Wounded Knee Massacre

1799: 1884: 1215:(D-HI) answered the South Dakota Senate's call and reintroduced a bill to revoke the Medals of Honor awarded to the soldiers who perpetrated the Wounded Knee massacre. The provision was incorporated into the FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act, but was removed in conference with the explanation that "these Medals of Honor were awarded at the prerogative of the President of the United States, not the Congress." This effectively expressed that since adjudication authority was granted to the executive, that it was not the role of Congress to revoke medals. As a result, the bill failed due to a separation of powers conflict. An identical version of Remove the Stain was added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (2022), however, it was again removed from the final version of the defense bill by the Senate Armed Services Committee. 2006: 50: 850: 1700: 1848: 1087: 1864: 1466:. Often the distinction as "worst mass shooting" is compared to other mass shootings in the United States after a mass casualty event involving a single shooter and numerous dead, whereas the Wounded Knee Massacre involved numerous shooters from the United States government of unarmed Lakota men, women, and children. Often after a mass shooting in the United States after it becomes known how many people have died due to the firearm related fatality, a comparison to other mass shootings might be reported on in the media, at this point, some critics point out that the Wounded Knee massacre is sometimes forgotten in place of more recent mass shootings, either as a result of: 1978: 177: 141: 1748: 825:

soldiers fanned out and finished off the wounded. Others leaped onto their horses and pursued the Natives (men, women, and children), in some cases for miles across the prairies. In less than an hour, at least 150 Lakota had been killed and 50 wounded. Other estimates indicate nearly 300 of the original 350 having been killed or wounded, with a blizzard preventing immediate search following the massacre. Reports indicate that the soldiers loaded 51 survivors (4 men and 47 women and children) onto wagons and took them to the Pine Ridge Reservation. Army casualties numbered 25 dead. Black Coyote died at Wounded Knee.

1896: 776:, one of Big Foot's warriors who later changed his name to Dewey Beard, recalled Black Coyote was unable to hear. "If they had left him alone he was going to put his gun down where he should. They grabbed him and spinned him in the east direction. He was still unconcerned even then. He hadn't his gun pointed at anyone. His intention was to put that gun down. They came on and grabbed the gun that he was going to put down. Right after they spun him around there was the report of a gun, was quite loud. I couldn't say that anyone was shot, but following that was a crash". Theodor Ragnar of the 1760: 687: 589:

and without the resources the animal offered, their cultures rapidly lost stability and security. This forced them to rely on the United States government to provide rations and goods, or else face starvation. The way of life of these independent people was rapidly fading. The Ghost Dance brought hope: the white man would soon disappear; the buffalo herds would return; people would be reunited with loved ones who had since died; the old way of living before the white man would return. This was not just a religious movement but a response to the gradual cultural destruction.

1772: 1832: 245: 5546: 1056:—who had chosen the site for its symbolic value—and federal law enforcement officials. Among the buildings destroyed were the Czywczynski post and Museum; the Czywczynskis moved away asking a purchase price of $ 3.9 million . On September 7, 2022, the Oglala Sioux tribal council and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe voted to buy for $ 500,000 the 40-acre site from the Czywczynskis. (The Oglala Sioux tribal already owned one acre of Land from Wounded Knee which was donated by the Red Cloud Indian school on the site of the Sacred Heart church had stood.) 1942: 278: 769:

had not understood the order. Another Lakota said: "Black Coyote is deaf," and when the soldier persisted, he said, "Stop. He cannot hear your orders." At that moment, two soldiers seized Black Coyote from behind, and (allegedly) in the struggle, his rifle discharged. At the same moment, Yellow Bird threw some dust into the air, and approximately five young Lakota men with concealed weapons threw aside their blankets and fired their rifles at Troop K of the 7th. After this initial exchange, the firing became indiscriminate.

1712: 970: 1041:, which came to include descendants. They sought compensation from the U.S. government for the many fatalities and injured. Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation, and to administer any memorial erected there. Papers of the association (1890–1973) and related materials are held by the University of South Dakota and are available for research. It was not until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the 978: 1509: 834: 2441:'s caption on the original photograph in the Library of Congress reads: "No.3627. Famous Battery "E" of the 1st Artillery. These brave men and the Hotchkiss guns that Big Foot's Indians thought were toys, Together with the fighting 7th what's left of Gen. Custer's boys, Sent 200 Indians to that Heaven which the ghost dancer enjoys. This checked the Indian noise, and Gen. Miles with staff Returned to Illinois. Photo and copyright by Grabilll ,'91. Deadwood, S.D." 5557: 1914: 784: 1517: 1954: 1386: 285: 252: 1798: 722: 510: 1493: 2232:, formed by Native Americans Patrick and Lolly Vasquez, released the song "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee". The song ends with the subtly altered sentence "We were all wounded by Wounded Knee." The song reached the number-one chart position across Europe. In the U.S., the song was initially withheld from release and then banned by several radio stations. Richard Stepp's 1501: 939:

from the original scene of encounter and cut down without mercy by the troopers. ... Judging by the slaughter on the battlefield it was suggested that the soldiers simply went berserk. For who could explain such a merciless disregard for life? ... As I see it the battle was more or less a matter of spontaneous combustion, sparked by mutual distrust.

