Wycliffe's Bible - Knowledge

1215: 1035: 1490:(sometimes called the "Constitutions of Oxford") took effect. These prohibited new literal translations of any scripture, including individual texts, without authorization from the bishop on penalty of excommunication, including possessing or reading them in public. The Constitutions also specifically forbade the public reading (i.e., aloud, in schools, halls, hospices, etc.) of "any tract of John Wycliffe, or any other tract made in his time" that was not explicitly approved by the university. The ban did not apply to translations as poetry (particularly the Psalms) or paraphrase: such as the 1523:. Plain English scripture manuscripts without illegal Wycliffite/Lollard prefaces or glosses (especially if explicitly marked as dating before 1409) could not be distinguished as Wycliffite texts, and were, on the face of it, legal. These circulated freely and were widely used by clergy and laity. Historian Peter Marshall commented "It seems implausible that so many manuscripts of the Wycliffite bible could have survived…if bishops had really been determined to suppress it in all circumstances." Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries such as 4300: 4012: 195: 42: 598:, making it unlikely that they were merely different scribes performing dictation. The finished first translation contains a noticeable change in style after Baruch 3:20. Two surviving manuscripts mark this verse with notes: one reads "Explicit translacionem Nicholay de herford" and another "Here endith the translacioun of N, and now bigynneth the translacioun of J and of othere men". Hereford fled England for Rome in 1382, returning in 1391, and the 338: 4173: 829:

without having a grasp of what is being read. Third, the translator must consult grammar, diction, and reference works to understand rare and unfamiliar words. Fourth, once the translator understands the text, translation begins by not giving a literal interpretation but expressing the meaning of the text in the receptor language (English), not just translating the word but the sentence as well.

1865:"Changes to the layout, such as the removal of Wycliffite paratextual material (the Great Prologue and marginal glosses particularly), the addition of the Old Testament readings from the Mass to New Testament manuscripts, and a table of contents facilitating the retrieval of the liturgical readings made the copies also acceptable to an orthodox—both clerical and lay—readership." 1695:"Sixteen years ago I wrote a book that attempted to document and index the contents of all Middle English poetry and prose that consisted largely of biblical material. These contents are idiosyncratic and eclectic, but when taken as a whole nearly all of the Old and New Testaments exist in Middle English before the Wycliffites began their project in the 1380s." James H. Morey, 277:, the Latin Bible that was the standard Biblical text of Western Christianity. The terms "Wycliffite Bibles" (i.e., bibles produced by and for followers of Wycliffe) or "Wycliffian Bibles" (i.e. bibles in some way influenced by Wycliffe, but not necessarily produced by and for followers of Wycliffe) are used by scholars, as is the neutral "Middle English Bibles". 966:'s statement that he had seen older English translations in aristocratic libraries that were not Wycliffite (i.e., were the EV or LV without the GP.) Historian Henry Kelly has suggested the evidence for a direct involvement by Wycliffe even as instigator is so slight, that the weaker "Wycliffian bible" rather than "Wycliffite bible" should be the preferred term. 583:" in 1 Samuel 2:10 was translated as "The Lord shulen drede the aduersaries of him" in the first version, then revised to "Aduersaries of the Lord schulen drede him" in the second version. John Stacey points out that "The scribe's desire to keep the words in their original order was stronger at this point than his regard for the rules of grammar." 1597:) also used the original Greek and Hebrew. Tyndale does not credit Wycliffe as a source, but he was almost certainly familiar with Wycliffian Bibles, and his translation sometimes seems to overlap with them. He may have been influenced by hearing the Wycliffian versions read aloud, but the degree of influence is unclear and actively debated. 1050:. These glosses translated individual words and were used to help student monks to understand the primary Latin, but the word-for-word Old English annotations were not intended to necessarily form coherent sentences and sometimes could not be meaningfully read aloud or understood independently of the Latin. 1546:

Manuscripts of Middle English vernacular scriptures had thus been effectively suppressed though not, for private use without Wycliffite paratexts by orthodox readers, actually prohibited, though this was primarily enforced against heretical members of the lower classes, not the aristocracy. According

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Catholic Church in England to undertake a drastic campaign to suppress it, although the reality of this suppression of the Middle English Bible translation has been disputed. The term "Lollard Bible" is sometimes used for a Wycliffean Bible with inflamatory Wycliffite texts. At the Oxford Convocation

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However, surviving manuscripts of Wycliffian Bibles without Lollard/Wycliffite additions were commonly accepted as works of an unknown Catholic translator; so these manuscripts continued to circulate among 16th-century English Catholics, and many of its renderings of the Vulgate into English were or

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Wycliffe advocated a doctrine known as "Dominion by Grace", under which everyone has a direct responsibility to God and his law. Priests and bishops who did not live in evangelical poverty were committing a mortal sin; bishops, kings, priests and magistrates who were in mortal sin had no legitimate

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More recent scholars have provided several alternative creation sequences, that would also fit the evidence: for example that there was a previous existing Catholic EV that was glossed at Oxford University by e.g. scholars influenced by Wycliffe's biblicism, and retranslated as the LV (and the Paues

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The GP also contains polemical anti-clerical material that seems to relate to the restrictions of a later period: " for though greedy clerks (clergy) are wooden by simony, heresy, and many other sins, and despise and stop holy writ, as much as they can, yet the commoners cry after holy writ, to know

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This method does not mention the Earlier Version (EV) at all, nor does it mention other translators, leading to scholarly doubts about either the connection of the LV with the EV, or the connection of the GP and the LV: "Simple Creature, far from being a major participant in the translation project,

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Gasquet found no convincing material that connected the EV and the LV to Wycliffe and his circle; for example that the manuscript mention of Purvey was not in the oldest copy and its presence in a later manuscript could refer to Purvey's ownership. Wycliffe had never mentioned a translation effort,

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The number of LV manuscripts is much larger than the number of EV manuscripts. Some manuscripts mix books of the Bible from the earlier version with other books of the later version; some scholars speculate that the earlier version may have been meant as a rough draft that was gradually improved by

1905:

Further, "But Lollards were not prosecuted for being lower middle class; nor for the mere fact of possessing English books. What mattered was how they chose to interpret them. For those already believed to hold heretical opinions, the ownership of vernacular scriptures might indeed clinch the case

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This strict enforcement of religious orthodoxy may have constrained the development of Middle English literature and religious thought over the next century. David Daniell suggests that "had he written after 1409, his anti-clericalism would have led Chaucer himself to be investigated as a heretic"

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He believed that the requirements for salvation could be directly understood by everyone, provided they had access to the words of Scripture in a language they understood. On the subject of Bible translation he wrote "Christ and his apostles taught the people in that tongue that was best known to

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An analysis of London wills from before Wycliffe's time suggests that only 1% of the laity owned and bequeathed a single book, and only five laypeople in England are known to have owned a complete Vulgate Bible between 1348 and 1368. Even after the Wycliffian translations, the illiterate and poor

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Margaret Joyce Powell (1916) edited the non-Wycliffean Middle English commentary and translation of the Gospels of Mark and Luke, and the Pauline epistles, in Northern Midland Middle English dating them to the late 1300s. According to scholar of English Andrew Kraebel "Nothing about these works

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Firstly, the translator must be sure of the text he is translating. This he has done by comparing many old copies of the Latin bible to assure authenticity of the text. Secondly, the translator must study the text in order to understand the meaning. Purvey explains that one cannot translate a text

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towards all literates and for public reading. Both versions are characterized by a close regard to the word order and syntax of the Latin base text: the word order being traditionally suspected of being divinely inspired; the later versions give some indication of being revised in the direction of

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Front cover image for The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, in the earliest English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, in the earliest

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noted this transition and regionality: "Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country

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Despite being written more than a century later, Tyndale's translation came to overshadow Wycliffe's. According to the Cambridge History of the Bible, "The Bible which permeated the minds of later generations shows no direct descent from the Wycliffite versions... Tyndale's return to the original

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A 15th Century Catholic source said Wycliffe "devised a plan of translation of the Holy Scriptures into the mother tongue". Wycliffe is said to have supported vernacular translations, purportedly saying "it helpeth Christian men to study the Gospel in that tongue in which they know best Christ's

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oral translations at church: the general level of literacy was low, and Bibles were costly (before the printing press). It is certain though that the Bible itself was familiar even to laymen in the fourteenth century and that the whole of the New Testament at least could be read in translations.

