Writing - Knowledge

570:

monitoring documents to make, evaluate, and provide accountability for decisions and operations; the creation and maintenance of records; internal written communications within departments to coordinate work; written communications that comprise work products presented to other departments and to clients; and external communications to clients and the public. Business and financial organizations also rely on many written legal documents, such as contracts, reports to government agencies, tax records, and accounting reports. Financial institutions and markets that hold, transmit, trade, insure, or regulate holdings for clients or other institutions are particularly dependent on written records (though now often in digital form) to maintain the integrity of their roles.

720: 1030:

placing these tokens inside large, hollow clay containers (bulla, or globular envelopes) which were then sealed. The quantity of tokens in each container came to be expressed by impressing, on the container's surface, one picture for each instance of the token inside. They next dispensed with the tokens, relying solely on symbols for the tokens, drawn on clay surfaces. To avoid making a picture for each instance of the same object (for example: 100 pictures of a hat to represent 100 hats), they counted the objects by using various small marks. In this way the Sumerians added "a system for enumerating objects to their incipient system of symbols".

1011: 308: 1117: 4815: 1684: 890:. Thus, a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. However, as languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. 643:

them, international geopolitical events, including conflicts, but also sports, entertainment, books, and other leisure activities. While news and newspapers have grown rapidly from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, the changing economics and ability to produce and distribute news have brought about radical and rapid challenges to journalism and the consequent organization of citizen knowledge and engagement. These changes have also created challenges for

5160: 977:. Writing most likely began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration outgrew the power of memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form. 591:, which can present further written regulations specifying the laws and how they are carried out. Governments at different levels also typically maintain written records on citizens concerning identities, life events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, the granting of licenses for controlled activities, criminal charges, traffic offenses, and other penalties small and large, and tax liability and payments. 72: 825:, typically a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone. In some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically similar syllables are not written similarly. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar. 1057:, but by the 29th century BC also for phonetic elements. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. This script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the East Semitic 1029:

determined the link between previously uncategorized clay "tokens", the oldest of which have been found in the Zagros region of Iran, and cuneiform, the first known writing. Around 8000 BC, Mesopotamians began using clay tokens to count their agricultural and manufactured goods. Later they began

1426:

has yet to be deciphered. The sequence and the geographical spread of the three overlapping, but distinct writing systems can be summarized as follows (beginning date refers to first attestations, the assumed origins of all scripts lie further back in the past): Cretan hieroglyphs were used in Crete

898:

In most of the alphabets of the Middle East, it is usually only the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of various diacritical marks. Writing systems based primarily on writing just consonants phonemes date back to the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.

658:

Formal education is the social context most strongly associated with the learning of writing, and students may carry these particular associations long after leaving school. Alongside the writing that students read (in the forms of textbooks, assigned books, and other instructional materials as

582:

at the national and sometimes state or other organizational levels. Written rules and procedures typically guide the operations of the various branches, departments, and other bodies of government, which regularly produce reports and other documents as work products and to account for their actions.

564:

Writing permeates everyday commerce. For example, in the course of an afternoon, a wholesaler might receive a written inquiry about the availability of a product line, then communicate with suppliers and fabricators through work orders and purchase agreements, correspond via email to affirm shipping

3421:

A previously unknown civilisation was using writing in Central Asia 4,000 years ago, hundreds of years before Chinese writing developed, archaeologists have discovered. An excavation near Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, revealed an inscription on a piece of stone that seems to have been used

627:

Publication does not establish the claims or findings of work as being authoritatively true, only that they are worth the attention of other specialists. As the work appears in review articles, handbooks, textbooks, or other aggregations, and others cite it in the advancement of their own research,

642:

News and news reporting are central to citizen engagement and knowledge of many spheres of activity people may be interested in about the state of their community, including the actions and integrity of their governments and government officials, economic trends, natural disasters and responses to

393:

explains, the "marking of signs on stones, clay, paper, and now digital memories—each more portable and rapidly traveling than the previous—provided means for increasingly coordinated and extended action as well as memory across larger groups of people over time and space." For example, around the

299:

have resulted in software capable of producing certain forms of formulaic writing (e.g., weather forecasts and brief sports reporting) without the direct involvement of humans after initial configuration or, more commonly, to be used to support writing processes such as generating initial drafts,

1379:

script was used from about 2500 to 331 BC, and was adapted from the Akkadian cuneiform. At any given point within this period, the Elamite cuneiform script consisted of about 130 symbols, and over this entire period only 206 total signs were used. This is far fewer than most other cuneiform

569:

company, write an invoice, and request proof of receipt in the form of a written signature. At a much larger scale, modern systems of finances, banking, and business rest on many forms of written documents—including written regulations, policies, and procedures; the creation of reports and other

1203:

in Central Egypt. Based on hieroglyphic prototypes, but also including entirely new symbols, each sign apparently stood for a consonant rather than a word: the basis of an alphabetic system. It was not until the 12th to 9th centuries, however, that the alphabet took hold and became widely used.

3334:

A block with a hitherto unknown system of writing has been found in the Olmec heartland of Veracruz, Mexico. Stylistic and other dating of the block places it in the early first millennium before the common era, the oldest writing in the New World, with features that firmly assign this pivotal

1534:

style. In 2015, the epigrapher Bryan Wells estimated there were around 694 distinct signs. This is above 400, so scholars accept the script to be logo-syllabic (typically syllabic scripts have about 50–100 signs whereas logographic scripts have a very large number of principal signs). Several

326:

Writing technologies from different eras coexist easily in many homes and workplaces. During the course of a day or even a single episode of writing, for example, a writer might instinctively switch among a pencil, a touchscreen, a text-editor, a whiteboard, a legal pad, and adhesive notes as

1198:

appears to have been developed by Canaanite turquoise miners in the Sinai desert around the mid-19th century BC. Around 30 crude inscriptions have been found at a mountainous Egyptian mining site known as Serabit el-Khadem. This site was also home to a temple of Hathor, the "Mistress of

1356:

is a writing system attested in a few monumental inscriptions in Iran. It was used for a very brief period during the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from Proto-Elamite, although this cannot be proven since

1191:. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. 1044:

from this method of keeping accounts. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus pressed into soft clay to record numbers. This system was gradually augmented with using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted by means of

1652:

or writing have played a special role. For example, some religious text compilations have been some of the earliest popular texts, or even the only written texts in some languages, and in some cases are still highly popular around the world. The first books printed widely using the

168:

In general, writing systems do not constitute languages in and of themselves, but rather a means of encoding language such that it can be read by others across time and space. While not all languages use a writing system, those that do can complement and extend the capacities of

196:

Any instance of writing involves a complex interaction among available tools, intentions, cultural customs, cognitive routines, genres, tacit and explicit knowledge, and the constraints and limitations of the writing system(s) deployed. Inscriptions have been made with

619:

of potential publications may also be presented at academic or disciplinary conferences or on publicly accessible web servers to gain peer feedback and build interest in the work. Prior to official publication, these documents are typically read and evaluated by

516:

has made writing an increasingly important feature of daily life, where these systems mix with older technologies like paper, pencils, whiteboards, printers, and copiers. Substantial amounts of everyday writing characterize most workplaces in

545:

Some professions are typically associated with writing, such as literary authors, journalists, and technical writers, but writing is pervasive in most modern forms of work, civic participation, household management, and leisure activities.

2489:

Sterponi, Laura; Zucchermaglio, Cristina; Alby, Francesca; Fatigante, Marilena (October 2017). "Endangered Literacies? Affordances of Paper-Based Literacy in Medical Practice and Its Persistence in the Transition to Digital Technology".

1179:

at Abydos, which dates from the Second Dynasty (28th or 27th century BC). There are around 800 hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom Eras. By the Greco-Roman period, there are more than 5,000.

3291:

Rodríguez Martínez, Maria del Carmen; Ceballos, Ponciano Ortíz; Coe, Michael D.; Diehl, Richard A.; Houston, Stephen D.; Taube, Karl A.; Calderón, Alfredo Delgado (15 September 2006). "Oldest Writing in the New World".

3248:

A stone slab bearing 3,000-year-old writing previously unknown to scholars has been found in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and archaeologists say it is an example of the oldest script ever discovered in the Western

181:

or other public records). Writing can also have knowledge-transforming effects, since it allows humans to externalize their thinking in forms that are easier to reflect on, elaborate on, reconsider, and revise.

