Yuan dynasty - Knowledge

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1311. This resulted in anti-Mongol sentiment among Muslims so some anti-Yuan rebels in the mid 14th century were joined by Muslims. In 1357–1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started a revolt against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian. Persian merchants Amin ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din Saifuding led the revolt. Persian official Yawuna assassinated both Amin ud-Din and Saif ud-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. For five years the Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou two times and failed to take it. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367 after A Muslim rebel officer named Jin Ji defected from Yawuna.

5767: 6632: 6644: 1185: 4729: 5551: 3978: 6586: 5323: 6518: 4494: 6455: 6101: 15425: 6506: 2392: 6558: 4604: 6161: 6440: 6169: 4844: 6570: 6494: 5950: 3842: 5884:. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, while the more they held out, the lower they were ranked. As a result, the Northern Chinese were ranked higher than the Southern Chinese, because the Song dynasty in southern China fought longer and surrendered later. Similarly, the Uighur and Karluk monarchs were ranked higher than the Korean monarch at court because they surrendered earlier while the Koreans surrendered later. The Uighurs in particular were noted to not have fought at all. 4596: 5335: 137: 6613: 6482: 6470: 6691: 3761:, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. 671: 5183: 4258: 4190:(Emperor Wuzong) came to the throne after the death of Temür Khan. Unlike his predecessor, he did not continue Kublai's work, largely rejecting his objectives. Most significantly he introduced a policy called "New Deals", focused on monetary reforms. During his short reign (1307–11), the government fell into financial difficulties, partly due to bad decisions made by Külüg. By the time he died, China was in severe debt and the Yuan court faced popular discontent. 3896:; 'Great Capital') of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Kublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes. 4247: 4769: 5471: 4482: 4855: 5161: 4627:. Arts and culture also greatly developed and flourished during the Yuan dynasty. There was a widespread introduction of blue and white painted porcelain, as well as a major change to Chinese painting. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the 4897:. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious." In traditional 5671: 5420: 6546: 4807:), appeared about the year 1299. Some doubted the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, chopsticks, tea houses – which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture – as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Recent studies however show that Polo's account is largely accurate and unique. 5443:. This seems to have begun in the early decades of the 14th century, and by the end of the dynasty was mature and well-established. Other major types of wares continued without a sharp break in their development, but there was a general trend to some larger size pieces, and more decoration. This is often seen as a decline from Song refinement. Exports expanded considerably, especially to the Islamic world. 4966: 15437: 4736:, wood, and paper from the Yuan dynasty. The Chinese were able to perfect a method of making lacquer. Decorating this plate are parrots and peonies. The parrot was a symbol of fidelity; because of its ability to mimic human speech, it was believed to be a suitable companion to a woman whose husband was away from home. The bird would be able to inform each person of the other's activities. The 4140: 4179:, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan. 5655:) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the 3119:-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" and the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant for the entire Mongol Empire when the dynasty was proclaimed. This usage is seen in the writings, including non-Chinese texts, produced during the time of the Yuan dynasty. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is not commonly used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the 6060:) which means, amongst other definitions, both "barracks" and "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim that because they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols, this surname was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them. During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng. The Muslims in the 4831:, which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, 5720:, but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. Some Muslim communities had the name in Chinese meaning "barracks" and also meaning "thanks"; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them. 4921:. Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as 4456:, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled 5378:, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books. 5391:, the paper money of the Yuan. Jiaochao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister 6530: 5712:

He issued a regulation to that effect ... all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman Huihui and Zhuhu Huihui, no matter who kills will eat and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

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as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.

3728:) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ögedei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier ( 5010:. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native 5711:

Among all the alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime."

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Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" and demanded

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to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance.

4375:, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as 3811:

of the Yuan dynasty. Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han advisers in his court. He feared that his dependence on

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The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts

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or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western

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The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine. Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread

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The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China

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Internal strife threatened Kublai within his empire. Kublai Khan suppressed rebellions challenging his rule in Tibet and the northeast. His favorite wife died in 1281 and so did his chosen heir in 1285. Kublai grew despondent and retreated from his duties as emperor. He fell ill in 1293, and died on

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recognized that printing was a valuable technological breakthrough, and expressed regret that the Mongol experiment with printing paper money had failed in the Muslim world. Rashid-al-Din's view was not shared by other chroniclers in the Middle East, who were critical of the experiment's disruptive

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also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded

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Private printing businesses also flourished under the Yuan. They published a diverse range of works, and printed educational, literary, medical, religious, and historical texts. The volume of printed materials was vast. In 1312, 1,000 copies of a Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed

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resulted in Toghon Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to

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Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the

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laws had already been passed by the Yuan dynasty. In 1340 all marriages were forced to follow Confucian principles in marriage regulations, in 1329 all foreign holy men including Muslims had tax exemptions revoked, in 1328 the position of Muslim Qadi was abolished after its powers were limited in

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doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the

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and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Gongzhi. After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators of gardens and fields in Samarqand while co-management with Chinese and Khitans was required

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while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his

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led by Song loyalists started and grew into a nationwide uprising and the Song loyalists established a renewed Song dynasty in 1351 with its capital at Kaifeng. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This

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At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both

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or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers

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wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed "degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and

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concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Tugh Temür was an example of a Yuan emperor who actively sponsored cultural activities; including in his imperial capacity and in his personal activities such as writing

4951:) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy clout upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization. 4072:

Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury. Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals. Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's

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Before Yesün Temür's reign, China had been relatively free from popular rebellions after the reign of Kublai. Yuan control, however, began to break down in those regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. The occurrence of these revolts and the subsequent suppression aggravated the financial

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succeeded to the throne in Shangdu (商都) with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the

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The ordering of the classes and the placement of people in them came down to how loyal and trustworthy to the Mongols they were. This was defined by the date they surrendered to the Mongols and had little to do with their ethnicity. Ethnic Han Chinese could be classified as either

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The Muslim merchants in Quanzhou who engaged in maritime trade enriched their families which encompassed their political and trade activities as families. Historians see the violent Chinese backlash that happened at the end of the Yuan dynasty against the wealth of the Muslim and

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to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.

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and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the

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northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them." However, ordinary Mongol families fell into extreme poverty in both Mongolia and China proper, and elite positions were increasingly penetrated by ethnic Han.

6299:, were provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions, though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were eleven "regular" provinces in Yuan dynasty, and their administrations were subordinated to the Central Secretariat. 5892:

The Mongols employed people from different regions to oversee different parts of their empire. Central Asian Muslims served as administrators in China while Han people and Khitans from China served as administrators over the Muslim population in

4936:'s dynastic element Earth. Although the Yuan did not openly announce it, its choice of white as its imperial color suggests that it considered Jin, another conquest dynasty, rather than the Han-Chinese Song dynasty, as its rightful predecessor. 6643: 5527:

of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly

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From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the

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The Mongols had employed foreigners long before the reign of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. But during Kublai's reign a hierarchy of reliability was introduced in China. The population was divided into the following classes:

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After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged

12062:"Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". 1987. "Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies, no. 19. Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies: 224–54. 3134:

sometimes being referred to as the "Manchu dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China". Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan", since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of

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refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince

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applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the

4717:, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, 3807:(Korea), making it a Mongol tributary state. Kublai betrothed one of his daughters to the prince to solidify the relationship between the two houses. Korean women were sent to the Yuan court as tribute and one concubine became the 4826:

were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the

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and its people, who made up the fourth class, the Southern Chinese. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, sometimes more than high officials, but their official rank was nebulous.

4284:, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand 5070:

Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style

3139:; these appeared on some Yuan maps. However, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271. 4987:(1260–1294). While some changes took place such as the functions of certain institutions, the essential components of the government bureaucracy remained intact from the beginning to the end of the dynasty in 1368. 5985:

were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the

4167:. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, 2257:

for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the

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were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.

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in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result,

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became popular in China. The Yuan exercised a profound influence on the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (1368–97) admired the Mongols' unification of China and adopted its garrison system.

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gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite

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became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghon Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew

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dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toqto'a resigned his office with the approval of Toghon Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.

5110:, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the 6037:

Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as

6601: 4296:; ''Comprehensive Institutions of the Great Yuan''), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a 10987:

Endicott, Elizabeth (2005). "The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries)". In Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (eds.).

9731: 2360:. However, even though the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was recognized by the western khans in 1304, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development. 6136:

Japanese historians like Uematsu, Sugiyama and Morita criticized the perception that a four-class system existed under Mongol rule and Funada Yoshiyuki questioned the very existence of the

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in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the

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Natsagdorj, S., and C. Dalai. 2003. "Yuan gürnii üyeiin Mongol oron." In Mongol Ulsiin Tuukh, vol. 2: XII-XIV Zuunii Dund üy, edited by C. Dalai and T. Ishdorj. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, p. 225

4015:. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the 3181: 8345:

Ronald Findlay; Mats Lundahl (2006). "The First Globalization Episode: The Creation of the Mongol Empire, or the Economics of Chinggis Khan". In Göran Therborn; Habibul Khondker (eds.).

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legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and

5758: 4399:), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment" ( 11151:. International Roundtable Entitled "The Nature of the Mongol Empire and Its Legacy". Centre for Studies in Asian Cultures and Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 3753:

in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor at the

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also very much influenced China. It had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia until its decline; the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in

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in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.

5276:, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician 4007:

chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the

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in the south. Zhu Yuanzhang was a former Duke and commander in the army of the Red Turban Song dynasty and assumed power as Emperor after the death of the Red Turban Song Emperor

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education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.

4000:(大理) in Yunnan submitted to the Yuan dynasty as vassals and were allowed to keep their throne, militarily assisting the Yuan dynasty against the Song dynasty in southern China. 9027: 3824:. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian 4312:

difficulties of the Yuan government. The government had to adopt some measure to increase revenue, such as selling offices, as well as curtailing its spending on some items.

2305:. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the 5264:

to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as

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and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to

5230:; ''Time Granting Calendar''), was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty. The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of 10521: 643: 629: 615: 590: 576: 3933:

from southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan. He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant

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themselves could also administer their own counties. As a result, it is impossible to delineate exactly how many tiers of divisions there were under a province.

3524: 12366: 7145: 15584: 4932:(wuxing). The Metal element does not follow from the Song's dynastic element Five in the creation sequence of the five elements. Instead, it follows from the 4403:). The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional 8612: 5897:

in Central Asia. Foreigners were used to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han people were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq,

4913:'s formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai officially honoured prior rulers of the Mongol Empire as Yuan emperors by conferring them 4387:

Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring

3746:) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan. 9808: 15509: 12923: 6089: 11180: 9915: 6042:

butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way. Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined

3685:, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued 15579: 10402:. Vol. 4: The Age of achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Pt. II: the achievements. Paris: Unesco Publishing. pp. 54–61. 8544:

Ruth Dunnell (1989). "The Fall of the Xia Empire: Sino-Steppe Relations in the Late 12th – Early 13th Centuries". In Seaman, Gary; Marks, Daniel (eds.).

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Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".

4795:, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, 15499: 12990: 8246:

William Honeychurch; Chunag Amartuvshin (2006). "States on Horseback: The Rise of Inner Asian Confederations and Empires". In Miriam T. Stark (ed.).

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Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1994). "The Yuan government and society". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.).

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Piero Corradini (1962). "Civil Administration at the Beginning of the Manchu Dynasty: A note on the establishment of the Six Ministries (Liu-pu)".

7125: 5205:. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the 4097:. The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols. The 13329: 5918:

since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them. The Yuan-appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Khitan by the name of Ahai. He was from the

3992:(襄阳) between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangtze River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken 8581:

Year of 1229 during the Period of Ögedei Khan – with a discursus on the Han territory of 70,000 families at the Northern Jin–Yuan boundary].

9721: 9072: 6178: 3689:, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in 14292: 6004:" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and 4960: 15514: 12185: 7864: 6631: 5402:

Foreign observers took note of Yuan printing technology. Marco Polo documented the Yuan printing of paper money and almanac pamphlets called

4171:, as the crown prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister 1151: 8463: 7883: 15544: 12393: 7172: 6569: 6149: 5927: 3717: 2313:

issued in 1271, Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the

9697: 6612: 4011:, which was recognized by both the Song and Tang dynasty, also received recognition by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty, and later by the 3705: 3517: 6439: 13473: 12437: 5923: 5144: 3457: 2101: 2041: 9035: 5851:(Southerners), or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty, including ethnic Han Chinese and minority native ethnic groups in 13241: 13233: 11069:. Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 133–144. 3250: 3224: 3817: 8646: 7845: 6753: 6454: 6173: 956: 911: 4176: 15554: 15504: 12720: 12055: 11028: 10532: 5859:. They were sometimes called "Manzi" during the Yuan dynasty. They were on the "bottom of the privilege ladder" in Yuan society. 15549: 13481: 12388: 9855: 6240:, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng, 6210: 5600: 4129: 3510: 3462: 1731: 15450: 7290:) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire 6505: 5399:. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment. 5291:

Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as

4975: 4326: 15245: 14627: 13537: 12373: 12032: 12013: 11969: 11950: 11902: 11880: 11849: 11830: 11637: 11604: 11585: 11566: 11533: 11513: 11486: 11438: 11419: 11400: 11367: 11327: 11308: 11252: 11233: 11117: 11074: 11004: 10971: 10840: 10759: 10688: 10669: 10650: 10590: 10563: 10494: 10467: 10407: 9898: 9880: 9838: 9788: 9778: 9649: 9609: 9574: 9539: 9415: 9364: 9303: 9274: 9245: 9167: 9018: 8528: 8061: 7974: 7946: 7895: 7874: 7855: 7525: 5382:

just within Beijing. By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty.

4395:. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature ( 3929:, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West. Kublai expanded the 3482: 2031: 12277: 10724:. Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation. Jerusalem: Academia.edu 6517: 5354:

The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry. Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through

4542:) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still live in 4102: 4074: 15494: 12361: 7140: 7118: 6314: 6303: 5969:

Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial

5913:

which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former

5071: 3993: 3937:, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China. Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like 1604: 1594: 323: 15151: 10580: 7260:, regard it as an autonomous state outside the Yuan territory; others regard it as an integral part of the Yuan territory. 3949: 13564: 13513: 13489: 13288: 13254: 12938: 12243: 11262:陳學霖, Hok-Lam Chan (1991). ""Ta Chin" (Great Golden): The Origin and Changing Interpretations of the Jurchen State Name". 3477: 3467: 3310: 3255: 2956: 2073: 1235: 460: 11979:

Langlois, John D. (1977). "Report on the research conference: The Impact of Mongol Domination on Chinese Civilization".

5095:

While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the

4685:

Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to

3969:

with its caravan of traders appears in the bottom right corner, while the Pacific coast runs along the top-left corner.

15297: 14297: 13272: 13225: 9816: 5555: 3300: 3219: 2314: 1225: 13306: 8141:. Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Indiana University Press. p. 116. 6585: 4577:. The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after the fall of Yingchang to the Ming in 1370, where the name Great Yuan ( 3907:, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper 13941: 13521: 13449: 13433: 12178: 10813: 10788: 10378: 9056: 8555: 8362: 8263: 8146: 8007: 7809: 7294:. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the 6493: 5766: 4928:

The dynasty chose white as its imperial color, which corresponds to the Metal element according to the theory of the

4615:

A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of

3673:. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother 3451: 3406: 3401: 1902: 1144: 9405: 5663:

scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the

5251:

The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called

4202:(born Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream 3821: 13505: 13465: 12583: 12446: 11812: 10680:

Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty

9830: 6557: 5782:. The Mongols were called "Gao-chen" (the citizens of the ruling empire) by the conquered Southern Song population. 5370:, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional 5207: 5174: 5114:

compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.

5111: 3447: 3436: 3426: 3212: 7272:

As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in

6054:

who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname Yíng (

4822:'s measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, 3107:

As per contemporary historiographical norm, "Yuan dynasty" typically refers to the realm with its main capital in

14923: 13529: 13457: 13363: 13199: 12308: 11757: 11337:

Guzman, Gregory G. (1988). "Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?".

7750: 7111: 5630: 4990:

The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the

4105:. Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty. 3440: 3432: 3358: 2340:(Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the 1656: 1085: 14085: 11169:

Duosang Mongol History, Vol. 1; Zhong-gou Tong-shi; History of Zhong-gou Border Nationalities; The New Yuan-shih

9566:

The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols almost Conquered the World

4740:

was a symbol of female virtue. When shown in full bloom, it is a token of love, affection, and feminine beauty.

15529: 15519: 13580: 13425: 13337: 13262: 12933: 12548: 12333: 12289: 12238: 11188: 9923: 7078: 5281: 4810:

The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer

4574: 4094: 3777:) became functionally autonomous, and only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had 3416: 3354: 3305: 3295: 3267: 3191: 2806: 2553: 2094: 2046: 1098: 4228:), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional 3649:

in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son,

2274:. In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the 2262:. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day 15361: 13910: 13636: 13607: 13497: 12980: 12953: 12948: 12629: 12616: 12487: 12313: 12211: 8608: 8517:

Françoise Aubin (1987). "The Rebirth of Chinese Rule in Times of Trouble". In Schram, Stuart Reynolds (ed.).

8503: 7503: 7295: 7204: 6700: 6254:); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs ( 5545: 5541: 5135:

kingdoms, and Goryeo were ruled by rulers subject to, and in some cases related to, the Yuan imperial house.

4267: 3828:

and divided Yuan society into three classes with the Han occupying the lowest rank until the conquest of the

3778: 3637: 3629: 3603: 3534: 3472: 3120: 2820: 2605: 2203: 2068: 1994: 1929: 680: 161: 7648:

day, the emperor greatly assembled the many princes and numerous vassals, and erected his nine-tailed white

4300:

involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed

15356: 15240: 13417: 13215: 12958: 12943: 12492: 12262: 12171: 12119: 11981: 9726: 7478: 6705: 6326: 5805: 5452: 4760:, and medical literature, were exported to Europe and Western Asia, while the production of thin glass and 4639:, encouraged this development. Buddhism had a great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite 4304:(or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to 3989: 3625: 3421: 3327: 3154: 2004: 1137: 1108: 1081: 1051: 298: 6068:

but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.

5494:

languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master

15569: 15539: 15366: 14403: 13588: 13556: 13407: 13355: 13207: 12713: 12512: 12272: 12203: 12088: 11864: 11619: 11548: 11382: 11215: 7209: 6481: 5953: 5852: 5819: 5075: 4933: 4929: 4785: 4465: 4221: 4151:

in 1253, the former ruling Duan family were appointed as its leaders. Local chieftains were appointed as

4125: 4082: 3923:

that the government of the Yuan dynasty would attempt to reintroduce copper coinage for circulation. The

3662: 3658: 3383: 3348: 3272: 3245: 3240: 3148: 2254: 2056: 1813: 1194: 290: 11776: 10615: 6469: 5735:

led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.

3123:. Some scholars believe that 1260 was the year that the Yuan dynasty emerged with the proclamation of a 15415: 12398: 12228: 11629: 11558: 11392: 11225: 7177: 6338: 6155: 5550: 3886:

and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the Daidu (

3700:

Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders,

3666: 2061: 1118: 173: 42: 7742: 4343: 4321: 136: 15324: 14472: 14036: 13441: 13399: 13382: 13316: 13296: 13280: 13042: 12408: 12267: 12043: 7410: 7192: 5322: 4901:, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the 4453: 3392: 3378: 3332: 3322: 3317: 2297:

After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of

2279: 2087: 2024: 1989: 1562: 1258: 1168: 396: 38: 8200:

Francis Woodman Cleaves (1949). "The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1362 in Memory of Prince Hindu".

6008:

were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the

5633:

sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya

4565:, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381. By 1387 the remaining Yuan forces in 4065:) out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ( 3899:

Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the

1768: 15282: 15257: 15107: 14766: 14761: 12427: 12403: 12233: 8550:. Ethnographics Monograph Series No. 2. University of Southern California Press. pp. 158–185. 7608: 7253: 7187: 6529: 5818:

people, but under Yuan usage referred to various peoples, most of whom were former subjects of the

4741: 4199: 4046:

family of the Yuan dynasty. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as

3290: 1758: 1407: 1061: 1026: 884: 294: 17: 9292:"The Cant of Conquest: Tusi Offices and China's Political Incorporation of the Southwest Frontier" 7801: 6545: 5423:

Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding

5193:

Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician

4643:

had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced

3880:) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty is first attested in the 15349: 15230: 14771: 14724: 14667: 14366: 14310: 14058: 13347: 12634: 12502: 12323: 12318: 12284: 11148:

The Image of the Semu People: Mongols, Chinese, and Various Other Peoples under the Mongol Empire

11101:

The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400

9146: 7624: 7224: 5922:, held the title Taishi, and was familiar with Chinese culture. Han officials and colonists were 5724: 5023: 4898: 4728: 4493: 4364: 4331: 4086: 3977: 3487: 3364: 2952: 2946: 1984: 888: 10804:

Zhang Guangda (2000). "27. China". In M. A. Al-Bakhit; Louis Bazin; Sékéné Mody Cissoko (eds.).

9875:, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57, 9702:[Genghis Khan's direct descendants still alive in Henan: huge pedigree chart verifies]. 8560:. Proceedings of the Soviet-American Academic Symposia "Nomads: Masters of the Eurasian Steppe". 7869:. Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series 68 Studies in East Asian Law. Brill. p. 293. 4909:. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before 3765:

was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (

15574: 15371: 15272: 15267: 14955: 14903: 14823: 14756: 14660: 14645: 14538: 14305: 14259: 14100: 13987: 12985: 12706: 12602: 12507: 12294: 11890: 9707: 9232:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Volume: 22. Brill. pp. 135–155. 8572: 8497: 6657: 5440: 5407: 5198: 2287: 2036: 2014: 1999: 1485: 1204: 1071: 880: 761: 11647:

Smith, John Masson Jr. (January–March 1998). "Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses".

11099: 11062: 10776: 10749: 10659: 10640: 10484: 9637: 9564: 9344: 9291: 9262: 9230:

China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

9225: 4818:

to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern

15489: 15302: 15262: 15075: 14950: 14014: 14004: 13963: 13934: 13728: 13672: 13005: 12413: 12338: 12328: 12151: 10880: 10830: 10678: 10457: 10373:. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–489. 9870: 9601:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

9599: 9345:"The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1358)" 9157: 7182: 7150: 6957: 6746: 6710: 6348:). These are three kinds of prefecture-like divisions. The lowest political division was the 6273: 5498:, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing 5474:

Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280

5310: 4714: 4584: 4457: 4368: 4118: 2009: 1426: 710: 690: 685: 286: 15190: 11787:

Birge, Bettine (1995). "Levirate marriage and the revival of widow chastity in Yüan China".

9888: 8136: 6160: 5074:), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the 4689:, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. 4603: 15564: 15395: 15225: 15195: 15070: 15001: 14972: 14891: 14225: 14063: 14053: 13628: 13620: 13100: 12470: 12457: 12221: 12108: 10881:"The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang" 7199: 6100: 6009: 5359: 5343: 5212: 5202: 5165: 5036: 4969: 4922: 4828: 4781: 4608: 4514: 4502: 4229: 4206:

after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by

4050:, who was Emperor Gong's younger brother. The Yuan forces commanded by Han Chinese General 4047: 4039: 3938: 3912: 3825: 3754: 3598: 3593: 2051: 1264: 731: 720: 705: 486: 15175: 11067:

The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration

7660:. And the many princes and numerous vassals together bestowed upon him the reverent title 6420:

This government structure at the provincial level was later inherited and modified by the

6168: 4443:(Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from 3130:

The Yuan dynasty is sometimes also called the "Mongol dynasty" by westerners, akin to the

8: 15087: 14967: 14933: 14835: 14655: 14650: 14462: 14181: 14117: 13992: 13977: 13876: 12830: 12248: 12155: 12123: 8590: 7576: 7162: 6789: 6720: 5479: 5201:

with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern

5155: 5101: 4448: 4285: 4172: 4038:(杭州), the wealthiest city of China, after the surrender of the Southern Song Han Chinese 3930: 2330: 1216: 1006: 791: 700: 662: 636: 547: 447: 365: 302: 241: 14803: 14793: 12665: 10808:. Vol. IV: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. Routledge. pp. 421–446. 4843: 15200: 15180: 15163: 15114: 14979: 14788: 14739: 14672: 14590: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14477: 14447: 14339: 14237: 14105: 14080: 12752: 12609: 12378: 12063: 11990: 11929: 11868: 11796: 11738: 11730: 11701: 11664: 11465: 11350: 11287: 11279: 11010: 10876: 10435: 10005: 9966: 9958: 9066: 8826: 8655: 8327: 8288: 7931: 7767: 7685: 7680:[The scope of use of Mongolian "Khagan" title found in Old Uyghur literature]. 7440: 7406: 7389: 7214: 6933: 6725: 6715: 6600: 5937: 5933: 5664: 5634: 5483: 5126: 4819: 4815: 4624: 4078: 4008: 4003:

The Duan family still ruled Dali relatively independently during the Yuan dynasty. The

3723: 3711: 3056:

a borrowing from Chinese, was often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (

3029: 2770: 2762: 2589: 2581: 2397: 2391: 2210:(Emperor Shizu or Setsen Khan), the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the 2191: 2169: 2019: 1199: 801: 781: 751: 741: 715: 695: 117: 13698: 13030: 12970: 10832:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

9298:. Vol. 28 of Studies on China. University of California Press. pp. 135–170. 8024: 7790:

Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'

5375: 15559: 15534: 15309: 15205: 15141: 15136: 15065: 14962: 14677: 14605: 14600: 14442: 14371: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14144: 14095: 13065: 12028: 12009: 12003: 11965: 11946: 11898: 11876: 11845: 11826: 11742: 11693: 11633: 11600: 11581: 11562: 11529: 11523: 11509: 11505: 11482: 11469: 11434: 11415: 11396: 11363: 11323: 11304: 11291: 11248: 11229: 11113: 11080: 11070: 11036: 11014: 11000: 10967: 10836: 10809: 10784: 10755: 10684: 10665: 10646: 10636: 10586: 10559: 10490: 10463: 10403: 10395: 10374: 10009: 9970: 9894: 9876: 9834: 9784: 9655: 9645: 9615: 9605: 9580: 9570: 9545: 9535: 9411: 9360: 9299: 9270: 9241: 9163: 9052: 9014: 8818: 8640:

John Masson Smith Jr. (1998). "Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses. Reviewed Work:

8551: 8524: 8358: 8259: 8142: 8057: 8003: 7980: 7970: 7942: 7891: 7870: 7851: 7805: 7689: 7521: 6121: 4749: 4694: 4522:

from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the

3873: 3800: 3674: 2924: 2916: 2732: 2724: 2516: 2508: 2302: 2275: 1947: 1515: 1495: 1270: 410: 5949: 3812:

Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.

2837:"Great Yuan" (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") Great Mongol State 15158: 14945: 14940: 14896: 14883: 14813: 14781: 14776: 14640: 14635: 14617: 14578: 14511: 14494: 14435: 14425: 14420: 14361: 14317: 14287: 14247: 14230: 14213: 14176: 13927: 13612: 13572: 13025: 12595: 12576: 12216: 12127: 11943:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

11921: 11873:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

11771: 11722: 11685: 11676:

Wu, K. T. (1950). "Chinese Printing under Four Alien Dynasties: (916-1368 A. D.)".

11656: 11625:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

11554:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

11501: 11457: 11388:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

11346: 11271: 11221:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

11207: 11105: 10992: 10959: 9997: 9950: 9352: 9233: 8586: 8350: 8319: 8251: 8228: 8002:(3rd ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 232. 7797: 7759: 7653: 7644: 7517: 7393: 7367: 7345: 7167: 6849: 6255: 6051: 5914: 5793: 5732: 5638: 5604: 5589: 5520: 5491: 5487: 5428: 5355: 5118: 5007: 4948: 4702: 4640: 4420: 4392: 4301: 4203: 4098: 3911:

banknotes. During the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued issuing

3841: 3770: 3757:. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, 3654: 3633: 3588: 3572: 3262: 2973: 2851: 2659: 2628: 2445: 2414: 2405: 2353: 2341: 2246: 2238: 2215: 2146: 2119: 1626: 1184: 1176: 921: 866: 811: 255: 218: 169: 89: 10781:

Dialogues of Philosophies, Religions and Civilizations in the Era of Globalization

9794: 8077: 7256:

is unclear. While Goryeo was a vassal of the Yuan dynasty, many scholars, such as

6373:. However, the actual relationship between them could be very complicated. All of 15376: 15344: 15217: 15185: 15168: 15124: 15119: 15097: 15092: 15050: 15043: 15018: 14878: 14873: 14714: 14595: 14489: 14484: 14452: 14277: 14267: 14161: 14154: 14149: 14134: 14090: 13972: 13958: 13706: 12671: 12569: 12534: 12497: 12345: 12299: 12253: 11860: 11623: 11615: 11552: 11544: 11386: 11378: 11219: 11211: 11210:(1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". In 10903: 10860: 10553: 10366: 9529: 9042: 8545: 8518: 8137:

Volker Rybatzki; Alessandra Pozzi; Peter W. Geier; John R. Krueger, eds. (2009).

7617: 7054: 7042: 6885: 6653: 6065: 5997: 5717: 5583:. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of 5495: 5432: 5395:

was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of

5273: 5240: 5122: 5089: 4914: 4436: 4187: 4148: 4090: 4055: 3997: 3916: 3682: 3019: 2902: 2710: 2494: 2259: 2195: 1016: 821: 473: 14798: 10783:. San Antonio: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. pp. 261–278. 10558:(2nd ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234. 10001: 5996:

and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream

5703:

was also forbidden. Jews were also affected and forbidden by the Mongols to eat

4961:

Mongolian nobility § Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)

4814:, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the 4682:

were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty.

4595: 4440: 4271: 3920: 3502: 3411: 3159: 354: 15441: 15319: 15314: 15277: 15252: 15235: 15146: 15131: 15102: 15060: 14908: 14868: 14863: 14818: 14744: 14704: 14694: 14684: 14499: 14378: 14272: 14139: 14021: 12975: 12555: 12541: 12383: 12112: 10522:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims" 9267:

Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History

8255: 8049: 7738: 7513: 7066: 7030: 7005: 6969: 6873: 6229: 6194: 6017: 5827: 5596: 5371: 5334: 5048: 4999: 4644: 4539: 4016: 3794:

Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ögedei's grandson

3690: 3341: 2886: 2694: 2480: 2369: 1528: 1445: 771: 384: 306: 282: 262: 13719: 13693: 11461: 11109: 10996: 10963: 9939:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China" 9356: 9237: 8354: 5431:

the period was one of expansion, with the great innovation the development in

5284:

dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics. The Mongol physician

5088:) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of 4534:, who had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed, and who died in 3678: 3650: 2298: 15483: 15465: 15452: 15400: 15287: 15082: 15055: 15028: 15006: 14984: 14751: 14734: 14719: 14563: 14516: 14504: 14430: 14322: 14196: 14191: 14166: 14048: 13780: 13711: 13018: 12836: 12729: 12687: 12655: 12104: 11726: 11697: 11084: 11040: 10751:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries

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Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China

9263:"The Mu'ege kingdom: A brief history of a frontier empire in Southwest China" 8822: 8100: 7984: 7938: 7291: 7157: 7017: 6825: 6813: 6735: 6047: 5941: 5835: 5626: 5511: 5052: 5040: 5027: 4995: 4880: 4876: 4757: 4628: 4550: 4531: 4527: 4212: 4051: 3962: 3925: 3919:

coins were completely replaced by paper money. It was not until the reign of

2373: 2326: 2291: 2250: 2199: 1318: 1285: 996: 976: 966: 876: 856: 608: 581: 512: 213: 165: 14828: 14808: 13775: 11301:

The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook

11275: 11104:. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. 8577:[A Study of Xiao Zhala the Han Army commander of 10,000 families in the 7763: 7332:

announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, the "Great Mongol State" (

5957: 4709:

endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government.

2270:. It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of 15429: 15292: 15033: 15023: 14989: 14918: 14913: 14840: 14630: 14612: 14573: 14548: 14543: 14415: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14282: 14220: 14201: 14186: 14122: 13680: 13120: 13037: 12928: 12862: 12785: 12765: 12562: 12147: 12100: 12092: 12084: 12051: 11818: 11029:"China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories: The Case of Dachang" 7657: 7649: 7315: 6897: 6618: 6445: 6425: 6421: 6237: 6021: 5993: 5978: 5856: 5843: 5789: 5700: 5699:

that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method.

5576: 5367: 5339: 5301: 5231: 5218: 5215:. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book. 5019: 5015: 5011: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4811: 4690: 4523: 4469: 4461: 4388: 4376: 4160: 4156: 4028: 4012: 3829: 3766: 3750: 3642: 3567: 3131: 2858: 2666: 2598: 2452: 2345: 2322: 2318: 2283: 2271: 2230: 2223: 2219: 1893: 1869: 1856: 1787: 1746: 1684: 1398: 1388: 1365: 931: 622: 595: 266: 222: 13125: 9954: 8232: 7743:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 5506:

and the Ikeres – kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of

4761: 3762: 3758: 15011: 14996: 14845: 14558: 14467: 14457: 14383: 14031: 14026: 13846: 13795: 13755: 13724: 12825: 12528: 12096: 10365:

Morris Rossabi (1994) . "The reign of Khubilai Khan". In Herbert Franke;

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Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues

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were directly administered by the province, while some existed inside a

5670: 5374:

techniques. The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of

5182: 4355: 4257: 15038: 14855: 14729: 14689: 14622: 13891: 13800: 13150: 13135: 12872: 11933: 11842:

The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire

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Buell, Paul D. (1979). "Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara".

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The territory of the Yuan dynasty was divided into the Central Region (

5974: 5716:

The Muslims in the semu class revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the

5560: 5507: 5436: 5288:

described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.

5194: 5169: 4868: 4792: 4404: 3934: 3808: 3701: 3646: 3136: 2532: 2525: 1552: 1341: 228: 12163: 11912:

Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1986). "Imperial governance in Yüan times".

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Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China". In

11668: 11035:(book review). No. 5. Australia National University. March 2006. 8659: 7825: 7392:. Although Kublai Khan announced that he inherited the Mongol throne, 4654:, medicine, clothing, and cuisine in East Asia. Eastern crops such as 3941:

to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.

2154: 2151: 2127: 2124: 14928: 14699: 14583: 14553: 14334: 14208: 13999: 13760: 13750: 13115: 13095: 13090: 13049: 12677: 12463: 12418: 11450:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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Below the level of provinces, the largest political division was the

6247: 6013: 5970: 5902: 5660: 5622: 5567:

There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as

5528: 5277: 5066: 5044: 4872: 4835:, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation. 4768: 4753: 4722: 4710: 4651: 4636: 4566: 4535: 4498: 4380: 4372: 4347: 4217: 3900: 3857: 3853: 3774: 3562: 3283: 3233: 3108: 3010: 2741: 2546: 2349: 901: 499: 274: 186: 11925: 11689: 11360:

Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China

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Dauben, Joseph (2007). "Chinese Mathematics". In Victor Katz (ed.).

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One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the

4983:

The structure of the Yuan government took shape during the reign of

4788:

date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the

4481: 4358:. He was installed as emperor in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son 4246: 3677:. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. 14329: 14112: 14070: 14009: 13886: 13105: 12965: 12847: 12660: 12452: 11660: 11146: 10989:

Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World

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The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto

9048: 8323: 7219: 7090: 6981: 6460: 6296: 6221: 5831: 5801: 5742: 5687: 5568: 5503: 5396: 5387: 5327: 5305: 5297: 5285: 5235: 5186: 5160: 4940: 4698: 4667: 4570: 4424: 4359: 4351: 4305: 4043: 4035: 4024: 3966: 3908: 3861: 3124: 2872: 2748: 2680: 2567: 2466: 2267: 2211: 543: 316: 278: 251: 7888:

Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan

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or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.

4854: 4776:

were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.

4367:. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother 14242: 14171: 14127: 13982: 13856: 13851: 13841: 13826: 13130: 13085: 13080: 12867: 12857: 12795: 12682: 12650: 10956:

Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty

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Rulers from the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian periphery

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academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the

4168: 4054:

led a predominantly Han navy to defeat the Song loyalists at the

4042:. Emperor Gong was married off to a Mongol princess of the royal 3882: 3869: 3865: 3694: 3112: 3014: 2356:

in 1271. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the

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and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized

5599:. The top-level department and government agency known as the 4435:

After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of

3749:

Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese

2278:

and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the

14709: 13881: 13861: 13790: 13770: 13765: 13745: 13685: 12852: 12842: 12790: 12136: 10661:

Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China

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China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

9845: 6277: 6233: 6217: 6000:, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong " 5982: 5906: 5738: 5572: 5392: 4737: 4686: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4620: 4616: 4543: 4335: 3876:

and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (

3795: 3670: 2610: 2263: 13266:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 11823:

Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols

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Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan

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The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics

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Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic

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The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology

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Chinese Archaeology Collections: Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing

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were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called

5785: 5629:

throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the

5460: 5131: 5106: 4748:

Certain Chinese innovations and products, such as purified

4557:

established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in

4501:

dish with fish and flowing water design, mid-14th century,

4486: 4297: 4152: 4004: 2301:. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the 13919: 10935: 10865:. E.J.W. Gibb memorial series (2nd ed.). p. 451. 10242: 10130: 10128: 10126: 9746: 9497: 9485: 8714: 8344: 7847:

In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia

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usually administered several counties, along with several

5905:

by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.

5770:

Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty.

5255:

and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized

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The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties

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and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as

3973:

is seen enthroned. A flag with three red crescent moons

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Hodong Kim (2015). "Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?".

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form commonly used by Chinese and Mongolian academics:

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An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911

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as something inevitable, however anti-Muslim and anti-

5808:, Nestorian Christians, and Muslims from Central Asia. 5104:, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and 4939:

The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the

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The Yuan dynasty was the first dynasty founded by non-

15413: 12996:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

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Elizabeth E. Bacon (September 1971). "Reviewed Work:

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first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back

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governmental practices and examinations based on the

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and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death,

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following the collapse of the unified Mongol Empire.

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Morgan, David (1982). "Who Ran the Mongol Empire?".

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class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the

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system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese

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Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols

7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 6046:in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder 3944: 3852:Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from 3645:united the Mongol tribes of the steppes and became 10254: 10230: 10064: 10052: 8305: 7930: 7718: 7599: 7597: 4439:(Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old 12991:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 10489:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 228. 9886: 9407:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China 9403: 8570: 8461: 8056:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 116. 4163:-era governments, principally in the province of 3860:in 1264, constructing a new city near the former 3665:. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in 3532: 3189: 15481: 11945:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–615. 11875:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–586. 11811:(History of Imperial China) (Harvard UP, 2010). 11144: 10885:Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources 10721:The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they? 10547: 10545: 9223: 8809:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series". 7696: 7675: 6575:Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a 5502:marriage alliance with other Mongol clans – the 4155:, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, 3872:, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the 3104:, lit. "Great Mongol State called Great Yuan"). 2266:and its surrounding areas, including modern-day 13411:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 11528:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 10743: 10741: 10739: 10515: 10513: 10482: 10451: 10449: 9635: 8516: 8278: 8139:The Early Mongols Language, Culture and History 7890:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 45–56. 7783: 7781: 7594: 7434: 7428: 7396:broke out due to opposition from other Mongols. 6197:and places under control of various provinces ( 4583:) was formally carried on, and is known as the 4338:Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty 3099: 3081: 2797: 2181: 109: 96: 11178: 10645:. Harvard University Press. pp. 489–490. 10455: 10364: 9569:. Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press. p. 251. 9289: 9025: 8520:Foundations and Limits of State Power in China 7933:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 7713: 6216:The Central Region, consisting of present-day 5051:(Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the 4236: 535:11,000,000 km (4,200,000 sq mi) 15585:States and territories disestablished in 1368 13935: 12714: 12179: 11940: 11911: 10953: 10875: 10803: 10774: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10542: 10421: 10419: 9856:Central States Ancient Books Publishing House 9706:(in Chinese). 6 February 2007. Archived from 7839: 7837: 7835: 7285: 7119: 6353: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6241: 6204: 6198: 6188: 6164:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty. 6055: 5931: 5842:and other ethnicities who lived north of the 5280:(1277–1347) invented a suspension method for 4578: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3709: 3518: 3175: 3086:, lit. "Great Yuan – Great Mongol State") or 3075: 3057: 3023: 2997: 2991: 2990:), establishing the Yuan dynasty. "Dà Yuán" ( 2825: 2811: 2633: 2419: 2095: 1145: 81: 74: 15392:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 12894: 12394:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty 11322:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10854: 10852: 10736: 10510: 10446: 9913: 9644:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 742. 9265:. In Di Cosmo, Nicola; Wyatt, Don J (eds.). 8543: 7778: 7173:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty 6150:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty 5762:Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty. 4034:In 1276 Kublai captured the Song capital of 15510:1368 disestablishments in the Mongol Empire 11817: 10858: 10462:. Richmond: Curzon Press. pp. 24, 34. 9162:. University of Toronto Press. p. 32. 8318:(2). University of Chicago Press: 364–366. 7574: 7498: 7479:"China under Mongol Rule: The Yuan dynasty" 7268: 7266: 6143: 6133:who lived in poverty and were ill-treated. 4193: 2253:had ruled territories including modern-day 23: 15580:States and territories established in 1271 13942: 13928: 12721: 12707: 12186: 12172: 11320:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 10835:. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. 10622: 10578: 10416: 10393: 9819:on 21 August 2021 – via China Daily. 9813:Suzhou Official Travel and Tourism website 9562: 9071:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9044:Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue 8603: 8218: 8180: 7881: 7850:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. 7832: 7476: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7126: 7112: 5317: 5145:Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty 4342:When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, 4315: 4112: 3525: 3511: 3182: 3168: 2102: 2088: 1152: 1138: 135: 24: 11964:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 11839: 10849: 10371:Alien regimes and border states: 907–1368 9846:Sun Hai (孙海); Lin Xinjian (蔺新建) (2006). 9410:. Stanford University Press. p. 66. 7802:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765898.003.0002 7737: 7603: 5887: 5523:, and ordering the compilation of books. 5138: 4061:The Yuan dynasty created the "Han Army" ( 2321:. Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the 15500:1271 establishments in the Mongol Empire 12022: 12008:. London, England: Thames & Hudson. 11978: 11959: 11649:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11496:Robinson, David (2017), "Yuan Dynasty", 11495: 11181:"Siege Weapons Types in Chinese Warfare" 10986: 10400:History of civilizations of Central Asia 9604:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 84. 8647:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8076: 8048: 7997: 7862: 7843: 7725:Edict to Establish the Name of the State 7263: 7248: 7246: 6228:, the south-eastern part of present-day 6167: 6159: 5964: 5948: 5765: 5757: 5669: 5549: 5469: 5418: 5333: 5321: 5181: 5159: 4974: 4964: 4767: 4727: 4602: 4594: 4492: 4480: 4476: 4325: 4138: 3948: 3840: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 15525:14th-century disestablishments in China 15216: 12193: 12001: 11858: 11825:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11575: 11542: 11521: 11097: 11063:"Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China" 10747: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10551: 10134: 9730:. Teaching China with the Smithsonian. 9636:Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012). 9515: 9503: 9491: 9479: 9467: 9452: 9440: 9379: 9318: 9194: 9182: 9155: 9121: 9109: 9097: 9085: 9040: 8996: 8945: 8921: 8894: 8882: 8867: 8855: 8843: 8792: 8744: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8449: 8437: 8401: 7562: 7543: 7301: 4081:. Kublai botched his campaigns against 3836: 2957:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 2214:clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In 2186:, literally "Great Yuan State"), was a 59:Mongol-led dynasty of China (1271–1368) 14: 15482: 13341:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 13300:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 12389:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 11578:The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction 11476: 11447: 11409: 11336: 11298: 11245:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia 11242: 11206: 10941: 10929: 10887:. Barnes & Noble. pp. 37–108. 10657: 10519: 10340: 10328: 10316: 10304: 10289: 10272: 10248: 10224: 10205: 10193: 10151: 10117: 10102: 10087: 10046: 10034: 10022: 9764: 9752: 9631: 9629: 9597: 9391: 9330: 9260: 9211: 9133: 9013:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 273. 8780: 8768: 8756: 8732: 8672: 8627: 8425: 8413: 8022: 7960: 7958: 7928: 7792:. Oxford University Press. p. 39 6211:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 5601:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 5510:(Emperor Wenzong), whose mother was a 5065:) to manage military affairs, and the 4130:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late) 4019:era king Huoji who legendarily helped 3784: 3740:), and Zhongxi, the son of Xiaozhaci ( 2923: 2769: 2731: 2588: 2515: 2325:, while others only used their native 13923: 13660: 13171: 12893: 12740: 12702: 12167: 11889: 11786: 11646: 11376: 11317: 10917: 10862:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion 10828: 10425: 9922:. University of Maine. Archived from 9809:"Taicang's five Yuan Dynasty bridges" 9684: 9672: 9527: 9034:. Ancient Coin Series. Archived from 8909: 8804: 8389: 8377: 8250:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 255–278. 8130: 7967:Dynastic China: An Elementary History 7787: 7575:Andrew West, ed. (21 December 2006). 7243: 6028: 5465: 5338:A revolving typecase with individual 4697:also enjoyed a period of toleration. 3779:permanently divided the Mongol Empire 3506: 3163: 15515:13th-century establishments in China 13172: 12924:Administrative divisions and vassals 12041: 12027:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 11897:(2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster. 11712: 11613: 11594: 11428: 11145:Funada Yoshiyuki (6 November 2010). 11132: 10706: 10676: 10635: 10606:Chow, Chung-wah (7 September 2012). 10605: 10582:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 10352: 10178: 10163: 9936: 8984: 8969: 8957: 8933: 8591:10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008 8585:(in Simplified Chinese) (6): 36–42. 7911: 7141:List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty 5748: 5559:, a painting describing Yuan period 5026:dynasties. Chinese advisers such as 4175:, succeeded the throne and ruled as 3996:in 1274. The Duan family ruling the 15545:Former countries in Chinese history 13191: 12025:The History of the Mongol Conquests 11410:Joseph, George Gheverghese (2011). 11261: 11172: 11065:. In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). 10717: 10486:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 9868: 9626: 9351:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 196–226. 9342: 8287:(2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 133–138. 8161: 8054:The History of the Mongol Conquests 7964: 7955: 7284:-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" ( 6209:), as well as the region under the 5992:people (various allied groups from 4772:The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of 4117:For a more comprehensive list, see 4027:. They were also recognized by the 1086:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate 56: 11914:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 11895:Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook 11751: 11678:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 11675: 11357: 11351:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x 10260: 10236: 10075: 10058: 9983: 9009:David Miles; Andrew Scott (2005). 8480:structure in northern China]. 8202:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 7929:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). 7727:], 《元典章》 (in Literary Chinese) 7492: 5956:was completed during the reign of 5814:, a category usually referring to 5556:Manichaean Diagram of the Universe 4371:, who was backed by Chagatai Khan 2315:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 57: 15596: 12728: 12074: 11525:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 11318:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) . 10954:Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1989). 9777:Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). 8099: 7788:Simon, Karla W. (26 April 2013). 7328:) in Spring 1206. Decades before 6448:in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty) 5478:Since its invention in 1269, the 2311:Proclamation of the Dynastic Name 15435: 15423: 12584:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars 12447:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns 11163: 11138: 11091: 11054: 11021: 10980: 10947: 10891: 10869: 10822: 10797: 10768: 10697: 10599: 10572: 10476: 10387: 10358: 9977: 9930: 9907: 9862: 9831:Social Sciences Literature Press 9801: 9770: 9714: 9690: 9591: 9556: 8347:Asia and Europe in Globalization 8115:] (in Traditional Chinese). 6689: 6642: 6630: 6611: 6599: 6584: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6453: 6438: 6385:could administer counties. Some 6109:Yuan dynasty carved red lacquer. 6099: 6088: 5960:(the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan). 5872:while Khitans and Jurchens from 5482:, a unified script for spelling 5208:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns 5175:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns 4875:by the Yuan. The Yuan built the 4853: 4842: 4270:was created during the reign of 4256: 4245: 3976: 3945:Military conquests and campaigns 3903:trade network by protecting the 2390: 2218:, the Yuan dynasty followed the 1183: 669: 641: 627: 613: 588: 574: 12741: 12309:Second Mongol invasion of Burma 12023:Saunders, John Joseph (2001) . 12005:Chronicle of the China Emperors 11431:Daily Life in the Mongol Empire 10907:] (in Traditional Chinese). 9734:from the original on 7 May 2023 9521: 9397: 9336: 9283: 9269:. Routledge. pp. 245–285. 9254: 9217: 9139: 9002: 8798: 8633: 8597: 8564: 8537: 8510: 8465:"萬戶路"、"千戶州" ——蒙古千戶百戶制度與華北路府州郡體制 8455: 8338: 8299: 8272: 8239: 8212: 8193: 8174: 8162:陈得芝 (2009). "关于元朝的国号、年代与疆域问题". 8155: 8092: 8070: 8042: 8016: 7991: 7818: 7751:International Studies Quarterly 7731: 7577:"'Phags-pa Script: Description" 7512:] (in Simplified Chinese). 7399: 6649:Chinese stone inscription of a 5855:, as well as the people of the 4575:surrendered to the Ming dynasty 4430: 3153:For a chronological guide, see 3101:Dai Ön qemeqü Yeqe Mongɣol Ulus 2783:Alternative official full name: 2768: 2754: 2611: 2587: 2573: 2559: 2538: 15555:Former monarchies of East Asia 15505:1368 disestablishments in Asia 12334:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo 11821:; de Bary, W.T., eds. (1982). 11506:10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0025 11414:. Princeton University Press. 11362:. Hong Kong University Press. 11303:. Princeton University Press. 11247:. Cambridge University Press. 10520:Leslie, Donald Daniel (1998). 9996:. Harrassowitz Verlag: 36–54. 9642:Historical Dictionary of Tibet 9563:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2010). 9534:. New Delhi: Vij Books India. 9026:Mike Markowitz (22 May 2016). 8574:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨——兼论金元之际的汉地七万户 7669: 7568: 7470: 7380: 7358: 7324: 7286: 6511:water mill gear (Yuan dynasty) 6499:Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty) 6295:Branch Secretariats or simply 6268: 6205: 5651: 5625:(modern Beijing) to supervise 5617: 5366:were printed with earthenware 5243:to China in the 13th century. 5227: 5149: 5084: 5061: 5056: 4979:Map of the Northwest territory 4497:A Yuan dynasty blue-and-white 4412: 4396: 4225: 4066: 4062: 3892: 3818:traditional monopolies on salt 3789: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3716:, aka Liu Ni), and the Khitan 3076: 3058: 3004: 2986: 2922: 2908: 2892: 2878: 2864: 2826: 2812: 2730: 2716: 2700: 2686: 2672: 2634: 2514: 2500: 2486: 2472: 2458: 2420: 2400:(top) and "Great Yuan State" ( 2286:). The rump state is known in 2282:(which later evolved into the 2164: 2137: 2042:Science and technology history 291:Chinese Nestorian Christianity 13: 1: 15550:Former countries in East Asia 13911:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 13608:Division of the Mongol Empire 12617:The Story of the Western Wing 12488:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass 12212:Division of the Mongol Empire 10677:Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008). 9783:. London: Giles. p. 28. 8312:American Journal of Sociology 8038:(1). Academica Sinica: 28–41. 7510:The Historical Atlas of China 7458: 7205:Islam during the Yuan dynasty 6276:over the whole of modern-day 5546:Religion in the Mongol Empire 5542:Islam during the Yuan dynasty 5330:with its printing plate, 1287 4954: 4623:and the increased use of the 4288:Baiju. During his reign, the 4182: 4134: 4077:in 1281 failed because of an 3983:appears on all the territory. 