916:, which is an inductive coil that is designed to counteract loss caused by shunt capacitance (capacitance between the two wires of the twisted pair). Loading coils are commonly set at regular intervals in POTS lines. Voice service cannot be maintained past a certain distance without such coils. Therefore, some areas that are within range for DSL service are disqualified from eligibility because of loading coil placement. Because of this, phone companies endeavor to remove loading coils on copper loops that can operate without them. Longer lines that require them can be replaced with fiber to the neighborhood or node (
616:
1117:
4235:
720:
4245:
1075:
4224:
1056:
4255:
905:
554:'s contribution to DSL was his insight that an asymmetric arrangement offered more than double the bandwidth capacity of symmetric DSL. This allowed Internet service providers to offer efficient service to consumers, who benefited greatly from the ability to download large amounts of data but rarely needed to upload comparable amounts. ADSL supports two modes of transport: fast channel and
1780:
657:
cable over the same route and distance. This is true both for ADSL and SDSL variations. The commercial success of DSL and similar technologies largely reflects the advances made in electronics over the decades that have increased performance and reduced costs even while digging trenches in the ground
698:
Since 1999, certain ISPs have been offering microfilters. These devices are installed indoors and serve the same purpose as DSL splitters, which are deployed outdoors: they divide the frequencies needed for ADSL and POTS phone calls. These filters originated out of a desire to make self-installation
1607:
Terabit DSL, is a technology that proposes the use of the space between the dielectrics (insulators) on copper twisted pair lines in telephone cables, as waveguides for 300 GHz signals that can offer speeds of up to 1 terabit per second at distances of up to 100 meters, 100 gigabits per second for
1107:
to other networking transports. The DSLAM terminates all connections and recovers the original digital information. In the case of ADSL, the voice component is also separated at this step, either by a filter or splitter integrated in the DSLAM or by specialized filtering equipment installed before
815:
of the local loop by creating 4312.5 Hz wide channels starting between 10 and 100 kHz, depending on how the system is configured. Allocation of channels continues to higher frequencies (up to 1.1 MHz for ADSL) until new channels are deemed unusable. Each channel is evaluated for
875:
into certain high-frequency impulses for transmission to the opposing modem. Signals received from the far-end modem are demodulated to yield a corresponding bit pattern that the modem passes on, in digital form, to its interfaced equipment, such as a computer, router, switch, etc.
1461:(HDSL), ITU-T G.991.1, the first DSL technology that used a higher frequency spectrum than ISDN, 1,544 kbit/s and 2,048 kbit/s symmetric services, either on 2 or 3 pairs at 784 kbit/s each, 2 pairs at 1,168 kbit/s each, or one pair at 2,320 kbit/s
1147:. In other cases (particularly ADSL), it is common for the customer equipment to be integrated with higher-level functionality, such as routing, firewalling, or other application-specific hardware and software. In this case, the equipment is referred to as a gateway.
923:
Most residential and small-office DSL implementations reserve low frequencies for POTS, so that (with suitable filters and/or splitters) the existing voice service continues to operate independently of the DSL service. Thus POTS-based communications, including
1082:
The above figure is a schematic of a simple DSL connection (in blue). The right side shows a DSLAM residing in the telephone company's telephone exchange. The left side shows the customer premises equipment with an optional router. The router manages a
1778:, Richard D. Gitlin; Sailesh K. Rao & Jean-Jacques Werner et al., "Method and apparatus for wideband transmission of digital signals between, for example, a telephone central office and customer premises", published May 8, 1990
508:
communications that allowed the limit to be greatly extended. A patent was filed in 1979 for the use of existing telephone wires for both telephones and data terminals that were connected to a remote computer via a digital data carrier system.
1169:
often integrate routing and other functionality. The system boots, synchronizes the DSL connection and finally establishes the internet IP services and connection between the local network and the service provider, using protocols such as
879:
Unlike traditional dial-up modems, which modulate bits into signals in the 300–3400 Hz audio baseband, DSL modems modulate frequencies from 4000 Hz to as high as 4 MHz. This frequency band separation enables DSL service and
1608:
300 meters, and 10 gigabits per second for 500 meters. The first experiment for this was carried out with copper lines that were parallel to each other, and not twisted, inside a metal pipe meant to simulate the metal armoring in large
569:
is acceptable, but lags are less so. Interleaved channel works better for file transfers, where the delivered data must be error-free but latency (time delay) incurred by the retransmission of error-containing packets is acceptable.
694:
as that of the ILEC supplying the customer's pre-existing voice service. The subscriber's circuit is rewired to interface with hardware supplied by the ILEC which combines a DSL frequency and POTS signals on a single copper pair.
670:
technology to achieve similar speeds. Demand for high bandwidth applications, such as video and file sharing, also contributed to the popularity of ADSL technology. Some of the first field trials for DSL were carried out in 1996.
2175:
665:
than metered dial up, while also allowing voice calls to be received at the same time as a data connection. Telephone companies were also under pressure to move to ADSL owing to competition from cable companies, which use
888:
are installed on each telephone to pass voice frequencies but filter the high-frequency signals that would otherwise be heard as hiss. Also, nonlinear elements in the phone could otherwise generate audible
463:
of consumer ADSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s up to 25 Mbit/s, while the later VDSL+ technology delivers between 16 Mbit/s and 250 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer
820:
would on a POTS connection. More usable channels equate to more available bandwidth, which is why distance and line quality are a factor (the higher frequencies used by DSL travel only short distances).
690:, this unbundling of services allows a single subscriber to receive two separate services from two separate providers on one cable pair. The DSL service provider's equipment is co-located in the same
800:
were gradually converted from analog to digital operation, the idea of being able to pass data through the local loop (by using frequencies above the voiceband) took hold, ultimately leading to DSL.
1087:
which connects PCs and other local devices. The customer may opt for a modem that contains both a router and wireless access. This option (within the dashed bubble) often simplifies the connection.