1243:. The earliest inscription identified as Maya dates to the 3rd century BC. Maya writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing. 607:. Arguments, experiments, observational data, and other evidence collated in the course of research is represented in writing, and serves as the basis for later work. Data collection and drafting of 1003:. It is generally agreed that Sumerian writing was an independent invention; however, it is debated whether Egyptian writing was developed completely independently of Sumerian, or was a case of 410:

for recording historical and environmental events. Further innovations included more uniform, predictable, and widely dispersed legal systems, the distribution of accessible versions of

1526:

and claims, it is as yet undeciphered. The term 'Indus script' is mainly applied to that used in the mature Harappan phase, which perhaps evolved from a few signs found in early

611:

may be supported by grants, which usually require proposals establishing the value of such work and the need for funding. The data and procedures are also typically collected in

1167:, and several recent discoveries that may be slightly older, though these glyphs were based on a much older artistic rather than written tradition. The hieroglyphic script was 2212: 996:

are generally considered the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of ancestral proto-writing systems between 3400 and 3300 BC, with earliest coherent texts from

1108:(911–609 BC), Old Aramaic was also adapted to Mesopotamian cuneiform. The last cuneiform scripts in Akkadian discovered thus far date from the 1st century AD. 935:, are learned by children as syllabaries, and so are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable. 4026:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. pp. 59–66, 235s. 2182: 728: 533:), written documentation is not only the main deliverable but also the mode of work itself. Even in occupations not typically associated with writing, routine 1559:

was adapted from the Proto-Canaanite script sometime before the 14th century BC, which in turn borrowed principles of representing phonetic information from

659:

well as self-selected books) students do much writing within schools at all levels, on subject exams, in essays, in taking notes, in doing homework, and in

828:

Syllabaries are best suited to languages with a relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include

2454:

Christiansen, M. Sidury (2017). "Creating a Unique Transnational Place: Deterritorialized Discourse and the Blending of Time and Space in Online Media".

4502: 1311:

dating back to the 7th millennium BC, but whether or not these symbols are related to the characters of the later oracle bone script is disputed.

762:

component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners"). In Chinese, about 90% of characters are compounds of a semantic (meaning) element called a

398:

outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method for creating permanent records of transactions. On the other hand, writing in both

4057: 3116: 4058:"Signs – Books – Networks", virtual exhibition of the German Museum of Books and Writing i.a. with a thematic module on sounds, symbols and script 4617: 2234:

O'Hara, Kenton P.; Taylor, Alex; Newman, William; Sellen, Abigail J. (2002). "Understanding the materiality of writing from multiple sources".

1358: 3717: 948: 3235: 1334:), clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran, with the majority having been excavated at 4048: 3496: 3266: 2204: 5495: 5328: 3408: 3469: 980:

The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the emergence of civilisations and the beginning of the

4495: 3973: 3435: 3184:

Lipson, Carol (2004). "Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric: It All Comes Down to Maat". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).

4031: 4005: 3917: 3889: 3870: 3849: 3786: 3748: 3711: 3684: 3538: 3445: 3193: 3168: 2962: 2755: 2731: 2703: 2647: 2584: 2559: 2534: 2438: 2300: 2270: 2075: 2024: 1956: 1931: 1898: 1873: 1848: 1819: 1788: 2044: 1563:. This writing system was an odd sort of syllabary in which only consonants are represented. This script was adapted by the 3960: 100: 663:. Some of this is explicitly directed toward the learning of writing, but much is focused more on subject learning. 4904: 4610: 3986: 427: 2174: 5318: 5265: 5196: 2100: 719: 711:), though these are still associated by readers with their given pronunciations in the corresponding spoken language. 4488: 4090: 3509:

Signs carved into 8,600-year-old tortoise shells found in China may be the earliest written words, say archaeologists

3037: 2846: 2821: 4722: 4637: 1149:

are about 5,200 years old, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "Scorpion I" (Naqada IIIA period,

4677: 5729: 5512: 5163: 4603: 3944: 2678:

Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities

1414:(early-to-mid-2nd millennium BC, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). 677:

Writing systems may be broadly classified according to what units of language are represented by its symbols:

5302: 4879: 1357:

Linear-Elamite has not been deciphered. Several scholars have attempted to decipher the script, most notably

932: 624:

from appropriate experts, who determine whether the work is of sufficient value and quality to be published.

2015:

Jakobs, Eva-Maria; Perrin, Daniel (2014). "Introduction and research roadmap: Writing and text production".

1889:

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise; Erard, Erard (2007). "Origins and Forms of Writing". In Bazerman, Charles (ed.).

1635: 5719: 4909: 4859: 4799: 2261:

Anderson, Jack (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge". In Bazerman, Charles (ed.).

42: 17: 1346:(proto-cuneiform). The Proto-Elamite script consists of more than 1,000 signs and is thought to be partly 921:, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant. These are called 4889: 4874: 4707: 4702: 4697: 2550:

Jakobs, Eva-Marie; Spinuzzi, Clay (2014). "Professional Domains: Writing as Creation of Economic Value".

1342:

and between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. The Proto-Elamite script is thought to have developed from early

1195: 422:, all of which were largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of inscribed language. The 296: 292: 4814: 3112: 1049:. Round and sharp styluses were gradually replaced for writing by wedge-shaped styluses (hence the term 5323: 4662: 559: 433:

Individual motivations for writing include improvised additional capacity for the limitations of human

4995: 4864: 4829: 4349: 3279:

Ancient civilisations in Mexico developed a writing system as early as 900 BC, new evidence suggests.

1556: 1511: 319: 38: 2287: 5633: 5333: 4757: 4687: 4642: 4577: 1026: 2676:

Devitt, Amy J. (1991). "Intertextuality in Tax Accounting: Generic, Referential, and Functional".

5369: 4929: 4914: 4752: 4742: 4464: 4263: 4162: 4145: 3434:

Boltz, William (1999). "Language and Writing". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).

865: 490: 315: 5005: 3771:

Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring

2876:

Conboy, M. (2008). "Writing and Journalism: Politics, Social Movements, and the Public Sphere".

1811: 1805: 1172: 5592: 5562: 5507: 5490: 5420: 5189: 5100: 4258: 2918:

Wingate, Ursula (2012). "'Argument!' helping students understand what essay writing is about".

2777:

Tardy, Christine M. (January 2003). "A Genre System View of the Funding of Academic Research".

1980:

Winsor, Dorothy A. (1994). "Invention and Writing in Technical Work: Representing the Object".

1708: 770:. However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa. 336: 150: 63: 3701: 1239:, the one that appears to have been best developed, and the only one to be deciphered, is the 339:

were driven by pragmatic exigencies like keeping track of produce and other wealth, recording

5673: 5400: 5234: 4924: 4854: 4727: 4626: 4188: 4150: 4083: 1703: 1175:. The world's oldest deciphered sentence was found on a seal impression found in the tomb of 353: 3225: 2316:

Green, M. W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System".

1555:

is believed to have been first written, is attested as far back as the 19th century BC. The

5587: 5502: 5135: 4934: 4884: 4849: 4839: 4834: 4322: 4195: 3938:

By Joel M. Hoffman, 2004. Chapter 3 covers the invention of writing and its various stages.

3360: 3301: 2129: 1623: 1560: 993: 555: 466: 419: 284:

have recently become widespread writing tools, and studies have compared the ways in which

3831:

Robinson, Andrew (2003). "The Origins of Writing". In Crowley, David; Heyer, Paul (eds.).

1010: 973:

is ongoing, the current consensus is that it first evolved from economic necessity in the

288:

have framed the experience of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.

8: 5638: 5577: 5450: 5354: 5297: 5290: 5219: 5080: 5055: 3211:. "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs", Biblical Archaeology Review, Mar/Apr 2010 2719: 1738: 1661: 1216:, a stone slab with 3,000-year-old proto-writing, was discovered in the Mexican state of 1105: 1062: 600: 518: 301: 3492: 3364: 3305: 3262: 2864:

Shaping written knowledge: The genre and activity of the experimental article in science

2133: 758:

whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated. Many logograms have an

5572: 5470: 5460: 5270: 4919: 4894: 4869: 4794: 4737: 4511: 4459: 3625: 3606: 3571: 3386: 3325: 3230: 3221: 3156: 3082: 2995: 2935: 2794: 2696:

Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century

2617: 2507: 2471: 2411: 2368: 2155: 1997: 1962: 1645: 1592: 1407: 1394: 1304:

period. A small number of bronze inscriptions from the same period have also survived.