1724: 1966: 703:"The difficult Indian problem cannot be solved permanently at this end of the line. It requires the fulfillment of Congress of the treaty obligations that the Indians were entreated and coerced into signing. They signed away a valuable portion of their reservation, and it is now occupied by white people, for which they have received nothing." 4283: 795:, a "scuffle occurred between one deaf warrior who had rifle in his hand and two soldiers. The rifle was discharged and a battle occurred, not only the warriors but the sick Chief Spotted Elk, and a large number of women and children who tried to escape by running and scattering over the prairie were hunted down and killed." 905:

right through ... and after most all of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Little boys ... came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there.

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the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people's dream died there. It was a beautiful dream. And I, to whom so great a vision was given in my youth, — you see me now a pitiful old man who has done nothing, for the nation's hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.

1736: 1311:, cavalry, for conspicuous bravery in an attack on hostile Sioux Indians, concealed in a ravine at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, on the 29th, and again near the Catholic Mission, on White Clay Creek, South Dakota, on the 30th, in defense of the crest of a hill against a force of hostile Sioux Indians; 1198:

A number of the citations on the medals awarded to the troopers at Wounded Knee state that they went in pursuit of Lakota who were trying to escape or hide. Another citation was for "conspicuous bravery in rounding up and bringing to the skirmish line a stampeded pack mule." Another medal was awarded

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At daybreak on December 29, 1890, Forsyth ordered the surrender of weapons and the immediate removal of the Lakota from the "zone of military operations" to awaiting trains. A search of the camp confiscated 38 rifles, and more rifles were taken as the soldiers searched the Lakota. None of the old men

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By the time the massacre was over, more than 250 people of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded (4 men and 47 women and children, some of whom died later); some estimates placed the number of dead as high as 300. Twenty-five soldiers also were killed and thirty-nine were wounded (six of the

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This monument is erected by surviving relatives and other Ogalala and Cheyenne River Sioux Indians in memory of the Chief Big Foot massacre December 29, 1890. Col. Forsyth in command of US troops. Big Foot was a great chief of the Sioux Indians. He often said, 'I will stand in peace till my last day

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concurred with the decision and reinstated Forsyth to command of the 7th Cavalry. Testimony had indicated that for the most part, troops attempted to avoid non-combatant casualties. Miles continued to criticize Forsyth, whom he believed had deliberately disobeyed his commands in order to destroy the

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Following a three-day blizzard, the military hired civilians to bury the dead Lakota. The burial party found the deceased frozen; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a hill overlooking the encampment from which some of the fire from the Hotchkiss guns originated. It was reported that

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At first all firing was at close range; half the Lakota men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Lakota grabbed rifles from the piles of confiscated weapons and opened fire on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Lakota unarmed, this lasted a

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Specific details of what triggered the massacre are debated. According to some accounts, Yellow Bird began to perform the Ghost Dance, telling the Lakota that their "ghost shirts" were "bulletproof". As tensions mounted, Black Coyote refused to give up his rifle; he spoke no English and was deaf and

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southwest of Porcupine Butte. John Shangreau, a scout and interpreter who was half Lakota, advised the troopers not to disarm the Lakota immediately, as it would lead to violence. The troopers escorted the Native Americans about five miles (eight kilometers) westward to Wounded Knee Creek where they

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On December 15, 1890, 40 Native American policemen arrived at Sitting Bull's house to arrest him. When Sitting Bull refused to comply, the police used force on him. The Lakota in the village were enraged. Catch-the-Bear, a Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot Lt. Bullhead, who reacted by firing his

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I had an alarming setback not long ago. I felt quite comfortable, although weak, but I was told that I was nearly gone. When I got better I wrote a letter to the commanding officer here, to be given to him in case of my death, asking and authorizing him to take charge of the body and have it buried

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Father Craft was seriously wounded (stabbed in the back and shot) in the melee while trying to save lives. He provided a unique eyewitness perspective to the massacre. Reports of Father Craft's condition and his letters were printed in newspapers across the United States in 1891. At one point, when

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The incident was initially referred to as the "Battle of Wounded Knee". Some Native American groups have objected to this description and refer to it as the "Wounded Knee Massacre". The location of the conflict is officially known as the "Wounded Knee Battlefield". The U.S. Army currently refers to

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when the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred and rode south all night to reach the reservation. In the early morning of December 30, 1890, F, I, and K Troops reached the Pine Ridge agency, however, their supply wagon guarded by D Troop located behind them was attacked by 50 Lakota warriors near Cheyenne

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The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.