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Surviving copies of the Wycliffian Bibles fall into two broad textual families, the early version(s) (EV) and the later version (LV). The EV was likely aimed towards the less-learned clergymen or laymen seeking to understand the Vulgate, while the later, more coherent version may have been aimed

3508:"The mirrour of the blessed lyf of Jesu Christ : a translation of the Latin work entitled Meditationes vitae Christi /cattributed to Cardinal Bonaventura : Made before the year 1410 by Nicholas Love, Prior of the Carthusian monastery of Mount Grace ; edited by Lawrence F. Powell" 1567:

attempted to rebut Lollardy on Wycliffe's own terms, writing in the vernacular and relying on scripture and reason instead of church authority. Stephen Lahey argues that these responses "may be the first genuine philosophical literature in the English language." Despite arguing in favor of the

1351:

This pestilent and wretched John Wyclif, of cursed memory, that son of the old serpent.. .endeavoured by every means to attack the very faith and sacred doctrine of Holy Church, devising—to fill up' the measure of his malice—the expedient of a new translation of the Scriptures into the mother

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attached to a few of the manuscripts (and treated in later decades as a General Prologue (GP)) did have some unorthodox content, however that content did not seem to contain the specific errors that were later (1458) deemed heretical, suggesting that the GP had been added later and evolved.

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Wycliffe later wrote several long exegetical commentaries on Revelation and the four Gospels which included Middle English translations of the passages being discussed. To these were added translations of most of the Catholic Epistles. As well, some of his English tracts or works included

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sentence". However, it has since become generally accepted that Wycliffe showed little interest in vernacular use until the end of his life and that quotations attributed to him strongly advocating such a position are from English writings no longer accepted as his authentic work.

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In 1850, Forshall and Madden published a four-volume critical edition of the Wycliffian Bibles containing the text of the earlier and later versions in parallel columns. Forshall and Madden's edition retains the letter yogh (ʒ) but replaces the thorn (þ) with the digraph

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believed these manuscript Middle English English Bibles to represented an anonymous earlier orthodox translation: subsequent scholars pointed out a lack of evidence for such a tradition, until the re-discovery of various non-Wycliffean scripture manuscripts, such as the

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The preface to the King James Version of 1611 mentions that "even in our King Richard the second's days, John Trevisa translated them into English, and many English Bibles in written hand are yet to be seen that divers translated, as it is very probable, in that age."

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From the 16th century, it was generally believed that Wycliffe himself made the translation. Starting in the 19th century, scholars generally believed them to be the work of several hands, all of whom were also priests, with Wycliffe having an increasingly small role.

577:. It typically kept the order of individual words unchanged from the Latin, which could lead to confusion or meaninglessness in English. It has been described as unintelligible without reference to the original Latin Vulgate. For example, the phrase " 945:

challenged the conventional attribution of the Middle English Bible to Wycliffe and his circle. He had reviewed the EV and LV from a Catholic doctrinal perspective and found no translation errors that could have made the scriptural parts heretical.

696:, consisted of more than 90% commentary. Following medieval idiom, the glosses characterize "multiple, often figurative meanings as integral to the text": "It asserts that scripture is always more than what the basic text immediately communicates." 683:

After the Early Version was completed, John Purvey (attrib.) supplemented its translation of the Gospels with extensive commentary. Some of this commentary was original, but most was translated from earlier commentaries, especially

1188:: lay biblical material was designed for devotional and liturgical purposes, not theological disputation; similarly, few manuscripts of the Wycliffian translations are complete bibles. A complete vernacular Bible did exist in 1499:

Although he did not authorize any fresh translations of the Bible itself—it is not known whether Arundel was ever presented with any applications to make new translations—Arundel did authorize a Middle English translation of

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Lavinsky, David (April 2019). "Henry Ansgar Kelly, The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment . (The Middle Ages Series.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. xiv, 349. $ 69.95. ISBN: 978-0-8122-4834-0".

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In þe bigynnyng God made of nouȝt heuene and erþe. Forsoþe þe erþe was idel and voide, and derknessis weren on the face of depþe; and the Spiryt of þe Lord was borun on the watris. And God seide, Liȝt be maad, and liȝt was

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Deansley noted the early "episcopal policy to try to win over the scholarly Lollards by argument and benignancy" which won over Nicholas Hereford. John Purvey himself recanted his heresies in February 1401.

1158:; the linguistic upheaval from the Anglo-Norman injection being enough that the writer of the so-called General Prologue noted that now no-one could understand the old translations (i.e., the Old English.) 1482:

laws in Europe at that time. Even twenty years after Wycliffe's death, at the Oxford Convocation of 1407, it was solemnly voted that no new translation of the Bible should be made without prior approval.

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However, no such Gospels or Scriptures now exist; it may be a mistake, they may have been lost to time, or be the texts now known as the Wycliffian Early Version. Trevisa also translated Scriptures into

1381:, who was sympathetic to Wycliffe, but likely not connected with him directly. Nonetheless, many in the church blamed Wycliffe and his Lollard followers for galvanizing the public against the church. 1169:

system created a duty for laypeople to ensure that their godchildren had been taught and explained the Latin of the common prayers and meaning of the liturgy, independent of the clergy or schooling.

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languages meant that translations based on the intermediate Latin of the Vulgate would soon be out of date." Consequently, it was generally ignored in later English Protestant biblical scholarship.

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The later version, though somewhat improved, still retained a number of infelicities of style, some of which may reflect the contemporary transitions in Middle English grammar, as in its version of

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The precise nature of Wyclif’s connection with the production of the first English bible is shrouded in mystery... To begin with, there is an almost total absence of reliable contemporary evidence.

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Latin words and knowing and understanding memorized liturgical texts was common in the population, however the ability to understand the words and meaning of non-liturgical Latin texts was rarer.

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Middle English New Testament) though not as a mammoth project; one of those involved later added the GP, as the project was hijacked by Wycliffite/Lollard radicals. This would make more credible

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Recent medieval scholarship disputes a sharp divide between a fully literate elite who understood Latin, and a completely illiterate, monolingual populace with no understanding of letters and

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Two different translations have been identified, a word-for-word translation known as the Early Version (EV) and the more sense-by-sense Later Version (LV). The translators worked from the

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was a wannabe." One suggested resolution is that the GP relates to a now lost revision between the EV and LV. Another is that it was an introduction to the Old Testament translation only.

1843:, sixteen shillings and eightpence. The UK National Archives online calculator estimates this as at around £1,736 in 2017 terms, or 4 cows or 141 days of wages of a skilled tradesman. 602:

who took over may have been John Trevisa or John Purvey. These notes suggest that Wycliffe did not personally produce this entire translation, and may not have written any of it.

923:"The plain text of all four gospels survives in twenty full Bibles, ninety-three complete New Testaments, and at least twenty-six manuscripts with only parts of the New Testament. 1347:

Lollard Bibles, Wycliffean versions of the Bible where a Wycliffite/Luddite preface had been added to the otherwise orthodox translation, were condemned by the Catholic Church .

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The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, in the earliest English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers

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A scholar has suggested the translation represents an intermediate translation project between the literalisms of the EV and the modernisms of the LV. In most manuscripts, the

1311:, conceiving of "the church" as the collection of elect Christians rather than the ecclesiastical hierarchy overseen by the Pope, and argued that the Pope had no authority to 5260: 4134: 4698: 5383: 1083:, but they were often abridged and summarized. By modern standards, they were more akin to adaptations or paraphrases than translations. A primary Anglo-Saxon genre 1146:, the older language of record; and with the general and rural population usually speaking dialects that were still transitioning from the four major dialects of 5377: 1491: 1109: 5756: 3722: 1200:

and forty pence. As with the Vulgate Latin scriptures, most Middle English Bible manuscripts contain selected books of the bible only, and decoration varied.

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The writer of the prologue also explains the purported methodology of translating holy scriptures. He describes four rules all translators should acknowledge:

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The manuscript often taken as the original was written by five different people and ends at Baruch 3:20. These authors used different forms of words, such as

4840: 1516:. This translation, which became "the orthodox reading-book of the devout laity," included newly written passages that explicitly denounced Lollard beliefs. 5389: 5099: 4040: 1400:

that Wycliffe himself believed symbolised "the judgement of God". At this synod, Wycliffe's writings (Biblical and otherwise) were quoted and denounced as

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One theory of the production of the Wycliffean Bibles is that these passages were extracted, collated and completed by others to form the basis of the EV.

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Wycliffe was part of a broader revival of English academic exegesis "in the last quarter" of the fourteenth century, including Oxford theologians such as

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banned Wycliffe's teachings. Wycliffe left Oxford in the summer of 1381, and his fellow scholars denounced his beliefs under threat of excommunication.