3848:, founder of the Yuan dynasty 3638:Mongol conquest of Song China 3630:Division of the Mongol Empire 3619: 3536:Division of the Mongol Empire 3121:division of the Mongol Empire 1412: 1371: 1347: 1324: 1300: 1241: 142: 12493:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) 12244:conquest of the Song dynasty 12120:Dynasties in Chinese history 11844:. London, England: Pimlico. 11777:Resources in other libraries 11599:. Harvard University Press. 11179:Leong Kit Meng, ed. (2006). 11061:Liu Yingsheng (刘迎胜) (2008). 10531:. p. 12. Archived from 9943:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 9822:Ling Dingnian (凌鼎年) (2016). 9727:National Museum of Asian Art 8221:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 8183:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 7463: 7447:Ikh Yuan Üls/Yekhe Yuan Ulus 6668:), dated to the Yuan dynasty 6115: 5973:and the traditional Chinese 5794:Buddhist Uyghurs from Turfan 5753: 5453:Society of the Mongol Empire 4893:ethnicity that ruled all of 4725:, and scientific education. 4423:and also devoted himself in 3661:in 1234, conquering most of 3626:Mongol conquest of Jin China 3155:Timeline of the Yuan dynasty 2352:, before proclaiming as the 7: 15495:1271 establishments in Asia 13949: 12858:Manghit / Mangudai 12513:Jinan Great Southern Mosque 11595:Mote, Frederick W. (1999). 11580:. Oxford University Press. 11500:, Oxford University Press, 10991:. Brill. pp. 461–482. 10664:. Peter Lang. p. 189. 9598:Howard, Michael C. (2012). 8609:Volume 146: Biographies #43 7826:"ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ" 7652:, assuming the position of 7446: 7429: 7210:Europeans in Medieval China 7079:Mongolian People's Republic 6673: 6637:Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty) 6487:Water hammer (Yuan dynasty) 6129:than there were Mongol and 5954:Jinan Great Southern Mosque 5745:dating to the Yuan period. 5535: 5414: 5246: 5076:Department of State Affairs 4237:Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür 4222:Department of State Affairs 4126:List of Northern Yuan khans 3953:Empire of the Great Khan (" 3149:History of the Yuan dynasty 3100: 3082: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 2799:Dai Yuwan Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus 2798: 2309:Taizu. In the edict titled 2182: 295:Roman Catholic Christianity 110: 82: 10: 15601: 13661: 13637:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 12399:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia 12278:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) 11960:Langlois, John D. (1981). 11840:Cotterell, Arthur (2007). 11630:Cambridge University Press 11559:Cambridge University Press 11393:Cambridge University Press 11226:Cambridge University Press 11199: 10683:. Peter Lang. p. 24. 9887:Hans Ulrich Vogel (2012). 9722:"Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)" 9404:Charles O. Hucker (1985). 9226:"Yunnan's Muslim Heritage" 8811:China Review International 8644:by Reuven Amitai-Preiss". 8571:Hu Xiaopeng (胡小鹏) (2001). 8462:Wen Haiqing (溫海清) (2012). 8256:10.1002/9780470774670.ch12 7998:Eberhard, Wolfram (1971). 7676:Yang Fuxue (杨富学) (1997). 7414: 7314:Since the enthronement of 7178:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia 6551:Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty) 6475:Water wheel (Yuan dynasty) 6431: 6236:areas to the north of the 6203:) or Branch Secretariats ( 6156:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia 6153: 6147: 5539: 5450: 5446: 5411:impact on the Il-khanate. 5153: 5142: 4958: 4803:, known in English as the 4674:, high-quality granulated 4319: 4147:Following the conquest of 4123: 4116: 4103:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) 3623: 3446:Hungary and Croatia ( 3152: 3146: 3142: 2367: 15385: 15337: 14854: 14258: 13957: 13908: 13819: 13738: 13671: 13667: 13656: 13600: 13549: 13452:(1223 / 1236–40) 13398: 13375: 13358:(1257 / 1284–88) 13328: 13253: 13198: 13187: 13167: 13058: 13004: 12981:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 12916: 12912: 12889: 12804: 12751: 12747: 12736: 12643: 12521: 12480: 12436: 12354: 12314:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 12202: 12144: 12117: 12081: 11772:Resources in your library 11462:10.1017/S0035869X00159179 11110:10.1017/9780511998492.005 11098:Chaffee, John W. (2018). 10997:10.1163/9789047406334_021 10964:10.1163/9781684170050_004 10859:W. Barthold, ed. (1928). 9780:A Guide to the Collection 9531:Genghis Khan: a Biography 9357:10.1163/9789004366152_008 9261:Herman, John. E. (2005). 9238:10.1163/9789004282483_006 9224:Michael C. Brose (2014). 8502:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8355:10.1163/9789047410812_005 8349:. Brill. pp. 13–54. 7435: 7430:Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus 7371: 7349: 7319: 7193:Manchuria under Yuan rule 6369:, which were higher than 6354: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6259: 6242: 6199: 6189: 6056: 6050:had Muslim generals like 5932: 5642: 5608: 5079: 4863:The two artificial lakes 4590: 4579: 4400: 4293: 4211: 4198:The fourth Yuan emperor, 4143:Mongol successor khanates 3887: 3877: 3722: 3710: 3604:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 3585: 3580: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3431:Poland and Bohemia ( 3398: 3391: 3372: 3340: 3282: 3232: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3024: 2998: 2992: 2977: 2936: 2915: 2901: 2885: 2871: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2819: 2805: 2782: 2761: 2747: 2740: 2723: 2709: 2693: 2679: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2627: 2622: 2604: 2597: 2580: 2566: 2552: 2545: 2531: 2524: 2507: 2493: 2479: 2465: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2413: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2237:in 1206 was described in 2192:imperial dynasty of China 2150: 2123: 1916: 1838: 1718: 1651: 1581: 1455: 553: 539: 531: 526: 522: 509: 496: 483: 470: 461:Conquest of Southern Song 457: 444: 434: 420: 416: 406: 402: 390: 378: 374: 364: 360: 348: 336: 332: 322: 312: 247: 237: 206: 179: 153: 134: 129: 97: 75: 66: 12428:Goryeo under Mongol rule 12234:Mongol conquest of China 11727:10.1177/0097700405282349 11597:Imperial China: 900–1800 11576:Rossabi, Morris (2012). 11522:Rossabi, Morris (1988). 11433:. Greenwood Publishing. 11033:China Heritage Quarterly 10898: 10779:. In Zhao Dunhua (ed.). 10748:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 10718:Haw, Stephen G. (2014). 10552:Gladney, Dru C. (1991). 10483:Johan Elverskog (2010). 10428:Journal of Asian History 9869:Haw, Stephen G. (2006), 9847: 9826: 9698: 9156:Cavallo, Jo Ann (2013). 9028:"Coinage of the Mongols" 8573: 8464: 8105: 8023:Franke, Herbert (1953). 7863:Robinson, David (2009). 7844:Robinson, David (2019). 7719: 7677: 7612: 7504: 7477:Walter Koh, ed. (2014). 7254:Goryeo under Mongol rule 7236: 7188:Mongolia under Yuan rule 6274:held administrative rule 6144:Administrative divisions 5924:sent by the Yuan dynasty 4742:Birmingham Museum of Art 4538:(located in present-day 4526:(1368–1644), founded by 4415:). Tugh Temür supported 4194:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 4075:second invasion of Japan 3681:succeeded Ögedei's son, 3083:Dai Ön Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus 2879:ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ 2807:Traditional Chinese 2358:Empire of the Great Khan 2206:. It was established by 889:Second Turkic Khaganates 39:latest accepted revision 12934:Invasions and conquests 12853:Paiza / Gerege 12503:Pagoda of Bailin Temple 12324:1344 Yellow River flood 12319:War of the Two Capitals 12229:Kublai Khan's campaigns 11982:Sung Studies Newsletter 11962:China Under Mongol Rule 11891:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 11276:10.1163/156853291X00046 11243:Allsen, Thomas (2001). 10642:Imperial China 900–1800 10456:Michael Dillon (1999). 9990:Central Asiatic Journal 9290:John E. Herman (2006). 9041:Hartill, David (2005). 8468:["Ten thousand per 7764:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 7225:List of largest empires 6463:machines (Yuan dynasty) 5725:Ming conquest of Yunnan 5521:Chinese classical texts 5318:Printing and publishing 5047:offices, including the 4899:historiography of China 4782:ancient Roman embassies 4752:, printing techniques, 4705:) flourished, although 4393:Chinese cultural values 4365:War of the Two Capitals 4322:Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür 4316:Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür 4113:Successors after Kublai 2821:Simplified Chinese 2363: 13591:(1260 / 1301) 13319:(1274 / 1281) 12986:Franco-Mongol alliance 12603:The Injustice to Dou E 12508:Temple of Azure Clouds 12438:Science and technology 12295:Battle of Ngasaunggyan 12239:anti-Mongol fortresses 11477:Morgan, David (2007). 11358:Ho, Peng Yoke (1985). 10829:Biran, Michal (2005). 10775:Wang Jianping (2007). 10658:Kupfer, Peter (2008). 8482:Fudan Academic Journal 7965:San, Tan Koon (2014). 7502:; et al. (1987). 7252:The precise status of 6664:(then called Dadu, or 6184: 6165: 5961: 5888:Foreign administrators 5771: 5763: 5741:statues were found in 5714: 5691: 5564: 5475: 5441:blue and white pottery 5424: 5351: 5331: 5199:simultaneous equations 5190: 5179: 5139:Science and technology 4980: 4972: 4777: 4745: 4612: 4600: 4505: 4490: 4339: 4144: 3984: 3965:(1375, rotated 180°). 3849: 3018:section regarding the 2945:This article contains 2909:Dà Yuán Dà Měng-gǔ Guó 2894:Ta Yüan Ta Meng-ku Kuo 762:Munkhkhairkhan culture 15530:14th century in China 15520:13th century in China 15362:Medieval great powers 12339:Battle of Lake Poyang 12329:Red Turban Rebellions 12152:Northern Yuan dynasty 12002:Paludan, Ann (1998). 11498:Oxford Bibliographies 11429:Lane, George (2006). 11185:Chinese Siege Warfare 10002:10.13173/CAJ/2008/1/4 9984:Ho, Kai-Lung (2008). 9955:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 9914:Marilyn Shea (2007). 9797:on 10 September 2011. 9710:on 28 September 2008. 9528:Stone, Zofia (2017). 8472:", "one thousand per 8233:10.1353/sys.2015.0007 8086:The Empire of Steppes 8050:Saunders, John Joseph 7656:at the source of the 7627:，即皇帝位於斡難河之源。諸王群臣共上尊號曰 7362:) to translate title 7298:of the Mongol Empire. 7183:Tibet under Yuan rule 7151:List of Mongol rulers 7146:Emperor's family tree 6958:Northern Yuan dynasty 6814:Khamag Mongol Khanate 6171: 6163: 5965:Anti-Chinese policies 5952: 5769: 5761: 5709: 5673: 5553: 5473: 5422: 5337: 5325: 5311:The Canon of Medicine 5296:medicine because its 5185: 5163: 5154:Further information: 5037:division of authority 4978: 4968: 4923:second-class citizens 4805:Travels of Marco Polo 4771: 4731: 4607:Yuan underglaze blue 4606: 4598: 4585:Northern Yuan dynasty 4496: 4484: 4477:Decline of the empire 4329: 4230:imperial examinations 4142: 4124:Further information: 4119:List of Yuan emperors 3952: 3844: 3826:imperial examinations 2865:Dà Yuán Dà Měnggǔ Guó 2292:Northern Yuan dynasty 1907:(mainland, 1912–1949) 1109:Democratic Revolution 513:Northern Yuan dynasty 287:Chinese folk religion 207:Common languages 15372:European colonialism 15357:Ancient great powers 13482:Serbia and Bulgaria 11632:. pp. 616–664. 11561:. pp. 414–489. 11395:. pp. 490–560. 11228:. pp. 321–413. 10618:on 18 February 2013. 10538:on 17 December 2010. 9916:"Guo Shoujing – 郭守敬" 9854:] (in Chinese). 9151:The Cresques Project 8523:. pp. 113–146. 7717:(18 December 1271), 7296:disintegrated nature 7200:Yuan dynasty coinage 6010:imperial examination 5876:were not considered 5678:porcelain statue of 5532:Mongolian heritage. 5519:, painting, reading 5018:, as well as Khitan 4970:Yuan dynasty coinage 4829:Grand Canal of China 4609:Jingdezhen porcelain 4515:Red Turban Rebellion 4503:Freer Gallery of Art 4334:of Zhaoxian County, 4332:Bailin Temple Pagoda 4274:by imperial command. 4079:inauspicious typhoon 4048:Emperor Bing of Song 4040:Emperor Gong of Song 3939:Christopher Columbus 3905:Mongol postal system 3837:Founding the dynasty 3803:as the ruler of the 3755:Siege of Diaoyucheng 3192:Mongol invasions and 2996:) is from a clause " 2404:, a modern form) in 511:• Formation of 487:Red Turban Rebellion 15462: / 15367:Modern great powers 13729:Khagans of the Yuan 13458:Poland and Bohemia 13234:Khwarazmian Empire 12959:Society and economy 12522:Society and culture 12249:Battle of Xiangyang 12156:Phagmodrupa dynasty 12124:History of Mongolia 11481:. Wiley-Blackwell. 11191:on 2 December 2009. 10944:, pp. 124–136. 10920:, pp. 491–492. 10877:Bretschneider, Emil 10579:Tan Ta Sen (2009). 10394:Wang Furen (2000). 10251:, pp. 176–177. 10166:, pp. 138–139. 9937:Chen, Yuan (2014). 9926:on 1 December 2008. 9755:, pp. 568–570. 9699:成吉思汗直系后裔现身河南巨幅家谱为证 9506:, pp. 487–488. 9494:, pp. 218–219. 9343:Hua, Kaiqi (2018). 8614:New History of Yuan 8392:, pp. 169–170. 8248:Archaeology of Asia 7882:Hodong Kim (2018). 7678:回鹘文献所见蒙古"合罕"称号之使用范围 7546:, pp. 436–437. 7336:) already used the 7163:History of Mongolia 6606:Yuan Mongol soldier 6523:loom (Yuan dynasty) 6195:Central Secretariat 5820:Jurchen Jin dynasty 5350:, published in 1313 5197:(1249–1314) solved 5156:Chinese mathematics 5102:Ministry of Justice 5049:Central Secretariat 4662:, new varieties of 3961:) according to the 3785:Rule of Kublai Khan 3463:Bulgaria and Serbia 3038:, also rendered as 2329:, written with the 2233:'s enthronement as 1082:People's Revolution 1052:National Revolution 1007:Oirat Confederation 792:Deer stones culture 663:History of Mongolia 637:Phagmodrupa dynasty 448:Battle of Xiangyang 426:proclaimed Emperor 303:Chinese Manichaeism 29:Page version status 15570:Medieval East Asia 15540:Dynasties of China 15466:39.915°N 116.390°E 13474:Holy Roman Empire 12929:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 12610:The Orphan of Zhao 12379:Imperial Preceptor 11869:John King Fairbank 11861:Denis C. Twitchett 10637:Mote, Frederick W. 10367:Denis C. Twitchett 8723:, p. 423–424. 8123: 8088:] (in French). 8000:A History of China 7741:(September 1997). 7635: 7441:Mongolian Cyrillic 7215:Hua-Yi distinction 6934:Jalairid Sultanate 6193:) governed by the 6185: 6166: 5962: 5911:"Right Alan Guard" 5772: 5764: 5727:, Muslim generals 5692: 5665:Mongolian language 5635:Imperial Preceptor 5565: 5476: 5466:Imperial lifestyle 5425: 5352: 5332: 5191: 5180: 5127:Chiefdom of Bozhou 4981: 4973: 4820:Gregorian calendar 4816:lunisolar calendar 4778: 4746: 4625:written vernacular 4613: 4601: 4599:Yuan porcelain jar 4506: 4491: 4458:official histories 4340: 4145: 4109:18 February 1294. 4009:Chiefdom of Bozhou 3985: 3850: 3030:Mongolian-language 2947:special characters 2398:Chinese characters 2396:"Yuan dynasty" in 2327:Mongolian language 2141:), officially the 1922: 1732:Five Dynasties and 1724: 1659:Southern dynasties 1587: 1486:Chu–Han Contention 1478:(206 BCE – 220 CE) 1072:Chinese occupation 802:Slab-grave culture 782:Ulaanzuukh culture 752:Chemurchek culture 742:Afanasievo culture 35: 15411: 15410: 15333: 15332: 15298:Polish–Lithuanian 14473:Gurjara-Pratihara 13917: 13916: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13629:Kaidu–Kublai war 13621:Berke–Hulagu war 13613:Toluid Civil War 13394: 13393: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 12966:House of Borjigin 12885: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12696: 12695: 12162: 12161: 12145:Succeeded by 12034:978-0-8122-1766-7 12015:978-0-500-05090-3 11971:978-0-691-10110-1 11952:978-0-521-24331-5 11904:978-1-4391-8839-2 11882:978-0-521-24331-5 11851:978-1-84595-009-5 11832:978-0-231-05324-2 11758:Library resources 11639:978-0-521-24331-5 11616:Twitchett, Dennis 11606:978-0-674-01212-7 11587:978-0-19-984089-2 11568:978-0-521-24331-5 11545:Twitchett, Dennis 11535:978-0-520-06740-0 11515:978-0-19-992008-2 11488:978-1-4051-3539-9 11440:978-0-313-33226-5 11421:978-0-691-13526-7 11402:978-0-521-24331-5 11379:Twitchett, Dennis 11369:978-0-486-41445-4 11329:978-0-521-12433-1 11310:978-0-691-11485-9 11266:. Second Series. 11254:978-0-521-80335-9 11235:978-0-521-24331-5 11212:Twitchett, Dennis 11119:978-1-108-64009-1 11076:978-3-447-05809-4 11006:978-90-474-0633-4 10973:978-1-68417-005-0 10842:978-0-521-84226-6 10761:978-0-520-04562-0 10690:978-1-4331-0275-2 10671:978-3-631-57533-8 10652:978-0-674-01212-7 10592:978-981-230-837-5 10565:978-0-674-59495-1 10496:978-0-8122-4237-9 10469:978-0-7007-1026-3 10409:978-92-3-103654-5 9920:Chinese Astronomy 9900:978-90-04-23193-1 9882:978-0-415-34850-8 9840:978-7-5097-8262-0 9790:978-1-904832-77-5 9651:978-0-8108-7984-3 9611:978-0-7864-9033-2 9576:978-1-61673-851-8 9541:978-93-86367-11-2 9417:978-0-8047-1193-7 9382:, pp. 77–78. 9366:978-90-04-36615-2 9305:978-0-520-23015-6 9276:978-1-135-79095-0 9247:978-90-04-28248-3 9169:978-1-4426-6667-2 9020:978-0-470-01243-7 8885:, pp. 70–71. 8530:978-0-7286-0139-0 8310:. Gavin Hambly". 