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As regards disarming the Sioux, however desirable it may appear, I consider it neither advisable, nor practicable. I fear it will result as the theoretical enforcement of prohibition in Kansas, Iowa and Dakota; you will succeed in disarming and keeping disarmed the friendly Indians because you can,

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unanimously called upon the United States Congress to investigate the 20 medals of honor awarded to members of the 7th Cavalry for their participation in the massacre. Lawmakers argued that the medals given to the soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment tarnished Medals of Honor given to soldiers for

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Native American activists have urged the medals be withdrawn, calling them "medals of dishonor". According to Lakota tribesman William Thunder Hawk, "The Medal of Honor is meant to reward soldiers who act heroically. But at Wounded Knee, they didn't show heroism; they showed cruelty." In 2001, the

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volunteered to take a message to the agency at Pine Ridge to get help after the Indian scouts refused to go. Wilson took off through the wagon circle with Lakota in pursuit and his troops covering him. Wilson reached the agency and spread the alarm. The 9th Cavalry within the agency came to rescue

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General Nelson A. Miles who visited the scene of carnage, following a three-day blizzard, estimated that around 300 snow shrouded forms were strewn over the countryside. He also discovered to his horror that helpless children and women with babies in their arms had been chased as far as two miles

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There was a woman with an infant in her arms who was killed as she almost touched the flag of truce ... A mother was shot down with her infant; the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing ... The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together, shot

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I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in

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The Ghost Dance movement was a result of the slow but ever-present destruction of the Native Americans' way of life. Tribal land was being seized at alarming rates. The once numerous bison herds were nearly hunted to extinction. The entire livelihood of the plains tribes revolved around the bison,

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On the morning of December 29, the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. One version of events maintains that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it. Black Coyote's

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Beginning in 1986, the group named "Big Foot Memorial Riders" was formed where they will go to continue to honor the dead. The ceremony has attracted more participants each year and riders and their horses live with the cold weather, as well as the lack of food and water, as they retrace the path

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St. John's Episcopal Mission Church was built on the hill behind the mass grave in which the victims had been buried, some survivors having been nursed in the then-new Holy Cross Mission Church. In 1903, descendants of those who died in the battle erected a monument at the gravesite. The memorial

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According to Wovoka, the white invaders would disappear from Native lands, the ancestors would lead them to good hunting grounds, the buffalo herds and all the other animals would return in abundance, and the ghosts of their ancestors would return to Earth—hence the "Ghost Dance". They would then

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I know the men did not aim deliberately and they were greatly excited. I don't believe they saw their sights. They fired rapidly but it seemed to me only a few seconds till there was not a living thing before us; warriors, squaws, children, ponies, and dogs ... went down before that unaimed

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camp full of women and children. It is believed that many of the soldiers were victims of friendly fire from their own Hotchkiss guns. The Lakota women and children fled the camp, seeking shelter in a nearby ravine from the crossfire. The officers had lost all control of their men. Some of the

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from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, the soldiers of the regiment raised money for a monument for members of the regiment killed at Wounded Knee. About $ 1,950 was collected, and on July 25, 1893, the monument was dedicated with 5,500 people in attendance. The stone edifice stands near Waters Hall.

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The whole trouble originated through interested whites, who had gone about most industriously and misrepresented the army and its movements upon all the agencies. The Indians, were in consequence alarmed and suspicious. They had been led to believe that the true aim of the military was their

706:"They understood that ample provision would be made for their support; instead, their supplies have been reduced, and much of the time they have been living on half and two-thirds rations. Their crops, as well as the crops of the white people, for two years have been almost total failures." 620:

revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull. Another police officer, Red Tomahawk, shot Sitting Bull in the head, and he dropped to the ground. He died between 12 and 1 p.m. After Sitting Bull's death, 200 members of his Hunkpapa band, fearful of reprisals, fled Standing Rock to join Chief

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If I were again to be an Indian agent, and had my choice, I would take charge of 10,000 armed Sioux in preference to a like number of disarmed ones; and furthermore agree to handle that number, or the whole Sioux nation, without a white soldier. Respectfully, etc., V.T. McGillycuddy.

709:"The dissatisfaction is wide spread, especially among the Sioux, while the Cheyennes have been on the verge of starvation, and were forced to commit depredations to sustain life. These facts are beyond question, and the evidence is positive and sustained by thousands of witnesses." 1179:'s summer 1994 quarterly journal, Jerry Green construes that pre-1916 Medals of Honor were awarded more liberally; however, "the number of medals does seem disproportionate when compared to those awarded for other battles." Quantifying, he compares the three awarded for the 990:

denounced Forsyth and relieved him of command. An exhaustive Army Court of Inquiry convened by Miles criticized Forsyth for his tactical dispositions but otherwise exonerated him of responsibility. The Court of Inquiry, however, was not conducted as a formal court-martial.