4056: 5166: 2718: 1494: 2436: 1732: 1529: 855: 4691: 1509: 545:"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life." 802:) written by "Simple Creature" that has also subsequently been attributed to Purvey from either 1395 or 1396. This prologue, analogous to the 5161: 4212: 2459: 537:"For God so loveth the worlde yt he hath geven his only sonne that none that beleve in him shuld perisshe: but shuld have everlastinge lyfe." 512:

Forsoþe god lovede so þe worlde, þat he ȝave hıs one bıgotun sone, þat ech man þat bıleveþ into hym perısche not, but have everlastynge lıȷf.

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For God lovede so the world, that he ȝaf his oon bigeten sone, that ech man that bileveth in him perische not, but have everlastynge lıȷf.

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specifically ordered that possession of heretical material must be treated as information in any investigation not as evidence of heresy

652:, O.F.M. According to historian Mary Dove, there has been a neglected culture of medieval English biblicism outside Wycliffite circles. 474:"Sic enim Deus dilexit mundum, ut Filium suum unigenitum daret : ut omnis qui credit in eum, non pereat, sed habeat vitam aeternam." 5120: 4632: 485:

Swa forðon lufade god ðiosne middengeard //þte sunu his ancenda gisalde //þt eghwelc soðe gilefeð in hine ne losað// ah hifeð lif ecce"

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For God louede so þe world, that he ȝaf his oon bigetun sone, þat ech man þat bileueþ in him perische not, but haue euerlastynge lijf.

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The earliest written-English versions of scripture were not translations but "glosses" on portions of the Latin Vulgate, such as the

5771: 5189: 4033: 4005: 3748:"Wycliffe's Bible: A colour facsimile of Forshall and Madden's 1850 edition of the Middle English translation of the Latin Vulgate" 1014: 216: 188: 5715: 3983: 2291:

Smith, Paul (December 2008). "Could the Gospel Harmony Oon of Foure Represent an Intermediate Version of the Wycliffite Bible?".

745:, itself a collection of mainly patristic exegetical fragments whose extracted biblical passages often deviate from the Vulgate. 610:

The Later Version (LV) was issued eight to twelve years after Wycliffe's death. This version has been subsequently attributed to

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Catholic Church in England to undertake a drastic campaign to suppress Lollard bibles. In the early years of the 15th century

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Over 250 Wycliffean manuscripts survive; only 20 of these are complete bibles, One copy sold at auction on 5 December 2016 for

784:, the tongue of his aristocratic patron Lord Berkeley. Some confusion also exists that he translated scriptures into Cornish. 289:

is said to have translated a part of the text, although this once certain attribution has come into question in recent times;

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would later cite as precedent when Wycliffe's version was challenged by the church. Other precursor translations include the

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For most of the previous 300 years, England had been trilingual, with the aristocracy and secular courts using dialects of

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God lufode middan-eard swa //þæt he sealde hys akennedan sune //þæt nan ne forwurðe þe on hine gelefð. Ac hæbe þt eche lyf.

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1,692,500. other forms are the New Testament only, the Gospels and some letters only, or excerpted into Gospel Harmonies.

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Bammesberger, Alfred (1992). "Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

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The reliability of the GP has been questioned, because its statements do not square well with other evidence: see below.

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of 1408, it was solemnly voted that in England no new translation of the Bible should be made without prior approval.

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Thomas Arundel succeeded Courtenay as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1397. Although Arundel had previously approved the

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published manuscripts of an unknown third translation of the New Testament (missing most of the Gospels) in Southern

176: 171: 161: 5766: 5603: 5536: 5011: 4350: 1261:, which harshly criticized the church's wealth and argued that the king should confiscate ecclesiastical property. 298: 4835: 4571: 806:, advocates reading the Old Testament, summarizes its books and relevant moral lessons, and explains the medieval 759:

gospel harmony, whose translation is sometimes attributed to Wycliffe, but which otherwise may have been based on

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While the Middle English Bible translations were based on the Latin Vulgate, the Reformation era translations by

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argues that "In later years the existence of Wyclif's version seems to have been forgotten", pointing out that

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Since the printing press was not invented yet, there exist only a very few copies of Wycliffe's earlier Bible.

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in his role as Archbishop of York, he now began to oppose Middle English translations of the Bible. Historian

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suited for lengthy recitation by specialist declaimers, so attempts were made to render biblical histories as

5551: 5266: 5496: 2195: 369:, and without reference to or knowledge of Greek or Hebrew. The manuscripts of complete bibles included the 5451: 5348: 5313: 5293: 5237: 5115: 5057: 5045: 4583: 4198: 4449: 5654: 5342: 4970: 4964: 4184: 1852: 1308: 1123:, using the same word-for-word literal style which would characterize Wycliffe's first translation (EV). 4154: 2598: 1042:) from Lindesfarne Gospels (698) with word-for-word Old English glosses (ca.970) by Aldred the Glossator 5619: 5546: 5541: 5506: 2990: 3698: 1869:"Vernacular Bible Reading in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: The "Catholic" Position Revisited" 1091: 5639: 5104: 5039: 4999: 4903: 1457: 1196:

still usually lacked the access to the Scripture: the full translation originally may have cost four

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Huffman, Rebecca (2017). "The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment by Henry Ansgar Kelly (review)".

2182:"The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions: Synoptically Arranged ..." 1786:"Practically speaking, medieval English people encountered and used all three languages regularly." 1084: 1034: 570:

The existing manuscripts of the Early Version vary considerably from one another, showing revision.

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Shepherd, Geoffery (1969). "English Versions Of The Scriptures Before Wyclif". In Lampe, G. (ed.).

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language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing."

1385: 1028: 807: 5476: 4096: 1151: 365:, the Latin Bible that was the standard Biblical text of Western Christianity, using the standard 5624: 5461: 5446: 5336: 5324: 5254: 1466: 729: 1551:

that systematic efforts at prohibition took effect, however even partisan Elizabethan historian

1197: 5629: 5501: 5456: 5318: 5109: 5087: 5016: 4929: 4812: 3830: 2902: 2437:"The manuscript tradition of Richard Ullerston's 'Expositio canticorum Scripturae'" 573:

The Early Version may have begun as a Middle English "gloss" on the Latin text, similar to the

313: 1335:. This rejection of papal authority further worsened Wycliffe's relationship with the church. 1127:

translated the catechism into Middle English, which likely helped inspire Wycliffe's project.

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Vernacular literacy in late-medieval England: the example of East Anglian medical manuscripts

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speculated this change of heart was a reaction against the Lollards for these 1395 writings.

1323:'s interpretation of the doctrine was not founded in scripture and contradicted the views of 1189: 1080: 942: 301:

has disputed the degree of evidence for Hereford, Purvey, or Trevisa having any involvement.

1246:(a Biblical summary and commentary). This was unusual, as postils were typically written by 998:

encountered the scriptures primarily in the form of oral versions of scriptures, verses and

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them. Why should men not do so now?" He believed every Christian should study the Bible.

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Only one supposedly heretical teaching has been identified; in one copy, the commentary on

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Historian Mary Raschko attributes to Wycliffites three primary forms of gospel literature:

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The first translations (Early Version(s), or EV) are rigid and literal translations of the

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Latin manuscripts of scriptures were usually of selections of books: especially books of

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noted the dubious legal basis of what became assumed, for centuries, was a blanket ban.

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At the time of Wycliffe's translation, most people mainly heard scripture readings and

815: 719:, who approved it. Arundel publicly reiterated his approval at Anne's funeral in 1394. 716: 632:

harmonization of the four gospels into a single narrative" (i.e. the "Lives of Christ"

374: 321: 255: 98: 4181:- Digital facsimiles of the Cathedral's Wycliffe New Testament, University of Oklahoma 2995: 5751: 5486: 4958: 4872: 4807: 4621: 4566: 4459: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4264: 4249: 3941: 3890: 3842: 3808: 3778: 3550: 3507: 3480: 3369: 3196: 3114: 3092: 3037: 2949: 2756: 2698: 2639: 2547: 2487: 2312: 2222: 2155: 2134:

Hagreaves, Henry (1965). "From Bede to Wyclif: Medieval English Bible translations".

2063: 1997: 1913: 1892: 1868: 1809: 1767: 1646: 1438: 1419: 1389: 1320: 1098: 1047: 1024: 874: 803: 645: 574: 266:. They are the earliest known literal translations of the entire Bible into English ( 2666: 1629:

The earliest printed edition, of the New Testament only, was by John Lewis in 1731.