484:
Initially, it was believed that ordinary phone lines could only be used at modest speeds, usually less than 9600 bits per second. In the 1950s, ordinary twisted-pair telephone cable often carried 4
1108:
it. Load coils in phone lines, used for extending their range in rural areas, must be removed to allow DSL to operate as they only allow frequencies of up to 4000 Hz to pass through phone cables.
488:
television signals between studios, suggesting that such lines would allow transmitting many megabits per second. One such circuit in the United
Kingdom ran some 10 miles (16 km) between the
2182:
1020:(UNE) in the United States; in Australia it is known as a unconditioned local loop (ULL); in Belgium it is known as "raw copper" and in the UK it is known as Single Order GEA (SoGEA).
1542:
XG-FAST, allows for up to 10 Gbps on copper twisted pair lines, but only for lengths up to 30 meters. Real-world tests have shown 8 Gbps on 30-meter long twisted pair lines.
844:
constantly monitor the quality of each channel and will add or remove them from service depending on whether they are usable. Once upstream and downstream circuits are established, a
1976:
2333:
Coomans, Werner; Moraes, Rodrigo B.; Hooghe, Koen; Duque, Alex; Galaro, Joe; Timmers, Michael; van
Wijngaarden, Adriaan J.; Guenach, Mamoun; Maes, Jochen (December 5, 2015).
2242:
788:, which is a physical pair of wires. The local loop was originally intended mostly for the transmission of speech, encompassing an audio frequency range of 300 to 3400
653:
It is possible to set up a DSL connection over an existing cable. Such deployment, even including equipment, is much cheaper than installing a new, high-bandwidth
1539:, ITU-T G.9700 and G.9701, up to approximately 1 Gbit/s aggregate uplink and downlink at 100m. Approved in December 2014, deployments planned for 2016.
699:
of DSL service possible, and eliminate early outdoor DSL splitters which were installed at or near the demarcation point between the customer and the ISP.
3499:
468:), with up to 40 Mbit/s upstream. The exact performance is depending on technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. Researchers at
1749:
1067:, which concentrates a large number of individual DSL connections into a single box. The DSLAM cannot be located too far from the customer because of
386:
1455:(IDSL), ISDN-based technology that provides a bitrate equivalent to two ISDN bearer and one data channel, 144 kbit/s symmetric over one pair
2711:
2293:
1476:
1375:
832:
traffic, based on a preconfigured ratio. This segregation reduces interference. Once the channel groups have been established, the individual
1633:
1162:
inside the customer premises. It is possible for a DSL gateway to integrate the filter, and allow telephones to connect through the gateway.
807:
connecting the telephone exchange to most subscribers has the capability of carrying frequencies well beyond the 3400 Hz upper limit of
642:(VLSI) technology, the cost of the equipment associated with a DSL deployment lowered significantly. The two main pieces of equipment are a
4207:
4179:
4174:
3199:
3139:
3109:
2737:
1526:
146:
2423:
2398:
1921:
1592:
The line-length limitations from telephone exchange to subscriber impose severe limits on data transmission rates. Technologies such as
1533:
crosstalk cancelling feature (ITU-T G.993.5) can be used to increase range at a given bitrate, e.g. 100 Mbit/s at up to 500 meters.
2670:
2641:—Information about the background & workings of ADSL, and the factors involved in achieving a good sync between your modem and the
2315:
2206:
1520:
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1253:
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at the customer's premises to separate the DSL signal from the low-frequency voice signal. The separation can take place either at the
1096:
643:
1983:
2942:
1514:
2131:
1259:
741:
2372:
2706:
1479:(G.SHDSL), ITU-T G.991.2, standardized successor of HDSL and proprietary SDSL, up to 5,696 kbit/s per pair, up to four pairs
1464:
521:
2250:
811:. Depending on the length and quality of the loop, the upper limit can be tens of megahertz. DSL takes advantage of this unused
4201:
2018:
1272:
964:
1063:
On the customer side, a DSL modem is hooked up to a phone line. The telephone company connects the other end of the line to a
4196:
4186:
4166:
3968:
2869:
2701:
2607:
2115:
2089:
1863:
1578:(Uni digital subscriber line or UDSL), technology developed by Texas Instruments, backwards compatible with all DMT standards
1569:
1458:
578:
379:
106:
1529:(VDSL2), ITU-T G.993.2, an improved version of VDSL, compatible with ADSL2+, sum of both directions up to 200 Mbit/s.
1508:
236:
231:
201:
3333:
2498:
Shrestha, Rabi; Kerpez, Kenneth; Hwang, Chan Soo; Mohseni, Mehdi; Cioffi, John M.; Mittleman, Daniel M. (March 30, 2020).
686:(ILECs) to lease their lines to competing DSL service providers, shared-line DSL became available. Also known as DSL over
600:
copper wire. Newer variants improved these rates. Distances greater than 2 km (1.2 mi) significantly reduce the
4258:
4191:
4037:
3020:
1711:
1214:
513:
61:
1879:
3963:
2840:
1484:
1356:
1310:
533:
419:
308:
251:
176:
1853:
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2732:
2586:
2047:
1950:
1904:
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1470:
1446:
767:
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582:
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using traditional copper telephone lines, though such speeds have not been made available for the end customers yet.
438:
318:
288:
1692:
1071:
between the DSLAM and the user's DSL modem. It is common for a few residential blocks to be connected to one DSLAM.
749:
4279:
3842:
3390:
3192:
2105:
2063:
2037:
2000:
1894:
1597:
683:
497:
372:
303:
96:
2079:
980:
884:(POTS) to coexist on the same cables, known as voice grade cables. On the subscriber's end of the circuit, inline
3953:
3948:
2747:
2663:
1839:
1564:
745:
121:
111:
504:, preventing such rates from becoming practical in the field. The 1980s saw the development of techniques for
3973:
3025:
2935:
1505:, ITU-T G.992.2, more noise and attenuation resistant than G.dmt, up to 1,536 kbit/s and 512 kbit/s
1249:
812:
703:
241:
221:
171:
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525:
161:
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1209:
networks. In a bridged configuration, the group of subscriber computers effectively connect into a single
4238:
3745:
3185:
1794:
Joseph W. Lechleider (August 1991). "High Bit Rate
Digital Subscriber Lines: A Review of HDSL Progress".