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resurgence. Historian Jeffrey Ostler wrote in 2004, "Wounded Knee was not made up of a series of discrete unconnected events. Instead, from the disarming to the burial of the dead, it consisted of a series of acts held together by an underlying logic of racist domination."

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Lakota. Miles promoted the conclusion that Wounded Knee was a deliberate massacre rather than a tragedy caused by poor decisions, in an effort to destroy the career of Forsyth. This was later whitewashed, and Forsyth was promoted to brigadier, then later, major general.

533:, had been hunted to near-extinction. Treaty promises to protect reservation lands from encroachment by settlers and gold miners were not implemented as agreed. As a result, there was unrest on the reservations. During this time, news spread among the reservations of a 2322:, written by Garth Ennis, the main character becomes a surrogate Angel of Death, reaping souls whenever men kill other men violently. The story is set in the 1880s, and near the end of chapter 4, it is said that "four years later" he was called upon at Wounded Knee. 954:

extermination. The troops acted with the greatest kindness and prudence. In the Wounded Knee fight the Indians fired first. The troops fired only when compelled to. I was between both, saw all, and know from an absolute knowledge of the whole affair whereof I say.

1262:, cavalry, distinguished bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians, near the Catholic Mission, on White Clay Creek, South Dakota (often misidentified as Wounded Knee due to a later error in War Department lists), continuing on duty though painfully wounded; 1159:

The 9th Cavalry were stationed on the Pine Ridge reservation through the rest of the winter of 1890–1891 until March 1891, lodging in their tents. By then, the 9th Cavalry was the only regiment on the reservation after being the first to arrive in November 1890.

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As for the 'Ghost Dance' too much attention has been paid to it. It was only the symptom or surface indication of a deep-rooted, long-existing difficulty; as well treat the eruption of smallpox as the disease and ignore the constitutional disease.

1883: 1248:, cavalry, for conspicuous bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians, at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, on the 29th, and for coolness and bravery in action near the Catholic Mission, on White Clay Creek, South Dakota, on the 30th.; 670:

P.S. I neglected to state that up to date there has been neither a Sioux outbreak or war. No citizen in Nebraska or Dakota has been killed, molested or can show the scratch of a pin, and no property has been destroyed off the reservation.

1187:. However, historian Dwight Mears points out that awards prior to 1918 were "Medal of Honor in name only," making such comparisons with modern medals inappropriate, since "the medal that existed in 1890 is a materially different award." 2428:) ruled the taking was illegal and awarded compensation, increased by interest to $ 757 million, but not the return of the land which the Sioux sought. The Lakota have refused to take the money, demanding instead the return of the land. 2450:

Derived from Nelson Miles' report of some 300 snow-covered forms during his inspection of the field three days later, Miles in a letter states: "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and

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arrived, bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500. In contrast, there were 350 Lakota: 120 men and 230 women and children. The troopers surrounded Spotted Elk's encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed

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After being called to the Pine Ridge Agency, Spotted Elk of the Miniconjou Lakota nation and 350 of his followers were making the slow trip to the agency on December 28, 1890, when they were met by a 7th Cavalry detachment under

1863: 5530: 5466: 4661: 1183:, to the twenty awarded for this short and one-sided action. Historian Will G. Robinson notes that, in contrast, only three Medals of Honor were awarded among the 64,000 South Dakotans who fought for four years of 5450: 1283:, cavalry, while engaged with Indians concealed in a ravine, he assisted the men on the skirmish line, directed their fire, encouraged them by example, and used every effort to dislodge the enemy at Wounded Knee; 1025:

In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.

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Scouts (Troop L, 8th Cavalry). The testimony introduced at the trial of Plenty Horses and his subsequent acquittal also helped abrogate the legal culpability of the U.S. Army for the deaths at Wounded Knee.

2331:, several main characters are veterans of Wounded Knee. The protagonist, Booker DeWitt, is haunted by his deeds during the battle and at one point confronts one of his (fictional) superiors from the event. 5440: 3314:

Russell, Major Samuel L., "Selfless Service: The Cavalry Career of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside from 1858 to 1902." MMAS Thesis, Fort Leavenworth: U.S. Command and General Staff College, 2002.

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Historically, Wounded Knee is generally considered to be the end of the collective multi-century series of conflicts between colonial and U.S. forces and American Indians, known collectively as the

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that their family members took to Wounded Knee. They carry with them a white flag to symbolize their hope for world peace, and to honor and remember the victims so that they will not be forgotten.

