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hand when one tugs on the string, one has to perform a trick called a "bind" where the string is doubled over inside the string gap to increase friction on the response system. This has brought about innovation of many different kinds of tricks involving leaving slack in the string, as this would have caused a responsive yoyo to return to the hand. This style of yoyoing is the most popular and the most common, and the most yoyo tricks are done with 1A yoyos.
177:
607:), just being slightly braked by the small dynamic friction, instead of returning. However, if the string is jerked slightly up, or the hand is lowered, the slack created in the string will allow it to begin winding around the shaft, thereby increasing friction and allowing it to catch as the static friction force rises above the gravitation force holding the yo-yo at the bottom of the string, making the yo-yo wind up the string returning to the hand.
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niche purposes. This increased complexity of yo-yo play was allowed by the introduction of the ball-bearing technology to yo-yos, which enabled yo-yos to spin much longer than was previously possible. This, in addition to the advent of the bind technique and unresponsive yo-yoing equipped yo-yo players with an essentially limitless amount of freedom, with which they were able to create myriad yo-yo tricks and techniques.
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fixed-axle and 21:15.17 minutes for transaxle yo-yos. In 2012, the transaxle yo-yo sleep time record was broken by the C3YoyoDesign BTH, with a time of 30:28.30 minutes. A traditional sleeper throw is employed to start frontstyle combinations, whereas a sideways sleeper, or "breakaway" is used to start sidestyle combinations.
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Modern responsive yo-yo can be thought of as 2A with a single yoyo, but differs from 2A in the fact that it, like 1A, has access to tricks involving the use of the free hand. Unlike 1A, modern responsive deliberately abstains from tricks that involve sleeping, frequently replacing mounts with stalls.
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The era following the yo-yo boom of the late 1990s is often referred to as the "modern" era of yo-yo. The modern era of yo-yo is characterized by markedly more complicated and sophisticated yo-yo techniques than came before in addition to a plethora of different yo-yo designs created to serve various
341:
in 1984. In 1990, Kuhn introduced the SB-2 yo-yo that had an aluminum transaxle, making it the first successful ball-bearing yo-yo. The SB2 was originally offered only in a natural silver color, but as time went on, it became available in many different colors, with various decorative embellishments.
228:
The principal distinction between the
Filipino design popularized by Flores and the more traditional yo-yos is in the way the yo-yo is strung. In older (and some remaining inexpensive) yo-yo designs, the string is tied to the axle using a knot. With this technique, the yo-yo just goes back and forth;
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Yo-yo tricks in which the yo-yo comes to be sitting a string are called mounts. Transitions are employed to move from one mount to another. Frontstyle mounts include the under and over mounts, as well as the split bottom mount. Sidestyle mounts include the man on the flying trapeze. Combinations can
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in the balls of the bearing, to reduce internal friction, again making for a smoother spinning yo-yo. Precious materials such as ruby have also been used as a material in prototype ball bearings for its properties such as extreme hardness. The material was first tested in a prototype bearing made by
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Eventually, wider string gaps and silicone response systems led to the innovation of unresponsive yoyoing, otherwise known as 1A. Traditional yoyos (responsive) would return to the hand when one would tug on the string, but unresponsive yoyos behave a little differently. Instead of returning to the
475:
Several methods of notating yo-yo tricks have been formulated, including a system described Mark
Mcbride in his work about yo-yo theory, the Yonomicon. This system is similar to Ross Levine's "Modern Yoyo Notation". Modern yo-yo notation is designed to be ambidextrous, further eschewing terms like
196:
vase painting from 440 BC shows a boy playing with a yo-yo (see right). Greek records from the period describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta (fired clay). The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age—discs of
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In the "off-string" technique, the yo-yo's string is not tied directly to the yo-yo's axle, and the yo-yo is usually launched into the air by performing a "forward pass" to be caught again on the string. However, some players can 'throw down' off-string yo-yos and catch it on the string just as it
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to assist this, but if it is a fixed axle yo-yo, the tension must be loose enough to allow this. The two main ways to do this are (1), allow the yo-yo to sit at the bottom of the string to unwind, or (2) perform lariat or UFO to loosen the tension. When one decides to end the "sleeping" state, one
421:. Keeping a yo-yo spinning while remaining at the end of its uncoiled string is known as sleeping. While the yo-yo is in the "sleeping" state at the end of the string, one can then execute tricks like "walk the dog", "the elevator", "around the world", or the slightly more complex "rock the baby".
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Yo-yos optimized for off-string tricks have flared designs, like the butterfly shape, which makes it easier to land on the string, and often have soft rubber rings on the edges, so minimum damage is inflicted on the yo-yo, the player, or anyone who happens to be standing nearby, should a trick go
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Photos from as early as the late 1950s show early yo-yo demonstrators performing very basic 3A tricks, such as a
Sleeper with one hand, and a Trapeze with the other. While 3A as a concept has existed for many years, it was not until the debut of Velvet Rolls, coupled with the rise of unresponsive
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Two handed or 3A style play involves doing string tricks with two flared bearing yo-yos. Popularized and pioneered by Mark McBride, the first modern Triple A trick appeared in Fiend
Magazine and was called the Velvet Rolls. The different mounts in this style are referred to as houses (e.g. "Kink
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In competition, mastery of sleeping is the basis for the 1A division. Inexpensive fixed-axle yo-yos usually spin between 10 and 20 seconds, while the expensive ball bearing yo-yos can spin about 1–4 minutes depending on the throw. As of 2010, the world record sleep times were 3:51.54 minutes for
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ball bearing. For example, a certain type of bearing has an inward facing curved surface, to prevent the string from rubbing on the sides of the yo-yo, which would cause unwanted friction when performing intricate string tricks. Other manufacturers replicate this with a similar inwardly curved
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had become a part of common speech and that Duncan no longer had exclusive rights to the term. As a result of the expenses incurred by this legal battle as well as other financial pressures, the Duncan family sold the company name and associated trademarks in 1968 to
Flambeau, Inc, which had
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In the simplest play, the string is intended to be wound on the spool by hand; the yo-yo is thrown downward, hits the end of the string then winds up the string toward the hand, and finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again. One of the most basic tricks is called the
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merely jerks the wrist and the yo-yo "catches" the string and rolls back up to the hand. Ball-bearing yo-yos with a "butterfly" shape, primarily used for string tricks, frequently have a low response or are completely unresponsive, requiring a "bind" for the yo-yo to return.
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In all transaxle yo-yos, ball bearings significantly reduce friction when the yo-yo is spinning, enabling longer and more complex tricks. Subsequent yo-yo players used this ability to their advantage, creating new tricks that had not been possible with fixed-axle designs.
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A certain class of looping tricks, regens, are tricks that add spin to a yoyo without having to return it to the throwing hand. Because regens switch between frontstyle and sidestyle, they are frequently used to transition between frontstyle and sidestyle combinations.
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The essence of the throw is that one throws the yo-yo with a very pronounced wrist action so that when the yo-yo reaches the end of the string it spins in place rather than rolling back up the string to the thrower's hand. Most modern yo-yos have a transaxle or
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Certain tricks, such as the UFO and
Sidewinder, can alter the string tension, making it looser or tighter, thereby altering the response of the yo-yo. This also allows for a certain type of trick called slack tricks to be completed with greater ease.
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it returns easily, but it is impossible to make it sleep. In Flores's design, one continuous piece of string, double the desired length, is twisted around something to produce a loop at one end which is fitted around the axle. Also termed a
225:. The business started with a dozen handmade toys; by November 1929, Flores was operating two additional factories in Los Angeles and Hollywood, which all together employed 600 workers and produced 300,000 units daily.
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As popularity spread through the 1970s and 1980s, there were a number of innovations in yo-yo technology, primarily regarding the connection between the string and the axle. In 1979, dentist and yo-yo celebrity
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In freehand tricks, the yo-yo's string is not tied to the player's hand, instead ending in a counterweight. The counterweight is then thrown from hand to hand and used as an additional element in the trick.
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does not change during the whole move, the string winds up in the opposite direction upon the return of the yo-yo. If the shaft of the yo-yo is connected to the string with a loop, there may not be enough
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leaves the end of the string by pivoting the string around a finger as it unwinds, so that the yo-yo is caught on the string. This is exactly the opposite of a "forward pass", but with the same result.
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Yo-yos optimized for looping have weight concentrated in their centers so they may easily rotate about the string's axis without their mass contributing to resistance due to a gyroscopic effect.
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In yo-yo competitions, looping both to the inside and outside of the hand with the yo-yo plays a strong role in the 2A division. Sometimes the yoyos would wrap around arms, legs, or necks.
388:
In the wake of this revolution that took place in yo-yo, a landscape of yo-yo competitions tailored towards this modern style of yo-yo play emerged. One example of such competitions is the
555:, as of 2008 freehand is considered to be the fastest-growing style of yo-yo play. Steve Brown was awarded a patent on his freehand yo-yo system, which was assigned to Flambeau Products (
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force to overcome the weight of the yo-yo, which is necessary to begin winding up the string. In this case, the yo-yo will continue to spin in the loop at the end of the string (or
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recognized the potential of this new fad and purchased the Flores yo-yo
Corporation and all its assets, including the Flores name, which was transferred to the new company in 1932.
233:, this seemingly minor modification allows for a far greater variety and sophistication of motion, thanks to increased stability and suspension of movement during free spin.
846:
520:
yoyo play, that development began on what is currently considered Triple A. This is the most complex style and is the most likely to obtain knots, dings, and clangs.
1019:"Wolf Yoyo Works on Instagram: "Just testing out #wolfyoyoworks Amarok with a 1 of 1 ruby bearing, you saw it here first! What is your favourite bearing type?""
559:
parent company). Duncan patented the counterweight, and no one was able to design a unique weight. However, since March 28, 2020, the patent has expired.
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wrong. There are also tricks which involve the use of two off-string yoyos at the same time, thrown with the same hand, this is known as "soloham".
878:
392:. Outside of the competition scene, yo-yo players regularly share videos of their yo-yo tricks on the Internet; a common place players do so is on
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Looping is a yo-yo technique which emphasizes keeping the body of two yo-yos, one on each hand, in constant motion, with or without sleeping.
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244:
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yo-yo demonstrators in the early years of the company. Regardless, the notion that yo-yos can be used as weapons persists to this day in
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patented the "No Jive 3-in-1" yo-yo, creating the world's first "take-apart" yo-yo, which enabled yo-yo players to change the axle.
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There are many new types of ball bearings in the market which deviate from the original design and/or material of the standard
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establishing the free movement of the yo-yo, and causing it to spin rapidly. As the yo-yo unwinds downward, it also converts
209:
After the yo-yo was introduced to the United States, it spread to Mexico—a pile of handmade wood
Mexican yo-yos is pictured.
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works). The player then allows the yo-yo to wind itself back to the player's hand, exploiting its spin (and the associated
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Patents have been issued to create more complicated mechanisms to allow tension control and an adjustable mechanism.
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There is no sound historical evidence that yo-yos were ever used as weapons; the notion is believed to have been a
214:
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In a trademark case in 1965, a federal court of appeal ruled in favor of the Royal Tops
Company, determining that
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130:, where the yo-yo spins at the end of the string for a noticeable amount of time before returning to the hand.
400:"#trickcircle". Some yo-yo players have also found modest success outside the yo-yo community, going viral on
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prompted Duncan to launch a comeback campaign for his trademarked "Yo-Yo" in 1962 with a series of television
180:
A 1791 illustration of a woman playing with an early version of the yo-yo, which was then called a "bandalore"
2172:
1893:
646:(whose giant yo-yo's movements were a considerable challenge to animate). The popular sandbox adventure game
349:
Tom Kuhn SB2 ball-bearing yoyos: left, original model from the early 1990s; right, a modern colored offering.
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manufactured Duncan's plastic models since 1955. As of 2020, Flambeau
Plastics continued to run the company.
1932:
1903:
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The sleeper is one of the most common yo-yo throws and is the basis for nearly all yo-yo throws other than
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Lady with a yo-yo, Northern India (Rajasthan, Bundi or Kota), c. 1770 Opaque watercolor and gold on paper
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Vanoverbergh, Morice. (1956). Iloko-English Dictionary, Catholic School Press, Baguio City. p. 370
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to translational energy in its rotation to overcome gravity all the way back up to the hand.
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404:, gaining significant YouTube followings, or being featured guests on television programs.
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91:. It is an ancient toy with proof of existence since 440 BC. The yo-yo was also called a
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and necessarily, since the string must unwind, much of this energy is converted into
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In yo-yo competitions, counterweight yo-yos are emphasized in the 5A division.
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Loops are yoyo tricks that consist of the yoyo looping around the throw hand.
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immigrant to the United States, opened the Yo-yo Manufacturing Company in
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be produced by transitioning from one mount to another in various ways.
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2017:
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won the first World Yo-Yo Contest in London, England. In 1932, Swedish
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When the yo-yo is first released, the gravity (and the throw) give it
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1964:
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Yo-Yo World Champion Gentry Stein Teaches Steve Harvey A Few Tricks
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Combinations which can repeat indefinitely are called "repeaters".
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84:
1070:
What is Unresponsive Yoyoing? Unresponsive Yoyo Trick Introduction
345:
102:(by inserting one finger—usually the middle or ring finger—into a
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surface, but use minor modifications. Some high-end bearings use
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It is played by holding the free end of the string known as the
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1393:
Modern Yoyo Notation and Learning Yoyo Triquetras and Antispins
539:
Yo-yo competitions have the 4A division for off-string tricks.
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In competition, two handed string tricks have the 3A division.
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162:
1413:
Science News, Week of April 17, 2004; Vol. 165, No. 16, p. 250
661:
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Modern yo-yos, some made of both aluminium and stainless steel
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259:
80:
1092:
Yoyo Bind Theory – The Truth Behind What Makes Binds Work.
1008:. Retro Planet (May 12, 2009). Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
243:
The name "Yo-yo" was registered in 1932 as a trademark by
903:
December 19, 2012 (not available in the on-line edition)
334:
1544:"All About Guilty Gear With Creator Daisuke Ishiwatari"
1113:"#trickcircle hashtag on Instagram • Photos and Videos"
122:). This is often called "yo-yoing" or "playing yo-yo".
63:
1469:
PopCast Yo-Yo Vlog #16: Modern Responsive Yo-Yo Tricks
461:
437:
67:
A demonstration, showing the downward move of a yo-yo
1627:
657:
87:, and a string looped around the axle, similar to a
1224:
19:This article is about the toy. For other uses, see
1447:Kyle Nations's tips for modern responsive yo-yoing
764:
114:the yo-yo and unwind the string (similar to how a
1367:The Yonomicon: An Enlightened Tome of Yoyo Tricks
2149:
1507:Filed October 29, 1999; Issued December 19, 2000
510:
869:
1613:
1493:Filed July 27, 1999; Issued December 18, 2001
922:, January 25, 2002, retrieved March 22, 2013
835:. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
755:
753:
197:other materials were used for actual play.
613:
507:Also known as two hands looping freestyle.
320:
255:yo-yos started to be manufactured as well.
236:Shortly thereafter (c. 1929), entrepreneur
26:"Yoyo" redirects here. For other uses, see
1620:
1606:
1519:"The High-Stakes World of High-End Yo Yos"
1516:
357:Tom Kuhn leather case for SB2 yoyo, 1990s.
41:
1315:"Learn Regenerations to add spin to yoyo"
750:
565:
337:briefly manufactured novelty yo-yos with
273:. The Duncan yo-yo was inducted into the
110:(or the force of a throw and gravity) to
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133:
62:
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962:"Has yo-yo become a generic trademark?"
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811:, National Yo-Yo Museum, archived from
138:The word yo-yo probably comes from the
2150:
759:
630:, as in the Chinese television series
200:
1601:
1370:. Magnolia Publishing, Incorporated.
954:
942:. Sydney, Australia. January 23, 1933
796:
574:
2168:Physical activity and dexterity toys
845:Hopkins, Michelle (April 19, 2009).
484:
476:"clockwise" and "counterclockwise".
1517:Goto-Jones, Chris (April 9, 2015).
876:"Kalmartrissan" och andra "trissor"
449:
288:
13:
771:. Yale University Press. pp.
526:
462:Tricks which adjust string tension
438:Mounts, transitions, and dismounts
14:
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1312:
1289:"How to do the Zipper yoyo trick"
1286:
909:
891:
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897:"Kalmartrissan snurrar vidare",
847:"'Great ambassador' passes away"
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258:In 1933, yo-yos were banned in
1364:McBride, Mark (October 1998).
838:
826:
741:
716:
1:
936:"YO–YO BANNED IN SYRIA"
710:
650:features many yo-yo weapons.
589:potential energy from gravity
511:Two handed string tricks (3A)
407:
376:Wolf Yoyo Works in May 2018.
581:translational kinetic energy
418:
79:) is a toy consisting of an
7:
987:Flambeau Corporate Brochure
833:Online Etymology Dictionary
653:
642:franchise by the character
412:
10:
2219:
2158:Brands that became generic
1313:B, Adam (March 23, 2018).
1287:B, Adam (April 18, 2014).
1225:American Yo-Yo Association
1163:"The Brandon Vu – YouTube"
916:Kalmartrissan fyller 70 år
885:, County Museum of Kalmar
269:opened a yo-yo factory in
247:in Vancouver, Canada, and
25:
18:
2178:Tagalog words and phrases
2092:
1958:
1876:
1757:
1746:
1639:
1546:. Siliconera. May 6, 2011
1238:"Museum of Yo-Yo History"
585:rotational kinetic energy
479:
275:National Toy Hall of Fame
223:Santa Barbara, California
49:
40:
1004:October 3, 2011, at the
881:August 21, 2010, at the
614:Purported use as weapons
333:Swedish bearing company
321:Rise of the ball bearing
1418:April 20, 2008, at the
999:Classic Toys: The Yo-Yo
767:Ancient Greek Athletics
728:www.merriam-webster.com
636:, and in the Japanese
566:Modern Responsive (0A)
358:
350:
317:
293:Declining sales after
210:
189:
181:
173:
170:Antikensammlung Berlin
68:
21:Yo-yo (disambiguation)
2198:1930s fads and trends
1593:Index of yo-yo tricks
1504:U.S. patent 7,192,330
1490:U.S. patent 6,331,132
1432:U.S. patent 6,371,824
724:"Definition of YO-YO"
551:Developed in 1999 by
356:
348:
315:
208:
187:
179:
156:
134:Etymology and history
95:in the 17th century.
66:
28:Yoyo (disambiguation)
2173:Sports entertainment
1889:Juggling Conventions
1730:Rubenstein's Revenge
1435:Filed March 28, 2000
1263:"1A Tricks by Mount"
57: – present
2122:Rhythmic gymnastics
1633:object manipulation
1138:"TikTok, @Angel2Up"
815:on January 20, 2008
390:World Yo-Yo Contest
283:Rochester, New York
267:Duncan Toys Company
201:First yo-yo company
157:Boy playing with a
37:
1242:www.yoyomuseum.com
857:on August 30, 2009
761:Miller, Stephen G.
575:Physical mechanism
373:ceramic composites
359:
351:
318:
231:looped slip-string
211:
190:
182:
174:
69:
35:
2145:
2144:
1998:Coin manipulation
1377:978-0-941463-01-0
1213:howstuffworks.com
1117:www.instagram.com
1044:"Advanced Yo-Yos"
620:marketing gimmick
596:sense of spinning
485:Unresponsive (1A)
120:rotational energy
83:connected to two
61:
60:
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2183:Traditional toys
2023:Flair bartending
2003:Contact juggling
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968:. March 31, 2020
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2055:Pen spinning
2050:Keepie uppie
2033:Hoop rolling
2008:Devil sticks
1916:Competitions
1868:Trick roping
1806:Cup-and-ball
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1523:The Atlantic
1522:
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1498:
1484:
1473:, retrieved
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1399:February 25,
1397:, retrieved
1392:
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1349:February 26,
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1324:February 26,
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
1308:
1298:February 25,
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1272:February 25,
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1220:
1209:Yo-Yo Basics
1204:
1193:, retrieved
1188:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1096:, retrieved
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1085:
1074:, retrieved
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1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
994:
982:
970:. Retrieved
965:
956:
944:. Retrieved
939:
930:
924:(in Swedish)
911:
905:(in Swedish)
898:
893:
887:(in Swedish)
871:
859:. Retrieved
855:the original
850:
840:
828:
819:February 18,
817:, retrieved
813:the original
808:Pedro Flores
807:
786:. Retrieved
766:
743:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
695:Eskimo yo-yo
682:Games portal
637:
631:
617:
609:
604:
594:Because the
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578:
569:
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546:
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494:Looping (2A)
488:
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432:
427:ball bearing
423:
416:
396:, using the
387:
383:
380:Modern yo-yo
365:
360:
332:
324:
305:
303:
295:World War II
292:
264:
257:
242:
235:
230:
227:
215:Pedro Flores
212:
191:
137:
124:
106:), allowing
99:
97:
92:
76:
72:
70:
50:Availability
32:
2188:Wooden toys
1993:Chinese top
1823:Fingerboard
1799:Indian club
1777:Bouncy ball
1699:Mills' Mess
668:Toys portal
639:Guilty Gear
628:pop culture
553:Steve Brown
285:, in 1999.