1638:
1621:
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808:
445:
338:
298:
166:
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4019:
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to increase bandwidth and quality of experience by balancing the traffic over the two access networks.
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3575:
3504:
3437:
3264:
3149:
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1017:
976:
849:
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631:
456:
is installed on each telephone to prevent undesirable interaction between DSL and telephone service.
1673:
4294:
4228:
3470:
3405:
3358:
3318:
3124:
3114:
3035:
2928:
2441:
Cioffi, John M.; Kerpez, Kenneth J.; Hwang, Chan Soo; Kanellakopoulos, Ioannis (November 5, 2018).
945:
730:
627:
191:
131:
4067:
4052:
3896:
3847:
3770:
3670:
3348:
3234:
3229:
3134:
3030:
2970:
2271:
2220:
1774:
1585:
1234:
1159:
829:
734:
597:
465:
358:
348:
141:
56:
40:
2391:
967:". Generally, higher bit rate transmissions require a wider frequency band, though the ratio of
3989:
3775:
3590:
3535:
3530:
3343:
3308:
1581:
1139:), the modem connects directly to the computer via a serial interface, using protocols such as
1100:
609:
529:
226:
76:
1929:
3891:
3695:
3660:
3580:
3560:
3482:
3370:
3291:
3052:
2965:
2648:
1487:(ADSL), umbrella term for xDSL where the bitrate is greater in one direction than the other.
1202:
1144:
833:
825:
601:
430:
353:
126:
3224:
1467:(HDSL2, HDSL4), ANSI, 1,544 kbit/s symmetric over one pair (HDSL2) or two pairs (HDSL4)
3805:
3765:
3735:
3492:
3427:
3249:
2909:
2511:
1008:
voice service because voice service is received either on top of the DSL services (usually
793:
574:
559:
551:
136:
31:
17:
702:
By 2012, some carriers in the United States reported that DSL remote terminals with fiber
548:
and customers. A patent was filed by AT&T Bell Labs on the basic DSL concept in 1988.
8:
3815:
3755:
3514:
3476:
3274:
3259:
2904:
2784:
2144:
1490:
1198:
layer to enable the adaptation of a number of different technologies over the same link.
1032:
573:
Consumer-oriented ADSL was designed to operate on existing lines already conditioned for
493:
2548:
2515:
1473:(SDSL), specific proprietary technology, up to 1,544 kbit/s symmetric over one pair
4042:
3999:
3930:
3800:
3730:
3705:
3640:
3487:
3208:
2529:
2462:
2354:
1084:
1036:
937:
781:
691:
667:
605:
545:
343:
71:
1596:
provide very high-speed but short-range links. VDSL is used as a method of delivering
4082:
4004:
3918:
3901:
3864:
3710:
3540:
3509:
3375:
3269:
2603:
2582:
2533:
2200:
2111:
2085:
2043:
1900:
1859:
1601:
1572:(RADSL), designed to increase range and noise tolerance by sacrificing upstream speed
1553:
1191:
1155:
433:
direction (the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of
271:
47:
3750:
2466:
2358:
2161:
2022:
936:
at a time. The standard way to let multiple computers share a DSL connection uses a
4087:
4047:
4027:
3994:
3923:
3881:
3795:
3650:
3635:
3610:
3585:
3545:
3395:
3254:
3239:
2519:
2454:
2346:
1803:
1547:
1013:
898:
620:
586:
555:
1728:
1128:. This converts data between the digital signals used by computers and the analog
912:
Because DSL operates above the 3.4 kHz voice limit, it cannot pass through a
27:
Family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines
4289:
3715:
3570:
3338:
3313:
3301:
2951:
2828:
2811:
2806:
2597:
2575:
2139:
1609:
1028:
933:
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837:
824:
The pool of usable channels is then split into two different frequency bands for
662:
423:
212:
1775:
1047:, those telephone companies have an obligation to offer naked DSL to consumers.
840:
into a pair of virtual circuits, one in each direction. Like analog modems, DSL
3913:
3785:
3760:
3720:
3690:
3565:
3400:
3353:
3328:
3286:
2990:
2442:
2334:
2162:"G.993.2 : Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2 (VDSL2)"
1222:
960:
501:
449:
415:
262:
2458:
2350:
1730:
1449:(SDSL), umbrella term for xDSL where the bitrate is equal in both directions.
1132:
signal of a suitable frequency range which is then applied to the phone line.
901:
are incorporated in the circuitry of DSL modems filter out voice frequencies.
536:(ADSL) by placing wide-band digital signals at frequencies above the existing
4273:
4062:
3835:
3825:
3740:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3600:
3422:
3281:
1009:
956:
929:
418:. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean
2638:
3940:
3780:
3725:
3655:
3620:
3555:
3454:
3444:
3296:
3080:
3070:
2480:
913:
872:
867:, an analog signal transmission. A DSL circuit terminates at each end in a
864:
817:
635:
541:
411:
181:
2617:
615:
4140:
3790:
3700:
3685:
3645:
3605:
3464:
1627:
1226:
1068:
972:
841:
654:
661:
These advantages made ADSL a better proposition for customers requiring
4145:
3852:
3550:
3459:
3415:
3385:
3363:
1729:
John E. Trombly; John D. Foulkes; David K. Worthington (May 18, 1982).
1693:"Researchers get record broadband speeds out of old-school copper wire"
1218:
1210:
1151:
1001:
975:
and thus to bandwidth are not linear due to significant innovations in
893:
and may impair the operation of the data modem in the absence of these
885:
860:
845:
804:
785:
453:
329:
2524:
2499:
2036:
Golden, Philip; Dedieu, Herve; Jacobsen, Krista S. (26 October 2007).
1893:
Golden, Philip; Dedieu, Herve; Jacobsen, Krista S. (26 October 2007).