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Company K of the 7th Cavalry—the unit involved at Wounded Knee—was sent to force the Lakotas to return to the areas they were assigned on their respective reservations. Some of the "hostiles" were

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four infants were found alive, wrapped in their deceased mothers' shawls. In all, 84 men, 44 women, and 18 children reportedly died on the field, while at least seven Lakota were mortally wounded.

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Suddenly, I heard a single shot from the direction of the troops. Then three or four. A few more. And immediately, a volley. At once came a general rattle of rifle firing then the Hotchkiss guns.

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also stated that Black Coyote was deaf. In contrast, a Native American named Turning Hawk called Black Coyote "a crazy man, a young man of very bad influence, and in fact a nobody."

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Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 179-216.

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Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 195.

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Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 199.

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Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 198.

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Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 211.

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Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 194.

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Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917, "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children."

1360:, artillery, taking the place of his commanding officer who had fallen severely wounded, he gallantly served his piece, after each fire advancing it to a better position; 465:

rifle went off at that point; the U.S. Army began shooting at the Lakota. The Lakota warriors fought back, but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed.

5314: 5309: 5184: 1304:, cavalry, for distinguished bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, where, though severely wounded, he continued fighting; 5404: 5369: 5274: 5249: 5389: 5339: 5319: 5294: 5284: 5269: 5259: 5244: 5224: 5199: 5189: 5179: 1831: 557:

live in peace. All this would be brought about by the performance of the slow and solemn Ghost Dance, performed as a shuffle in silence to a slow, single drumbeat.

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Creek (about 2 mi or 3 km from the Indian agency). One soldier was immediately killed. The wagon train protected itself by circling the wagons. Corporal

3504: 2039:"Bury my heart at Wounded Knee". The poem is about his love of American place names, not making reference to the "battle". When the line was used as the title of 5344: 5299: 5239: 5214: 5169: 4132: 3438: 440:

and escorted them five miles (eight kilometers) westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel

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lived. U.S. officials decided to take some of the chiefs into custody in order to quell what they called the "Messiah craze". The military first hoped to have

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Photograph sold as being that of the Medicine Man "Yellow Bird"; the presence of the rifle however suggests that it is actually the body of "Black Coyote"

5142: 5127: 3803:, Saint Paul Daily Globe, St Paul, Minnesota, January 15, 1891. Available through Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress. 1711: 1484:

Largely the phenomena using the "mass shooting" language, and subsequent comparison to other shootings, is most widely reported on in the United States.

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Since the publication of the book, the phrase "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee" has been used many times in reference to the battle, especially in music.

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in a vision. Kicking Bear misunderstood the meaning of the shirts, and said that the shirts had the power to repel bullets. Some tribes, including the

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Many scholars and sources write about the event as "The worst mass shooting" in United States history, though the term "mass shooting" lacks any

1343: 3879: 2773: 4455: 2976: 2504:, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot. 5560: 5075: 3850:

Josephy, Jr., Alvin M., Trudy Thomas, and Jeanne Eder. Wounded Knee: Lest We Forget. Billings, Montana: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1990.

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on December 30, 1890, the day following Wounded Knee. The fight occurred on White Clay Creek approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) north of

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few minutes at most. While the Lakota warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against the

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Jeffrey Ostler: The Plains Sioux and U.S. colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee, pp. 357–358, Cambridge University Press (2004)

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comes.' He did many good and brave deeds for the white man and the red man. Many innocent women and children who knew no wrong died here.

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named Yellow Bird allegedly harangued the young men who were becoming agitated by the search, and the tension spread to the soldiers.

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To this day, the Sioux have refused to accept compensation for the Black Hills land seized from them. A 1980 Supreme Court decision (

2217:, the song "The Bootleg Saint" contains line critical of Knee Massacre. There is also a Welsh song titled "Gwaed Ar Yr Eira Gwyn" by 1903: 320: 4220: 1006:; others confused Ghost Dancers with Native Americans in general. In an editorial response to the event, the young newspaper editor 4019: 3951: 3050: 2424: 5122: 3902: 1426: 1207:

genuine acts of courage. Previous efforts to rescind the medals have failed. In March 2021, Senators Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and

478: 3814: 2005: 1332:, cavalry, voluntarily led a party into a ravine to dislodge Sioux Indians concealed therein. He was wounded during this action. 1269:, cavalry, distinguished bravery at Wounded Knee for "killing an Indian who was in the act of killing a wounded man of B Troop." 5641: 4631: 1287: 1065: 260: 85: 2951: 2850: 4876: 3772: 3548: 3469: 3402: 2932: 2723: 2194: 1723: 1192: 849: 474: 596:

performing the Ghost Dance, worried that it might be a prelude to armed attack. Among them was the U.S. Indian agent at the

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in Pennsylvania. A week after this fight, Plenty Horses shot and killed army lieutenant Edward W. Casey, commandant of the

1128: 744: 417: 313: 49: 1367:, cavalry, for bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians, at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, where he was wounded; 1045:. In 1968 James Czywczynski purchased 40 acres of property adjacent to Wounded Knee, operating a trading post and museum. 4296:

Joint Explanatory Statement to Accompany the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (2021), pp. 131–132.