1284:

Wycliffe believed that scripture was the ultimate source of truth, superseding even

1242:

John Wycliffe was ordained as a priest in 1351. Between 1372 and 1374 he composed a

258:

believed to have been made under the direction or instigation of English theologian

5582: 5075: 5034: 4994: 4909: 4556: 4158: 4114: 4084: 3592: 3476: 3188: 3084: 3067:

O'Hare, Patrick F.: "The Facts about Luther", TAN Books and Publishers, 1987, p.181

3025: 2929: 2816: 2785: 2748: 2300: 2143: 1880: 1797: 1788:

Hall, Megan J. (May 2021). "Women's Education and Literacy in England, 1066–1540".

1766:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–66. 1740: 1706: 1650: 1393: 1300:). He believed that preaching the gospel was vastly more important than performing 1225: 1155: 1124: 894:

Also with Northern features, this is Middle English glosses of the Vugate Matthew.

451: 370: 3549:(First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. 2695:

The Pauline Epistles Contained in ms. Parker 32, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

1912:(First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. 1850:

Another calculator estimates £2,300 in 2023 terms, and perhaps ten times as much.

1559:

and David Lawton claims that the Constitutions made it unsafe to write works like

1547:

to historian Henry Ansgar Kelly, it was not until 1458, following the odd case of

1519:

The base text translated in the Wycliffean and non-Wyciffean Bibles was the Latin

552: 5598: 5572: 5556: 5521: 5516: 5225: 4982: 4976: 4856: 4782: 4527: 4469: 3924: 3920: 3467:

McCormack, Frances (1 January 2019). "The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment".

1590: 1582: 1564: 1408: 1312: 1262: 1142:; lawyers, intellectuals, doctors and religious conducting their male affairs in 708: 398: 317: 304:

The association between the Wycliffian Bibles (sometimes with a radical-in-parts

4108: 3425: 2100:

Translations of Authority in Medieval English Literature: Valuing the Vernacular

912:

which Bishop Arundel promoted as an alternative to Wycliffite lives of Christ.)

5684: 5674: 5069: 4862: 4730: 4725: 4606: 4491: 4443: 4403: 4327: 2484:

English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers

2236: 2214: 1840: 1513: 1475: 1471: 1422:. The second translation was finished within the next two years and quoted the 1357: 1120: 1070: 1058: 1031:

to the English Latin alphabet, allowing the writing of Old and Middle English.

1027:, was designed for inscribing on wood and stone, not for books, and eventually 903: 870: 773: 734: 712: 685: 267: 252: 3192: 2820: 2752: 2417: 2304: 1710: 958:

and his endorsements of the vernacular came towards the end of his life only.

5740: 5649: 5644: 5366: 5205: 5176: 4787: 4777: 4611: 4479: 4409: 4355: 4123: 3938:

Wycliffe's Bible, A Modern-Spelling Version of their 14th Century Translation

3782: 3200: 2643: 2551: 2001: 1960: 1586: 1560: 1548: 1505: 1370: 1270: 1220: 1209: 1177: 1116: 811: 794: 378: 259: 88: 3747: 3106: 3078: 5400: 5153: 4882: 4802: 4561: 4285: 4016: 2460:"Middle English Gospel glosses and the translation of exegetical authority" 1756: 1278: 1274: 1007: 776:

in 1482 also mentioned a translation of the bible into English by Trevisa.

297:

are names that have been mentioned as possible authors. However, historian

294: 199: 3772: 3029: 2789: 1884: 5143: 4867: 4792: 4397: 4386: 4345: 3867:

Hargreaves, Henry (1969). "The Wycliffite Versions". In Lampe, G. (ed.).

3088: 2861: 2028: 1736: 1654: 1609:

incorrectly identified Tyndale's Bible as the first English translation.

1606: 1594: 1524: 1185: 1095: 1087: 1066: 1062: 1017: 991: 963: 760: 752:

was followed by Wycliffean Middle English epistles or works by Wycliffe.

611: 402: 366: 358:

various scholars into the somewhat better English of the second version.

290: 115: 3052: 2651: 2627: 2147: 1073:, written in the 10th Century: copies were still being made up to 1175. 5418: 4924: 4381: 3904:

Lawton, David (1999). "Englishing the Bible". In Wallace, David (ed.).

3812: 1801: 1728: 1479: 1397: 1315:

believers. Beginning in 1380, Wycliffe wrote a series of texts denying

1301: 1266: 1229: 1139: 866: 386: 78: 41: 4190: 4185:

https://www.scribd.com/document/324581901/Wycliffe-Bible-Early-Version

2941: 2559: 2535: 2009: 1985: 5634: 4522: 4517: 4259: 4068: 3506:

Bonaventure, Saint; Love, Nicholas; Powell, Lawrence Fitzroy (1908).

1568:

Catholic church, Pecock's approach led to his own charges of heresy.

1552: 1328: 1285: 1166: 1010:, usually performed in the vernacular, public preaching by traveling 704: 464: 337: 126: 2743:

Morey, James H. (1 January 2013). "Paul in Old and Middle English".

1653:", where he calls it the "Black-letter Wyclif", in reference to the 1613:

became established idiom and were adopted by the translators of the

1392:, who had long opposed Wycliffe's teachings. Courtenay convened the 1079:

adapted various Old Testament books into Old English, including the

381:) and also included the non-canonical 3 Esdras (which is now called 4535: 4512: 4391: 4321: 4243: 4167: 4163: 3596: 3016:

Rothwell, W. (1994). "The Trilingual England of Geoffrey Chaucer".

2933: 1449: 1332: 1297: 1273:

ordered Wycliffe to appear on trial for his beliefs in March 1378.

1181: 1162: 999: 856:

Middle English Bible translations § Early partial translations

551:

For more historical and modern translations, see Knowledge article

382: 309: 2994: 2719:"Wycliffite New Testament in the Later Version, in Middle English" 902:

Wycliffe Bible texts are the most common manuscript literature in

4437: 4280: 1520: 1105: 362: 351: 274: 3426:"Archbishop Thomas Arundel's Constitutions against the Lollards" 524: 510: 441: 427: 316:

movement that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the

270:). They appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395. 4074: 2118:

The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History

1478:

published criticism and enacted some of the severest religious

1401: 1324: 1247: 1243: 1173: 1011: 665: 4706: 2920:

Campbell, Gertrude H. (1915). "The Middle English Evangelie".

1697:

The Wycliffites: Hosts or Guests, First Finders or Followers?

1364:, c1411-1414, ; also attributed to Church Chronicle, 1395 629:

close translation interpolated with exegetical commentary, and

305: 4711: 3876:

Justice, Steven (1999). "Lollardy". In Wallace, David (ed.).

3684:

John Wyclif: A Study of the English Medieval Church, Volume 2

3177:"Misleading manuscripts: Wyclif and the non-wycliffite bible" 2805:"Misleading manuscripts: Wyclif and the non-wycliffite bible" 1826:, makes the distinction within "reading" that the ability to 1289: 1192:, but it was likely rare, as only three manuscripts survive. 1143: 347: 3547:

Heretics and believers: a history of the English Reformation

2390: 2388: 1910:

Heretics and believers: a history of the English Reformation

1224:. John's wife and child are also depicted, along with poets 787: 3406: 2512: 2481:

Wycliffe, John; Forshall, Josiah; Madden, Frederic (1850).

2196:"Manuscripts : Earlier Version Wycliffe New Testament" 1054: 844:

it, and keep it, with great cost and peril of their lives."

4178: 3663: 3651: 2832: 2830: 2375: 2373: 4666:

indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.

3940:, with an Introduction by Terence P. Noble, Createspace, 3615: 3340: 3315: 2566: 2385: 2358: 2267: 2162: 1576: 1165:, a common assertion in previous years. For example, the 3639: 3303: 3255: 3219: 2778:

Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies

1703:

The Wycliffite Bible: Origin, History and Interpretation

1292:, and associated the words of scripture with the divine 906:. (The second-most common manuscript is Nicholas Love's 492:

Wessex Gospels (c.950-1175) - Old English (West Saxon):

3526: 3514: 3487: 3394: 3140: 3128: 2842: 2827: 2578: 2500: 2370: 2334: 1942: 1940: 1492:

Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament

1110:

Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament

3603: 3448: 3382: 3243: 2480: 1219:

John Wycliffe reading his translation of the Bible to

860: 479:

Rushworth Manuscript (c.950) - Old English (Mercian):

3563: 3505: 3436: 3231: 2956: 2883: 2346: 2255: 2243: 1486:

Between 1407 and 1409, Bishop Arundel's Constitution

1418:

to parliament and published the accompanying polemic

3906:

The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature

3878:

The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature

3627: 3291: 3279: 3267: 2628:"Review of The Middle English Bible. A Reassessment" 2102:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10. 1937: 3859:

The Lollard Bible and Other Medieval Bible Versions

2968: 1112:and the Metrical Paraphrase of the Gospels (1300). 4101:(audio recording), Geeson, Martin reader, LibriVox 4063:. Searchable by phrase or chapter/verse reference. 3834: 3207: 3161:Companion to John Wyclif: Late Medieval Theologian 2062:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 542:King James Version (1611) - Early Modern English: 889: 457:"And God said: Be light made. And light was made" 350:Middle English. A wide variety of Middle English 5738: 5167:New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh 880: 5144:The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts 4136:Vernacular Scriptures plentiful before Wycliffe 3368:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2667:"A fourteenth century English Biblical version" 1649:mentions Wycliffite Bibles in his short story " 1396:, named because it was initially delayed by an 3919: 2862:"Wessex Gospels c.1175 Textus Receptus Bibles" 1510:The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ 1448:The association between Wycliffite Bibles and 886:indicates that they are Lollard productions." 722: 443:And God seide, Liȝt be maad; and liȝt was maad 5757:History of Christianity in the United Kingdom 5162:Jewish Publication Society of America Version 4692: 4206: 4034: 3469:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 2985: 2983: 2681:A Fourteenth Century English Biblical Version 2025:The Bible in its Ancient and English Versions 1764:The Cambridge History of the English Language 1254:authority over Christians not in mortal sin. 496: 483: 429:And God seıde, Be maad lıȝt; and maad is lıȝt 217: 4095:——— (1395), Purvey (ed.), 3869:The Cambridge History of the Bible, Volume 2 1761: 1668:List of most expensive books and manuscripts 1624: 873:, including two sets of translations of the 467:is rendered in various English versions as: 2087:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 144–45. 578: 413: 4699: 4685: 4633:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola) 4213: 4199: 4041: 4027: 3866: 3700:Collected Works of John Wesley, Volume VII 3669: 3346: 3321: 2980: 2879:. Cambridge University Press. p. 375. 2745:A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages 2572: 2394: 2364: 2273: 2168: 1414:In early 1395, the Lollards presented the 1342: 936: 792:Ten LV manuscripts begin with a so-called 755:There may be some confusion here with the 655: 224: 210: 40: 5427:New English Translation of the Septuagint 4650:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism 4187:- Early Version as downloadable .doc file 3466: 2625: 2529: 2527: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2133: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1307:He promoted an early version of Luther's 941:In 1894, Irish Benedictine historian Dom 788:General Prologue or Four and Twenty Books 506:Wycliffian EV (c.1382) - Middle English: 5355:New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition 4094: 4054: 3855: 3581: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3493: 3442: 3412: 3400: 3163:, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 395 3146: 3134: 3015: 2989: 2919: 2877:Cambridge History of the Bible, Volume 2 2874: 2848: 2836: 2584: 2518: 2506: 2379: 2340: 2111: 2109: 2060:The Middle English Bible: a reassessment 2022: 1986:"The Authorship of the Wycliffite Bible" 1907: 1866: 1700: 1213: 1038:Example of Glossing: The Lord's Prayer ( 1033: 849: 336: 27:Middle English translations of the Bible 5299:Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English 4220: 3936:Wycliffe, John and John Purvey (2012), 3875: 3829: 3686:. Oxford University Press. p. 200. 3681: 3645: 3609: 3454: 3237: 2775: 2457: 2434: 2415: 2352: 2261: 2249: 2212: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 1983: 1946: 1281:, intervened and prevented his arrest. 1065:(Anglo-Saxon) in 735 (now lost), which 1023:The native Anglo-Saxon writing system, 534:Tyndale (1530s) - Early Modern English 520:Wycliffian LV (1394) - Middle English: 415:Dixitque Deus fiat lux et facta est lux 341:Wycliffe's Bible in the British Library 14: 5739: 3903: 3802: 3703:. London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room 3696: 3657: 3621: 3569: 3358: 2962: 2889: 2692: 2533: 2524: 2400: 2325: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2115: 2097: 2082: 1970: 1701:Solopova, Elizabeth (1 January 2017), 1577:Influence on subsequent English Bibles 4680: 4430: 4194: 3889:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3884: 3633: 3388: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3225: 3213: 3174: 3050: 2974: 2802: 2742: 2693:Powell, Margaret Joyce (9 May 2016). 2664: 2599:"John Wycliffe and the English Bible" 2597:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (April 1998), 2596: 2290: 2221:. Fordham University Press: 288–308. 2129: 2127: 2106: 2057: 1657:script used to write the publication. 1640: 1407:As a result of the synod's findings, 1377:. The revolt was largely inspired by 985: 703:purportedly promotes a doctrine like 692:. The complete version, known as the 5100:New International Inclusive Language 4106: 4082: 4066: 3076: 2632:Church History and Religious Culture 2536:"John Trevisa and the English Bible" 2424:. Fordham University Press: 288–308. 2136:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 2040: 1787: 766: 737:in Middle English, a translation of 711:received a copy and submitted it to 251:) are names given for a sequence of 3929:The Holy Bible: Wycliffite Versions 3080:Going to Church in Medieval England 2279: 861:Paues' Middle English New Testament 617: 580:Dominum formidabunt adversarii ejus 24: 5701:List of English Bible translations 5283:New American Bible Revised Edition 4627:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards 4179:Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral 4155:Works by or about Wycliffe's Bible 4091:; gives each book on a single page 3969:List of English Bible translations 3913: 2124: 2035:: Greenwood Press, pp. 137–45 1532:manuscripts, in the 20th century. 678: 626:"close translation of the Vulgate, 152:List of English Bible translations 25: 5788: 5487:Hebrew-Greek Key Word Study Bible 4888:Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 4762:Middle English Bible translations 3951: 1512:, an expansive paraphrase of the 1502:Meditations on the Life of Christ 1269:against Wycliffe, and Archbishop 1115:In the same century as Wycliffe, 1094:, rather than prose, such as the 909:Meditations on the Life of Christ 743:Concordia quattuor evangelistarum 5716:Early Modern English (1500–1800) 4298: 4171: 4010: 3984:Early Modern English (1500–1800) 3796: 3765: 3740: 3715: 3690: 3675: 3510:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. 3481:10.5406/jenglgermphil.118.1.0154 3158: 2330:. Westminster Press. p. 75. 2023:Robinson, Henry Wheeler (1970), 1265:responded with a series of five 1203: 810:and the interpretation rules of 605: 558: 437:Wycliffian LV - Middle English: 423:Wycliffian EV - Middle English: 387:Paul's epistle to the Laodiceans 361:The translators worked from the 193: 167:Early Modern English (1500–1800) 5772:Bible translations into English 5482:Logos International Study Bible 4139:, Veritas Bible, archived from 4006:Bible translations into English 3723:"Wycliffe New Testament (1731)" 3575: 3538: 3499: 3460: 3418: 3352: 3327: 3175:Wilks, Michael (January 1975). 3168: 3152: 3070: 3061: 3044: 3009: 2913: 2895: 2868: 2854: 2803:Wilks, Michael (January 1975). 2796: 2769: 2736: 2711: 2686: 2673: 2658: 2619: 2590: 2474: 2451: 2428: 2418:"Re-Forming the Life of Christ" 2319: 2215:"Re-Forming the Life of Christ" 2206: 2188: 2174: 1899: 1859: 1846:"Currency converter: 1270–2017" 1833: 1816: 1780: 1750: 1717: 1689: 1119:translated the Psalms into the 189:Bible translations into English 5477:Dake Annotated Reference Bible 5472:Thompson Chain-Reference Bible 4741:Old English Bible translations 2200:Manchester Digital Collections 2091: 2076: 2016: 1952: 1873:The Catholic Historical Review 1790:History of Education Quarterly 1680: 1537:Suppression of Heresy Act 1414 897: 890:Middle English Glossed Matthew 13: 1: 5552:The Life with God Study Bible 5537:New Interpreter's Study Bible 4708:English-language translations 4164:Works by Wycliffe's Bible 3908:. Cambridge University Press. 3880:. Cambridge University Press. 3871:. Cambridge University Press. 3862:. Cambridge University Press. 3792:– via www.worldcat.org. 3057:(PhD). University of Glasgow. 3018:Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1990:The English Historical Review 1930: 1853:"Purchasing Power Calculator" 1233: 881:Powell's Gospels and Epistles 5762:14th-century Christian texts 5592:Modern Dialectal & Slang 5452:Life Application Study Bible 5116:Heinz Cassirer's translation 2626:Besserman, Lawrence (2017). 2058:Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2016). 1571: 1331:, and therefore constituted 1257:In 1377, Wycliffe published 662:Postilla super totam Bibliam 7: 5029:Green's Literal Translation 4170:(public domain audiobooks) 3856:Deanesly, Margaret (1920). 3807:. E. P. Dutton Publishing. 3803:Borges, Jorge Luis (1975). 2202:. University of Manchester. 2184:The University Press. 1878. 1686:As a New Testament portion. 1661: 1309:priesthood of all believers 763:'s 1420 work of that name. 741:'s 12th century Latin work 723:Oon of Foure Gospel Harmony 392: 332: 10: 5793: 5711:Middle English (1066–1500) 5620:Cambridge University Press 5547:Archaeological Study Bible 5542:Reflecting God Study Bible 5094:New International Reader's 4003: 3979:Middle English (1066–1500) 3823: 3337:. Westminster Press, 1964. 2120:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1617:, one of the bases of the 1207: 969: 853: 525: 511: 497: 484: 442: 428: 312:, a sometimes-violent pre- 186: 162:Middle English (1066–1500) 5777:Middle English literature 5693: 5612: 5591: 5565: 5439: 5417: 5399: 5249:Today's New International 5218: 5198: 5175: 5152: 5132:Holman Christian Standard 4896: 4828: 4770: 4749: 4718: 4658: 4642: 4599: 4549: 4500: 4475:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples 4423: 4374: 4314: 4307: 4296: 4273: 4235: 4228: 3989:Modern Christian (1800– ) 3682:Workman, Herbert (1926). 3193:10.1017/S0424208400006355 3181:Studies in Church History 3083:. Yale University Press. 3051:Jones, M. Claire (2000). 2821:10.1017/S0424208400006355 2809:Studies in Church History 2753:10.1163/9789004236721_017 2534:Fowler, David C. (1960). 2305:10.1080/00393270802083034 2098:Minnis, Alastair (2009). 1959:"Versions of the Bible", 1711:10.1163/9789004328921_007 1625:Wycliffe's Bible in print 1384:Sudbury was succeeded as 414: 172:Modern Christian (1800– ) 112: 104: 94: 84: 68: 56: 48: 39: 34: 5721:Modern Christian (1800–) 5507:The Lutheran Study Bible 5467:Scofield Reference Bible 5278:Apostolic Bible Polyglot 5206:Four Prophets (Phillips) 4920:Moffatt, New Translation 4584:Savoyard–Waldensian wars 4465:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 3545:Marshall, Peter (2018). 3430:www.bible-researcher.com 2458:Kraebel, Andrew (2014). 2435:Kraebel, Andrew (2012). 2085:Lollards and Their Books 1908:Marshall, Peter (2018). 1673: 1386:Archbishop of Canterbury 808:four senses of Scripture 705:salvation by faith alone 454:- Early Modern English: 5767:14th century in England 5625:Oxford University Press 5462:Reformation Study Bible 5337:The Passion Translation 5082:21st Century King James 4107:———, 4083:———, 4067:———, 4055:Wycliffe, John (1395), 3885:Lahey, Stephen (2009). 3362:Wyciffe's New Testament 3077:Orme, Nicholas (2021). 2665:Paues, Anna C. (2006). 1984:Matthew, F. D. (1895). 1467:De haeretico comburendo 1343:Lollardy and censorship 937:Alternative attribution 656:Wycliffe's Commentaries 5706:Old English (pre-1066) 5630:American Bible Society 5502:The Wesley Study Bible 5457:Oxford Annotated Bible 5304:Divine Name King James 5126:International Standard 4910:Rotherham's Emphasized 3994:Modern Jewish (1853– ) 3974:Old English (pre-1066) 3335:John Wyclif and Reform 2416:Raschko, Mary (2017). 2328:John Wyclif and Reform 2213:Raschko, Mary (2017). 1867:François, Wim (2018). 1367: 1239: 1043: 983: 931: 837: 707:. Despite this, Queen 579: 463:The familiar verse of 342: 177:Modern Jewish (1853– ) 157:Old English (pre-1066) 5726:Modern Jewish (1853–) 5670:Hendrickson Publisher 5492:MacArthur Study Bible 5343:Revised New Jerusalem 5121:Complete Jewish Bible 4971:New American Standard 4736:Old English Hexateuch 4125:Catholic Encyclopedia 3697:Wesley, John (1872). 3030:10.1353/sac.1994.0002 3002:Catholic Encyclopedia 2790:10.1353/cjm.2017.0035 2326:Stacey, John (1964). 2293:Studia Neophilologica 2116:Hudson, Anne (1988). 2083:Hudson, Anne (1985). 1962:Catholic Encyclopedia 1885:10.1353/cat.2018.0001 1603:Herbert Brook Workman 1464:(in his 1401 statute 1349: 1217: 1081:Old English Hexateuch 1037: 973: 951:Four and Twenty Books 921: 850:Non-Wycliffean Bibles 826: 800:Four and Twenty Books 666:commentaries or notes 405:was in flux as well. 340: 5680:Saint Benedict Press 5512:Orthodox Study Bible 5372:Tree of Life Version 5349:Evangelical Heritage 5138:Easy-to-Read Version 5058:Contemporary English 5046:New Revised Standard 4841:Brenton's Septuagint 4617:Jistebnice hymn book 4508:Bohemian Reformation 4450:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov 4255:Gottschalk of Orbais 3960:The Bible in English 3837:The Bible in English 3089:10.2307/j.ctv1t1kfhr 2441:The Mediæval Journal 1745:Eleanor of Aquitaine 1615:Rheims New Testament 1369:In 1381, Archbishop 1360:, attrib. Letter to 1103:Early Middle English 1006:(other sources were 739:Clement of Llanthony 668:on the whole Bible. 287:Nicholas of Hereford 264:University of Oxford 143:The Bible in English 5532:Study Bible for GNT 5527:Study Bible for NLT 5522:Study Bible for ESV 5517:Study Bible for NIV 5294:The Orthodox Jewish 5040:Christian Community 4572:Peace of Kutná Hora 4486:Girolamo Savonarola 4222:Proto-Protestantism 3727:library.garrett.edu 3660:, pp. 474–476. 3624:, pp. 481–482. 3312:, pp. 131–134. 3264:, pp. 135–168. 3228:, pp. 149–150. 2996:"John Wyclif" 2521:, pp. 275–280. 2422:Europe After Wyclif 2219:Europe After Wyclif 2148:10.7227/BJRL.48.1.7 1362:Antipope John XXIII 1190:Anglo-Norman French 798:(GP, also known as 782:Anglo-Norman French 650:William of Woodford 565:Latin Vulgate Bible 5660:Lockman Foundation 5613:Notable publishers 5390:Free Bible Version 5331:Christian Standard 5314:Tree of Life Bible 4589:Piedmontese Easter 4366:Marsilius of Padua 3415:, p. 280,284. 3359:Nobles, T (2001). 2683:(Cambridge, 1904). 1802:10.1017/heq.2021.8 1641:In popular culture 1619:King James Version 1514:harmonized Gospels 1454:Kingdom of England 1416:Twelve Conclusions 1373:was killed in the 1317:transubstantiation 1240: 1086:was the memorized 1044: 996:Western Christians 986:Historical context 928:Mary Rashko (2017) 717:Archbishop of York 373:books (called the 343: 322:Kingdom of England 256:Bible translations 99:Formal equivalence 5734: 5733: 5497:Ryrie Study Bible 5435: 5434: 5384:Majority Standard 5214: 5213: 5000:New International 4904:American Standard 4873:Emphatic Diaglott 4829:18th–19th century 4771:16th–17th century 4674: 4673: 4622:Ecclesiae Regimen 4579:Mérindol massacre 4567:Compacts of Basel 4545: 4544: 4460:Johannes von Goch 4419: 4418: 4361:Matthias of Janov 4351:Milíč of Kroměříž 4341:Arnold of Brescia 4335:Henry of Lausanne 4294: 4293: 4265:Berengar of Tours 4250:Claudius of Turin 4122:"John Wycliffe", 4051: 4050: 3946:978-1-4701493-8-3 3896:978-0-19-518331-3 3805:El Libro de Arena 3648:, pp. 87–89. 3391:, pp. 24–27. 3252:, pp. 16–19. 3098:978-0-300-25650-5 2704:978-1-356-13429-8 1773:978-0-521-26474-7 1647:Jorge Luis Borges 1439:Margaret Deanesly 1420:Ecclesiae Regimen 1390:William Courtenay 1321:Pope Innocent III 1319:. He argued that 1259:De Civili Dominio 1099:Junius manuscript 1077:Ælfric of Eynsham 1048:Vespasian Psalter 875:Catholic epistles 804:Prologus Galeatus 767:Trevisa's Gospels 660:Wycliffe's early 646:Richard Ullerston 575:Vespasian Psalter 471:Vulgate - Latin: 409:Vulgate - Latin: 354:are represented. 245:Wycliffian Bibles 241:Wycliffite Bibles 234: 233: 137: 136: 16:(Redirected from 5784: 5694:Additional lists 5583:The Action Bible 5397: 5396: 5243:English Standard 5150: 5149: 5088:Third Millennium 4936:Revised Standard 4719:5th–11th century 4701: 4694: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4557:Oldcastle Revolt 4501:Sects and groups 4428: 4427: 4375:Sects and groups 4312: 4311: 4302: 4274:Sects and groups 4233: 4232: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4175: 4174: 4159:Internet Archive 4150: 4149: 4148: 4129: 4117: 4115:Internet Archive 4102: 4090: 4078: 4062: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4017:Bible portal 4015: 4014: 4013: 3956: 3955: 3932: 3925:Madden, Frederic 3921:Forshall, Josiah 3909: 3900: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3851: 3840: 3817: 3816: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2697:. Palala Press. 2690: 2684: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2608:, Church society 2603: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2540:Modern Philology 2531: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2383: 2377: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2055: 2038: 2036: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1981: 1968: 1966: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1924: 1923: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1754: 1748: 1741:Poitevin dialect 1733:Parisian dialect 1721: 1715: 1713: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1651:The Book of Sand 1428:General Prologue 1394:Earthquake Synod 1375:Peasants' Revolt 1365: 1238: 1235: 1226:Geoffrey Chaucer 1150:to the incoming 1125:John of Thoresby 981: 929: 835: 795:General Prologue 618:Associated works 582: 528: 527: 514: 513: 500: 499: 487: 486: 445: 444: 431: 430: 417: 416: 371:deuterocanonical 237:Wycliffe's Bible 226: 219: 212: 200:Bible portal 198: 197: 196: 139: 138: 95:Translation type 61: 44: 32: 31: 21: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5689: 5608: 5587: 5578:The Manga Bible 5573:The Brick Bible 5561: 5557:The Green Bible 5431: 5413: 5395: 5378:Berean Standard 5361:Legacy Standard 5325:Literal English 5238:World Messianic 5226:Palmarian Bible 5210: 5194: 5171: 5148: 5052:Revised English 4953:Modern Language 4892: 4851:Young's Literal 4824: 4766: 4745: 4714: 4705: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4654: 4638: 4595: 4541: 4496: 4470:Wessel Gansfort 4415: 4370: 4303: 4290: 4269: 4224: 4219: 4172: 4146: 4144: 4133: 4121: 4047: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4004:Main category: 3998: 3954: 3927:, eds. (1850), 3916: 3914:Further reading 3897: 3849: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3670:Hargreaves 1969 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3347:Hargreaves 1969 3345: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3322:Hargreaves 1969 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3173: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3099: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3049: 3045: 3014: 3010: 3005:. Vol. 15. 2988: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2918: 2914: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2828: 2801: 2797: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2691: 2687: 2679:Anna C. Paues, 2678: 2674: 2663: 2659: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2573:Hargreaves 1969 2571: 2567: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2479: 2475: 2456: 2452: 2433: 2429: 2414: 2401: 2395:Hargreaves 1969 2393: 2386: 2378: 2371: 2365:Hargreaves 1969 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2320: 2289: 2280: 2274:Hargreaves 1969 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2237:j.ctt1f114xz.15 2229: 2211: 2207: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2169:Hargreaves 1969 2167: 2163: 2132: 2125: 2114: 2107: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2056: 2041: 2021: 2017: 1982: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1906:against them." 1904: 1900: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1821: 1817: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1755: 1751: 1722: 1718: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1664: 1643: 1627: 1591:Miles Coverdale 1583:William Tyndale 1579: 1574: 1565:Reginald Pecock 1435:Glossed Gospels 1409:King Richard II 1366: 1356: 1345: 1296:of Christ (see 1263:Pope Gregory XI 1250:, not priests. 1236: 1212: 1206: 1057:translated the 1016:, and popular 988: 982: 979: 972: 939: 930: 927: 900: 892: 883: 877:from ca. 1388. 863: 858: 852: 836: 833: 790: 769: 725: 709:Anne of Bohemia 694:Glossed Gospels 681: 679:Glossed Gospels 658: 638:Glossed Gospels 620: 608: 561: 395: 335: 318:Catholic Church 230: 194: 192: 191: 187:Main category: 181: 133: 132: 129: 123: 122: 118: 59: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5685:Baronius Press 5682: 5677: 5675:Ignatius Press 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5566:Picture Bibles 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 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4751: 4750:Middle English 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4731:Hatton Gospels 4728: 4726:Wessex Gospels 4722: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4607:Wycliffe Bible 4603: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4528:Czech Brethren 4525: 4520: 4515: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4492:Luke of Prague 4489: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4455:Petr Chelčický 4452: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4404:Friends of God 4401: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4328:Peter of Bruys 4324: 4318: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4239: 4237: 4230: 4226: 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3008: 2979: 2967: 2965:, p. 470. 2955: 2934:10.2307/456948 2928:(3): 529–613. 2912: 2894: 2892:, p. 463. 2882: 2867: 2853: 2851:, p. 133. 2841: 2839:, p. 136. 2826: 2795: 2784:(1): 220–222. 2768: 2761: 2735: 2710: 2703: 2685: 2672: 2657: 2638:(2): 270–273. 2618: 2589: 2587:, p. 256. 2577: 2575:, p. 410. 2565: 2523: 2511: 2509:, p. 279. 2499: 2493:978-1015682337 2492: 2473: 2450: 2427: 2399: 2397:, p. 404. 2384: 2382:, p. 254. 2369: 2367:, p. 400. 2357: 2345: 2343:, p. 253. 2333: 2318: 2299:(2): 160–176. 2278: 2276:, p. 399. 2266: 2254: 2242: 2227: 2205: 2187: 2173: 2171:, p. 407. 2161: 2142:(1): 118–140. 2123: 2105: 2090: 2075: 2068: 2039: 2015: 1969: 1951: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1898: 1858: 1832: 1815: 1796:(2): 181–212. 1779: 1772: 1749: 1739:royal court), 1716: 1688: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1642: 1639: 1626: 1623: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1476:Henry Knighton 1472:Thomas Arundel 1470:), Archbishop 1358:Thomas Arundel 1354: 1344: 1341: 1208:Main article: 1205: 1202: 1152:Middle English 1121:Middle English 1071:Wessex Gospels 1059:Gospel of John 1055:Venerable Bede 987: 984: 977: 971: 968: 938: 935: 925: 904:Middle English 899: 896: 891: 888: 882: 879: 871:Middle English 862: 859: 854:Main article: 851: 848: 831: 789: 786: 774:William Caxton 768: 765: 735:gospel harmony 724: 721: 713:Thomas Arundel 686:Thomas Aquinas 680: 677: 672:translations. 657: 654: 642: 641: 630: 627: 619: 616: 607: 604: 560: 557: 549: 548: 547: 546: 540: 539: 538: 532: 531: 530: 518: 517: 516: 504: 503: 502: 490: 489: 488: 477: 476: 475: 461: 460: 459: 458: 449: 448: 447: 435: 434: 433: 421: 420: 419: 394: 391: 334: 331: 268:Middle English 253:Middle English 232: 231: 229: 228: 221: 214: 206: 203: 202: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 146: 145: 135: 134: 130: 125: 124: 119: 114: 113: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 74:Wycliffe Bible 70: 69:Online as 66: 65: 62: 58:Complete Bible 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 35:Wycliffe Bible 26: 18:Wycliffe Bible 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5789: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:HarperCollins 5648: 5646: 5645:Tyndale House 5643: 5641: 5640:Thomas Nelson 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:Haydock Bible 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Antioch Bible 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232:World English 5230: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5177:New Testament 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5023:New Jerusalem 5021: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4930:Basic English 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Ferrar Fenton 4913: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612:Hussite Bible 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4480:Lorenzo Valla 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4411: 4410:Petrobrusians 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:John Wycliffe 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4143:on 2012-07-30 4142: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3848:0-300-09930-4 3844: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3558: 3556:9780300234589 3552: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3533:Deanesly 1920 3529: 3522: 3521:Deanesly 1920 3517: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3494:Deanesly 1920 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3443:Deanesly 1920 3439: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3414: 3413:Deanesly 1920 3409: 3402: 3401:Deanesly 1920 3397: 3390: 3385: 3377: 3375:9781467994934 3371: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 71. 