1712:"The Next Generation of DSL Can Pump 1Gbps Through Copper Phone Lines"
1116:
4130:
3595:
3410:
3177:
3060:
3015:
2752:
2742:
1807:
1558:
1245:
Transmission methods vary by market, region, carrier, and equipment.
1195:
1125:
1005:
997:
992:
647:
577:
ISDN services. Engineers developed high speed DSL facilities such as
505:
469:
897:. DSL and RADSL modulations do not use the voice-frequency band so
719:
4125:
4115:
4032:
3857:
3680:
3154:
3005:
2985:
2424:"DSL inventor's latest science project: terabit speeds over copper"
1530:
1230:
1140:
1044:
968:
941:
797:
675:
537:
460:
441:(SDSL) services, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.
2920:
2373:"NBN attains 8Gbps speeds over copper in XG-FAST trial with Nokia"
1584:
combine existing xDSL deployments with a wireless network such as
859:
The underlying technology of transport across DSL facilities uses
4120:
4105:
3323:
3010:
2874:
2823:
2816:
2801:
2794:
2789:
1575:
1517:(ADSL2+), ITU-T G.992.5, up to 24 Mbit/s and 3.5 Mbit/s
1502:
1496:
1427:
1401:
1383:
1365:
1346:
1332:
1318:
1206:
1129:
1104:
1040:
2440:
2001:"Federal Communications Commission Approves SBC/AT&T Merger"
1511:(ADSL2), ITU-T G.992.3, up to 12 Mbit/s and 3.5 Mbit/s
1074:
1055:
940:
that establishes a connection between the DSL modem and a local
634:
algorithms to overcome the inherent limitations of the existing
630:
for DSL was prohibitive. All types of DSL employ highly complex
4150:
4110:
3432:
3129:
3000:
2975:
2847:
2618:"G.Sup50 – Overview of digital subscriber line Recommendations"
2221:"New ITU broadband standard fast-tracks route to 1 Gbit/s"
1963:
1536:
1023:
It started making a comeback in the United States in 2004 when
1004:. It is useful when the customer does not need the traditional
932:, can share the wires with DSL. Only one DSL modem can use the
608:
increase these distances by repeating the signal, allowing the
593:
473:
292:
186:
85:
65:
2678:
1523:(VDSL), ITU-T G.993.1, up to 52 Mbit/s and 16 Mbit/s
1150:
Most DSL technologies require the installation of appropriate
904:
512:
The motivation for digital subscriber line technology was the
4135:
4072:
3380:
3164:
3159:
3104:
3088:
3065:
2894:
2642:
1267:
1263:
1175:
1064:
1024:
949:
868:
789:
517:
313:
91:
4077:
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2835:
2779:
1821:
1593:
1414:
1171:
1136:
917:
853:
281:
276:
246:
196:
116:
81:
2497:
2294:"G.fast ONT available early next year says Alcatel-Lucent"
658:
for new cables (copper or fiber optic) remains expensive.
1674:"Alcatel-Lucent sets broadband speed record using copper"
925:
565:
489:
485:
101:
2481:"Terabits-Per-Second Data Rates Achieved at Short Range"
2332:
516:(ISDN) specification proposed in 1984 by the CCITT (now
422:(ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology, for
410:) is a family of technologies that are used to transmit
2500:"A wire waveguide channel for terabit-per-second links"
2243:"The Numbers are in: Vectoring 2.0 Makes G.fast Faster"
1499:, ITU-T G.992.1, up to 10 Mbit/s and 1 Mbit/s
1438:
DSL technologies (sometimes collectively summarized as
2272:"G.fast broadband standard approved and on the market"
1550:(DSL Rings), a shared ring topology at 400 Mbit/s
604:
usable on the wires, thus reducing the data rate. But
596:
to the customer over about 2 km (1.2 mi) of
500:. However, these cables had other impairments besides
2392:"TR-348 Hybrid Access Broadband Network Architecture"
1103:
the DSL circuits and aggregates them, where they are
589:(DS1) services over standard copper pair facilities.
2035:
1892:
1793:
1731:"Audio and full duplex digital data carrier system"
1237:(PPP) to authenticate with a user ID and password.
452:for data transmission. On the customer premises, a
2574:
2213:
1240:
2039:Implementation and Applications of DSL Technology
1896:Implementation and Applications of DSL Technology
1752:. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived from
1275:(CAP), deprecated in 1996 for ADSL, used for HDSL
1124:The customer end of the connection consists of a
955:The theoretical foundations of DSL, like much of
448:on the same telephone line since DSL uses higher
444:DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with
4271:
1796:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
2389:
2241:Spruyt, Paul; Vanhastel, Stefaan (2013-07-04).
2240:
1181:
1000:is a way of providing only DSL services over a
2602:. International Engineering Consortium. 2001.
2316:"XG.fast DSL does 10Gbps over telephone lines"
1477:Single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line
1376:Single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line
3193:
2936:
2664:
2572:
1634:List of countries by number of Internet users
612:(LEC) to deliver DSL speeds to any distance.
380:
1966:. Whirlpool.net.au. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
1527:Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line 2
852:or other network services, like a corporate
540:analog voice signal carried on conventional
4208:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1252:(DMT), the most common kind, also known as
748:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4244:
3200:
3186:
2943:
2929:
2671:
2657:
1521:Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line
1394:Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line
1254:Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
1097:digital subscriber line access multiplexer
644:digital subscriber line access multiplexer
387:
373:
30:"DSL" redirects here. For other uses, see
2546:
2523:
2383:
1709:
1515:Asymmetric digital subscriber line 2 plus
1465:High-bit-rate digital subscriber line 2/4
1027:started offering it, closely followed by
768:Learn how and when to remove this message
1919:
1260:Trellis-coded pulse-amplitude modulation
1115:
1073:
1054:
903:
614:
2335:"XG-fast: the 5th generation broadband"
2314:Anthony, Sebastian (October 18, 2016).
2313:
2285:
1493:, up to 8 Mbit/s and 1 Mbit/s
674:Early DSL service required a dedicated
14:
4272:
3207:
2205:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1710:Tarantola, Andrew (18 December 2013).
1273:Carrierless amplitude phase modulation
965:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
592:Older ADSL standards delivered 8
3181:
2924:
2652:
2291:
2264:
2107:Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1690:
1671:
1570:Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line
1459:High-bit-rate digital subscriber line
1135:In some DSL variations (for example,
1111:
1090:
579:high bit rate digital subscriber line
472:have reached SDSL speeds over 1
4254:
2421:
1509:Asymmetric digital subscriber line 2
1213:. The earliest implementations used
1012:) or through another network (E.g.,
952:network on the customer's premises.
848:can connect to a service such as an
746:adding citations to reliable sources
713:
429:In ADSL, the data throughput in the
2950:
2234:
1600:services (typically implemented in
1285:
1186:Many DSL technologies implement an
1158:, or with filters installed at the
706:were replacing older ADSL systems.
528:(IDSL). Employees at Bellcore (now
514:Integrated Services Digital Network
24:
2566:
1747:
1485:Asymmetric digital subscriber line
1357:Asymmetric digital subscriber line
1311:Asymmetric digital subscriber line
1233:. Later implementations often use
1221:to the subscriber equipment, with
959:technology, can be traced back to
816:usability in much the same way an
638:wires. Due to the advancements of
626:Until the late 1990s, the cost of
534:asymmetric digital subscriber line
420:asymmetric digital subscriber line
25:
4306:
2632:
1471:Symmetric digital subscriber line
1447:Symmetric digital subscriber line
1016:). It is also commonly called an
684:incumbent local exchange carriers
680:Federal Communications Commission
583:symmetric digital subscriber line
439:symmetric digital subscriber line
4253:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4222:
3843:Free-space optical communication
2249:. Alcatel Lucent. Archived from
1050:
780:Telephones are connected to the
718:
585:(SDSL) to provision traditional
558:. Fast channel is preferred for
498:Pontop Pike transmitting station
2547:Matsumoto, Craig (2005-09-13).
2540:
2491:
2473:
2434:
2415:
2404:from the original on 2022-10-09
2365:
2326:
2307:
2168:
2154:
2124:
2098:
2072:
2056:
2029:
2011:
1993:
1969:
1957:
1943:
1913:
1886:
1872:
1846:
1832:
1241:Transmission modulation methods
1201:DSL implementations may create
2390:Broadband Forum (2016-07-01).
1964:ULL (unconditioned local loop)
1814:
1787:
1768:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1684:
1665:
1651:
1630:– Known as "the father of DSL"
1565:High-speed voice and data link
1281:(2B1Q), used for IDSL and HDSL
13:
1:
2292:Hardy, Stephen (2014-10-22).
1858:. Javvin Technologies. 2007.
1672:Owano, Nancy (10 July 2014).
1644:
1250:Discrete multitone modulation
796:). However, as long-distance
4229:Telecommunication portal
4010:Telecommunications equipment
2447:IEEE Communications Magazine
2339:IEEE Communications Magazine
2081:End-to-end DSL Architectures
1691:Brian, Matt (10 July 2014).
1453:ISDN digital subscriber line
1182:Protocols and configurations
1059:Example of a DSLAM from 2006
986:
871:which modulates patterns of
709:
640:very-large-scale integration
526:ISDN digital subscriber line
520:) as part of Recommendation
7:
3746:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1922:"DSL Death March Continues"
1737:(published March 14, 1979).
1639:List of interface bit rates
1622:Dynamic spectrum management
1615:
882:plain old telephone service
10:
4311:
3450:Telecommunications history
2900:Ethernet in the first mile
2132:"DSL Technology Evolution"
2068:. Information Gatekeepers.
1424:VDSL2 -30 MHz short reach
1279:Two-binary, one-quaternary
1188:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
990:
981:digital modulation methods
479:
29:
4217:
4159:
4096:
4058:Public Switched Telephone
4018:
3982:
3939:
3880:
3870:telecommunication circuit
3831:Fiber-optic communication
3814:
3576:Francis Blake (telephone)
3523:
3371:Optical telecommunication
3215:
3097:
3079:
3051:
2958:
2887:
2856:
2772:
2765:
2720:
2694:
2687:
2459:10.1109/MCOM.2018.1800597
2351:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7355589
1920:Om Malik (Apr 24, 2012).
1392:
1309:
1018:unbundled network element
977:digital signal processing
850:Internet service provider
688:unbundled network element
646:(DSLAM) at one end and a
632:digital signal processing
628:digital signal processors
3969:Orbital angular-momentum
3406:Satellite communications
3245:Communications satellite
2469:– via IEEE Xplore.
2361:– via IEEE Xplore.
1604:network architectures).
1411:VDSL2 -12MHz long reach
1078:DSL Connection schematic
963:'s seminal 1948 paper, "
4280:Digital subscriber line
3848:Molecular communication
3671:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3500:Undersea telegraph line
3235:Cable protection system
2680:Digital subscriber line
2620:. ITU-T. September 2011
2599:Digital Subscriber Line
2581:. John Wiley and Sons.
2504:Applied Physics Letters
1977:"Next Generation Fibre"
1235:Point-to-Point Protocol
598:unshielded twisted-pair
446:wired telephone service
408:digital subscriber loop
400:Digital subscriber line
41:Internet protocol suite
3990:Communication protocol
3776:Charles Sumner Tainter
3591:Walter Houser Brattain
3536:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3344:Information revolution
2573:Dave Burstein (2002).
2549:"Valley Wonk: DSL Man"
1582:Hybrid Access Networks
1121:
1079:
1060:
909:
623:
610:local exchange carrier
562:, where an occasional
530:Telcordia Technologies
3964:Polarization-division
3696:Narinder Singh Kapany
3661:Erna Schneider Hoover
3581:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3561:Alexander Graham Bell
3292:online video platform
2296:. lightwaveonline.com
2110:. Cisco Press. 2004.
2084:. Cisco Press. 2003.