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it was thought he might die of his wounds, he requested of his superiors to be buried in the mass grave at Wounded Knee.

5513: 4957: 4936: 4900: 4858: 4828: 4785: 4748: 4496: 4002: 3494: 1410: 631:

Spotted Elk and his band, along with 38 Hunkpapa, left the Cheyenne River Reservation on December 23 to journey to the

3430: 2313:, one level is called "Bury My Shell at Wounded Knee." It takes place in 1885 AD on a train in the Old American West. 1255:, artillery, rescuing commanding officer who was wounded and carried him out of range of hostile guns at Wounded Knee; 1116:, where Lakota fleeing from the continued hostile situation surrounding the massacre at Wounded Knee had set up camp. 5661: 4104: 4056: 3690: 3035: 2902: 2233: 2174: 1301: 1176: 625: 4412: 4183: 3872: 5626: 4525: 3173: 4068: 3620: 1086: 4554: 4339: 1913: 613: 486: 4588: 4142:. Vol. 75. Nebraska State Historical Society. pp. 200–208. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017 1195:

passed two resolutions condemning the Medals of Honor awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.

772:

Eyewitness accounts state that Black Coyote's gun went off when he was seized from behind by soldiers. Survivor

477:

passed two resolutions condemning the military awards and called on the federal government to rescind them. The

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the stranded troopers and the Lakota dispersed. For his actions, Corporal Wilson received the Medal of Honor.

928:, captain, commanded Co. D of the 7th Cavalry (Godfrey was a lieutenant in Captain Benteen's force during the 5621: 5581: 4756: 4161: 3147: 2279: 2040: 1965: 1389:

Wounded Knee hill, location of Hotchkiss guns during battle and subsequent mass grave of Native American dead

1109: 804: 632: 409: 4684: 3793: 2750: 5671: 4803: 4627: 3923: 3198: 2403: 2189:

wrote the 2001 song "The Day We Killed" with mentions of Black Kettle, and quotes Black Elk's account from

1611: 1315: 929: 5055: 5651: 4456:"American soldiers gathering up dead Sioux Indians after the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota, 1892" 3718: 4566: 2875: 2388: 1048:

More than 80 years after the massacre, beginning on February 27, 1973, Wounded Knee was the site of the

5646: 5616: 5611: 5518: 5497: 3353: 1430: 1124: 1042: 1012: 482: 2968: 1765:

The scene three weeks afterwards, with several bodies partially wrapped in blankets in the foreground.

872:

hen many Indians broke into the ravine; some ran up the ravine and to favorable positions for defense.

2777: 1874: 1108:

was an armed confrontation between Lakota warriors and the United States Army that took place on the

2799:

PRUCHA, FRANCIS PAUL (2005). Ostler, Jeffrey (ed.). "Wounded Knee through the Lens of Colonialism".

4382: 2367: 1575: 1276:, cavalry, bravery, especially after having been severely wounded through the lung at Wounded Knee; 1127:. Company K was pinned down in a valley by the combined Lakota forces and had to be rescued by the 1113: 1053: 4885: 2033: 787:

Soldiers pose with three of the four Hotchkiss-designed M1875 mountain guns used at Wounded Knee.

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James Parsons (March 25, 1973). "AIM Indians with 'story to tell' made Wounded Knee the medium".

3287: 2378: 1920: 1565: 1413:, which displayed the shirt until it was returned to Wounded Knee Survivors Association in 1998. 1180: 1002:

Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous

651: 20: 1735: 5132: 4155: 2519: 2398: 2055: 1627: 1290:, cavalry, conspicuous bravery in action against Indians concealed in a ravine at Wounded Knee; 1143: 1074: 1069: 643: 494: 416:, following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp. The previous day, a detachment of the 4486: 3994: 3988: 3676: 5137: 5117: 4949: 4892: 4851:

We Do Not Want the Gates Closed between Us: Native Networks and the Spread of the Ghost Dance

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Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 14th

2746: 2362: 2222: 2198: 1617: 1585: 1329: 1101:. It was not however the last armed conflict between Native Americans and the United States. 1049: 925: 5067: 2099:

Artists who have written or recorded songs referring to the battle at Wounded Knee include:

1857:

is marked with a red flag, Wounded Knee Creek is visible between the S and the K in Nebraska

646:

was asked his opinion of the "hostilities" surrounding the Ghost Dance movement, by General

5636: 5028: 2295: 2284: 1785: 1640: 1547: 1105: 1091: 777: 647: 597: 585:, believed that a great earthquake and flood would occur which would drown all the whites. 356: 5029:"Walter Mason Camp Collection," includes photographs from the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek 1953: 1889:"Map of the country embraced in the campaign against the Sioux Indians Messiah War" (1905) 1457: 686: 8: 5676: 3058: 2500:, p. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." 2334:

The Wounded Knee Massacre, and the events leading to it, constitute the final chapter of

2261: 2158: 2043:, awareness was raised and Benet's phrase became popularly associated with the incident. 1203: 490: 444:, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four 3959: 1353:, cavalry, for conspicuous bravery and coolness in action against hostile Sioux Indians; 1241:, cavalry, for extraordinary gallantry, advancing to an exposed position and holding it; 5060: 4866: 4370: 4318: 4306: 4242: 4212: 4197: 4116: 3499: 3261: 3223: 3129: 3004: 2922: 2824: 2438: 2241: 2206: 2078: 2015: 2010: 1647: 1473:

The United States government having perpetrated the Wounded Knee shooting instead of a

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included scenes of the massacre. In 2007, HBO Films released a film adaptation of the

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At Standing Rock and Wounded Knee: The Journals and Papers of Father Francis M. Craft

4762: 4744: 4492: 4100: 4052: 4027: 3998: 3984: 3909:, Archives and Special Collections, University of South Dakota, accessed June 7, 2011 3686: 3544: 3543:(Illustrated ed.). New York and Toronto: Sterling Publishing. pp. 521–522. 3475: 3465: 3398: 3359: 3031: 2928: 2898: 2816: 2812: 2719: 2687: 2327: 2166: 2116: 1398: 1322: 1231: 1034: 574: 2969:"Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information" 5531:

University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

4619: 3119: 2846: 2808: 2393: 2350: 2318: 2186: 2182: 2133: 2128: 2071: 1870: 1838: 1531: 1525: 1474: 1417:

lists many of those who died at Wounded Knee along with an inscription that reads:

813: 740: 573:, taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance, they would wear special 498: 441: 190: 181: 3769: 3124: 3107: 1809: 5631: 4984: 4963: 4942: 4928: 3906: 3883: 3800: 3776: 2713: 2273: 1558: 1406: 1394: 1336: 1266: 1238: 1132: 987: 792: 735: 690: 534: 518: 501:

on the historical centennial formally expressing "deep regret" for the massacre.

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Annual report, Part 2 By Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology,

1623:

Troop E: Cpt. Charles S. Isley, 1st Lt. Horatio G. Sickel, 2nd Lt. Sedgwick Rice

1318:, artillery, twice voluntarily rescued wounded comrades under fire of the enemy; 969: 2715:

Indian War Veterans: Memories of Army Life and Campaigns in the West, 1864–1898

2267: 2229: 1581: 1308: 1294: 1169: 910: 863: 697: 530: 522: 470: 448:. The Army was catering to the anxiety of settlers who called the conflict the 4255:"S. Dakota Senate unanimously seeks inquiry into Wounded Knee Medals of Honor" 3664:

Voices of the American West: The Indian interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903–1919

2536:

resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Indians.

2107:("Creek Mary's Blood" from their 2004 album "Once" featuring John Two-Hawks); 5575: 5034: 4925:

The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee : Native America from 1890 to the Present.

4821:

The Earth is Weeping: The Epic Story on the Indian wars for the American West

4817: 4031: 3479: 2820: 2691: 2346: 2210: 2170: 2162: 1673: 1463: 1350: 1139: 1007: 944: 881: 783: 609: 608:—a friend of Sitting Bull—aid in the plan, to reduce the chance of violence. 593: 558: 473:

specifically for Wounded Knee, and overall 31 for the campaign. In 2001, the

381: 377: 162: 155: 146: 100: 87: 4776:, 1888–1890, edited and annotated by Thomas W. Foley, Norman, Oklahoma: The 2680:"Deadliest mass shooting in modern US history – Wounded Knee, not Las Vegas" 1397:, thought to have been worn by one who died in the massacre, was brought to 977: 4921: 3080: 2255: 2202: 2142: 2138: 2050: 1854: 1777: 1571: 1402: 1357: 1208: 1184: 762: 605: 601: 566: 550: 526: 413: 79: 5050: 3861:

The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee

3000:"Congress Adjourns – Century Afterward, Apology For Wounded Knee Massacre" 4562: 4175: 2341: 2218: 2178: 2150: 2124: 2063: 1984: 1947:

Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee (1913).

1805: 1508: 1273: 1098: 1030: 973:

View of canyon at Wounded Knee, dead horses and Lakota bodies are visible

877: 838: 833: 773: 726: 621: 542: 453: 425: 186: 4097:

In the Shadow of Wounded Knee: The Untold Final Story of the Indian Wars

3678:

Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux

2828: 5041:"The Ghost Dance; How the Indians Work Themselves up to Fighting Pitch" 3682: 1705:

Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River, South Dakota, August 9, 1890

1543:

Assistant Surgeon & Medical Director: Cpt. John Van Rennselaer Hoff

1480:

Media attention tending to "...gloss over Native American massacres..."