1279: 1220:

and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest

1004: 952: 837: 782: 778: 774: 732: 660: 534: 423: 415: 142: 5020: 3404: 2600:

Smith, Dorothy E. (2001). "Texts and the ontology of organizations and institutions".

307: 5724: 5714: 5658: 5557: 5445: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5280: 5275: 5224: 5182: 4950: 4571: 4392: 4275: 4027: 4001: 3913: 3885: 3866: 3845: 3819: 3782: 3744: 3707: 3680: 3610: 3534: 3461: 3441: 3378: 3317: 3189: 3164: 3086: 3033: 2958: 2842: 2817: 2727: 2699: 2643: 2621: 2580: 2555: 2530: 2511: 2475: 2434: 2403: 2360: 2325: 2296: 2266: 2159: 2147: 2096: 2071: 2020: 2001: 1952: 1927: 1894: 1869: 1844: 1837: 1815: 1784: 1748: 1572: 1376: 1283: 1058: 989: 974: 644: 254: 191: 88: 3968: 3798:"Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance" 3390: 3329: 3065:

Cushman, Ellen (2011). "The Cherokee Syllabary: A Writing System in its Own Right".

2999: 2939: 5709: 5532: 5440: 5405: 5075: 4767: 4469: 4387: 4344: 4317: 4103: 4076: 3809: 3774: 3598: 3563: 3526: 3368: 3309: 3074: 2987: 2927: 2798: 2786: 2609: 2499: 2463: 2395: 2386:

Justeson, John S. (1986). "The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica".

2352: 2243: 2137: 1989: 1919: 1600: 1596: 1419: 1369: 1089: 1085: 1081: 588: 390: 311: 174: 127: 5000: 3602: 2991: 2747: 2399: 2356: 118:

uses a set of symbols and rules to encode aspects of spoken language, such as its

5668: 5602: 5582: 5567: 5542: 5527: 5485: 5410: 5229: 5110: 5070: 5060: 5050: 4985: 4975: 4965: 4960: 4787: 4305: 4217: 4130: 3990: 3977: 3964: 3948: 3933: 3860: 3208: 3138: 2040: 1914:

Bazerman, Charles; Russell, David, eds. (1994). "Writing as a mode of learning".

1657: 1649: 1552: 1531: 1530:

after 3500 BC. The script is written from right to left, and sometimes follows a

1363: 1221: 1184: 841: 829: 786: 530: 526: 438: 382: 173:

by creating durable forms of language that can be transmitted across space (e.g.

170: 146: 3955: 3589:

Olivier, J.-P. (February 1986). "Cretan writing in the second millennium B.C.".

1993: 1116: 928: 5688: 5628: 5552: 5522: 5517: 5480: 5465: 5364: 5249: 5145: 5140: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5065: 5040: 5025: 5015: 5010: 4955: 4454: 4175: 4168: 4068: 2931: 2142: 2117: 1753: 1689: 1654: 1604: 1584: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1548: 1482: 1455: 1435: 1353: 1213: 1157: 1120: 918: 672: 578:

Many modern systems of government are organized and sanctified through written

358: 281: 158: 115: 96: 92: 84: 3981: 3814: 3797: 3778: 3567: 2613: 5703: 5653: 5643: 5597: 5435: 5374: 5244: 5095: 5090: 5030: 4990: 4970: 4899: 4844: 4732: 4672: 3823: 3530: 3078: 2790: 2503: 2467: 2407: 2364: 2329: 1758: 1669: 1612: 1608: 1536: 1320: 1308: 1270:, revealed an inscription on a piece of stone that was used as a stamp seal. 1232: 1176: 1019: 944: 505: 399: 76: 3373: 3348: 3313: 2878:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text,

2664:

Writing the economy: Activity, genre and technology in the world of banking.

1966: 5607: 5475: 5379: 5359: 5105: 5045: 5035: 4980: 4682: 4667: 4565: 4559: 4480: 4065:– open access books, journals, teaching resources on research and practice. 3382: 3321: 2691: 2635: 2577:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

2263:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

2247: 2151: 1891:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

1718: 1683: 1670:

historically supported or enabled large-scale warfare between modern humans

1523: 1505: 1439: 1267: 1252: 1034: 883: 849: 699: 612: 579: 513: 494: 482: 411: 226: 162: 1923: 1014:

Globular envelope with a cluster of accountancy tokens, Uruk period, from

723:

Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in Mesopotamian

5395: 5085: 4692: 4300: 4270: 4137: 3951:: UK Museum of Writing with information on writing history and implements 3159:(1981). "The Origin and Development of the Cuneiform System of Writing". 2978:

Williams C, Beam S (2019). "Technology and writing: review of research".

2953:

Klein, Perry D.; Arcon, Nina; Baker, Samanta (2016). "Writing to Learn".

1733: 1723: 1698: 1519: 1347: 1300:

which were used for divination—date from around 1200 BC, during the

1289: 1240: 1236: 1200: 1168: 1146: 1132: 1128: 1097: 1092:. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for 1046: 806: 794: 790: 759: 685: 621: 584: 403: 395: 362: 230: 222: 154: 80: 4595: 3575: 2640:

Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management

2205:"AI Writing Assistants: A Cure for Writer's Block or Modern-Day Clippy?" 1660:. Such texts enabled rapid spread and maintenance of societal cohesion, 149:. The outcome of this activity, also called "writing", and sometimes a " 130:

may take on characteristics distinct from those of any spoken language.

5349: 4762: 4717: 4712: 4553: 4421: 4416: 4354: 4310: 4290: 4154: 1743: 1728: 1567:, who adapted certain consonantal signs to represent their vowels. The 1301: 981: 777:, used with some modification for the various languages or dialects of 637: 608: 522: 277: 266: 258: 238: 2415: 2372: 2286:

Bazerman, Charles (2013). "Literacy and the Organization of Society".

394:

4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in

165:

symbols. The interpreter or activator of a text is called a "reader".

5623: 5455: 4747: 4428: 4404: 4280: 4238: 3556:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

1343: 1124: 1066: 985: 970: 875: 818: 802: 724: 604: 603:

is typically published as articles in journals or within book-length

478: 462: 348: 262: 246: 210: 178: 134: 3941: 3163:(3rd ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 381–383. 1510:

Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the

1288:

The earliest surviving examples of writing in China—inscriptions on

1251:

In 2001, archaeologists discovered that there was a civilization in

5648: 5537: 5205: 4380: 4285: 4200: 4183: 4051: 3347:

Saturno, William A.; Stuart, David; Beltrán, Boris (3 March 2006).

1713: 1619: 1588: 1515: 1423: 1415: 1402: 1398: 1323:

is the oldest known writing system from Iran. In use only briefly (

1293: 1263: 1217: 1093: 1054: 886:

alphabet, the letters would correspond perfectly to the language's

871: 845: 833: 822: 766:

with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation, called a

747: 739: 708: 694: 679: 616: 474: 407: 386: 370: 111: 3290: 2488: 2068:

Observing Writing: Insights from Keystroke Logging and Handwriting

351:

and lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge (e.g.

5678: 5663: 5239: 4772: 4583: 4530: 4212: 4049:

Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico

1527: 1478: 1470: 1459: 1443: 1297: 1199:

turquoise". A later, two line inscription has also been found at

1101: 1077: 958: 923: 887: 853: 690: 566: 486: 446: 344: 340: 234: 119: 3656: 2839:

Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing

1603:, among others. The Phoenician system was also adapted into the 300:

producing feedback with the help of a rubric, copy-editing, and

71: 4782: 4777: 4433: 4409: 4243: 4016:

Merleau-Ponty And Derrida: Intertwining Embodiment And Alterity

3161:

History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History

2118:"Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better" 1665: 1486: 1339: 1188: 798: 509: 454: 442: 434: 406:

may have evolved through the political necessity to manage the

366: 285: 242: 214: 202: 198: 138: 123: 1319:

Over the centuries, three distinct Elamite scripts developed.

361:), organizing and governing societies through texts including 5547: 4536: 4375: 4207: 4124: 3998:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

3741:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

2724:

Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy

1474: 1451: 1447: 1411: 1225: 901: 879: 498: 458: 318:

representing Writing, above exterior of main entrance doors,

270: 250: 206: 185: 4062: 2233: 1542: 628:

does it become codified as contingently reliable knowledge.

587:

that draft and pass laws, these laws are administered by an

426:

is co-extensive with uses of writing and the elaboration of

110:

is the act of creating a persistent representation of human

5174: 4438: 4370: 3521:

Dahl, Jacob L. (2018). "The proto-Elamite writing system".

2680:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 336–357. 2579:. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 221–237. 1639: 1580: 1335: 1187:, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of 1156:) recovered at Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab) in 1998 or the 1015: 743: 704: 470: 374: 335:

As human societies emerged, collective motivations for the

79:(196 BC) bears writing using three different scripts: 3440:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–123. 2841:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–19. 2343:

Ray, John D. (1986). "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt".

1949:

Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies

1866:

Writing technology: Studies on the Materiality of Literacy

1571:, a variant of the early Greek alphabet, gave rise to the 969:

While research into the development of writing during the

453:, the proper sequence for a complicated task or important 4250: 3935:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.

3632: 1947:

Adler-Kassner, Linda; Wardle, Elizabeth A., eds. (2015).

801:

system is mainly used. Other logographic systems include

750:. For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced 653: 450: 378: 218: 1535:

scholars maintain that structural analysis indicates an

3957:

Writing Instruction: Current Practices in the Classroom

3046: 3833:

Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society

3093: 2971: 2957:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. pp. 245–246. 1951:. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 55–56. 1888: 1783:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 185. 537:

has most employees writing at least some of the time.

3335:

development to the Olmec civilization of Mesoamerica.

2814:

Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts

2575:

Beaufort, Anne (2008). "Writing in the Professions".

2265:. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates. pp. 177–190. 1522:) used between 2600 and 1900 BC. Despite attempts at 3554:

Hinz, Walther (1975). "Problems of Linear Elamite".

3346: 1839:

Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word

1679: 4024:

Global communication without universal civilization

3910:

A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia

3644: 1946: 957:"Writings" redirects here. Not to be confused with 689:

generally represent a language's sounds of speech (

99:. These correspondences proved instrumental in the 3983:Writing Instruction: Changing Views over the Years 3859:Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (2018). 2295:. Vol. 2. Anderson, SC: Parlor. p. 193. 1836: 1171:with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective 905:, derived from the Arabic word for 'alphabet', or 3145:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 48–57. 3032:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 59. 2698:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2642:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1916:Landmark Essays: On Writing Across the Curriculum 1810:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1807:Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People 457:), dissemination of ideas and coordination (e.g. 5701: 4098: 2602:Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies 2065: 1622:script (Berber languages) is descended from the 1307:In 2003, archaeologists reported discoveries of 1224:by approximately 500 years. It is thought to be 647:that have been developed over the past century. 3908:Christin, Anne-Marie; Bacon, Josephine (2002). 2952: 2236:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 1913: 1893:. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates. p. 21. 1626:, which is assumed to be of Phoenician origin. 742:—written characters which represent individual 225:; surfaces used for these inscriptions include 3882:The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing 3349:"Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala" 2880:New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. pp. 201–216. 2549: 1636:History of writing § Writing and religion 1183:Writing was very important in maintaining the 5190: 4611: 4496: 4084: 3907: 3858: 3662: 3226:"Writing May Be Oldest in Western Hemisphere" 3027: 2811: 2718: 4510: 3795: 3638: 2977: 2453: 2093:Building Natural Language Generation Systems 2014: 1469:to 1450 BC; and Linear B was used in Crete ( 773:The main logographic system in use today is 62:"Write" redirects here. For other uses, see 4063:Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse 3340: 3028:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). 949:List of languages by first written accounts 874:is a set of written symbols that represent 821:is a set of written symbols that represent 330: 23: 5197: 5183: 4618: 4604: 4503: 4489: 4091: 4077: 3700:Johnston, Sarah Iles (30 September 2007). 3623: 2115: 2090: 1907: 754:, was also used to represent the syllable 594: 186:Tools, materials, and motivations to write 24: 4625: 3813: 3372: 2866:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2141: 2066:Lindgren, E.; Sullivan, K., eds. (2019). 1543:Phoenician writing system and descendants 703:represent a language's units of meaning ( 430:that give rise to and circulate writing. 3862:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 3830: 3699: 3099: 2920:Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2861: 2574: 2428: 2385: 2285: 2260: 1115: 1009: 984:during the late 4th millennium BC. 718: 306: 269:. The Incas used knotted cords known as 70: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5329:National Council of Teachers of English 3588: 3582: 3405:"Ancient writing found in Turkmenistan" 3220: 3143:The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age 3137: 3131: 3064: 2917: 2552:Handbook of Writing and Text Production 2017:Handbook of writing and text production 549: 14: 5702: 4021: 3995: 3842:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach 3839: 3796:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019). 3768: 3738: 3674: 3490: 3437:The Cambridge History of Ancient China 3260: 3183: 3155: 3052: 2908:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2889: 2836: 2812:Latour, Bruno; Woolgar, Steve (1986). 2675: 2524: 2172: 1979: 1778: 1338:, an ancient city located east of the 938: 917:In most of the alphabets of India and 654:Education and educational institutions 5178: 4599: 4484: 4072: 3879: 3743:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 12. 3650: 3433: 3186:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2776: 2758:from the original on 24 February 2023 2690: 2634: 2599: 2315: 2185:from the original on 10 February 2023 1868:. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. 1803: 1575:and its own descendants, such as the 1434:to 1500 BC; Linear A was used in the 573: 59:Persistent representation of language 3553: 3520: 3472:from the original on 26 October 2018 3411:from the original on 7 December 2008 2215:from the original on 23 January 2023 1863: 540: 101:decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 3493:"'Earliest writing' found in China" 3261:Briggs, Helen (14 September 2006). 2342: 2116:Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). 2091:Reiter, Ehud; Dale, Robert (2000). 1834: 1388: 661:formative and summative assessments 56: 5319:International Literacy Association 5266:List of countries by literacy rate 3900: 3720:from the original on 26 April 2023 3499:from the original on 20 March 2012 3263:"'Oldest' New World writing found" 3119:from the original on 11 March 2022 3006: 2554:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 360. 2019:. De Gruyter / Mouton. p. 8. 1664:, motivations, justifications and 1629: 1314: 666: 493:regarding goods and services, and 57: 5741: 4042: 3269:from the original on 3 April 2008 3238:from the original on 27 July 2018 2047:from the original on 22 July 2011 521:. In many occupations (e.g. law, 280:and subsequently various digital 91:, while an equivalent passage in 5159: 5158: 4813: 3677:The History and Power of Writing 3624:Whitehouse, David (4 May 1999). 3462:"Archaeologists Rewrite History" 1682: 1309:isolated tortoise-shell carvings 273:(or khipu) for keeping records. 4678:Computer-mediated communication 3732: 3693: 3679:. University of Chicago Press. 3668: 3617: 3547: 3514: 3484: 3454: 3427: 3397: 3284: 3254: 3214: 3202: 3177: 3149: 3105: 3058: 2946: 2911: 2898: 2883: 2870: 2855: 2830: 2805: 2770: 2740: 2712: 2684: 2669: 2656: 2628: 2593: 2568: 2543: 2518: 2482: 2447: 2422: 2379: 2336: 2309: 2279: 2254: 2227: 2197: 2166: 2109: 2084: 2059: 2033: 1539:language underlies the script. 1499: 1246: 714: 5496:Occupational Safety and Health 3761: 3491:Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). 2892:The linguistics of newswriting 2816:. Princeton University Press. 2529:. Cambridge University Press. 2095:. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 1973: 1940: 1882: 1857: 1828: 1797: 1772: 1207: 964: 812: 738:A logography is written using 414:, and furthering practices of 357:) or artistic value (e.g. the 347:, codifying knowledge through 103:during the early 19th century. 13: 1: 3926:"The Art of Writing" (1974). 3603:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977 2992:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.024 2400:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981 2357:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979972 2173:Dzieza, Josh (20 July 2022). 1765: 1583:. Other descendants from the 1490: 1463: 1428: 1324: 1256: 1161: 1150: 1136: 1076:, and then to others such as 1070: 1038: 997: 933:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 631: 504:The global spread of digital 177:) and stored over time (e.g. 5204: 4800:Text and conversation theory 3706:. Harvard University Press. 2955:Handbook of Writing Research 2906:Journalism and the new media 2894:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2722:; Furlong, Scott R. (2019). 2433:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2041:"The Khipu Database Project" 1422:, has been deciphered while 1418:, the writing system of the 1127:representing unification of 1104:as the lingua franca of the 859: 615:or other preliminary files. 87:record the same text in the 7: 4000:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 3865:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 3675:Martin, Henri-Jean (1994). 3030:The World's Writing Systems 2289:A Theory of Literate Action 2175:"Can AI write good novels?" 1994:10.1177/0741088394011002003 1675: 1154: 32nd century BC 1037:writing system was derived 912: 489:and other social networks, 297:natural language generation 293:natural language processing 10: 5746: 5324:International Literacy Day 3880:Wells, B. K. (2015). 3626:"'Earliest writing' found" 3113:"Where did writing begin?" 2932:10.1016/j.jeap.2011.11.001 2862:Bazerman, Charles (1988). 2143:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9 1804:Smith, Dorothy E. (2005). 1633: 1514:(which spanned modern-day 1503: 1410:are found on artifacts of 1392: 1277: 956: 942: 863: 670: 635: 560:Professional communication 553: 327:different purposes arise. 189: 61: 5616: 5388: 5342: 5311: 5258: 5212: 5154: 4943: 4822: 4811: 4651: 4633: 4546: 4519: 4447: 4363: 4337: 4228: 4117: 4110: 3996:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 3930:23 no 3 (autumn):319–338. 3844:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 3815:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1 3779:10.1007/978-1-4842-3153-1 3739:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 3663:Stiebing & Helft 2018 3568:10.1017/S0035869X00132782 2980:Computers & Education 2614:10.1080/10245280108523557 1557:Phoenician writing system 1512:Indus Valley Civilization 1383: 927:. Some abugidas, such as 893: 320:Thomas Jefferson Building 5334:No Child Left Behind Act 4758:Nonviolent communication 4688:History of communication 4578:Optical mark recognition 3884:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 3773:(2nd ed.). Apress. 3769:Dooley, John F. (2017). 3531:10.4324/9781315658032-20 3079:10.1177/0741088311410172 2791:10.1177/0741088303253569 2525:Brandt, Deborah (2015). 