1119:
1077:
1058:
907:
618:
3806:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3766:Almon Brown Strowger
3736:Charles Grafton Page
3391:Prepaid mobile phone
3319:Electrical telegraph
2910:Single Pair Ethernet
2866:(early CAP variants)
2065:ISDN User Newsletter
2019:"Verizon MCI merger"
1842:. 16 September 1996.
794:commercial bandwidth
742:improve this section
678:, but when the U.S.
575:Basic Rate Interface
560:streaming multimedia
552:Joseph W. Lechleider
32:DSL (disambiguation)
4285:American inventions
3756:Johann Philipp Reis
3515:Wireless revolution
3477:The Telephone Cases
3334:Hydraulic telegraph
3098:Long range wireless
2905:Long Reach Ethernet
2785:ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
2773:ANSI / ETSI / ITU-T
2695:ANSI / ETSI / ITU-T
2516:2020ApPhL.116m1102S
2428:www.theregister.com
2422:Chirgwin, Richard.
2274:. ITU-T. 2014-12-05
2223:. ITU-T. 2013-12-11
2007:. October 31, 2005.
1953:. 10 February 1998.
1735:US Patent 4,330,687
1661:. 10 February 1998.
1561:Ethernet local loop
1491:ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
1292:
1262:(TC-PAM), used for
1194:over the low-level
1120:DSL Modem schematic
1095:At the exchange, a
606:ADSL loop extenders
556:interleaved channel
546:telephone exchanges
494:Newcastle-upon-Tyne
3954:Frequency-division
3931:Telephone exchange
3801:Charles Wheatstone
3731:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3706:Innocenzo Manzetti
3641:Reginald Fessenden
3376:Optical telegraphy
3209:Telecommunications
2682:(DSL) technologies
1855:Network Dictionary
1750:"EE535 Homework 3"
1290:
1122:
1112:Customer equipment
1091:Exchange equipment
1085:local area network
1080:
1061:
910:
863:of high-frequency
782:telephone exchange
692:telephone exchange
668:DOCSIS cable modem
650:at the other end.
624:
524:, later reused as
4267:
4266:
4005:Store and forward
4000:Data transmission
3914:Network switching
3865:Transmission line
3711:Guglielmo Marconi
3676:Internet pioneers
3541:Mohamed M. Atalla
3510:Whistled language
3175:
3174:
2918:
2917:
2883:
2882:
2848:G.fast and MGfast
2761:
2760:
2609:978-0-933217-95-9
2525:10.1063/1.5143699
2117:978-1-58705-119-7
2091:978-1-58705-087-9
2025:on April 2, 2007.
1865:978-1-60267-000-6
1756:on April 12, 2000
1602:fiber to the curb
1554:Cable/DSL gateway
1436:
1435:
1160:telephone outlets
1156:demarcation point
1031:. As a result of
899:high-pass filters
778:
777:
770:
397:
396:
48:Application layer
16:(Redirected from
4302:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4098:Notable networks
4088:Wireless network
4028:Cellular network
4020:Types of network
3995:Computer network
3882:Network topology
3796:Thomas A. Watson
3651:Oliver Heaviside
3636:Philo Farnsworth
3611:Daniel Davis Jr.
3586:Charles Bourseul
3546:John Logie Baird
3255:Data compression
3250:Computer network
3202:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3178:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2770:
2769:
2692:
2691:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2592:
2580:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2403:
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2387:
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2380:
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2362:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2181:. Archived from
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2143:. Archived from
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2021:. Archived from
2015:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1982:. Archived from
1981:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1928:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1882:. November 1999.
1876:
1870:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:www.strowger.com
1818:
1812:
1811:
1808:10.1109/49.93088
1791:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1748:Shamus, Ronald.
1745:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1610:telephone cables
1548:Bonded DSL Rings
1359:-Reach Extended
1293:
1289:
1286:DSL technologies
1014:mobile telephony
895:low-pass filters
773:
766:
762:
759:
753:
722:
714:
587:Digital Signal 1
544:cabling between
389:
382:
375:
37:
36:
21:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4295:Internet access
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4155:
4092:
4014:
3978:
3935:
3884:
3876:
3817:
3810:
3716:Robert Metcalfe
3571:Tim Berners-Lee
3519:
3339:Information Age
3211:
3206:
3176:
3171:
3093:
3075:
3047:
2954:
2952:Internet access
2949:
2919:
2914:
2879:
2852:
2757:
2716:
2707:HDSL2 and HDSL4
2683:
2677:
2635:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2596:
2589:
2569:
2567:Further reading
2564:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2551:. Light Reading
2545:
2541:
2496:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2453:(11): 152–159.
2439:
2435:
2420:
2416:
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2239:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2176:"Archived copy"
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2140:Broadband Forum
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1880:"Network World"
1878:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:"Network World"
1838:
1837:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1746:
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1723:
1708:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1618:
1302:ITU-T standard
1288:
1243:
1229:or an assigned
1217:to provide the
1184:
1114:
1093:
1053:
1043:'s merger with
1035:'s merger with
995:
989:
934:subscriber line
891:intermodulation
774:
763:
757:
754:
739:
723:
712:
682:(FCC) required
663:Internet access
482:
450:frequency bands
424:Internet access
416:telephone lines
393:
213:Transport layer
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4265:
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4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:Space-division
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3909:
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3850:
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3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Camille Tissot
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Claude Shannon
3758:
3753:
3751:Tivadar Puskás
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Antonio Meucci
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Charles K. Kao
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Harold Hopkins
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Emile Berliner
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Videotelephony
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3401:Radiotelephone
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Internet video
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3182:
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3169:
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3167:
3157:
3152:
3147:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
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2947:
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2933:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2836:VDSL and VDSL2
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:External links
2631:
2630:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2594:
2587:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2539:
2510:(13): 131102.
2490:
2472:
2443:"Terabit DSLs"
2433:
2414:
2382:
2364:
2325:
2306:
2284:
2263:
2233:
2212:
2167:
2153:
2150:on 2009-08-16.
