898:
which can best be understood in the context of its own time rather than from the
Persian 'traditions' that Antiochos presents to us but are not attested in Commagene before his reign.The dual rows of stelae on both the east and west terrace (fg 2) represent Antiochos' progonoi in respectively the male and female line: the first traces his ancestry through Commagenian kings and Armenian satraps to the Achaemenid dynasty (EN I, 1–15; WS I, 1–15);As regards the historicity of Antiochos' Achaemenid ancestry: a marital bond between the Orontid rulers of Armenia and the Achaemenid dynasty has indeed been attested, and is referred to on Nemrud Dağ by the mentioning of Rhodogune, daughter of Artaxerxes II, on stele 6, which is dedicated to the first of the Armenian satraps, Aroandas/Orontes I (Artaxerxes II precedes him on stele 5): "Aroandas son of Artasuras, who married Queen Rhodogune, daughter of Artaxerxes". A weak link, however, appears in the form of the first Commagenian ruler, Ptolemaios, who is supposed to be the connection between on the one hand the rulers of Commagene and on the other hand the Orontid kings of Armenia. The Armenian Orontids controlled Commagene as part of their holdings until it became a separate administrative unit or kingdom within the Seleucid Empire, perhaps in the reign of Antiochos III the Great. Next to nothing, however, is known about this Ptolemaios, who ruled as an independent Seleucid client from ca. 163 or 150 BCE. While the link between the Achaemenids and the Orontids of Armenia is indicated by the mentioning of Rhodogune, a connection between Ptolemaios and the Armenian Orontids is conspicuously absent, though a marital link is not in itself impossible.
40:
1714:
1771:
897:
His
Persianism meanwhile was a constructed identity with contemporaneous aims and not a case of real 'continuity'. The historical roots of the Commagenian dynasty – whether Persian, Armenian, Macedonian or a mixture of all that – have little relevance for understanding Antiochos' dynastic policy,
895:. M. Blömer, S. Riedel, M. J. Versluys, and E. Winter eds., Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional and Global Hellenistic Context. Oriens et Occidens: Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 296, 298–300.
330:. However, within the same year she arranged to have her new husband assassinated, thinking that her brother would then be able to take control of Sophene. Whether Xerxes still ruled Commagene by the time of his assassination is not known.
321:
These rebellions help explain
Antiochus' subsequent aggressive policy toward his satrap Xerxes. By 212 BC, Antiochus III had invaded the domain of Xerxes and defeated him after laying siege to the city of
1230:
777:
It is not known whether the
Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia.
1285:
1755:
1808:
1623:
635:
The above mentioned
Orontids....but also because the two satraps who were contemporaries of Xenophon's are explicitly stated to be Persian.
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613:
1852:
1721:
1827:
1748:
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Michels, Christoph (2021). "'Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of
Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor".
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Adrych, Philippa; Bracey, Robert; Dalglish, Dominic; Lenk, Stefanie; Wood, Rachel (2017). Elsner, Jaś (ed.).
318:). By 220 BC Antiochus had put down most of the rebellions; however, Achaeus was not defeated until 213 BC.
1443:
1425:
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554:(2015). "Dynastic Sanctuaries and the Transformation of Iranian Kingship between Alexander and Islam". In
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892:'Orontid kingship in its Hellenistic context: The Seleucid connections of Antiochos I of Commagene'
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Persian
Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis
512:
Persian
Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis
1527:
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Sophene, Gordyene, and
Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
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Common
Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
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326:. Shortly afterwards Antiochus III arranged for Xerxes to marry his sister,
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This biography of an Armenian ruler or member of a royal family is a
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Greek Texts and Armenian Traditions: An Interdisciplinary Approach
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578:
369:
279:
267:
223:("ruling over heroes"), a popular name amongst the rulers of the
129:
99:
873:
Clarification: this source supports the Orontid Armenian descent
757:
The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars
1220:
579:
Drower, M; Grey, E.; Sherwin-White, S.; Wiesehöfer, J. (2021).
307:
295:
205:
195:
282:. In 223 BC, several Seleucid satraps rebelled against King
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429:
179:
from 228 BC to 212 BC. He was the son and successor of
761:. United Kingdom: Columbia University Press. pp.
629:
Gaggero, Gianfranco (2016). "Armenians in Xenophon".
467:
443:
27:
King of Sophene and Commagene from 228 BC to 212 BC
831:
754:
710:
580:
455:
533:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
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866:
675:: Chief Editorial Office of Eastern Literature.
871:. Harvard University Press MCMLIV. p. 31.
266:. Xerxes succeeded his father as the ruler of
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717:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 475–496.
