1054:. The text opens its reply by reverentially mentioning ancient Dharma scholars, and asserting in verses 1.4-5 that the following each have written a Dharmasastra (most of these are lost to history) – Manu, Atri, Visnu, Harita, Yajnavalkya, Ushanas, Angiras, Yama, Apastamba, Samvarta, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parashara, Vyasa, Samkha, Likhita, Daksha, Gautama, Shatatapa and Vashistha. The rest of the text is Yājñavalkya's theories on dharma, presented under
53:
874:. It later became influential in the studies of legal process in ancient and medieval India, during the colonial British India, with the first translation published in German in 1849. The text is notable for its differences in legal theories from Manusmriti, for being more liberal and humane, and for extensive discussions on evidence and judiciousness of legal documents.
1030:'s structure and follow a similar format in terms of organization and content. Chapter 1 and chapter 3 are influenced by Manu, while chapter 2, focusing on legal procedure, draws from both Manu and Kautilya's Arthashastra. The text includes sections discussing embryology and anatomy, drawn from medical texts such as
1160:
Yājñavalkya distinguished between courts appointed by the king and those which were formed by communities of intermediate groups. He then portrayed these courts as a part of a system of hierarchical appeals. He streamlined legal processes into four clear steps: plaint, plea, evidence, and verdict,
1246:
The legal theories in this text were likely very influential in medieval India, because its passages and quotes are found inscribed in every part of India, and these inscriptions are dated to be from around 10th to 11th century CE. The text is also widely commented upon, and referenced in popular
1177:). In previous texts, description of ascetics followed the discussion of Brahmins and framed them in opposition to householder Brahmins. He suggested that one could live a spiritually fulfilling life without withdrawing from society, thereby bridging the gap between householders and ascetics.
1069:
extensively quotes the Manu Smriti and other Dharma-texts, sometimes directly paraphrasing passages from these, often reducing earlier views into a compendium and offering an alternate legal theory. The text places emphasizes the act of giving
1161:
and he was the first to delineate five forums for adjudicating lawsuits. He emphasized the use of documents as legal evidence, a concept absent in Manu's work, showcasing the evolution of jurisprudence and the role of scribes in society.
1078:) as the highest form of dharma. There are influential differences from the Manu Smriti and earlier Dharma texts, especially with regard to statecraft, the primary of attested documentary evidence in legal process, and in jurisprudence.
1009:
book, as understood in the western languages. In contrast, Robert Lingat states that the text is closer to presenting legal philosophy and a transition from being Dharma speculations found in earlier Dharma-related texts.
1987:
956:. However, as the text is believed to have been composed more than a millennium after his life, it is possible that it has been attributed to him out of respect, as has been common in the Hindu traditions.
870:
The text is the "best composed" and systematic specimen of this genre, with large sections on judicial process theories, one which had a greater influence on medieval India's judiciary practice than
931:
Every loan transaction, where any amount has been agreed to be repaid with interest by a contract entered into by mutual consent, should be reduced to writing and should be attested by witnesses.
1034:. It also contains concise portions on music and yogic meditation, likely derived from early treatises on these subjects. Yajnavalkya also claims authorship of a yoga treatise within the text.
1152:
Yājñavalkya portrayed evidence as hierarchical, with attested documents receiving the highest consideration, followed by witnesses, and finally ordeals (five types of verifiable testimony).
782:
1199:, dwelling on meditation and the transience of the worldly body. There is even an in-depth, technical discourse based on a medical treatise of the time.
995:(verses), and its presentation is methodical, clear and concise instead of the poetic "literary beauty" found in Manusmriti according to Robert Lingat.
893:
Arguments for particular dating are based on the concise, sophisticated vocabulary found throughout the text and on the use of certain terms such as
886:, roughly between the 3rd and 5th century CE. There is some debate as to whether it is to be placed in the earlier or later part of that time span.
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2008:
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1981:
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656:
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216:
196:
1349:
2013:
1960:. Murty Classical Library of India 20. Translated by Patrick Olivelle. Harvard University Press.
754:
636:
587:
1561:
1483:
1471:
562:
356:
221:
1787:
Legal and
Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system
567:
468:
1279:
1001:
states that this treatise, like others in
Dharmasastras genre, is a scholarly tradition on
641:
206:
163:
36:
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and when the level of Greek thought which the author understood is brought into question.