2504:10.1177/0741088317723304 2468:10.1177/0741088317693996 2429:Hutchins, Edwin (1995). 1864:Haas, Christina (1996). 1273: 1111: 1027:Denise Schmandt-Besserat 899:Such systems are called 331:Motivations and purposes 159:mechanically transferred 39:latest accepted revision 4753:Nonverbal communication 4743:Models of communication 4465:List of writing systems 4176:Broussonetia papyrifera 4163:Folding-book manuscript 4146:Bamboo and wooden slips 4018:, Ohio University Press 3374:10.1126/science.1121745 3314:10.1126/science.1131492 2890:Perrin, Daniel (2013). 1100:. With the adoption of 866:History of the alphabet 599:Research undertaken in 595:Science and scholarship 491:business correspondence 322:, Washington D.C., 1896 5508:Information literacies 3840:Rogers, Henry (2005). 2904:Pavlik, J. V. (2001). 2726:(5th ed.). Sage. 2248:10.1006/ijhc.2001.0525 1709:Composition (language) 1142: 1022: 735: 337:development of writing 323: 175:written correspondence 104: 64:Write (disambiguation) 5730:Written communication 5674:Post-literate society 5634:Children's literature 5513:Information and media 5235:Functional illiteracy 4905:Mediated cross-border 4627:Communication studies 4189:Corypha umbraculifera 4022:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 4014:Reynolds, Jack 2004. 3976:15 April 2004 at the 3947:24 April 2006 at the 3912:. Paris: Flammarion. 3224:(15 September 2006). 3067:Written Communication 2779:Written Communication 2492:Written Communication 2456:Written Communication 2431:Cognition in the Wild 1982:Written Communication 1924:10.4324/9781003059219 1704:Collaborative writing 1393:Further information: 1278:Further information: 1262:. An excavation near 1196:oldest known alphabet 1119: 1053:), at first only for 1013: 729:EEgyptian hieroglyphs 722: 354:The Canon of Medicine 310: 221:, and many styles of 163:digitally represented 74: 4840:Communication theory 4835:Communication design 3989:4 March 2016 at the 3963:4 March 2016 at the 3525:. pp. 383–396. 3407:. BBC. 15 May 2001. 2837:Hyland, Ken (2004). 2720:Kerwin, Cornelius M. 1835:Ong, Walter (1982). 1779:Harris, Roy (2000). 1624:Libyco-Berber script 1561:Egyptian hieroglyphs 994:Egyptian hieroglyphs 697:respectively)—while 601:academic disciplines 565:availability with a 556:Professional writing 550:Business and finance 420:knowledge management 155:physically inscribed 5720:Human communication 5639:Composition studies 5355:Ruth Johnson Colvin 5220:Adolescent literacy 3970:Writing Development 3365:2006Sci...311.1281S 3359:(5765): 1281–1283. 3306:2006Sci...313.1610R 3300:(5793): 1610–1614. 3222:Wilford, John Noble 3157:Kramer, Samuel Noah 3115:. British Library. 2527:The Rise of Writing 2134:2022Natur.609..208K 1843:. London: Methuen. 1739:Textual scholarship 1662:collective identity 1467: 18th century 1332: 2900 BC 1292:, usually tortoise 1260: 2000 BC 1165: 3100 BC 1145:The earliest known 1140: 3100 BC 1106:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1074: 2600 BC 1042: 3200 BC 1001: 2600 BC 939:History and origins 844:creole language of 785:, and sometimes in 519:developed countries 302:helping translation 141:activity involving 29:Page version status 4870:Discourse analysis 4795:Telecommunications 4738:Meta-communication 4512:Paper data storage 4460:History of writing 3928:The Book Collector 3835:. Allyn and Bacon. 3665:, p. 104–105. 3231:The New York Times 2754:. 15 August 2016. 2662:Smart, G. (2006). 1781:Rethinking Writing 1668:that e.g. notably 1646:history of writing 1408:Cretan hieroglyphs 1395:Cretan hieroglyphs 1280:Oracle bone script 1255:that used writing 1143: 1023: 1018: – 1005:cultural diffusion 988:used to write the 953:History of writing 775:Chinese characters 736: 733:Chinese characters 574:Governance and law 535:records management 481:), creativity and 424:history of writing 416:scientific inquiry 324: 153:", is a series of 147:physical processes 143:neuropsychological 105: 35: 5697: 5696: 5659:Media consumption 5225:Emergent literacy 5172: 5171: 4593: 4592: 4572:Edge-notched card 4478: 4477: 4333: 4332: 4276:Photographic film 4033:978-2-88155-004-1 4007:978-1-4051-6256-2 3954:On ERIC Digests: 3942:Museum of Writing 3919:978-2-08-010887-6 3891:978-1-78491-046-4 3872:978-1-134-88083-6 3851:978-0-631-23463-0 3788:978-1-4842-3152-4 3750:978-1-4051-6256-2 3713:978-0-674-26477-9 3703:Ancient Religions 3686:978-0-226-50836-8 3639:Mukhopadhyay 2019 3591:World Archaeology 3540:978-1-315-65803-2 3523:The Elamite World 3447:978-0-521-47030-8 3195:978-0-7914-6099-3 3170:978-0-8122-7812-5 3055:, pp. 13–15. 2964:978-1-4625-2243-9 2752:National Archives 2733:978-1-48335-281-7 2705:978-0-8018-8086-5 2649:978-0-8018-3757-9 2586:978-0-805-84870-0 2561:978-3-11-022063-6 2536:978-1-107-46211-3 2440:978-0-262-58146-2 2388:World Archaeology 2345:World Archaeology 2302:978-1-602-35477-7 2272:978-0-8058-4870-0 2128:(7925): 208–209. 2077:978-90-04-39251-9 2070:. Leiden: Brill. 2026:978-3-11-022063-6 1958:978-0-87421-989-0 1933:978-1-003-05921-9 1900:978-1-135-25111-6 1875:978-0-8058-1306-7 1850:978-0-415-02796-0 1821:978-0-7591-0502-7 1790:978-0-253-33776-4 1607:, from which the 1573:Etruscan alphabet 1551:script, in which 1473:), and mainland ( 1377:Elamite cuneiform 1284:Bronzeware script 1266:, the capital of 990:Sumerian language 975:ancient Near East 882:. In a perfectly 645:journalism ethics 541:Contemporary uses 267:enameled surfaces 192:Writing implement 89:Egyptian language 47:28 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 5737: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5162: 5161: 4817: 4768:Public relations 4663:Biocommunication 4620: 4613: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4470:Written language 4388:Electronic media 4345:Electronic paper 4318:Textile printing 4115: 4114: 4104:writing material 4093: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4037: 4011: 3923: 3895: 3876: 3855: 3836: 3827: 3817: 3792: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3468:. 12 June 2003. 3458: 3452: 3451: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422:as a stamp seal. 3418: 3416: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3376: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3218: 3212: 3209:Goldwasser, Orly 3206: 3200: 3199: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3139:Rudgley, Richard 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3025: 3004: 3003: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2666:London: Equinox. 2660: 2654: 2653: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2318:Visible Language 2313: 2307: 2306: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1776: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1591:, used to write 1495: 1492: 1468: 1465: 1433: 1430: 1420:Mycenaean Greeks 1389:Crete and Greece 1367: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1261: 1258: 1166: 1163: 1155: 1152: 1141: 1138: 1075: 1072: 1043: 1040: 1002: 999: 589:executive branch 508:systems such as 428:activity systems 391:Charles Bazerman 383:trade agreements 312:Olin Levi Warner 291:Advancements in 233:, bamboo slats, 128:written language 21: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5669:Oral literature 5612: 5528:Multiliteracies 5384: 5338: 5307: 5254: 5230:Family literacy 5208: 5203: 5173: 5168: 5150: 4939: 4818: 4809: 4656: 4654: 4647: 4629: 4624: 4594: 4589: 4542: 4515: 4509: 4479: 4474: 4455:Writing systems 4443: 4364:Carrier objects 4359: 4329: 4229:Other materials 4224: 4218:Cyperus papyrus 4131:Trema micrantha 4106: 4097: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4008: 3991:Wayback Machine 3978:Wayback Machine 3965:Wayback Machine 3949:Wayback Machine 3920: 3903: 3901:Further reading 3898: 3892: 3873: 3852: 3789: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3622: 3618: 3587: 3583: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3519: 3515: 3502: 3500: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3432: 3428: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3345: 3341: 3289: 3285: 3272: 3270: 3259: 3255: 3241: 3239: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3154: 3150: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3026: 3007: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2951: 2947: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2748:"Vital Records" 2746: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2689: 2685: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2633: 2629: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2523: 2519: 2487: 2483: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2427: 2423: 2384: 2380: 2341: 2337: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2259: 2255: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2171: 2167: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2013: 2009: 1978: 1974: 1959: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1650:religious texts 1642: 1632: 1630:Religious texts 1615:are descended. 