8119: 8063:978-0-8122-1766-7 8034:. Second series. 7976:978-983-9541-88-5 7948:978-0-8160-4671-3 7897:978-0-226-56293-3 7876:978-0-674-03608-6 7857:978-1-108-48244-8 7628: 7527:978-7-5031-1844-9 7334:Yeke Mongγol Ulus 7325:Chéngjísī huángdì 7136: 7135: 6563:Military costume. 6365:were higher than 6122:Frederick W. Mote 5749:Four-class system 5300:contradicted the 5213:Pascal's triangle 5178:, written in 1303 5166:Pascal's triangle 5008:Tibetan Buddhists 4695:Roman Catholicism 3915:; however, under 3874:Mandate of Heaven 3805:Kingdom of Goryeo 3616: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3458:Holy Roman Empire 2968:imposed the name 2953:rendering support 2940: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2852:Standard Mandarin 2778: 2777: 2660:Standard Mandarin 2618: 2617: 2554:Yale Romanization 2446:Standard Mandarin 2303:Mandate of Heaven 2280:Later Jin dynasty 2276:Mongolian Plateau 2222:and preceded the 2112: 2111: 2069:Transport history 1995:Education history 1967: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1948:Republic of China 1930:People's Republic 1903:Republic of China 1882: 1881: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1711: 1710: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1575: 1574: 1408:Spring and Autumn 1271:Liao civilization 1162: 1161: 1127: 1126: 1099:People's Republic 1035: 1034: 940: 939: 912:Tang protectorate 830: 829: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 601: 600: 505:14 September 1368 411:Postclassical Era 392:• 1340–1355 380:• 1264–1282 350:• 1332–1368 338:• 1260–1294 47:25 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 15592: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15472: 15467: 15463: 15460: 15459: 15458: 15455: 15440: 15439: 15438: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15419: 15214: 15213: 14879:Austro-Hungarian 14579:Chagatai Khanate 13944: 13937: 13930: 13921: 13920: 13715: 13702: 13699:Töregene Khatun 13689: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13657: 13640: 13632: 13624: 13616: 13592: 13584: 13576: 13568: 13560: 13541: 13533: 13525: 13517: 13509: 13501: 13493: 13485: 13477: 13469: 13461: 13453: 13445: 13437: 13429: 13421: 13413: 13412: 13386: 13367: 13359: 13351: 13343: 13342: 13320: 13310: 13302: 13301: 13292: 13284: 13276: 13268: 13267: 13245: 13237: 13229: 13219: 13211: 13196: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13169: 13168: 13131:Shangdu (Xanadu) 13121:Sarai Batu/Berke 13026:Chagatai Khanate 12914: 12913: 12891: 12890: 12749: 12748: 12738: 12737: 12723: 12716: 12709: 12700: 12699: 12666:ʼPhags-pa script 12596:The Chalk Circle 12577:Zhongyuan Yinyun 12464:Shiyi Dexiaofang 12222:Kaidu–Kublai war 12217:Toluid Civil War 12188: 12181: 12174: 12165: 12164: 12082:Preceded by 12079: 12078: 12059: 12038: 12019: 11998: 11975: 11956: 11937: 11908: 11886: 11855: 11836: 11807:Brook, Timothy. 11804: 11746: 11709: 11684:(3/4): 447–523. 11672: 11643: 11610: 11591: 11572: 11539: 11518: 11492: 11473: 11444: 11425: 11406: 11373: 11354: 11333: 11314: 11295: 11270:(4/5): 253–299. 11258: 11239: 11193: 11192: 11187:. Archived from 11176: 11170: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11142: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11025: 11019: 11018: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10856: 10847: 10846: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10745: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10715: 10704: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10675: 10656: 10633: 10620: 10619: 10614:. Archived from 10603: 10597: 10596: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10549: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10453: 10444: 10443: 10423: 10414: 10413: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10293: 10287: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10182: 10176: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10138: 10132: 10121: 10115: 10106: 10100: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10062: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10013: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9885: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9844: 9820: 9815:. Archived from 9805: 9799: 9798: 9793:. Archived from 9774: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9633: 9624: 9623: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9154: 9153:. Catalan Atlas. 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9062: 9039: 9024: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8501: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8103: 8101:"周易·乾卦·彖傳" 8096: 8090: 8089: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8029: 8020: 8014: 8013: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7962: 7953: 7952: 7936: 7926: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7880: 7861: 7841: 7830: 7829: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7795: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7747: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7711: 7694: 7693: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7654:Emperor of China 7634: 7632: 7601: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7547: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7474: 7452: 7449: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7411:Middle Mongolian 7403: 7397: 7394:Toluid Civil War 7382: 7373: 7360: 7351: 7340:-style title of 7326: 7321: 7312: 7299: 7289: 7288: 7280:). However, the 7270: 7261: 7250: 7168:History of China 7128: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7097: 7086: 7085: 7074: 7073: 7062: 7061: 7050: 7049: 7038: 7037: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7012: 7001: 7000: 6989: 6988: 6977: 6976: 6965: 6964: 6953: 6952: 6941: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6917: 6916: 6905: 6904: 6893: 6892: 6881: 6880: 6869: 6868: 6857: 6856: 6850:Chagatai Khanate 6845: 6844: 6833: 6832: 6821: 6820: 6809: 6808: 6797: 6796: 6785: 6784: 6773: 6772: 6761: 6760: 6693: 6678: 6677: 6646: 6634: 6625:during his youth 6615: 6603: 6588: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6457: 6442: 6357: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6335: 6334: 6323: 6322: 6311: 6310: 6270: 6261: 6245: 6244: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6182: 6172:Mongol Empire's 6103: 6092: 6059: 6058: 5945: 5944: 5938:Yilan Prefecture 5928:Lingbei province 5915:Kingdom of Qocho 5653: 5644: 5621:) was set up in 5619: 5610: 5590:Tibetan Buddhism 5480:'Phags-pa script 5429:Chinese ceramics 5356:Kingdom of Qocho 5342:characters from 5229: 5119:Kingdom of Qocho 5086: 5081: 5063: 5058: 5043:, military, and 4915:posthumous names 4857: 4846: 4732:A plate made of 4703:Tibetan Buddhism 4641:Tantric Buddhism 4582: 4581: 4421:Neo-Confucianism 4414: 4402: 4398: 4346:was recalled to 4295: 4290:Da Yuan Tong Zhi 4260: 4249: 4227: 4215: 4068: 4064: 3982: 3980: 3894: 3889: 3879: 3771:Chagatai Khanate 3745: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3715: 3714: 3693:, later renamed 3634:Toluid Civil War 3599:Kaidu–Kublai war 3594:Berke–Hulagu war 3589:Toluid Civil War 3573:Chagatai Khanate 3547: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3478:Byzantine Thrace 3204: 3203: 3196: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3115:). However, the 3103: 3097: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3050:. In Mongolian, 3049: 3043: 3037: 3032:counterpart was 3027: 3026: 3006: 3005:dà zāi Qián Yuán 3001: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2911: 2910: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2881: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2843: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2815: 2814: 2801: 2795: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2757: 2756: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2689: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2651: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2614: 2613: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2576: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2541: 2540: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2503: 2502: 2489: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2461: 2460: 2437: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2406:Mongolian script 2394: 2378: 2377: 2354:Emperor of China 2331:'Phags-pa script 2323:Chinese language 2245:-style title of 2185: 2179: 2166: 2157: 2139: 2130: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2032:Military history 1990:Economic history 1978:Related articles 1955: 1937: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1875: 1862: 1849: 1836: 1835: 1819: 1806: 1793: 1774: 1764: 1752: 1739: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1700: 1690: 1677: 1664: 1649: 1648: 1632: 1627:Sixteen Kingdoms 1610: 1600: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1534: 1521: 1511: 1501: 1500:(202 BCE – 9 CE) 1491: 1479: 1466: 1453: 1452: 1431: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1404: 1394: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1187: 1177:History of China 1164: 1163: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1048: 1047: 961:9th–12th century 953: 952: 922:Uyghur Khaganate 867:Rouran Khaganate 843: 842: 812:Chandman culture 738: 737: 673: 659: 658: 645: 644: 631: 630: 617: 616: 605: 604: 592: 591: 578: 577: 571: 570: 555: 554: 256:Tibetan Buddhism 242:'Phags-pa script 199:(summer capital) 170:Conquest dynasty 147: 144: 139: 121: 113: 106: 105: 104: 103: 93: 85: 78: 77: 64: 63: 21: 15600: 15599: 15595: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15480: 15479: 15471:39.915; 116.390 15470: 15468: 15464: 15461: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15436: 15434: 15424: 15422: 15414: 15412: 15407: 15396:American Empire 15381: 15377:African empires 15329: 15212: 14904:Central African 14850: 14668:Romano-Germanic 14254: 13988:Middle Assyrian 13961: 13953: 13948: 13918: 13913: 13896: 13815: 13734: 13713: 13700: 13687: 13663: 13644: 13638: 13630: 13622: 13614: 13596: 13590: 13582: 13574: 13566: 13558: 13545: 13539: 13531: 13523: 13515: 13507: 13499: 13491: 13483: 13475: 13467: 13459: 13451: 13443: 13435: 13434:Volga Bulgaria 13427: 13419: 13410: 13408: 13390: 13384: 13371: 13365: 13357: 13349: 13340: 13338: 13324: 13318: 13308: 13299: 13297: 13290: 13289:Southern China 13282: 13274: 13273:Northern China 13265: 13263: 13249: 13243: 13235: 13227: 13217: 13209: 13183: 13182: 13155: 13054: 13031:House of Ögedei 13000: 12971:House of Ögedei 12939:Destructiveness 12908: 12907: 12877: 12814: 12800: 12743: 12732: 12727: 12697: 12692: 12672:History of Yuan 12639: 12570:Wenxian Tongkao 12535:History of Liao 12517: 12498:Miaoying Temple 12476: 12432: 12350: 12346:Ispah rebellion 12198: 12192: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12141: 12130: 12122: 12115: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12077: 12035: 12016: 11972: 11953: 11926:10.2307/2719142 11905: 11883: 11852: 11833: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11766: 11765: 11761: 11754: 11752:Further reading 11749: 11690:10.2307/2718064 11640: 11620:Franke, Herbert 11607: 11588: 11569: 11549:Franke, Herbert 11536: 11516: 11489: 11441: 11422: 11403: 11383:Franke, Herbert 11370: 11330: 11311: 11255: 11236: 11216:Franke, Herbert 11202: 11197: 11196: 11177: 11173: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11152: 11143: 11139: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11096: 11092: 11077: 11059: 11055: 11045: 11043: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11007: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10952: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10928: 10924: 10916: 10912: 10904:History of Yuan 10900: 10897: 10896: 10892: 10874: 10870: 10857: 10850: 10843: 10827: 10823: 10816: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10746: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10716: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10691: 10672: 10653: 10634: 10623: 10604: 10600: 10593: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10550: 10543: 10535: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10454: 10447: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10392: 10388: 10381: 10363: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10339: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10303: 10296: 10288: 10279: 10271: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10223: 10212: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10185: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10150: 10141: 10133: 10124: 10116: 10109: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10045: 10041: 10033: 10029: 10021: 10017: 9982: 9978: 9935: 9931: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9883: 9867: 9863: 9849: 9841: 9828: 9807: 9806: 9802: 9791: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9683: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9652: 9634: 9627: 9612: 9596: 9592: 9577: 9561: 9557: 9542: 9526: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9490: 9486: 9478: 9474: 9466: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9439: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9222: 9218: 9210: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9038:on 23 May 2016. 9021: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8874: 8866: 8862: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8803: 8799: 8795:, pp. 438. 8791: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8602: 8598: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8515: 8511: 8495: 8494: 8487: 8485: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8343: 8339: 8314:(book review). 8304: 8300: 8281:Oriens Extremus 8277: 8273: 8266: 8244: 8240: 8217: 8213: 8198: 8194: 8179: 8175: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8135: 8131: 8120: 8118: 8107: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8047: 8043: 8027: 8021: 8017: 8010: 7996: 7992: 7977: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7927: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7877: 7858: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7745: 7739:Taagepera, Rein 7736: 7732: 7721: 7712: 7697: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7662:Genghis Huangdi 7661: 7637: 7630: 7629: 7618:History of Yuan 7614: 7602: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7573: 7569: 7561: 7550: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7506: 7497: 7493: 7486:China Symposium 7481: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7404: 7400: 7313: 7302: 7271: 7264: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7132: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7055:Dzungar Khanate 7051: 7047: 7046: 7043:Khoshut Khanate 7039: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6886:Yarkent Khanate 6882: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6766:Khereid Khanate 6762: 6758: 6757: 6754:Mongol khanates 6749: 6681:History of the 6676: 6669: 6654:Christian Cross 6647: 6638: 6635: 6626: 6616: 6607: 6604: 6595: 6589: 6580: 6573: 6564: 6561: 6552: 6549: 6540: 6535:Yuan painting ( 6533: 6524: 6521: 6512: 6509: 6500: 6497: 6488: 6485: 6476: 6473: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6434: 6312:), followed by 6176: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6066:Ispah Rebellion 6035: 5998:Chinese culture 5967: 5942:Qian Prefecture 5934:Henning Circuit 5890: 5756: 5751: 5718:Ispah Rebellion 5548: 5538: 5496:written Chinese 5468: 5463: 5449: 5433:Jingdezhen ware 5417: 5376:Töregene Khatun 5320: 5274:pulse diagnosis 5249: 5241:Arabic numerals 5189:'s Magic Circle 5158: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5123:Kingdom of Dali 5112:Ministry of War 4963: 4957: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4780:Aside from the 4593: 4551:Prince of Liang 4485:A Yuan dynasty 4479: 4433: 4324: 4318: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4272:Emperor Huizong 4263: 4262: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4239: 4204:Chinese culture 4196: 4185: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4115: 4091:Pyrrhic victory 4056:battle of Yamen 3998:Kingdom of Dali 3974: 3947: 3856:in Mongolia to 3839: 3792: 3787: 3640: 3624:Main articles: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3501: 3496: 3373:Other invasions 3197: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3047:Yekhe Yuan Ulus 2962: 2961: 2960: 2951:Without proper 2903:Tongyong Pinyin 2893: 2834:Literal meaning 2796: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2711:Tongyong Pinyin 2701: 2642:Literal meaning 2495:Tongyong