2123:
2116:
2097:
2090:
2071:
2055:
2048:
2028:
2010:
1992:
1989:on 2017-10-19.
1968:
1956:
1942:
1912:
1905:
1885:
1871:
1864:
1845:
1831:
1813:
1802:(6): 769–784.
1786:
1767:
1740:
1721:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1291:DSL standards
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1242:
1239:
1223:authentication
1183:
1180:
1113:
1110:
1092:
1089:
1052:
1049:
991:Main article:
988:
985:
961:Claude Shannon
930:dial-up modems
776:
775:
726:
724:
717:
711:
708:
502:Gaussian noise
481:
478:
395:
394:
392:
391:
384:
377:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
356:
351:
346:
341:
333:
332:
326:
325:
324:
323:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
286:
285:
284:
279:
266:
265:
263:Internet layer
259:
258:
257:
256:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
79:
74:
69:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3974:Code-division
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Time-division
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:and switching
3883:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3836:optical fiber
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Coaxial cable
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Radia Perlman
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Lee de Forest
3629:
3627:
3626:Thomas Edison
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Donald Davies
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Claude Chappe
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Smoke signals
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:Semiconductor
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:Digital media
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:0-471-08390-9
2584:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:(12): 83–88.
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2253:on 2014-08-02
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2188:on 2018-12-27
2184:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2049:9781420013078
2045:
2042:. CRC Press.
2041:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1932:on 2013-06-02
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1906:9781420013078
1902:
1899:. CRC Press.
1898:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1760:September 15,
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:Abbreviation
1298:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1051:Typical setup
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:communication
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
919:
915:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
883:
877:
874:
870:
866:
865:carrier waves
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
772:
769:
761:
751:
747:
743:
737:
736:
732:
727:This section
725:
721:
716:
715:
707:
705:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
664:
659:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
567:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:; originally
405:
401:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
361:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
331:
328:
327:
322:
321:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
264:
261:
260:
255:
254:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
211:
210:
205:
204:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3941:Multiplexing
3816:Transmission
3781:Nikola Tesla
3771:Henry Sutton
3726:Samuel Morse
3656:Robert Hooke
3621:Amos Dolbear
3556:John Bardeen
3475:
3455:Telautograph
3359:Mobile phone
3314:Edholm's law
3297:social media
3230:Broadcasting
3081:Wireless LAN
3071:Wireless USB
3053:Wireless PAN
2980:
2679:
2622:. Retrieved
2598:
2576:
2553:. Retrieved
2542:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2485:ieeespectrum
2484:
2475:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2417:
2406:. Retrieved
2385:
2376:
2367:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2320:Ars Technica
2319:
2309:
2298:. Retrieved
2287:
2276:. Retrieved
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2246:
2236:
2225:. Retrieved
2215:
2190:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2170:
2156:
2145:the original
2138:
2126:
2106:
2100:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2058:
2038:
2031:
2023:the original
2013:
2004:
1995:
1984:the original
1971:
1959:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1925:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1743:
1734:
1724:
1715:
1705:
1696:
1686:
1677:
1667:
1653:
1606:
1591:
1439:
1437:
1335:(G.dmt.bis)
1244:
1200:
1185:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1123:
1094:
1081:
1062:
1022:
996:
954:
926:fax machines
922:
914:loading coil
911:
878:
858:
842:transceivers
823:
818:analog modem
802:
779:
764:
755:
740:Please help
728:
701:
697:
673:
660:
652:
636:twisted pair
625:
591:
572:
563:
550:
542:twisted pair
532:) developed
511:
483:
458:
443:
437:service. In
434:
428:
412:digital data
407:
403:
399:
398:
359:
319:
252:
202:
4141:NPL network
3853:Radio waves
3791:Alfred Vail
3701:Hedy Lamarr
3686:Dawon Kahng
3646:Elisha Gray
3606:Yogen Dalal
3531:Nasir Ahmed
3465:Teleprinter
3329:Heliographs
2857:Proprietary
2721:Proprietary
2639:ADSL Theory
2005:www.sbc.com
1628:John Cioffi
1598:triple play
1442:) include:
1227:MAC address
1165:Modern DSL
1152:DSL filters
1069:attenuation
973:symbol rate
908:A DSL modem
886:DSL filters
655:fiber-optic
581:(HDSL) and
492:studios in
4274:Categories
4187:Antarctica
4146:Toasternet
4068:Television
3551:Paul Baran
3483:Television
3467:(teletype)
3460:Telegraphy
3438:transistor
3416:Phryctoria
3386:Photophone
3364:Smartphone
3354:Mass media
3145:Muni Wi-Fi
3036:Power-line
2841:deployment
2817:G.lite.bis
2766:Asymmetric
2624:2013-12-26
2555:2014-02-19
2408:2018-07-01
2300:2014-10-23
2278:2014-12-07
2257:2014-02-13
2227:2014-02-13
2192:2013-12-12
1936:2019-10-21
1926:Gigaom.com
1776:US 4924492
1645:References
1343:ADSL2plus
1296:Full name
1219:IP address
1211:subnetwork
1105:handed off
1101:terminates
1002:local loop
861:modulation
846:subscriber
830:downstream
805:local loop
786:local loop
466:downstream
454:DSL filter
435:asymmetric
330:Link layer
4171:Americas
4160:Locations
4131:Internet2
3892:Bandwidth
3596:Vint Cerf
3493:streaming
3471:Telephone
3411:Semaphore
3302:streaming
3150:Satellite
3061:Bluetooth
3041:Broadband
3016:IEEE 1901
2753:DSL Rings
2743:Etherloop
2688:Symmetric
2534:216327606
1559:Etherloop
1362:ADSL2-RE
1196:bitstream
1126:DSL modem
1029:Speakeasy
1006:telephony
998:Naked DSL
993:Naked DSL
987:Naked DSL
946:powerline
856:network.
