6861:t 6854:v 6813:. 6791:: 6785:5 6764:. 6738:. 6716:: 6693:. 6671:: 6644:. 6622:: 6616:3 6595:. 6573:: 6546:. 6542:: 6516:. 6494:: 6460:. 6438:: 6411:. 6391:: 6385:2 6368:. 6348:: 6324:. 6304:: 6296:: 6273:. 6251:: 6245:7 6224:. 6202:: 6172:. 6152:: 6127:. 6114:. 6092:: 6065:. 6043:: 6035:: 6008:. 5976:. 5944:. 5912:. 5890:: 5863:. 5851:: 5825:. 5811:: 5805:5 5775:. 5753:: 5726:. 5714:: 5673:. 5625:. 5613:: 5590:. 5570:: 5546:. 5526:: 5503:. 5471:: 5463:: 5316:. 5288:: 5261:. 5227:: 5221:6 5200:. 5186:: 5159:. 5139:: 5116:. 5092:: 5086:5 5065:. 5045:: 5022:. 5000:: 4958:. 4936:: 4909:. 4879:. 4859:: 4836:. 4824:: 4801:. 4781:: 4758:. 4731:. 4719:: 4665:. 4653:: 4622:. 4610:: 4584:. 4562:: 4535:. 4521:: 4494:. 4482:: 4459:. 4447:: 4424:. 4420:: 4412:: 4406:5 4389:. 4377:: 4310:. 4298:: 4236:. 4164:. 4135:. 4123:: 4100:. 4078:: 4040:. 4018:: 3911:. 3887:: 3879:: 3823:. 3811:: 3750:: 3707:. 3685:: 3677:: 3650:. 3628:: 3620:: 3593:. 3547:. 3527:: 3471:: 3444:. 3382:5 3356:. 3344:: 3306:. 3294:: 3271:. 3259:: 3236:. 3224:: 3151:. 3147:: 3141:3 3104:. 3084:: 3032:. 3008:: 3002:2 2919:. 2907:: 2885:. 2858:. 2834:: 2828:2 2804:. 2792:: 2754:. 2734:: 2711:. 2705:: 2699:3 2679:. 2656:. 2644:: 2598:. 2576:: 2546:. 2381:. 1951:. 1876:. 1829:0 1827:R 1823:R 1819:ρ 1812:0 1808:0 1806:ρ 1804:t 1802:D 1743:/ 1739:/ 1582:, 1527:- 336:- 251:. 238:. 228:. 97:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index