8:
577:
177:
73:
263:
2003:
1043:
547:
273:
240:
158:
1144:
b) Subdivided these three further by specific topics within the major subject heading.
1018:
Yajnavalkya, known for his concise style, drew heavily from Manu's legal treatise and
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1251:. The text is profusely quoted in chapters 253-258 of the extant manuscripts of the
1932:
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Forest hermits and renouncers are discussed within the section regarding penance (
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1785:
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909:). The argument arises when considerations are made as to who was exchanging the
902:
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666:
390:
318:
211:
1109:
1. Pioneered the structure which was adopted in future dharmaśāstric discourse:
701:
481:
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182:
1300:
1298:
975:
The text is in classical
Sanskrit, and is organized in three books. These are
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1805:
1256:
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706:
681:
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631:
444:
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1226:, 11th or 12th century, most studied, from the Varanasi school), Apararka (
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883:
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2. Documentary evidence as the highest foundation of Legal
Procedure:
1074:) as the essence of dharma, and it elevates yoga and self-perception (
1722:
1720:
835:. It is dated between the 3rd and 5th century CE, and belongs to the
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1856:. Stevens and Haynes, London (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass).
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91:
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1605:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
1568:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
1490:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
1478:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
1356:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
1829:
Timothy Lubin; Donald R. Davis Jr; Jayanth K. Krishnan (2010).
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1322:
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suggests the likely date may be in the 4th to 5th century CE.
1811:
The
Classical Law of India (Translated by J Duncan M Derrett)
1405:
1310:
1182:
964:
609:
84:
1982:
Yájnavalkya Smriti with
Vijnanesvara commentary, Book 1 of 3
1549:
1444:
1042:
The text is laid out as a frame story in which the sages of
952:
of
Hinduism, as well as other influential texts such as the
1732:
1648:
1218:
have survived into the modern era. These are by
Visvarupa (
810:
1378:
1337:
905:(which has been known in India since the 2nd century; see
1006:
1872:
Between the
Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
1091:
brother, father, kindred, mother-in-law, father-in-law,
1753:
1669:
1783:
1726:
1616:
1423:
1399:
1372:
1230:, 12th-century, from the Kashmir school), Sulapani (
851:(poetic meter) style. The legal theories within the
1690:
1501:
1278:suggests the latter part of this timeframe, while
1193:Increased attention was given to a description of
1629:
1627:
1625:
1591:
1589:
1528:
1995:
1889:
1868:
1331:
1316:
1304:
1988:Yájnavalkya Smriti with Vijnanesvara commentary
1058:(proper conduct), Vyavahāra (criminal law) and
963:region of historic India (in and around modern
944:The text is named after the revered Vedic sage
1622:
1586:
1165:4. Changed the placement of the discussion of
1804:
1438:
1384:
1343:
776:
1954:Yajnavalkya (2019). Patrick Olivelle (ed.).
1117:into fairly equally weighted categories of:
1953:
1910:
1696:
1654:
1642:
1555:
1465:
1453:
1093:husband's younger brother, and the bandhus,
839:tradition. The text was composed after the
1931:
1849:
1741:
1535:. Stanford University Press. p. 231.
1411:
783:
769:
1984:SC Vidyarnava (1918), English translation
1665:
1663:
1760:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 35–36.
1676:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–75.
1234:, 14th or 15th century) and Mitramisra (
1089:Woman is to be respected by her husband,
991:consists of a cumulative total of 1,010
27:Hindu text of the Dharmaśāstra tradition
1697:Ludo Rocher (2008). Gavin Flood (ed.).
14:
1996:
1747:
1703:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 111.
1660:
1914:Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra
1532:Kingship and Community in Early India
855:are presented in three books, namely
1583:, Book 1, verse III.LXXXII, page 163
1508:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 192.
959:The text was likely composed in the
1700:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
1633:Olivelle, "Literary History", p. 22
1595:Olivelle, "Literary History", p. 21
24:
1957:Yajnavalkya - A Treatise on Dharma
1814:. University of California Press.
1095:with ornaments, clothes and food.
882:The text most likely dates to the
25:
2025:
1975:
1853:A treatise on Hindu law and usage
1832:Hinduism and Law: An Introduction
867:(crime and punishment, penance).
1255:, and in chapters 93-106 of the
928:Attested written legal documents
51:
1777:
1757:A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra
1673:A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra
1573:
1522:
1495:
1026:in this text. The text mirrors
1835:. Cambridge University Press.