1458:

Wounded Knee as worst mass shooting in the history of the United States

1450: 1364: 842: 429: 152: 41: 4331: 3794:‘’Exonerates Troops: Father Craft Corrects a Number of False Reports’’ 3621:"An Old Dilemma: What about the Indians? Militants vs. Tribal Leaders" 3133: 2299:

has its climax at the massacre site and was filmed on location there.

5526:

List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

4596: 3541:

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West

3249:

Trail to Wounded Knee: The Last Stand of the Plains Indians 1860–1890

2104: 2067: 2036: 2009:"The opening of the fight at Wounded Knee", engraved illustration by 895: 636: 578: 3462:

Surviving Wounded Knee : the Lakotas and the politics of memory

1516: 592:

U.S. settlers were alarmed by the sight of the many Great Basin and

5023: 2897:(1st ed.). National Woodlands Publishing Company. p. 25. 2591:"The worst mass shooting? A look back at massacres in U.S. history" 1492: 1147: 809: 433: 389: 159: 4988:

Frontier Regulars The United States Army and the Indian 1866–1891.

4284:"Warren, Merkley, and Kahele Reintroduce the Remove the Stain Act" 3674: 3325:

Chronicles of the Indian Wars: From Colonial Times to Wounded Knee

2620:"Wounded Knee, and the bloody history of mass shootings in the US" 1385: 1339:, artillery, distinguished conduct in battle with hostile Indians; 1120: 663:

and you will not succeed with the mob element because you cannot.

305: 4176:"Doctor Sally Wagner Testifies At Wounded Knee Hearings Part Two" 2108: 1717:

Holy Cross Episcopal Mission, used as hospital for wounded Lakota

546: 3745:

Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States

880:(Iron Hail, 1862–1955), Minneconjou Lakota survivor, as told to 3990:

Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898

2345:), a trilogy of novels told from the perspective of the Santee 2100: 1138:

Among the Lakota warriors was a young Brulé from Rosebud named

562: 538: 4589:"Discography: We are[sic] all wounded at Wounded Knee" 2927:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 417–418. 1234:, cavalry, directed fire at Indians in ravine at Wounded Knee; 837:

Brothers, (left to right) White Lance, Joseph Horn Cloud, and

721: 509: 5097: 3890:© 2014 Native Sun News, at HuffPost. Retrieved July 15, 2018. 582: 457: 2952:"An alternative proposal for the Wounded Knee medal problem" 2561:"The Worst Mass Shooting in U.S. History Was Not in Orlando" 696:

General Miles sent this telegram from Rapid City to General

3877:). "The Man Who Called for the Extermination of the Lakota" 3815:"Father Francis M. J. Craft – Missionary Wounded in Battle" 3649:

Series Prologue "Wounded Knee Legacy & the Ancestors."

3028:

The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States,

1792:, and others, on horseback, on battlefield of Wounded Knee. 1500: 1380: 1003: 981:

Civilian burial party, loading victims on a cart for burial

959:

The Reverend Father Francis M.J. Craft, Catholic missionary

821: 624:(later known as "Big Foot") and his Miniconjou band at the 4020:"The Siege of Wounded Knee Was Not an End but a Beginning" 1593:

Troop K: Cpt. George D. Wallace (k), 1st Lt. James D. Mann

553:, had returned to Earth in the form of a Native American. 3770:

Hugh McGinnis, "I Took Part In The Wounded Knee Massacre"

3085:"The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890" 2221:

on this incident. The song "American Ghost Dance" by the

1068:

about 15 miles (24 kilometers) north of Indian agency at

4070:

Congressional edition By United States. Congress, p. 132

3900:"Wounded Knee Survivors Association, Papers (1890–1973)" 3576: 3274:

The ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890,

3030:

Oxford Press, 1992; section: "Native Americans," p. 580

2649:"Orlando headlines gloss over Native American massacres" 2053:

released the song "Wounded Knee Soliloquy" on the album

1987:

laying a wreath at the site of the Wounded Knee Memorial

469:

wounded later died). Nineteen soldiers were awarded the

1590:

Troop I: Cpt. Henry J. Nowlan, 2nd Lt. John C. Waterman

3285: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2253:

The massacre has been referred to in films, including

1470:

Wounded Knee having occurred more in the distant past,

1401:, by George C Crager, a Lakota Sioux interpreter with 3917: 3915: 3464:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 124–125. 1346:, cavalry, conspicuous and gallant conduct in battle; 5682:

United States military killing of American civilians

4838:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (2002). 4559:"Sam Roberts – The Bootleg Saint Lyrics MetroLyrics" 4371: