602:
653:(meaning "Prince Pye"), in May 1661. Pye broke the siege and demanded that all the Chinese, with the exception of Youlang himself, swear allegiance to the king of Ava, after which they would be dispersed through the kingdom. The ceremony at which this was to be carried out turned into a disaster, with the Chinese, fearing that the plan was to murder them all, turning on the Burmese. Pye now ordered all the Chinese, again with the exception of Youlang, to be put to death.
682:, the capital of Yunnan, where in June he was personally strangled by Wu Sangui. Wu had played a major role in the overthrow of the dynasty, having opened the gates in the Great Wall to the Qing and later leading the Qing campaign against the Southern Ming. It is said that Youlang scorned Wu in his last moments, saying that he betrayed his people and country, and urged Wu to kill him faster because he was disgusted to see "a traitor's face."
1519:
557:, who was his own adoptive mother, and during his first five years of reign, she acted as his adviser, and it was said that she was "...versed in letters, aware of current events, analytical about tasks and clear in her reasoning. After the Emperor assumed the throne there was nothing in which he did not follow her wishes."
660:
entered Burma and demanded the surrender of
Youlang. Pye summoned his advisors, who pointed out that both the Burmese and the Chinese had previously delivered up persons to each other. In addition, Wu Sangui's army was large, and the Burmese had already suffered enough from the presence of their
549:
Zhu
Youlang became "Caretaker of the State" on 20 November 1646, following the death of the Longwu emperor. When Longwu's brother then declared himself emperor with the reign-title Shaowu, Youlang himself ascended the throne (24 December 1646) as Yongli emperor. A brief civil war between the two
648:
It soon became apparent to the
Burmese that Zhu Youlang intended to carve himself a kingdom in Burma, and war broke out between the exiled prince and his hosts. The Chinese devastated the land around Ava but failed to capture it, thanks to the defence offered by Pindale's mercenary Portuguese
477:. The Ming loyalists continued to resist in southern China, with several former Ming royal members regrouping in the south in attempt to re-establish the Ming governance, but all failed before the rapid Manchu military advance. Youlang ascended the throne in
661:
guest. Accordingly, on 22 January 1662, the last monarch of the
Southern Ming, together with his sons and grandsons, were put on boats and forwarded to Wu Sangui's camp near Ava. Thinking that he was being taken to his longtime military protector
649:
artillery (led by a mysterious Mi-thari Kattan, which might be a
Burmese attempt at an otherwise unknown "Mister Cotton"). Pindale's attempt to profiteer from the resulting famine led to his overthrow by his brother and chief general,
585:, who for five years was highly successful in enlarging Southern Ming territories in the southwest. This success, however, caused the Qing to place the entire region in the hands of the extremely capable former Ming official
673:
Zhu
Youlang, Prince of Gui and last serious claimant to the Ming throne, was delivered into the custody of Wu Sangui, a Chinese general who had once served the Ming, and Manchu prince, general, and high minister of state,
580:
in
Guangxi. He had a number of experienced and devoted followers, but became increasingly reliant on the military support of local warlords and bandit chieftains. The best and most effective of these was
529:. In the following two years, as the Qing extended their control over northern China, the remaining Ming loyalists attempted to regroup in the south, but in rapid succession the
1947:
406:. He led the remnants of the Ming loyalists with the assistance of peasant armies to resist the Qing forces in southwestern China, but he was then forced to exile to
605:
The flight of Prince Gui, the last ruling descendant of the Ming dynasty, who reigned as the Yongli
Emperor. The borders shown here are those of provinces in the
1171:
On 1 June 1662 (Yongli 16, 15th day of 4th month; 永曆十六年四月十五日), the Yongli
Emperor and his son was strangled with bowstrings in Kunming. After his death, the
1911:
429:. He inherited the title Prince of Gui (桂王) from his brother and lived an obscure life as a minor member of the Ming imperial family until the
1996:
1986:
1943:
1392:
2001:
1981:
1279:
1318:
1682:
1387:
1976:
1991:
1927:
1899:
1895:
1691:
1636:
554:
70:
1887:
1348:
Shore, David
Harrison (1976), "Last Court of the Ming China: The Reign of the Yung-li Emperor in the South (1647–1662)",
1415:, vol. III, "A Century of Advance", Book One, "Trade, Missions, Literature", Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1097:
426:
337:
1503:
1483:
1465:
1420:
1289:
1259:
525:, a people from beyond the Great Wall, entered the city and proclaimed the end of the Ming and the beginning of the
1891:
1883:
560:
The continuing military pressure of the Qing forced Youlang to withdraw further into the south and west, first to
469:
against Li Zicheng. The Qing forces defeated the peasant armies and rapidly expanded to northern China, the Lower
2006:
1523:
358:
17:
1923:
606:
350:
1606:
1584:
1541:
430:
399:
95:
1306:
1675:
496:
army led by Wu Sangui pursued and captured him from the king of Burma, and he was executed in June 1662.