1754:Sures Chandra Banerji (1999).
1670:Sures Chandra Banerji (1999).
1269:
1247:works such as the 5th-century
13:
1:
1784:Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984).
1289:
1222:, 750-1000 CE), Vijanesvara (
1214:(review and commentaries) on
1203:
1939:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
1937:History of Indian Literature
1790:. Universal Law Publishing.
1241:
1156:3. Restructured the Courts:
970:
948:, who appears in many major
901:(a coin), and references to
7:
1896:. Oxford University Press.
1875:. Oxford University Press.
1502:Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1985).
1307:, p. 176 with note 24.
1195:
1184:
912:
896:
847:, the text was composed in
817:
10:
2030:
1529:Charles Drekmeier (1962).
1050:and ask him to teach them
1037:
1013:
45:Hindu scriptures and texts
1890:Patrick Olivelle (2005).
1869:Patrick Olivelle (2006).
1727:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
1617:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
1424:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
1400:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
1373:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
920:
806:
1282:favored an earlier date.
1262:
863:(judicial process), and
1103:Yajnavalkya Smriti 3.82
938:Yajnavalkya Smriti 2.84
877:
755:Timeline of Hindu texts
588:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1579:SC Vidyarnava (1938),
1098:
933:
563:Eighteen Greater Texts
1990:(Sanskrit manuscript)
1645:, pp. xxi–xxiii.
1332:Patrick Olivelle 2006
1317:Patrick Olivelle 2005
1305:Patrick Olivelle 2006
1084:Women must be honored
1081:
925:
823:) is one of the many
568:Eighteen Lesser Texts
1911:Ludo Rocher (2014).
1933:Winternitz, Maurice
1850:John Mayne (1991).
1619:, pp. 300–302.
1414:, pp. 599–600.
578:Iraiyanar Akapporul
538:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
284:Related Hindu texts
1893:Manu's Code of Law
1581:Yajnavalkya Smriti
1468:, p. xv-xvii.
1439:Robert Lingat 1973
1385:Robert Lingat 1973
1344:Robert Lingat 1973
1208:Five medieval era
1067:Yajnavalkya Smriti
987:(335 verses). The
853:Yajnavalkya Smriti
843:, but like it and
827:-related texts of
807:याज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति
798:Yajnavalkya Smriti
18:Yajnavalkya Smriti
1967:978-0-674-27706-9
1924:978-1-78308-315-2
1903:978-0-19-517146-4
1882:978-0-19-977507-1
1842:978-1-139-49358-1
1821:978-0-520-01898-3
1797:978-81-7534-206-4
1767:978-81-7017-370-0
1744:, pp. 21–22.
1710:978-0-470-99868-7
1683:978-81-7017-370-0
1607:, pp. 45–46.
1542:978-0-8047-0114-3
1515:978-81-208-2664-9
1456:, pp. 22–24.
1441:, pp. 97–98.
1402:, pp. 31–32.
1358:, pp. 59–72.
1238:, 17th-century).
1228:Apararka-nibandha
1216:Yajnavalkya Smrti
1131:(legal procedure)
989:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
985:prayascitta-kanda
983:(307 verses) and
865:prayascitta-kanda
818:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
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792:
583:Abhirami Anthadhi
521:Sangam literature
374:Vaishnava puranas
16:(Redirected from
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1917:. Anthem Press.
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1556:Yajnavalkya 2019
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2002:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
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1948:
1946:81-208-0056-7
1942:
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1926:
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1807:
1806:Robert Lingat
1803:
1799:
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1788:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1729:, p. 32.
1728:
1723:
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1706:
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1693:
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1606:
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1592:
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1582:
1576:
1570:, p. 45.
1569:
1564:
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1534:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1511:
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1498:
1492:, p. 51.
1491:
1486:
1480:, p. 44.
1479:
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1387:, p. 97.
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 31.
1374:
1369:
1367:
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1346:, p. 98.
1345:
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1326:
1319:, p. 20.
1318:
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1260:
1258:
1257:Garuda Purana
1254:
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1239:
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1236:Viramitrodaya
1233:
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1062:(expiation).