Pinyin 2428:Literal meaning 2409: 2376: 2366: 2260:Battle of Yamen 2216:Chinese history 2196:successor state 2183:Yeke Yuwan Ulus 2177: 2175: 2173: 2108: 2079: 2078: 2074:Women's history 1980: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1777: 1772: 1762: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1698: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1598: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1489: 1477: 1469: 1464: 1449: 1448: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1402: 1392: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1332: 1046 BCE 1331: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1308: 1600 BCE 1307: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1277: 1276: 1249: 2000 BCE 1248: 1244: 1239: 1231: 1220: 1219: 1158: 1129: 1128: 1119:Modern Mongolia 1092: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1017:Dzungar Khanate 957:Mongol khanates 950: 949:Medieval period 942: 941: 895: 840: 832: 831: 822:Pazyryk culture 735: 642: 628: 614: 589: 575: 515: 502: 498:• Fall of 489: 476: 474:Battle of Yamen 466:4 February 1276 463: 450: 440:5 November 1271 437: 427: 393: 381: 351: 339: 238:Official script 233: 202: 168: 149: 145: 125: 124: 115: 101: 99: 98: 87: 69: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15598: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15445: 15444: 15432: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15398: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15306: 15305: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15243: 15233: 15228: 15222: 15220: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15178: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15161: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15134: 15129: 15128: 15127: 15122: 15112: 15111: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15016: 15015: 15014: 15009: 14999: 14994: 14993: 14992: 14987: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14906: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14860: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14791: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14418: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14369: 14359: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14332: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14308: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14264: 14262: 14260:Post-classical 14256: 14255: 14253: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14240: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14218: 14217: 14216: 14206: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14158: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14115: 14110: 14109: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14059:Middle Kingdom 14056: 14046: 14041: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14015:Neo-Babylonian 14012: 14007: 14005:Old Babylonian 13997: 13996: 13995: 13990: 13980: 13975: 13969: 13967: 13955: 13954: 13947: 13946: 13939: 13932: 13924: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13902: 13901: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13823: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13742: 13740: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13732: 13722: 13717: 13712:Oghul Qaimish 13709: 13704: 13696: 13691: 13683: 13677: 13675: 13665: 13664: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13634: 13626: 13618: 13610: 13604: 13602: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13594: 13586: 13578: 13570: 13562: 13553: 13551: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13535: 13527: 13519: 13511: 13503: 13495: 13487: 13479: 13471: 13463: 13455: 13447: 13439: 13431: 13423: 13415: 13404: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13369: 13361: 13353: 13345: 13334: 13332: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13313: 13312: 13304: 13294: 13286: 13278: 13270: 13259: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13239: 13231: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13204: 13202: 13193: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13177: 13173: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13046: 13045: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13010: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12976:Mongol Armenia 12973: 12968: 12962: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12812: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12757: 12755: 12745: 12744: 12734: 12733: 12726: 12725: 12718: 12711: 12703: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12587: 12580: 12573: 12566: 12559: 12556:Shilin Guangji 12552: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12467: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12442: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12411: 12406: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12384:Zhongshu Sheng 12381: 12376: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12358: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12336: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12287: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12241: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12208: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12191: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12168: 12160: 12159: 12146: 12143: 12116: 12083: 12076: 12075:External links 12073: 12072: 12071: 12060: 12039: 12033: 12020: 12014: 11999: 11976: 11970: 11957: 11951: 11938: 11920:(2): 523–549. 11909: 11903: 11887: 11881: 11865:Herbert Franke 11856: 11850: 11837: 11831: 11815: 11805: 11795:(2): 107–146. 11791:. 3rd series. 11780: 11779: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11710: 11673: 11661:10.2307/606298 11644: 11638: 11611: 11605: 11592: 11586: 11573: 11567: 11540: 11534: 11519: 11514: 11493: 11487: 11474: 11456:(1): 124–136. 11445: 11439: 11426: 11420: 11407: 11401: 11374: 11368: 11355: 11345:(4): 558–571. 11334: 11328: 11315: 11309: 11296: 11259: 11253: 11240: 11234: 11208:Allsen, Thomas 11203: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11171: 11162: 11137: 11135:, p. 492. 11125: 11118: 11090: 11075: 11053: 11020: 11005: 10979: 10972: 10946: 10934: 10932:, p. 135. 10922: 10910: 10890: 10868: 10848: 10841: 10821: 10814: 10796: 10789: 10767: 10760: 10735: 10705: 10696: 10689: 10670: 10651: 10621: 10598: 10591: 10571: 10564: 10541: 10509: 10495: 10475: 10468: 10445: 10434:(2): 137–138. 10415: 10408: 10386: 10379: 10357: 10355:, p. 471. 10345: 10343:, p. 178. 10333: 10331:, p. 177. 10321: 10319:, p. 179. 10309: 10307:, p. 184. 10294: 10292:, p. 183. 10277: 10275:, p. 181. 10265: 10263:, p. 463. 10253: 10241: 10239:, p. 460. 10229: 10227:, p. 182. 10210: 10208:, p. 155. 10198: 10196:, p. 151. 10183: 10181:, p. 140. 10168: 10156: 10154:, p. 157. 10139: 10137:, p. 125. 10122: 10120:, p. 142. 10107: 10105:, p. 172. 10092: 10090:, p. 247. 10080: 10078:, p. 105. 10063: 10061:, p. 101. 10051: 10049:, p. 346. 10039: 10037:, p. 344. 10027: 10025:, p. 196. 10015: 9976: 9949:(1): 325–364. 9929: 9906: 9899: 9881: 9861: 9839: 9829:(in Chinese). 9824:Taicang Shihua 9800: 9789: 9769: 9767:, p. 211. 9757: 9745: 9713: 9689: 9687:, p. 550. 9677: 9675:, p. 551. 9665: 9650: 9638:"Yuan Dynasty" 9625: 9610: 9590: 9575: 9555: 9540: 9520: 9518:, p. 488. 9508: 9496: 9484: 9482:, p. 218. 9472: 9470:, p. 113. 9457: 9455:, p. 111. 9445: 9443:, p. 473. 9430: 9416: 9396: 9394:, p. 113. 9384: 9372: 9365: 9335: 9333:, p. 106. 9323: 9321:, p. 430. 9311: 9304: 9282: 9275: 9253: 9246: 9216: 9214:, p. 107. 9199: 9187: 9185:, p. 429. 9175: 9168: 9138: 9126: 9124:, p. 463. 9114: 9102: 9090: 9078: 9057: 9019: 9001: 8999:, p. 458. 8989: 8987:, p. 616. 8974: 8972:, p. 458. 8962: 8960:, p. 461. 8950: 8948:, p. 136. 8938: 8936:, p. 616. 8926: 8924:, p. 132. 8914: 8912:, p. 172. 8899: 8887: 8872: 8870:, p. 427. 8860: 8848: 8846:, p. 426. 8836: 8817:(3): 377–379. 8797: 8785: 8783:, p. 105. 8773: 8761: 8759:, p. 413. 8749: 8737: 8735:, p. 104. 8725: 8713: 8701: 8689: 8687:, p. 422. 8677: 8675:, p. 411. 8665: 8632: 8630:, p. 410. 8620: 8596: 8563: 8556: 8536: 8529: 8509: 8478:lu–fu–zhou–jun 8454: 8442: 8440:, p. 418. 8430: 8428:, p. 394. 8418: 8416:, p. 392. 8406: 8404:, p. 415. 8394: 8382: 8380:, p. 169. 8370: 8363: 8337: 8324:10.1086/225131 8298: 8271: 8264: 8238: 8211: 8192: 8173: 8154: 8147: 8129: 8113:on the I Ching 8091: 8078:Grousset, René 8069: 8062: 8041: 8015: 8008: 7990: 7975: 7954: 7947: 7916: 7914:, p. 624. 7904: 7896: 7875: 7856: 7831: 7817: 7810: 7777: 7730: 7715:Kublai Emperor 7695: 7684:(5). 甘肃敦煌研究院. 7668: 7640:the first year 7623:元年丙寅，帝大會諸王群臣，建 7593: 7567: 7548: 7533: 7526: 7514:SinoMaps Press 7491: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7398: 7300: 7262: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7067:Bogd Khaganate 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7031:Kalmyk Khanate 7028: 7021: 7015: 7008: 7006:Arghun dynasty 7003: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6970:Timurid Empire 6967: 6960: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6876: 6874:Turpan Khanate 6871: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6802:Naiman Khanate 6799: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6778:Merkit Khanate 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6648: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6629: 6627: 6617: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6543: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6280:and a part of 6230:Inner Mongolia 6183:in North China 6148:Main article: 6145: 6142: 6120:The historian 6117: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6034: 6027: 6018:Yongle Emperor 5966: 5963: 5889: 5886: 5861: 5860: 5853:southern China 5846: 5828:Northern China 5809: 5783: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5627:Buddhist monks 5597:state religion 5537: 5534: 5467: 5464: 5448: 5445: 5416: 5413: 5372:block printing 5319: 5316: 5298:humoral system 5248: 5245: 5151: 5148: 5143:Main article: 5140: 5137: 5085:Shangshu Sheng 5072:Six Ministries 4956: 4953: 4943:, the Chinese 4871:were built in 4862: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4645:Middle Eastern 4592: 4589: 4540:Inner Mongolia 4478: 4475: 4432: 4429: 4409:Jingshi Dadian 4391:and promoting 4320:Main article: 4317: 4314: 4268:Cloud Platform 4265: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4195: 4192: 4184: 4181: 4136: 4133: 4114: 4111: 4017:Three Kingdoms 3946: 3943: 3838: 3835: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3691:Inner Mongolia 3663:northern China 3653:, the Mongols 3621: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3444: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3407:Volga Bulgaria 3404: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3351: 3344: 3342:Southeast Asia 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3147:Main article: 3144: 3141: 3020:first hexagram 2955:, you may see 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2846:Transcriptions 2839: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742:Yue: Cantonese 2738: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2654:Transcriptions 2647: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547:Yue: Cantonese 2543: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2440:Transcriptions 2433: 2432: 2431:"Yuan dynasty" 2429: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2402:Yehe Yüan Ulus 2395: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2370:Names of China 2365: 2362: 2288:historiography 2255:northern China 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2005:Jewish history 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1936:(1949–present) 1925: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1864: 1863: 1851: 1850: 1839: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1810: 1807: 1797: 1794: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1754: 1753: 1741: 1740: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1679: 1678: 1666: 1665: 1652: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1590: 1588: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1556: 1536: 1535: 1529:Three Kingdoms 1523: 1522: 1512: 1502: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1468: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427:Warring States 1424: 1420: 476 BCE 1395: 1393:(1046–771 BCE) 1384: 1383: 1379: 256 BCE 1360: 1359: 1337: 1336: 1313: 1312: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1254: 1253: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1205:Historiography 1202: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062:Bogd Khaganate 1058: 1057: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1002: 999: 993: 992: 989: 983: 982: 979: 973: 972: 969: 963: 962: 959: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 937: 934: 928: 927: 924: 918: 917: 914: 908: 907: 904: 898: 897: 892: 873: 872: 869: 863: 862: 859: 853: 852: 849: 841: 839:Ancient period 838: 837: 834: 833: 828: 827: 824: 818: 817: 814: 808: 807: 804: 798: 797: 794: 788: 787: 784: 778: 777: 774: 772:Sagsai culture 768: 767: 764: 758: 757: 754: 748: 747: 744: 736: 730: 729: 726: 725: 724: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 675: 674: 666: 665: 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 639: 633: 632: 625: 619: 618: 611: 602: 599: 598: 593: 585: 584: 579: 567: 566: 561: 551: 550: 541: 537: 536: 533: 529: 528: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 510: 507: 506: 503: 497: 494: 493: 490: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 468: 467: 464: 458: 455: 454: 451: 445: 442: 441: 438: 435: 432: 431: 428: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 408: 407:Historical era 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 391: 388: 387: 385:Ahmad Fanakati 382: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 349: 346: 345: 340: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 283:Heaven worship 263:state religion 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 226: 216: 210: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 194: 183: 181: 177: 176: 174:Imperial China 155: 151: 150: 141:Yuan dynasty ( 140: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 107: 94: 79: 71: 70: 67: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15597: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15575:Mongol states 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15478: 15475: 15443: 15433: 15431: 15421: 15420: 15417: 15402: 15401:Soviet empire 15399: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15386:Miscellaneous 15384: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15238: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15219: 15215: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15183: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15116: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15085: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15021: 15020: 15017: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14985:German Empire 14983: 14982: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14857: 14853: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14750: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14725:Turco-Persian 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14666: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14589: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14510: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14377: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14319: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14257: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14219: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14020: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13960: 13956: 13952: 13945: 13940: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13925: 13922: 13912: 13907: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13818: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13781:Chagatai Khan 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13730: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13659: 13655: 13641: 13635: 13633: 13627: 13625: 13619: 13617: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13587: 13585: 13579: 13577: 13571: 13569: 13563: 13561: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13536: 13534: 13528: 13526: 13520: 13518: 13512: 13510: 13504: 13502: 13496: 13494: 13490:Latin Empire 13488: 13486: 13480: 13478: 13472: 13470: 13464: 13462: 13456: 13454: 13448: 13446: 13440: 13438: 13432: 13430: 13424: 13422: 13416: 13414: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13397: 13387: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13360: 13354: 13352: 13346: 13344: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13327: 13321: 13315: 13314: 13311: 13305: 13303: 13295: 13293: 13287: 13285: 13279: 13277: 13271: 13269: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13238: 13232: 13230: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13048: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13019:Northern Yuan 13017: 13016: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13007: 13003: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12944:Imperial Seal 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12903: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12837:Pax Mongolica 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12730:Mongol Empire 12724: 12719: 12717: 12712: 12710: 12705: 12704: 12701: 12689: 12688:Northern Yuan 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12656:Mongol Empire 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12581: 12579: 12578: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12520: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12426: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12353: 12347: 12344: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12285:Java invasion 12283: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12201: 12196: 12189: 12184: 12182: 12177: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12105:Mongol Empire 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12040: 12036: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11989:(13): 82–90. 