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3159:Levy, Ian C, 3155: 3148: 3147:Deanesly 1920 3143: 3136: 3135:Deanesly 1920 3131: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2977:, p. 24. 2976: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2907:csis.pace.edu 2904: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2850: 2849:Deanesly 1920 2845: 2838: 2837:Deanesly 1920 2833: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2762:9789004236721 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2585:Deanesly 1920 2581: 2574: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2519:Deanesly 1920 2515: 2508: 2507:Deanesly 1920 2503: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2381: 2380:Deanesly 1920 2376: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2355:, p. 82. 2354: 2349: 2342: 2341:Deanesly 1920 2337: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2264:, p. 79. 2263: 2258: 2252:, p. 83. 2251: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2228:9780823274420 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2094: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2069:9780812248340 2065: 2061: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1996:(37): 91–99. 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1949:, p. 66. 1948: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1921: 1919:9780300234589 1915: 1911: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:Tyndale Bible 1584: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561:Piers Plowman 1556: 1554: 1550: 1549:Richard Hunne 1544: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:Nicholas Love 1503: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Simon Sudbury 1363: 1359: 1353: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:excommunicate 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288:'s system of 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:Simon Sudbury 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1221:John of Gaunt 1216: 1211: 1210:John Wycliffe 1204:John Wycliffe 1201: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Book of Hours 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Richard Rolle 1113: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008:mystery plays 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 980:Michael Wilks 976: 967: 965: 959: 955: 952: 949:The pamphlet 947: 944: 943:Aidan Gasquet 934: 924: 920: 918: 913: 911: 910: 905: 895: 887: 878: 876: 872: 868: 857: 847: 846: 841: 830: 825: 822: 819: 817: 813: 812:St. Augustine 809: 805: 801: 797: 796: 785: 783: 777: 775: 764: 762: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 676: 673: 669: 667: 663: 653: 651: 647: 639: 635: 631: 628: 625: 624: 623: 615: 613: 606:Later Version 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 581: 576: 571: 568: 566: 559:Early Version 556: 554: 544: 543: 541: 536: 535: 533: 522: 521: 519: 508: 507: 505: 494: 493: 491: 481: 480: 478: 473: 472: 470: 469: 468: 466: 456: 455: 453: 450: 439: 438: 436: 425: 424: 422: 411: 410: 408: 407: 406: 404: 400: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 355: 353: 349: 339: 330: 327: 323: 320:, caused the 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 282: 278: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 260:John Wycliffe 257: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 227: 222: 220: 215: 213: 208: 207: 205: 204: 201: 190: 185: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140: 128: 117: 116:Genesis 1:1–3 111: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 90: 89:Latin Vulgate 87: 83: 80: 76: 75: 71: 67: 63: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5440:Study Bibles 5401:Hebrew Bible 5309:Names of God 5219:21st century 5154:Hebrew Bible 4989:New American 4897:20th century 4878:Joseph Smith 4813:Douay–Rheims 4756: 4663: 4631: 4562:Hussite Wars 4534: 4484: 4442: 4424:1400–1500 AD 4408: 4396: 4333: 4326: 4308:1100–1400 AD 4286:Berengarians 4242: 4145:, retrieved 4141:the original 4135: 4128:, New advent 4124: 4109: 4098:Ecclesiastes 4097: 4089:, Wesley NNU 4085: 4069: 4061:, Studylight 4057: 3937: 3928: 3905: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3858: 3836: 3804: 3798: 3786:. Retrieved 3773: 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3752:evertype.com 3751: 3742: 3730:. Retrieved 3726: 3717: 3705:. Retrieved 3699: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3646:Daniell 2003 3641: 3629: 3617: 3610:Daniell 2003 3605: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3565: 3546: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3501: 3489: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3455:Justice 1999 3450: 3445:, p. 3. 3438: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3361: 3354: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3238:Daniell 2003 3233: 3221: 3216:, p. 5. 3209: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118:. Retrieved 3107:j.ctv1t1kfhr 3079: 3072: 3063: 3053: 3046: 3024:(1): 45–67. 3021: 3017: 3011: 3000: 2991:Urquhart, F. 2970: 2958: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2856: 2844: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2744: 2738: 2726:. Retrieved 2722: 2713: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2660: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2610:, retrieved 2605: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2546:(2): 81–98. 2543: 2539: 2514: 2502: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2421: 2360: 2353:Daniell 2003 2348: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2296: 2292: 2269: 2262:Daniell 2003 2257: 2250:Daniell 2003 2245: 2218: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2176: 2164: 2139: 2135: 2117: 2099: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2059: 2027:, Westport, 2024: 2018: 1993: 1989: 1965:, New advent 1961: 1954: 1947:Daniell 2003 1909: 1901: 1879:(1): 23–56. 1876: 1872: 1861: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1763: 1757:John Trevisa 1752: 1725:Anglo-Norman 1719: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1611: 1599: 1580: 1557: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1518: 1498: 1487: 1485: 1465: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1406: 1383: 1368: 1350: 1346: 1337: 1306: 1283: 1279:queen mother 1275:Joan of Kent 1258: 1256: 1252: 1241: 1218: 1194: 1186:Gospel books 1171: 1160: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1114: 1075: 1052: 1045: 1040:Pater noster 1039: 1022: 989: 974: 960: 956: 950: 948: 940: 932: 922: 914: 907: 901: 893: 884: 864: 842: 838: 827: 823: 820: 799: 793: 791: 778: 770: 757:Monotesseron 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 730:Oon of Foure 728: 726: 698: 693: 690:Catena Aurea 689: 682: 674: 670: 661: 659: 643: 637: 633: 621: 609: 599: 595: 591: 587: 585: 572: 569: 562: 550: 462: 396: 360: 356: 344: 303: 295:John Trevisa 293:and perhaps 283: 279: 272: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235: 85:Derived from 72: 49:Abbreviation 29: 5747:1380s books 5255:New English 5064:The Message 5006:New Century 4959:New English 4793:Great Bible 4398:Strigolniki 4387:Waldensians 4346:Peter Waldo 4229:400–1100 AD 3887:John Wyclif 3658:Lawton 1999 3622:Lawton 1999 3570:Lawton 1999 3187:: 147–161. 2963:Lawton 1999 2890:Lawton 1999 2815:: 147–161. 2747:: 449–468. 2728:13 December 1737:Plantagenet 1655:Blackletter 1607:John Wesley 1595:Great Bible 1525:Thomas More 1458:established 1452:caused the 1237: 1859 1176:(Psalters, 1148:Old English 1096:Old English 1067:John Purvey 1063:Old English 1029:contributed 1018:iconography 992:Middle Ages 964:Thomas More 898:Manuscripts 816:St. Isidore 761:Jean Gerson 750:One of Four 664:were brief 634:One of Four 612:John Purvey 403:Orthography 401:1:3 below. 379:Protestants 326:established 314:Reformation 299:Anne Hudson 291:John Purvey 5741:Categories 5419:Septuagint 5110:New Living 5105:God's Word 5070:Clear Word 4819:King James 4600:Literature 4382:Arnoldists 4147:2012-07-29 3813:B000P23CAI 3634:Lahey 2009 3389:Lahey 2009 3310:Lahey 2009 3298:Lahey 2009 3286:Lahey 2009 3274:Lahey 2009 3262:Lahey 2009 3250:Lahey 2009 3226:Lahey 2009 3214:Lahey 2009 2975:Lahey 2009 2903:"The Scop" 1931:References 1839:I.e., two 1729:Law French 1488:Periculosa 1480:censorship 1398:earthquake 1302:sacraments 1230:John Gower 1163:latinities 1140:Old French 867:Anna Paues 834:F.F. Bruce 701:Luke 17:19 367:Paris text 108:1388, 1395 79:Wikisource 5635:Zondervan 5357:(NHEB-JE) 5267:The Voice 4983:Jerusalem 4977:Good News 4947:New World 4846:Webster's 4836:Challoner 4783:Coverdale 4523:Utraquism 4518:Taborites 4444:Jan Žižka 4260:Ratramnus 3783:764293237 3201:0424-2084 3120:11 August 3115:237658138 3038:166176909 2950:164154492 2723:Sotheby's 2644:1871-241X 2612:March 16, 2606:Churchman 2552:0026-8232 2313:170339480 2156:193286581 2002:0013-8266 1893:163790511 1828:sound out 1810:233401379 1705:, Brill, 1572:Influence 1563:. 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