249:Harvey Lowe
245:Sam Dubiner
148:Philippines
2152:Categories
2077:Rattleback
2018:Fire staff
1782:Hacky sack
1048:YoYoExpert
711:References
601:frictional
408:Techniques
279:The Strong
159:terracotta
116:pullstring
1818:Fan dance
1789:Cigar box
1704:Multiplex
1694:Jollyball
1550:August 8,
1023:Instagram
861:April 12,
788:March 19,
516:House").
394:Instagram
213:In 1928,
104:slip knot
93:bandalore
2203:Rotation
2117:Jugglers
2013:Fire fan
1973:Astrojax
1965:twirling
1772:Bean bag
1714:Siteswap
1709:Notation
1689:Joggling
1679:Fountain
1641:Patterns
1629:Juggling
1528:July 16,
1475:March 1,
1453:March 1,
1416:Archived
1227:website.
1195:July 16,
1172:July 16,
1147:July 16,
1122:July 16,
1098:July 16,
1076:July 16,
1053:July 16,
1028:July 12,
1002:Archived
972:March 2,
879:Archived
763:(2004).
654:See also
648:Terraria
557:Duncan's
413:Sleeping
328:Tom Kuhn
219:Filipino
172:(F 2549)
2105:History
2100:Culture
2028:Hooping
1960:Balance
1811:Kendama
1725:Passing
1669:Columns
1659:Cascade
1575:July 6,
1566:"Yoyos"
1247:June 5,
946:July 8,
644:Bridget
419:looping
398:hashtag
161:yo-yo,
144:cognate
140:Ilocano
128:sleeper
108:gravity
2193:Yo-yos
2065:tricks
2045:Meteor
2040:Kemari
1938:JISCON
1881:events
1877:Groups
1843:Jianzi
1735:Shower
1684:Havana
1374:
779:
624:Duncan
480:Styles
402:TikTok
100:handle
2132:Terms
2127:Robot
2093:Other
2084:Yo-yo
1894:BACAF
1863:Torch
1848:Knife
1759:Props
1674:Flash
1646:forms
605:sleep
306:yo-yo
260:Syria
194:Greek
166:kylix
163:Attic
89:spool
85:disks
73:yo-yo
36:Yo-yo
1963:and
1879:and
1858:Ring
1794:Club
1767:Ball
1740:Toss
1718:list
1664:Claw
1644:and
1631:and
1577:2024
1552:2022
1530:2022
1477:2024
1455:2024
1401:2024
1372:ISBN
1351:2024
1326:2024
1300:2024
1274:2024
1249:2024
1197:2022
1174:2022
1149:2022
1124:2022
1100:2022
1078:2022
1055:2022
1030:2019
974:2021
948:2018
863:2009
821:2008
790:2013
777:ISBN
735:2018
217:, a
112:spin
81:axle
77:yoyo
53:440
2072:Top
2060:Poi
1950:WJF
1933:JIS
1928:IJA
1909:IJC
1904:EJC
1899:BJC
1838:Hat
1654:Box
775:–.
773:169
705:Top
335:SKF
281:in
277:at
16:Toy
2154::
1716::
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1317:.
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1240:.
1211:,
1165:.
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1046:.
1021:.
964:.
938:.
918:,
849:.
798:^
752:^
726:.
301:.
192:A
150:.
71:A
55:BC
1621:e
1614:t
1607:v
1579:.
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1215:.
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1032:.
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950:.
865:.
792:.
737:.
30:.
23:.
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