813:bandwidth
758:June 2023
729:does not
710:Operation
648:DSL modem
602:bandwidth
506:broadband
470:Bell Labs
4239:Category
4126:Internet
4116:CYCLADES
4033:Ethernet
3983:Concepts
3907:terminal
3858:wireless
3681:Bob Kahn
3524:Pioneers
3349:Internet
3240:Cable TV
3155:UMTS-TDD
3006:HomePlug
2986:Ethernet
2593:pp 53–86
2467:53927909
2399:Archived
2359:33169617
2247:TechZine
2201:cite web
1951:"PC Mag"
1697:Engadget
1678:Phys.org
1659:"PC Mag"
1616:See also
1531:G.vector
1321:(G.dmt)
1231:hostname
1167:gateways
1141:Ethernet
1099:(DSLAM)
1033:AT&T
969:bit rate
942:Ethernet
834:channels
826:upstream
704:backhaul
676:dry loop
564:dropped
538:baseband
496:and the
461:bit rate
431:upstream
4259:Commons
4249:Outline
4202:Oceania
4121:FidoNet
4106:ARPANET
3919:circuit
3488:digital
3217:History
3011:HomePNA
2971:Dial-up
2888:Related
2829:Annex M
2812:Annex L
2807:Annex J
2512:Bibcode
1716:Gizmodo
1576:Uni-DSL
1428:G.993.2
1415:G.993.2
1402:G.993.1
1384:G.991.2
1366:G.992.3
1347:G.992.5
1333:G.992.3
1319:G.992.1
1203:bridged
1130:voltage
1041:Verizon
750:removed
735:sources
480:History
360:more...
344:Tunnels
320:more...
253:more...
203:more...
192:TLS/SSL
147:ONC/RPC
84: (
4290:Modems
4197:Europe
4167:Africa
4151:Usenet
4111:BITNET
4048:Mobile
3924:packet
3433:MOSFET
3428:device
3225:Beacon
3130:iBurst
3001:Nessum
2976:DOCSIS
2824:ADSL2+
2795:G.lite
2606:
2585:
2532:
2465:
2357:
2114:
2088:
2046:
1903:
1862:
1822:"Home"
1782:
1537:G.fast
1503:G.lite
1380:SHDSL
1329:ADSL2
1256:(OFDM)
1207:routed
1190:(ATM)
1039:, and
938:router
838:bonded
798:trunks
784:via a
594:Mbit/s
474:Gbit/s
187:Telnet
86:HTTP/3
4180:South
4175:North
4136:JANET
4073:Telex
4063:Radio
3902:Nodes
3897:Links
3818:media
3396:Radio
3381:Pager
3309:Drums
3275:video
3270:image
3260:audio
3165:WiBro
3160:WiMAX
3105:5G NR
3089:Wi-Fi
3066:Li-Fi
2966:Cable
2959:Wired
2895:DSLAM
2870:RADSL
2802:ADSL2
2790:G.dmt
2738:MSDSL
2712:SHDSL
2643:DSLAM
2530:S2CID
2463:S2CID
2402:(PDF)
2395:(PDF)
2377:ZDNET
2355:S2CID
2186:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2135:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1624:(DSM)
1497:G.dmt
1432:2005
1419:2005
1406:2004
1398:VDSL
1388:2003
1370:2003
1351:2003
1338:2002
1324:1999
1315:ADSL
1305:Date
1268:SHDSL
1264:HDSL2
1192:layer
1176:PPPoE
1065:DSLAM
1025:Qwest
950:Wi-Fi
948:, or
869:modem
790:hertz
522:I.120
518:ITU-T
414:over
314:IPsec
92:HTTPS
4192:Asia
4078:UUCP
4038:ISDN
3140:MMDS
3125:HSPA
3120:GPRS
3115:EVDO
3110:DECT
3026:MoCA
3021:ISDN
2996:G.hn
2991:FTTx
2875:UDSL
2864:ADSL
2780:ADSL
2748:HVDL
2733:SDSL
2728:IDSL
2702:HDSL
2604:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2207:link
2112:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2044:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1762:2011
1594:VDSL
1440:xDSL
1266:and
1225:via
1215:DHCP
1172:DHCP
1145:V.35
1137:HDSL
1010:VoIP
979:and
928:and
918:FTTN
873:bits
854:MPLS
836:are
828:and
809:POTS
803:The
733:any
731:cite
619:DSL
459:The
309:IGMP
289:ICMP
247:QUIC
242:RSVP
237:SCTP
232:DCCP
197:XMPP
177:SNMP
172:SMTP
157:RTSP
132:OSPF
122:NNTP
117:MQTT
112:MGCP
107:LDAP
97:IMAP
82:HTTP
62:DHCP
18:XDSL
4083:WAN
4053:NGN
4043:LAN
3324:Fax
3265:DCT
3135:LTE
3031:PON
2981:DSL
2577:DSL
2520:doi
2508:116
2455:doi
2347:doi
1804:doi
1586:LTE
1205:or
1174:or
1143:or
1045:MCI
1037:SBC
971:to
920:).
744:by
621:SoC
566:bit
490:BBC
486:MHz
404:DSL
354:MAC
349:PPP
339:ARP
304:ECN
299:NDP
227:UDP
222:TCP
182:SSH
167:SIP
162:RIP
152:RTP
142:PTP
137:POP
127:NTP
102:IRC
77:FTP
72:DNS
57:BGP
4276::
2528:.
2518:.
2506:.
2502:.
2483:.
2461:.
2451:56
2449:.
2445:.
2426:.
2397:.
2375:.
2353:.
2343:53
2341:.
2337:.
2318:.
2245:.
2203:}}
2199:{{
2137:.
2003:.
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1676:.
1612:.
1178:.
983:.
944:,
426:.
293:v6
282:v6
277:v4
272:IP
66:v6
4210:)
4206:(
3201:e
3194:t
3187:v
2944:e
2937:t
2930:v
2672:e
2665:t
2658:v
2645:.
2627:.
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2522::
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2487:.
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2430:.
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2209:)
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1939:.
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1810:.
1806::
1800:9
1764:.
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1699:.
1680:.
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381:t
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