2011:
1875:
1742:
1732:
1571:
855:
1867:
538:
1381:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1871:
1668:
1495:
The great enterprise: the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China
1455:
1335:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
1249:
589:, who was named governor-general of five provinces. By 1658 Youlang had been forced back into
1903:
1879:
1863:
711:
191:
1971:
1966:
1460:, Volume 7 of The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 641 sq,
1376:
1234:
553:
Zhu Youlang succeeded to the throne with approval by his fathers widow and principal wife
8:
1454:
Struve, Lynn A. (1988), "Southern Ming", in Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.),
1172:
694:
1159:
665:, the forlorn emperor only realized his real destination when he arrived at Wu's camp.
449:
captured Beijing in 1644. The true beneficiaries of the collapse of the Ming were the
1788:
1499:
1479:
1461:
1443:
1430:
Struve, Lynn A. (1986), "The bitter end: Notes on the demise of the Yongli Emperor",
1416:
1285:
1255:
510:
442:
198:
1778:
1768:
1748:
1435:
1183:
era name until 1683 (Yongli 37; 永曆三十七年), when the Qing dynasty occupied Taiwan and
797:
685:
The last Ming dynasty princes who held out against the Qing after Zhu Youlang were
434:
415:
380:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1737:
1712:
1493:
1401:
1227:
759:
First-Class Female Attendant, of the Guo clan (常在 郭氏), personal name Liangpu (良璞)
717:
Zhu Cixuan, Crown Prince Aimin (哀愍太子 朱慈煊; 23 April 1648 – 1 June 1662), third son
626:
489:
466:
407:
256:
39:
1783:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1660:
1439:
1184:
586:
28:
1380:
1960:
1845:
1818:
1805:
1773:
1649:
1547:
1447:
881:
823:
514:
493:
482:
474:
422:
392:
384:
326:
316:
44:
461:. After mass defection from Ming remnants, including a former Ming general,
1699:
1537:
601:
450:
403:
396:
388:
304:
35:
1307:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911
1813:
622:
550:
emperors ended a month later when the Qing captured and executed Shaowu.
283:
1824:
686:
662:
582:
446:
421:
Zhu Youlang was the son of Zhu Changying (朱常瀛), the seventh son of the
275:
1337:. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1035.
1851:
1835:
1829:
1629:
657:
530:
462:
458:
411:
88:
689:, Prince of Ningjing and Zhu Hónghuán, Prince of Lu who accompanied
641:), provided his men surrendered their weapons. He finally fled into
375:; 1623–1662; reigned 24 December 1646 – 1 June 1662), personal name
1457:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1
1251:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
679:
638:
478:
690:
675:
650:
630:
614:
577:
569:
565:
518:
470:
454:
438:
311:
299:
748:
Zhu Cizhuo, Prince Chong of Li (澧沖王 朱慈焯; 1654–1656), seventh son
1518:
1176:
618:
590:
561:
534:
522:
366:
765:
Zhu Cijue, Crown Prince Huaimin (懷愍太子 朱慈爝; b. 1645), first son
723:
Zhu Ciyi, Prince Shang of Mian (沔殤王 朱慈熠; 1654–1655), sixth son
768:
Zhu Ci?, Crown Prince Daomin (悼愍太子 朱慈𤇅; b. 1646), second son
656:
At this point, in December 1661, a Qing army of 20,000 under
642:
573:
634:
526:
1476:
Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws
737:
Zhu Ciwei, Prince Dao of Fu (涪悼王 朱慈煒; 1654–1655, fifth son
720:
Zhu Ci?, Prince Ai of Yuan (沅哀王 朱慈𤇥; b. 1650), fourth son
266:
Yingtian Tuidao Minyi Gongjian Jingwen Weiwu Liren Kexiao
1215:《南明史》本紀第四：永曆十七年癸卯，春正月庚午朔，正朔在東都。上凶聞至，延平王鄭經為發喪，上諡曰匡皇帝，廟號昭宗。
693:
to Taiwan. Zhu Shugui acted as his representative in the
1254:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 676.
621:, from where he sought refuge under the protection of
593:, on the very edge of China's southwestern frontier.
1226:
629:of Burma. Pindale gave him permission to live at
1958:
1690:
1498:, vol. 1, University of California Press,
251:Yongli (永曆): 5 February 1647 – 1 June 1662
745:Noble Lady, of the Yang clan (貴人 楊氏; d. 1661)
544:
521:. Six weeks later, on 5 June, the army of the
513:, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide at
387:, reigning in turbulent times when the former
1676:
60:
1411:Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1993),
1403:China monumentis: qua sacris quà profanis, …
697:and performed rites in his name until 1683.
596:
441:, and the suicide of the last Ming emperor,
1593:Succeeded by the peerage of Prince of Gui.
1683:
1669:
465:, who allowed the Qing forces to pass the
1284:. Harvard University Press. p. 837.
1393:United States Government Printing Office
1320:The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register
1247:
1211:
1209:
600:
504:
410:and eventually captured and executed by
1356:
1332:
290:Zhaozong (昭宗) (conferred by Zheng Jing)
14:
1959:
1375:
1273:
1271:
1006:
1002:
992:
898:
788:
784:
637:(both near the modern Burmese city of
1664:
1361:. Vol. 2. p. 1035, note 87.
1347:
1206:
1102:
1096:
1086:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1024:
1014:
1010:
989:
979:
967:
957:
953:
941:
938:
928:
916:
906:
902:
886:
880:
870:
854:
844:
840:
828:
822:
812:
796:
792:
714:, of the Wang clan (孝刚匡皇后 王氏;d.1662)
541:emperors were captured and executed.
418:"Yongli" means "perpetual calendar".
1637:Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
1388:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1277:
1224:
756:Noble Lady, of the Yang clan (貴人 楊氏)
734:Noble Lady, of the Dai clan (貴人 戴氏)
171:Yongli 16, 15th day of the 4th month
71:Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
51:Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
1997:People executed by the Qing dynasty
1987:People executed by the Ming dynasty
1352:, Princeton University, p. 208
1268:
753:Noble Lady, of the Liu clan (貴人 劉氏)
155:Tianqi 3, 9th day of the 10th month
24:
1248:Fairbank, John King (1988-02-26).
742:Concubine, of the Mou clan (宮嬪 某氏)
25:
2023:
1512:
613:In 1658 Zhu Youlang retreated to
445:, after the peasant rebel leader
2002:People executed by strangulation
1982:17th-century executions by China
1517:
1434:, vol. 21, pp. 62–76,
728:Consort, of the Dou clan (妃 竇氏)
1341:
1304:Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles:
731:Consort, of the Mou clan (妃 某氏)
625:(1608–1661), ninth king of the
453:, ruled by the emerging nation
206:Zhu Cijue, Crown Prince Huaimin
1333:Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1985).
1326:
1312:
1298:
1241:
1218:
1165:
1152:
633:, near the Burmese capital of
371:
362:
354:
224:Zhu Cizhuo, Prince Chong of Li
221:Zhu Ciyi, Prince Shang of Mian
212:Zhu Cixuan, Crown Prince Aimin
80:24 December 1646 – 1 June 1662
13:
1:
1977:17th-century Chinese monarchs
1912:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1492:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985),
1194:
1992:Executed people from Beijing
1692:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
1413:Asia in the Making of Europe
1400:Kircher, Athanasius (1667),
1199:
1158:Dates given here are in the
435:fall of the imperial capital
431:rebellions of peasant armies
209:Zhu Ci?, Crown Prince Daomin
7:
1278:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
774:
545:Campaigns in southern China
492:, he fled to Burma. A Qing
488:By 1661, pressed back into
485:emperor in November 1646.
218:Zhu Ciwei, Prince Dao of Fu
10:
2028:
1440:10.1179/014703786788764176
1369:
1357:Wakeman, Frederic (1985).
1004:
990:Yongli Emperor (1623–1662)
939:Empress Xiaojing (d. 1597)
892:
786:
607:People's Republic of China
499:
379:, was the fourth and last
215:Zhu Ci?, Prince Ai of Yuan
33:
26:
1861:
1804:
1795:
1698:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1531:
1478:, Yale University Press,
1098:Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
1080:
1062:
1054:
1030:
1012:
1008:
973:
955:
947:
922:
904:
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597:Flight and exile in Burma
338:Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
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109:
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94:
84:
76:
69:
61:
56:
1474:Struve, Lynn A. (1993),
1187:surrendered to the Qing.
1145:
856:Empress Dowager Xiaoding
678:. He was transported to
668:
517:as a rebel army entered
433:, which resulted to the
27:Not to be confused with
1601:Zhu You'ai, Prince Gong
1281:Imperial China 900-1800
400:progressively conquered
391:was overthrown and the
246:Era name and dates
113:Zhu You'ai, Prince Gong
2007:Southern Ming emperors
610:
576:, then south again to
1650:Southern Ming dynasty
1526:at Wikimedia Commons
1377:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1179:continued to use the
712:Empress Xiaogangkuang
604:
505:Historical background
385:Southern Ming dynasty
192:Empress Xiaogangkuang
1546:(line of one of the
1542:Prince of Gui's line
1359:The Great Enterprise
555:Empress Dowager Wang
329:, Prince Duan of Gui
1382:"Chu Yu-lang"
1225:Keay, John (2008).
1173:Kingdom of Tungning
695:Kingdom of Tungning
509:In April 1644, the
359:traditional Chinese
1585:Prince of Yongming
1350:Ph.D. dissertation
1233:. Harper. p.
1160:Gregorian calendar
706:Consort and Issue:
611:
427:Empress Dowager Ma
351:simplified Chinese
126:Prince of Yongming
2012:Executed monarchs
1954:
1953:
1659:
1658:
1652:was ended in 1662
1614:Succeeded by
1551:
1522:Media related to
1142:
1141:
511:Chongzhen Emperor
343:
342:
294:
293:
270:(應天推道敏毅恭檢經文緯武禮仁克孝
241:Zhu Youlang (朱由榔)
16:(Redirected from
2019:
1830:Prince of Lu (魯)
1819:Prince of Lu (潞)
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1229:China: A History
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1900:N. Dynasties
1896:S. Dynasties
1840:
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1579:New creation
1578:
1562:
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1538:House of Zhu
1536:
1533:Zhu Youlang
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1432:Ming Studies
1431:
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1322:, pp.188–190
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404:China proper
397:Qing dynasty
389:Ming dynasty
376:
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346:
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271:
267:
263:
173:(永曆十六年四月十五日)
167:(1662-06-01)
43:
36:Chinese name
1972:1662 deaths
1967:1623 births
1892:16 Kingdoms
1100:(1578–1669)
884:(1597–1645)
858:(1545–1614)
826:(1563–1620)
800:(1537–1572)
623:Pindale Min
402:the entire
377:Zhu Youlang
284:Temple name
165:1 June 1662
157:(天啟三年十月初九日)
110:Predecessor
85:Predecessor
40:family name
1961:Categories
1884:3 Kingdoms
1854:(doubtful)
1641:1646–1662
1616:Zhu Ciying
1589:1636–1646
1195:References
687:Zhu Shugui
663:Li Dingguo
583:Li Dingguo
568:, then to
494:Han Banner
447:Li Zicheng
276:Zheng Jing
149:1623-11-01
121:Zhu Ciying
1814:Hongguang
1789:Chongzhen
1448:0147-037X
1355:Cited in
1200:Citations
658:Wu Sangui
645:in 1661.