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888:
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785:"Armenia and Iran iii. Armenian Religion"
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735:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
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665:History of the Iranian State and Culture
660:История иранского государства и культуры
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816:
789:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
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509:Babaie, Sussan; Grigor, Talinn (2015).
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906:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
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622:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
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405:
1688:(second half of the 2nd-century BC)
1680:(second half of the 2nd-century BC)
24:
833:"Hellenism and Persianism in Iran"
624:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
44:Coin of Xerxes, from around 220 BC
25:
1869:
1769:
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38:
1838:3rd-century BC monarchs in Asia
1853:Ancient Near East people stubs
908:. Georgetown University Press.
564:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–288.
515:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–288.
419:
355:
340:
13:
1:
1828:3rd-century BC Iranian people
333:
274:in 228 BC, while his brother
1781:. You can help Knowledge by
1728:. You can help Knowledge by
802:. Harvard University Press.
732:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
612:Facella, Margherita (2021).
7:
587:Oxford Classical Dictionary
494:. Oxford University Press.
10:
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1724:biographical article is a
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799:The Middle East Under Rome
753:Panossian, Razmik (2006).
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904:Toumanoff, Cyril (1963).
867:Diodorus Siculus (1954).
850:10.1163/29497833-00701016
817:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000).
558:; Grigor, Talinn (eds.).
428:, pp. 296, 298–300;
216:) transliteration of the
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61:
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889:Strootman, Rolf (2021).
830:Strootman, Rolf (2020).
796:Sartre, Maurice (2005).
688:Marciak, Michał (2017).
390:Babaie & Grigor 2015
233:
783:Russell, J. R. (1986).
641:Garsoian, Nina (2005).
250:origin. His father was
238:Xerxes belonged to the
186:
1858:Armenian royalty stubs
671:(in Russian). Moscow:
530:Ball, Warwick (2002).
823:Encyclopaedia Iranica
647:Encyclopaedia Iranica
380:, pp. 205, 210;
1452:(prince, later king)
819:"Xerxes i. The Name"
412:, pp. 438–444;
408:, pp. 31, 436;
1380:1198–1375 (kingdom)
1355:Hovhannes-Smbat III
883:. pp. 743–748.
791:. pp. 438–444.
1843:Kings of Commagene
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552:Canepa, Matthew P.
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604:978-0-19-938113-5
440:, pp. 30, 31
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418:
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400:, p. 23;
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171:) was king of
169:𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠
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828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
809:9780674016835
805:
801:
800:
794:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
772:9781850657880
768:
764:
759:
758:
751:
747:
741:
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730:
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714:
707:
703:
701:9789004350724
697:
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632:
627:
623:
619:
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588:
583:
577:
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571:9780857734778
567:
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543:9781134823871
539:
536:. Routledge.
535:
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528:
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522:9780857734778
518:
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513:
507:
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501:9780192511119
497:
493:
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475:
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463:
458:
451:
446:
439:
438:Ghafurov 1971
435:
431:
427:
422:
416:, p. 278
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Garsoian 2005
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Olbrycht 2021
371:
367:
363:
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352:
348:
343:
339:
331:
329:
325:
319:
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313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Antiochus III
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:and possibly
261:
257:
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245:
241:
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229:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
193:
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178:
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166:
158:
157:Ancient Greek
154:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
96:
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78:
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68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1783:expanding it
1776:
1730:expanding it
1719:
1704:
1672:(ca. 190 BC)
1664:(ca. 220 BC)
1660:
1656:(ca. 240 BC)
1648:(ca. 260 BC)
1211:Tiridates II
1201:Vologases II
1108:Artaxias III
1088:Ariobarzanes
1081:Non-dynastic
1049:Tigranes III
1024:Artavasdes I
905:
896:
891:
880:
872:
868:
841:
837:
822:
798:
788:
776:
756:
734:
712:
690:
664:
659:
646:
634:
630:
621:
586:
560:
532:
511:
491:
474:Marciak 2017
469:
462:Schmitt 2000
457:
450:Marciak 2017
445:
421:
410:Russell 1986
386:Gaggero 2016
382:Marciak 2017
366:Facella 2021
362:Michels 2021
357:
351:Schmitt 2000
347:Marciak 2017
342:
320:
286:, including
254:, who ruled
237:
220:
213:
209:
191:
190:
152:
151:
65:228 – 212 BC
1694:(ca. 95 BC)
1296:Artaxias IV
1241:Khosrov III
1181:Vologases I
1161:Tiridates I
1143:Tigranes VI
1138:Tiridates I
1133:Rhadamistus
1128:Mithridates
1118:Mithridates
1068:Tigranes IV
1054:Tigranes IV
1044:Artaxias II
1034:Tigranes II
976:Orontes III
859:1874/408015
844:: 201–227.