1553:Proto-Canaanite 1545: 1532:boustrophedonic 1508: 1502: 1493: 1466: 1431: 1405: 1391: 1386: 1361: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1315:Elamite scripts 1286: 1276: 1259: 1249: 1222:Zapotec writing 1210: 1185:Egyptian empire 1164: 1153: 1139: 1123:, with the two 1114: 1073: 1041: 1000: 967: 962: 955: 943:Main articles: 941: 915: 896: 868: 862: 830:Mycenaean Greek 815: 797:, the phonetic 717: 675: 669: 667:Writing systems 656: 650: 640: 634: 597: 583:In addition to 576: 562: 552: 543: 531:human resources 527:software design 333: 282:word processors 194: 188: 171:spoken language 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5743: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5689:Writing system 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629:Asemic writing 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5370:Griffith Jones 5367: 5365:James Paul Gee 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5250:Whole language 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4910:Organizational 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4860:Cross-cultural 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708:Intrapersonal 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4448:Related topics 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4169:Streblus asper 4160: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4121: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4055: 4044: 4043:External links 4041: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3993: 3952: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3837: 3828: 3793: 3787: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3731: 3712: 3692: 3685: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3616: 3597:(3): 377–389. 3581: 3562:(2): 106–115. 3546: 3539: 3513: 3483: 3453: 3446: 3426: 3396: 3339: 3283: 3253: 3213: 3201: 3194: 3188:. SUNY Press. 3176: 3169: 3148: 3130: 3104: 3092: 3073:(3): 255–281. 3057: 3045: 3038: 3005: 2970: 2963: 2945: 2926:(2): 145–154. 2910: 2897: 2882: 2869: 2854: 2847: 2829: 2822: 2804: 2769: 2739: 2732: 2711: 2704: 2683: 2668: 2655: 2648: 2627: 2592: 2585: 2567: 2560: 2542: 2535: 2517: 2498:(4): 359–386. 2481: 2462:(2): 135–164. 2446: 2439: 2421: 2394:(3): 437–458. 2378: 2351:(3): 307–316. 2335: 2324:(4): 345–372. 2308: 2301: 2278: 2271: 2253: 2242:(3): 269–305. 2226: 2196: 2165: 2108: 2102:978-0511519857 2101: 2083: 2076: 2058: 2032: 2025: 2007: 1988:(2): 227–250. 1972: 1957: 1939: 1932: 1906: 1899: 1881: 1874: 1856: 1849: 1827: 1820: 1796: 1789: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1754:Writing circle 1751: 1749:Writer's block 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690:Writing portal 1677: 1674: 1655:printing press 1631: 1628: 1613:Arabic scripts 1605:Aramaic script 1585:Greek alphabet 1577:Latin alphabet 1569:Cumae alphabet 1549:Proto-Sinaitic 1544: 1541: 1504:Main article: 1501: 1498: 1456:Greek mainland 1436:Aegean Islands 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1354:Linear Elamite 1316: 1313: 1275: 1272: 1248: 1245: 1214:Cascajal Block 1209: 1206: 1158:Narmer Palette 1121:Narmer Palette 1113: 1110: 1025:Archaeologist 966: 963: 940: 937: 919:Southeast Asia 914: 911: 907:consonantaries 895: 892: 861: 858: 814: 811: 789:, although in 716: 713: 673:Writing system 671:Main article: 668: 665: 655: 652: 636:Main article: 633: 630: 596: 593: 575: 572: 551: 548: 542: 539: 485:, maintaining 377:of ownership, 359:literary canon 343:, maintaining 332: 329: 187: 184: 116:writing system 97:Greek alphabet 85:Demotic script 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5742: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5654:Literacy test 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Dick and Jane 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:Transliteracy 5596: 5594: 5593:Technological 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5563:Psychological 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Mental health 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Computational 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Frank Laubach 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5303:United States 5301: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Post-literacy 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900:Media studies 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:International 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Environmental 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Developmental 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Communicology 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Media ecology 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Interpersonal 4701: 4699: 4698:Intercultural 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4673:Communication 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4533:(c. 3000 BCE) 4532: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3653:, p. 13. 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3423: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3250: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3102:, p. 36. 3101: 3100:Robinson 2003 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3039:0-19-507993-0 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2848:0-472-03024-8 2844: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2823:0-691-02832-X 2819: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Yates, JoAnne 2687: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:Yates, JoAnne 2631: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2304: 2298: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918:. Routledge. 1917: 1910: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1852: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1831: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1792: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1760: 1759:Writing slate 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1537:agglutinative 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:decipherments 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1497: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1370:Piero Meriggi 1365: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1322: 1321:Proto-Elamite 1312: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:pre-Columbian 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1177:Seth-Peribsen 1174: 1170: 1159: 1148: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1036: 1033:The original 1031: 1028: 1021: 1020:Louvre Museum 1017: 1012: 1008: 1006: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 960: 954: 950: 946: 945:Proto-writing 936: 934: 930: 926: 925: 920: 910: 908: 904: 903: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 867: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 734: 730: 726: 721: 712: 710: 706: 702: 701: 696: 692: 688: 687: 682: 681: 674: 664: 662: 651: 648: 646: 639: 629: 625: 623: 618: 614: 613:lab notebooks 610: 606: 602: 592: 590: 586: 581: 580:constitutions 571: 568: 561: 557: 547: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 515: 511: 507: 506:communication 502: 501:or journal). 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 445:, reminders, 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:ancient Egypt 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 328: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 303: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227:stone tablets 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 193: 183: 180: 176: 172: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133:Writing is a 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77:Rosetta Stone 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 5683: 5476:Geo-literacy 5401:Agricultural 5380:Brian Street 5360:Paulo Freire 5312:Institutions 5287:New Zealand 4804: 4683:Conversation 4668:Broadcasting 4566:Punched card 4560:Punched tape 4526: 4397: 4393: 4235:Animal skin 4216: 4199: 4187: 4174: 4167: 4155: 4136: 4129: 4099: 4023: 4015: 3997: 3982: 3969: 3956: 3934: 3927: 3909: 3881: 3861: 3841: 3832: 3805: 3801: 3770: 3740: 3734: 3722:. Retrieved 3702: 3695: 3676: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3641:, p. 2. 3634: 3619: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3522: 3516: 3508: 3501:. Retrieved 3495:. BBC News. 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3465: 3456: 3436: 3429: 3420: 3413:. Retrieved 3399: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3333: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3271:. Retrieved 3256: 3247: 3240:. Retrieved 3229: 3216: 3204: 3185: 3179: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3121:. Retrieved 3107: 3095: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3048: 3029: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2954: 2948: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2872: 2863: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2813: 2807: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2760:. Retrieved 2751: 2742: 2723: 2714: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2639: 2630: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2576: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2526: 2520: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2430: 2424: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2288: 2281: 2262: 2256: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2217:. Retrieved 2208: 2199: 2187:. Retrieved 2178: 2168: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2092: 2086: 2067: 2061: 2049:. Retrieved 2035: 2016: 2010: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1967:j.ctt15nmjt7 1948: 1942: 1915: 1909: 1890: 1884: 1865: 1859: 1838: 1830: 1806: 1799: 1780: 1774: 1719:Graphonomics 1643: 1617: 1546: 1509: 1506:Indus script 1500:Indus Valley 1496:to 1200 BC. 1406: 1374: 1359:Walther Hinz 1352: 1318: 1306: 1290:oracle bones 1287: 1268:Turkmenistan 1253:Central Asia 1250: 1247:Central Asia 1230: 1211: 1194:The world's 1193: 1182: 1160:, dating to 1144: 1050: 1035:Mesopotamian 1032: 1024: 979: 968: 922: 916: 906: 900: 897: 884:phonological 869: 850:Vai language 827: 816: 772: 767: 763: 755: 751: 737: 715:Logographies 700:logographies 698: 684: 678: 676: 657: 649: 641: 626: 598: 585:legislatures 577: 563: 544: 514:social media 503: 495:life writing 483:storytelling 432: 412:sacred texts 352: 334: 325: 290: 275: 265:, and other 231:clay tablets 195: 167: 132: 107: 106: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 18:Written work 5588:Statistical 5503:Information 5389:Other types 4830:Closed-loop 4693:Information 4655:terminology 4562:(mid-1800s) 4405:Inscription 4338:Impermanent 4301:Clay tablet 4271:Oracle bone 4138:Ficus aurea 4118:Plant-based 3808:(1): 1–37. 