531:Hongguang
515:Coal Hill
463:Wu Sangui
459:Manchuria
443:Chongzhen
416:era title
412:Wu Sangui
372:Yǒnglì Dì
134:1636–1646
118:Successor
1848:(regent)
1832:(regent)
1821:(regent)
1779:Taichang
1769:Longqing
1749:Chenghua
1743:Yingzong
1733:Yingzong
1406:, Vienna
775:Ancestry
762:Unknown
680:Yunnanfu
639:Mandalay
479:Zhaoqing
34:In this
1764:Jiajing
1759:Zhengde
1754:Hongzhi
1738:Jingtai
1713:Jianwen
1550:'s son)
1370:Sources
691:Koxinga
676:Aixinga
651:Pye Min
631:Sagaing
615:Kunming
578:Nanning
570:Jiangxi
566:Guangxi
523:Manchus
519:Beijing
500:History
471:Yangtze
455:Manchus
439:Beijing
383:of the
381:emperor
312:Dynasty
264:Emperor
188:Empress
1924:W. Xia
1852:Dingwu
1846:Dongwu
1841:Yongli
1836:Shaowu
1825:Longwu
1784:Tianqi
1728:Xuande
1723:Hongxi
1718:Yongle
1708:Hongwu
1561:
1502:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1419:
1288:
1258:
1181:Yongli
1177:Taiwan
701:Family
619:Yunnan
591:Yunnan
562:Guilin
539:Shaowu
537:, and
535:Longwu
425:, and
393:Manchu
369::
367:pinyin
361::
353::
334:Mother
323:Father
178:Burial
131:Tenure
102:Tenure
38:, the
1868:Shang
1774:Wanli
1611:1646
1563:Died:
1556:Born:
1146:Notes
669:Death
643:Burma
574:Hunan
457:from
395:-led
300:House
268:Kuang
236:Names
199:Issue
77:Reign
1940:Qing
1936:Ming
1932:Yuan
1920:Song
1916:Liao
1908:Tang
1872:Zhou
1700:Ming
1645:None
1565:1662
1558:1623
1500:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1444:ISSN
1417:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1256:ISBN
572:and
527:Qing
345:The
162:Died
143:Born
105:1646
1948:PRC
1944:ROC
1928:Jīn
1904:Sui
1888:Jìn
1880:Han
1876:Qin
1864:Xia
1436:doi
1235:410
1175:in
635:Ava
617:in
564:in
363:永曆帝
355:永历帝
305:Zhu
272:匡皇帝
62:永曆帝
45:Zhu
42:is
1963::
1946:/
1942:→
1938:→
1934:→
1930:→
1926:/
1922:/
1918:/
1914:→
1910:→
1906:→
1902:→
1898:/
1894:→
1890:/
1886:→
1882:→
1878:→
1874:→
1870:→
1866:→
1442:,
1391:.
1385:.
1270:^
1208:^
533:,
437:,
365:;
357:;
1798:明
1684:e
1677:t
1670:v
1438::
1426:.
1395:.
1294:.
1264:.
1237:.
1162:.
609:.
349:(
278:)
151:)
147:(
48:.
31:.
20:)
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