643:"Tigran II"
398:Sartre 2005
394:Canepa 2015
300:Lower Media
292:Upper Media
288:Artabazanes
218:Old Iranian
165:Old Persian
70:Predecessor
1822:Categories
1450:Leo II (I)
1444:Roupen III
1281:Vramshapuh
1276:Khosrov IV
1266:Arshak III
1226:Khosrov II
1098:Tigranes V
1029:Tigranes I
1019:Artaxias I
1001:Orontes IV
991:Arsames II
971:Orontes II
955:336 BC–428
614:"Orontids"
334:References
324:Arsamosata
316:Asia Minor
276:Orontes IV
1685:Arkathias
1669:Zariadres
1653:Arsames I
1632:Kings of
1513:Hethum II
1498:Hethum II
1488:Hethum II
1470:Hethumids
1432:Roupen II
1426:Thoros II
1340:Ashot III
1310:Bagratids
1286:Khosrov V
1251:Arshak II
1206:Khosrov I
1011:Artaxiads
952:Antiquity
738:. Brill.
694:. BRILL.
582:"Armenia"
406:Ball 2002
328:Antiochis
304:Alexander
272:Commagene
260:Commagene
252:Arsames I
221:Xšaya-ṛšā
200:) is the
181:Arsames I
177:Commagene
145:Arsames I
122:Zariadres
110:Antiochis
84:Zariadres
80:Successor
74:Arsames I
56:Commagene
1692:Artanes
1579:Lusignan
1538:Lusignan
1503:Smbat IV
1478:Hethum I
1456:Isabella
1446:(prince)
1440:(prince)
1434:(prince)
1428:(prince)
1422:(prince)
1416:(prince)
1410:(prince)
1408:Thoros I
1404:(prince)
1398:(prince)
1396:Roupen I
1388:Rubenids
1365:Gagik II
1360:Ashot IV
1345:Smbat II
1330:Ashot II
1313:884–1045
1261:Varazdat
1196:Sohaemus
1186:Sohaemus
1171:Axidares
1166:Sanatruk
1153:Arsacids
1113:Arshak I
963:Orontids
881:ANRW 2:8
869:Book XIX
657:(1971).
248:Armenian
50:King of
1645:Sames I
1634:Sophene
1518:Leo III
1375:Cilicia
1350:Gagik I
1325:Smbat I
1320:Ashot I
1103:Vonones
986:Arsames
681:8240688
620:(ed.).
484:Sources
312:Achaeus
310:), and
280:Armenia
268:Sophene
264:Armenia
256:Sophene
244:Iranian
225:Persian
173:Sophene
130:Dynasty
106:Consort
100:Sophene
52:Sophene
1661:Xerxes
1556:Neghir
1528:Leo IV
1493:Thoros
1483:Leo II
1460:Philip
1458:&
1335:Abas I
1291:Shapur
1221:Narseh
1123:Orodes
1070:&
1056:&
996:Xerxes
806:
769:
742:
721:
698:
679:
667:]
601:
568:
540:
519:
498:
308:Persis
278:ruled
214:Xerses
210:Xerxes
197:Ξέρξης
192:Xérxēs
161:Ξέρξης
153:Xerxes
141:Father
97:212 BC
33:Xerxes
1720:This
1587:Leo V
1523:Oshin
1420:Leo I
1246:Tiran
1072:Erato
1058:Erato
981:Sames
838:Dabir
673:Nauka
669:(PDF)
663:[
616:. In
296:Molon
234:Reign
206:Latin
202:Greek
117:Issue
62:Reign
1779:stub
1726:stub
1438:Mleh
804:ISBN
767:ISBN
740:ISBN
719:ISBN
696:ISBN
677:OCLC
599:ISBN
566:ISBN
538:ISBN
517:ISBN
496:ISBN
270:and
246:and
204:and
187:Name
175:and
94:Died
54:and
1256:Pap
854:hdl
846:doi
591:doi
302:),
294:),
242:of
124:(?)
1824::
852:.
840:.
836:.
821:.
787:.
775:.
765:.
763:35
645:.
597:.
589:.
585:.
404:;
372:;
368:;
258:,
230:.
212:,
183:.
167::
163:;
159::
1810:e
1803:t
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1785:.
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1732:.
1625:e
1618:t
1611:v
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929:t
922:v
885:.
862:.
856::
848::
842:7
825:.
812:.
748:.
727:.
704:.
683:.
649:.
607:.
593::
574:.
546:.
525:.
504:.
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314:(
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298:(
290:(
208:(
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155:(
20:)
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