3762:Works cited 3628:. BBC News. 3466:China Daily 3249:Hemisphere. 3123:28 February 3053:Rogers 2005 2986:: 227–242. 2785:(1): 7–36. 2762:24 February 2219:16 November 2189:16 November 1734:Scriptorium 1724:Orthography 1699:Calligraphy 1658:were bibles 1520:North India 1494: 1375 1454:), and the 1432: 1625 1362: [ 1348:logographic 1328: 3200 1241:Maya script 1237:Mesoamerica 1235:scripts in 1231:Of several 1208:Mesoamerica 1201:Wadi el-Hol 1169:logographic 1147:hieroglyphs 1133:Lower Egypt 1098:Old Persian 1047:pictographs 965:Mesopotamia 813:Syllabaries 795:North Korea 760:ideographic 686:syllabaries 622:peer review 609:manuscripts 439:to-do lists 404:Mesoamerica 396:Mesopotamia 363:legal codes 255:copperplate 239:wax tablets 223:lithography 211:ink brushes 126:. However, 81:hieroglyphs 5704:Categories 5578:Scientific 5451:Ecological 5350:Marie Clay 5146:Wertheimer 5026:Horkheimer 4763:Propaganda 4718:Mass media 4713:Journalism 4653:Topics and 4554:Index card 4422:Palimpsest 4417:Manuscript 4410:Bas-relief 4355:Skywriting 4311:Wax tablet 4291:Petroglyph 4151:Birch bark 3651:Wells 2015 2608:(2): 160. 2051:2 November 1766:References 1744:Typography 1729:Publishing 1634:See also: 1330: – c. 1302:Late Shang 1125:Serpopards 1067:Babylonian 982:Bronze Age 876:consonants 864:See also: 848:, and the 725:cuneiforms 638:Journalism 632:Journalism 605:monographs 554:See also: 523:accounting 479:manifestos 467:broadsides 463:monographs 278:typewriter 190:See also: 5624:Aliteracy 5573:Religious 5471:Financial 5461:Emotional 5456:Electracy 5259:Locations 4930:Technical 4915:Political 4823:Subfields 4748:New media 4520:Antiquity 4429:Microform 4323:Silk text 4239:Parchment 4196:Palm leaf 3824:2055-1045 3611:163509308 3503:4 January 3476:4 January 3087:144180867 2622:146217590 2512:149050969 2476:151827910 2408:0043-8243 2365:0043-8243 2330:0022-2224 2179:The Verge 2160:251931306 2002:145645219 1593:Bulgarian 1380:scripts. 1344:cuneiform 1294:plastrons 1055:logograms 1051:cuneiform 986:Cuneiform 971:Neolithic 860:Alphabets 823:syllables 819:syllabary 803:cuneiform 748:morphemes 740:logograms 709:morphemes 695:syllables 680:alphabets 617:Preprints 475:petitions 371:contracts 369:records, 349:curricula 263:porcelain 247:parchment 179:libraries 135:cognitive 95:uses the 5725:Language 5715:Behavior 5649:Dyslexia 5558:Physical 5538:Numeracy 5446:Diaspora 5431:Cultural 5426:Critical 5416:Computer 5213:Learning 5206:Literacy 5164:Category 5116:Richards 5041:Jakobson 5021:Habermas 4976:Castells 4966:Benjamin 4944:Scholars 4539:(105 CE) 4381:Notebook 4297:Tablets 4286:Geoglyph 4264:Stamping 4259:Intaglio 4201:Borassus 4184:Ola leaf 4111:Enduring 4054:3 (2007) 4052:Damqatum 3987:Archived 3974:Archived 3961:Archived 3945:Archived 3802:Palgrave 3718:Archived 3576:25203649 3497:Archived 3470:Archived 3415:30 March 3409:Archived 3391:46351994 3383:16400112 3330:35140904 3322:16973873 3273:30 March 3267:Archived 3242:30 March 3236:Archived 3141:(2000). 3117:Archived 3000:53746020 2940:73669683 2756:Archived 2694:(2005). 2638:(1989). 2213:Archived 2183:Archived 2152:36038730 2045:Archived 1714:Dyslexia 1676:See also 1620:Tifinagh 1611:and the 1589:Cyrillic 1587:include 1516:Pakistan 1424:Linear A 1416:Linear B 1403:Linear B 1399:Linear A 1298:scapulae 1264:Ashgabat 1218:Veracruz 1173:alphabet 1094:Ugaritic 1063:Assyrian 1059:Akkadian 931:and the 924:abugidas 913:Abugidas 888:phonemes 872:alphabet 846:Suriname 838:Cherokee 834:Linear B 768:phonetic 691:phonemes 497:(e.g. a 447:logbooks 408:calendar 387:treaties 379:taxation 316:tympanum 203:styluses 112:language 43:reviewed 5710:Writing 5684:Writing 5679:Reading 5664:Orality 5617:Related 5533:Musical 5441:Digital 5406:Braille 5298:Romania 5291:Tokelau 5240:Phonics 5136:Tankard 5131:Shannon 5126:Schramm 5111:Quebral 5106:Postman 5096:Packard 5076:McLuhan 5071:Marcuse 5066:Luhmann 5061:Lippman 5056:Kincaid 5051:Johnson 5016:Goffman 5011:Gerbner 5001:Flusser 4981:Chomsky 4961:Bateson 4956:Barthes 4925:Science 4855:Climate 4805:Writing 4773:Reading 4723:Meaning 4643:Outline 4638:History 4584:Barcode 4580:(1930s) 4568:(1880s) 4556:(1640s) 4531:papyrus 4527:Writing 4400:(baton) 4255:Metals 4213:Papyrus 4100:Writing 3724:2 March 3361:Bibcode 3353:Science 3302:Bibcode 3294:Science 3265:. BBC. 2799:5205721 2130:Bibcode 1812:105–108 1666:beliefs 1644:In the 1601:Serbian 1597:Russian 1528:Harappa 1489:) from 1479:Mycenae 1471:Knossos 1462:) from 1460:Laconia 1444:Kythera 1296:and ox 1189:scribes 1102:Aramaic 1090:Hittite 1086:Hurrian 1082:Hattian 1078:Elamite 959:Ketuvim 854:Liberia 764:radical 567:drayage 487:kinship 443:recipes 345:culture 341:history 286:writers 235:papyrus 215:pencils 199:fingers 120:lexicon 108:Writing 5603:Visual 5583:Social 5568:Racial 5543:Object 5486:Health 5411:Carbon 5343:People 5271:Canada 5141:Tannen 5121:Rogers 5101:Peirce 5086:Morgan 5031:Huxley 5006:Gasset 4996:Fisher 4951:Adorno 4935:Visual 4885:Health 4880:Global 4850:Crisis 4783:Symbol 4778:Speech 4586:(1948) 4574:(1904) 4547:Modern 4434:Scroll 4350:Screen 4244:Vellum 4156:Betula 4030: 4004: 3916: 3888: 3869: 3848: 3822: 3785: 3747: 3710: 3683: 3609: 3574: 3537: 3444: 3389: 3381: 3328: 3320: 3192: 3167: 3085: 3036: 2998: 2961: 2938: 2845: 2820: 2797: 2730: 2702: 2646: 2620: 2583: 2558: 2533: 2510: 2474: 2437: 2416:124706 2414: 2406: 2373:124697 2371: 2363: 2328: 2299: 2269: 2158: 2150: 2122:Nature 2099: 2074: 2023: 2000: 1965: 1955: 1930: 1897: 1872: 1847: 1818: 1787: 1638:, and 1609:Hebrew 1565:Greeks 1487:Tiryns 1483:Thebes 1401:, and 1384:Europe 1340:Tigris 951:, and 902:abjads 894:Abjads 880:vowels 842:Ndjuka 840:, the 799:Hangul 787:Korean 510:e-mail 459:essays 455:ritual 437:(e.g. 435:memory 385:, and 367:census 243:vellum 207:quills 139:social 124:syntax 5553:Power 5548:Oracy 5523:Media 5518:Legal 5481:Graph 5466:Faith 5281:Bihar 5276:India 5046:Janis 5036:Innis 4991:Ellul 4986:Craig 4971:Burke 4728:Media 4537:Paper 4514:media 4398:Shaku 4376:Codex 4306:Slate 4281:Stone 4208:Paper 4125:Amate 3607:S2CID 3572:JSTOR 3387:S2CID 3326:S2CID 3083:S2CID 2996:S2CID 2936:S2CID 2795:S2CID 2618:S2CID 2508:S2CID 2472:S2CID 2412:JSTOR 2369:JSTOR 2293:(PDF) 2209:PCMAG 2156:S2CID 1998:S2CID 1963:JSTOR 1581:Runes 1475:Pylos 1452:Thera 1448:Melos 1427:from 1412:Crete 1366:] 1274:China 1226:Olmec 1129:Upper 1112:Egypt 929:Geʽez 791:South 783:Japan 779:China 744:words 705:words 499:diary 477:, or 471:plans 389:. As 375:deeds 271:quipu 259:slate 251:paper 161:, or 93:Greek 5436:Data 5081:Mead 4920:Risk 4895:Mass 4788:list 4439:Sign 4371:Book 4102:and 4028:ISBN 4002:ISBN 3914:ISBN 3886:ISBN 3867:ISBN 3846:ISBN 3820:ISSN 3783:ISBN 3745:ISBN 3726:2023 3708:ISBN 3681:ISBN 3535:ISBN 3505:2012 3478:2012 3442:ISBN 3417:2008 3379:PMID 3318:PMID 3275:2008 3244:2008 3190:ISBN 3165:ISBN 3125:2022 3034:ISBN 2959:ISBN 2843:ISBN 2818:ISBN 2764:2023 2728:ISBN 2700:ISBN 2644:ISBN 2581:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2531:ISBN 2435:ISBN 2404:ISSN 2361:ISSN 2326:ISSN 2297:ISBN 2267:ISBN 2221:2022 2191:2022 2148:PMID 2097:ISBN 2072:ISBN 2053:2008 2021:ISBN 1953:ISBN 1928:ISBN 1895:ISBN 1870:ISBN 1845:ISBN 1816:ISBN 1785:ISBN 1640:Myth 1618:The 1599:and 1579:and 1547:The 1518:and 1375:The 1368:and 1336:Susa 1282:and 1212:The 1131:and 1096:and 1088:and 1065:and 1016:Susa 992:and 878:and 807:Maya 805:and 793:and 731:and 693:and 683:and 558:and 512:and 451:maps 418:and 402:and 295:and 276:The 219:pens 151:text 145:and 137:and 122:and 114:. A 83:and 75:The 5608:Web 5091:Ong 4529:on 4251:Ink 3810:doi 3775:doi 3599:doi 3564:doi 3560:107 3527:doi 3369:doi 3357:311 3310:doi 3298:313 3075:doi 2988:doi 2984:128 2928:doi 2787:doi 2610:doi 2500:doi 2464:doi 2396:doi 2353:doi 2244:doi 2138:doi 2126:609 1990:doi 1920:doi 1440:Kea 870:An 852:of 836:), 746:or 707:or 45:on 5706:: 5396:AI 4394:Hu 3980:; 3967:; 3818:. 3804:. 3800:. 3781:. 3716:. 3605:. 3595:17 3593:. 3570:. 3558:. 3533:. 3507:. 3464:. 3419:. 3385:. 3377:. 3367:. 3355:. 3351:. 3332:. 3324:. 3316:. 3308:. 3296:. 3277:. 3246:. 3234:. 3228:. 3081:. 3071:28 3069:. 3008:^ 2994:. 2982:. 2934:. 2924:11 2922:. 2793:. 2783:20 2781:. 2750:. 2616:. 2604:. 2506:. 2496:34 2494:. 2470:. 2460:34 2458:. 2410:. 2402:. 2392:17 2390:. 2367:. 2359:. 2349:17 2347:. 2322:15 2320:. 2240:56 2238:. 2211:. 2207:. 2181:. 2177:. 2154:. 2146:. 2136:. 2124:. 2120:. 2043:. 1996:. 1986:11 1984:. 1961:. 1926:. 1814:. 1672:. 1648:, 1595:, 1491:c. 1485:, 1481:, 1477:, 1464:c. 1450:, 1446:, 1442:, 1429:c. 1397:, 1372:. 1364:de 1350:. 1325:c. 1257:c. 1228:. 1162:c. 1151:c. 1137:c. 1135:, 1084:, 1080:, 1071:c. 1069:) 1039:c. 1007:. 998:c. 947:, 909:. 856:. 817:A 809:. 781:, 756:ka 752:ka 727:, 529:, 525:, 473:, 469:, 465:, 461:, 449:, 441:, 381:, 373:, 365:, 314:, 304:. 261:, 257:, 253:, 249:, 245:, 241:, 237:, 229:, 217:, 213:, 209:, 205:, 201:, 157:, 41:, 5198:e 5191:t 5184:v 4619:e 4612:t 4605:v 4504:e 4497:t 4490:v 4396:/ 4221:) 4215:( 4204:) 4198:( 4192:) 4186:( 4159:) 4153:( 4092:e 4085:t 4078:v 4036:. 4010:. 3922:. 3894:. 3875:. 3854:. 3826:. 3812:: 3806:5 3791:. 3777:: 3753:. 3728:. 3689:. 3613:. 3601:: 3578:. 3566:: 3543:. 3529:: 3480:. 3450:. 3393:. 3371:: 3363:: 3312:: 3304:: 3198:. 3173:. 3127:. 3089:. 3077:: 3042:. 3002:. 2990:: 2967:. 2942:. 2930:: 2851:. 2826:. 2801:. 2789:: 2766:. 2736:. 2708:. 2652:. 2624:. 2612:: 2606:7 2589:. 2564:. 2539:. 2514:. 2502:: 2478:. 2466:: 2443:. 2418:. 2398:: 2375:. 2355:: 2332:. 2305:. 2275:. 2250:. 2246:: 2223:. 2193:. 2162:. 2140:: 2132:: 2105:. 2080:. 2055:. 2029:. 2004:. 1992:: 1969:. 1936:. 1922:: 1903:. 1878:. 1853:. 1824:. 1793:. 1458:( 1438:( 1061:( 961:. 832:( 66:. 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.