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837:Dharmashastra
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723:
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717:Shiva Samhita
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:Yoga Vasistha
705:
703:
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682:Vastu Shastra
680:
678:
677:Natya Shastra
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623:
622:Artha Shastra
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411:Varaha Purana
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229:Atharva vedic
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38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2009:Dharmaśāstra
1956:
1936:
1913:
1892:
1871:
1852:
1831:
1810:
1786:
1778:Bibliography
1756:
1749:
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1575:
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1497:
1485:
1473:
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1407:
1380:
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1339:
1312:
1271:
1249:Panchatantra
1248:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
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1207:
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1024:Arthashastra
1017:
997:
988:
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977:achara-kanda
976:
974:
958:
943:
937:
934:
927:
926:
910:
907:Yavanajataka
894:
892:
884:Gupta period
881:
869:
864:
860:
857:achara-kanda
856:
852:
848:
845:Naradasmriti
831:composed in
815:
814:
797:
796:
794:
687:Panchatantra
647:Nyāya Sūtras
543:Thiruppugazh
461:
459:
427:
425:
373:
371:
341:
228:
226:
189:
187:
170:
168:
153:
113:
111:
29:
1253:Agni Purana
1175:prāyaścitta
1135:Prāyaścitta
1113:a) Divided
1076:atmadarsana
1060:Prāyaścitta
1048:Yājñavalkya
999:Ludo Rocher
946:Yajnavalkya
859:(customs),
732:Vedantasara
657:Yoga Sutras
573:Aathichoodi
506:Historicity
501:Mahabharata
494:Historicity
190:Yajur vedic
107:Atharvaveda
1998:Categories
1290:References
1232:Dipakalika
1204:Commentary
1028:Manusmriti
950:Upanishads
872:Manusmriti
841:Manusmriti
727:Panchadasi
712:Swara yoga
548:Tirukkuṟaḷ
362:Markandeya
207:Taittiriya
171:Sama vedic
164:Kaushitaki
149:Upanishads
136:Upanishads
2004:Hindu law
1862:561697663
1242:Influence
1224:Mitaksara
1220:Bālakrīḍā
1137:(penance)
1129:Vyavahāra
1046:approach
971:Structure
697:Tirumurai
627:Kamasutra
386:Bhagavata
367:Bhavishya
352:Brahmānda
309:Vyakarana
178:Chandogya
154:Rig vedic
114:Divisions
102:Yajurveda
1935:(1986).
1808:(1973).
1169:Orders:
1020:Kautilya
833:Sanskrit
829:Hinduism
803:Sanskrit
749:Timeline
606:Shastras
489:Ramayana
391:Naradiya
324:Jyotisha
292:Vedangas
241:Mandukya
159:Aitareya
131:Aranyaka
126:Brahmana
97:Samaveda
37:a series
35:Part of
1280:PV Kane
1167:Ascetic
1044:Mithila
1038:Content
1014:Sources
961:Mithila
482:Itihasa
337:Puranas
314:Nirukta
304:Chandas
299:Shiksha
274:Tantras
246:Prashna
236:Mundaka
121:Samhita
92:Rigveda
1964:
1943:
1921:
1900:
1879:
1860:
1839:
1818:
1794:
1764:
1707:
1680:
1539:
1512:
1211:bhasya
1115:dharma
1052:dharma
1003:Dharma
993:ślokas
921:Author
913:nāṇaka
897:nāṇaka
849:shloka
825:Dharma
737:Stotra
610:sutras
445:Skanda
421:Matsya
406:Vamana
396:Garuda
381:Vishnu
347:Brahma
264:Agamas
222:Maitri
68:Smriti
63:Shruti
1263:Notes
1196:Mokṣa
1185:Mokṣa
1123:Ācāra
1056:Ācāra
965:Bihar
440:Linga
435:Shiva
416:Kurma
401:Padma
319:Kalpa
212:Katha
85:Vedas
1962:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1858:OCLC
1837:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1072:dana
1065:The
878:Date
811:IAST
795:The
608:and
455:Agni
450:Vayu
202:Isha
183:Kena
74:List
1022:'s
1007:Law
967:).
2000::
1734:^
1719:^
1662:^
1624:^
1588:^
1446:^
1431:^
1392:^
1363:^
1324:^
1297:^
1259:.
1189::
1101:—
936:—
813::
809:,
805::
39:on
1970:.
1949:.
1927:.
1906:.
1885:.
1864:.
1845:.
1824:.
1800:.
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1713:.
1686:.
1545:.
1518:.
1070:(
801:(
784:e
777:t
770:v
20:)
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