11988: 11984: 11983: 11977: 11973: 11967: 11963: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11910: 11906: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11843: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11819:Chan, Hok-lam 11816: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11785: 11784: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11631: 11628:. Cambridge: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11557:. Cambridge: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11494: 11490: 11484: 11480: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11432: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11413: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11394: 11391:. Cambridge: 11390: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11361: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11339:The Historian 11335: 11331: 11325: 11321: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11260: 11256: 11250: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11224:. Cambridge: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11166: 11150: 11149: 11141: 11134: 11129: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11094: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10975: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10938: 10931: 10926: 10919: 10914: 10906: 10905: 10894: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10864: 10863: 10855: 10853: 10844: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10825: 10817: 10815:9780415093088 10811: 10807: 10800: 10792: 10790:9781565182431 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10723: 10722: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10700: 10692: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10673: 10667: 10663: 10662: 10654: 10648: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10575: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10548: 10546: 10534: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10514: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10479: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10452: 10450: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10382: 10380:9780521243315 10376: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10349: 10342: 10337: 10330: 10325: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10301: 10299: 10291: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10207: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10188: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10165: 10160: 10153: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10136: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10119: 10114: 10112: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10060: 10055: 10048: 10043: 10036: 10031: 10024: 10019: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9891: 9884: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9865: 9858:. p. 14. 9857: 9853: 9842: 9836: 9833:. p. 8. 9832: 9825: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9773: 9766: 9761: 9754: 9749: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9686: 9681: 9674: 9669: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9630: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9524: 9517: 9512: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9488: 9481: 9476: 9469: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9435: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9400: 9393: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9197:, p. 77. 9196: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9136:, p. 61. 9135: 9130: 9123: 9118: 9112:, p. 62. 9111: 9106: 9100:, p. 74. 9099: 9094: 9088:, p. 72. 9087: 9082: 9074: 9068: 9060: 9058:1-4120-5466-4 9054: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8979: 8971: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8935: 8930: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8897:, p. 70. 8896: 8891: 8884: 8879: 8877: 8869: 8864: 8858:, p. 66. 8857: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8771:, p. 24. 8770: 8765: 8758: 8753: 8747:, p. 62. 8746: 8741: 8734: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8711:, p. 53. 8710: 8705: 8699:, p. 51. 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8567: 8559: 8557:1-878986-01-5 8553: 8549: 8548: 8540: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8513: 8505: 8499: 8498:cite magazine 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8458: 8452:, p. 65. 8451: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8427: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8366: 8364:9789047410812 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8267: 8265:9780470774670 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8150: 8148:9780933070578 8144: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8114: 8112: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8011: 8009:0-520-01518-5 8005: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7939:Facts On File 7935: 7934: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7827: 7821: 7813: 7811:9780190297640 7807: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7784: 7782: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7672: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7610: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7565:, p. 77. 7564: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7431: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7292:Mongol Empire 7283: 7279: 7276:(present-day 7275: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7242: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7158:Mughal Empire 7156: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7092: 7089: 7080: 7077: 7068: 7065: 7056: 7053: 7044: 7041: 7032: 7029: 7019: 7018:Mughal Empire 7016: 7007: 7004: 6995: 6992: 6983: 6980: 6971: 6968: 6959: 6956: 6947: 6944: 6935: 6932: 6923: 6920: 6911: 6908: 6899: 6896: 6887: 6884: 6875: 6872: 6863: 6860: 6851: 6848: 6839: 6836: 6827: 6826:Mongol Empire 6824: 6815: 6812: 6803: 6800: 6791: 6790:Tatar Khanate 6788: 6779: 6776: 6767: 6764: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6736:Proto-Mongols 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6621:'s grandson, 6620: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6351: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6328: 6317: 6316: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6269:xuānzhèngyuàn 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6196: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6102: 6091: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6049: 6048:Zhu Yuanzhang 6045: 6041: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5760: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5618:xuānzhèngyuàn 5614: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5409: 5408:Rashid-al-Din 5406:. The vizier 5405: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5326:Yuan dynasty 5324: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5164:A diagram of 5162: 5157: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5053:Privy Council 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5028:Liu Bingzhong 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930:Five Elements 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4758:playing cards 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629:Mongol Empire 4626: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4597: 4588: 4586: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528:Zhu Yuanzhang 4525: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4248: 4234: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083:Annam, Champa 4080: 4076: 4070: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052:Zhang Hongfan 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994:against Japan 3991: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:Catalan Atlas 3960: 3956: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3926:Pax Mongolica 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3885: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3868:, now modern 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657:the weakened 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3084: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3007: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2935: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2781: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2623:Dynastic name 2621: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2374:Mongol Empire 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336:Kublai, as a 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2251:Mongol Empire 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:Mongol Empire 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2037:Naval history 2035: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020:Music history 2018: 2016: 2015:Media history 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000:Legal history 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1954:1949–present) 1950: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1771: 1770: 1769:Southern Song 1766: 1761: 1760: 1759:Northern Song 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490:(206–202 BCE) 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1465:(221–207 BCE) 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430:(475–221 BCE) 1428: 1425: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1403:(771–256 BCE) 1401: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044:Modern period 1041: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 998: 997:Northern Yuan 995: 994: 990: 988: 985: 984: 980: 978: 977:Mongol Empire 975: 974: 970: 968: 967:Khamag Mongol 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 954: 946: 945: 935: 933: 930: 929: 925: 923: 920: 919: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 903: 900: 899: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 875: 874: 870: 868: 865: 864: 860: 858: 857:Xianbei state 855: 854: 850: 848: 845: 844: 836: 835: 825: 823: 820: 819: 815: 813: 810: 809: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 793: 790: 789: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 765: 763: 760: 759: 755: 753: 750: 749: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 728: 727: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 677: 676: 672: 668: 667: 664: 661: 660: 640: 638: 635: 634: 626: 624: 621: 620: 612: 610: 609:Northern Yuan 607: 606: 603: 597: 594: 587: 586: 583: 582:Mongol Empire 580: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 545: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 521: 517: 514: 508: 504: 501: 495: 491: 488: 482: 479:19 March 1279 478: 475: 469: 465: 462: 456: 452: 449: 443: 439: 433: 429: 425: 419: 415: 412: 409: 405: 401: 398: 395: 389: 386: 383: 377: 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 356: 353: 347: 344: 341: 335: 331: 327: 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 230: 227: 224: 220: 217: 215: 214:Middle Mongol 212: 211: 209: 205: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 184: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 166:Mongol Empire 163: 159: 156: 152: 138: 133: 128: 119: 112: 108: 95: 91: 84: 80: 73: 72: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 15490:Yuan dynasty 15447: 15152:Contemporary 15002:Indo-Persian 14990:Nazi Germany 14934:Contemporary 14836:Vijayanagara 14735:Great Seljuk 14646:Thessalonica 14574:Golden Horde 14568: 14408: 14214:Carthaginian 13993:Neo-Assyrian 13978:Neo-Sumerian 13681:Genghis Khan 13450:Kievan Rus' 13428:(1237–1300s) 13420:(1237–1300s) 13264:Western Xia 13226:Qara Khitai 13059:Major cities 13038:Golden Horde 13014:Yuan dynasty 13013: 12901:Organization 12835: 12786:Khong Tayiji 12670: 12644:Other topics 12615: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12563:Menggu Ziyun 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12481:Architecture 12469: 12462: 12445: 12195:Yuan dynasty 12194: 12148:Ming dynasty 12118: 12101:Dali Kingdom 12093:Western Liao 12085:Song dynasty 12052:W. W. Norton 12050:. New York: 12047: 12044:Stephen Owen 12024: 12004: 11986: 11980: 11961: 11942: 11917: 11913: 11894: 11872: 11841: 11822: 11808: 11792: 11788: 11763:Yuan dynasty 11762: 11718: 11715:Modern China 11714: 11681: 11677: 11655:(1): 54–62. 11652: 11648: 11624: 11596: 11577: 11553: 11524: 11497: 11478: 11453: 11449: 11430: 11411: 11387: 11359: 11342: 11338: 11319: 11300: 11267: 11263: 11244: 11220: 11189:the original 11184: 11174: 11165: 11153:. Retrieved 11147: 11140: 11128: 11100: 11093: 11066: 11056: 11044:. Retrieved 11032: 11023: 10988: 10982: 10955: 10949: 10937: 10925: 10913: 10902: 10893: 10884: 10871: 10861: 10831: 10824: 10805: 10799: 10780: 10770: 10750: 10726:. Retrieved 10720: 10699: 10679: 10660: 10641: 10616:the original 10611: 10601: 10581: 10574: 10554: 10533:the original 10528: 10500:. Retrieved 10485: 10478: 10458: 10431: 10427: 10399: 10389: 10370: 10360: 10348: 10336: 10324: 10312: 10268: 10256: 10244: 10232: 10201: 10159: 10135:Rossabi 1988 10083: 10054: 10042: 10030: 10018: 9993: 9989: 9979: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9924:the original 9919: 9909: 9889: 9871: 9864: 9851: 9848:中国考古集成: 宋元明清 9823: 9817:the original 9812: 9803: 9795:the original 9779: 9772: 9760: 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9725: 9716: 9708:the original 9703: 9692: 9680: 9668: 9641: 9600: 9593: 9565: 9558: 9530: 9523: 9516:Rossabi 1994 9511: 9504:Rossabi 1988 9499: 9492:Rossabi 1988 9487: 9480:Rossabi 1988 9475: 9468:Rossabi 2012 9453:Rossabi 2012 9448: 9441:Rossabi 1994 9421:. Retrieved 9406: 9399: 9387: 9380:Rossabi 2012 9375: 9348: 9338: 9326: 9319:Rossabi 1994 9314: 9295: 9285: 9266: 9256: 9229: 9219: 9195:Rossabi 2012 9190: 9183:Rossabi 1994 9178: 9158: 9150: 9141: 9129: 9122:Rossabi 1994 9117: 9110:Rossabi 2012 9105: 9098:Rossabi 2012 9093: 9086:Rossabi 2012 9081: 9043: 9036:the original 9031: 9010: 9004: 8997:Rossabi 1994 8992: 8965: 8953: 8946:Rossabi 1988 8941: 8929: 8922:Rossabi 1988 8917: 8895:Rossabi 2012 8890: 8883:Rossabi 1988 8868:Rossabi 1994 8863: 8856:Rossabi 1988 8851: 8844:Rossabi 1994 8839: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8793:Rossabi 1994 8788: 8776: 8764: 8752: 8745:Rossabi 1988 8740: 8728: 8721:Rossabi 1994 8716: 8709:Rossabi 1988 8704: 8697:Rossabi 1988 8692: 8685:Rossabi 1994 8680: 8668: 8654:(1): 54–62. 8651: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8623: 8613: 8599: 8582: 8578: 8566: 8546: 8539: 8519: 8512: 8486:. Retrieved 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8457: 8450:Rossabi 2012 8445: 8438:Rossabi 1994 8433: 8421: 8409: 8402:Rossabi 1994 8397: 8385: 8373: 8346: 8340: 8315: 8311: 8308:Central Asia 8307: 8301: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8247: 8241: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8138: 8132: 8116: 8111:Commentaries 8109: 8094: 8085: 8081: 8072: 8053: 8044: 8035: 8031: 8018: 7999: 7993: 7966: 7932: 7907: 7887: 7865: 7846: 7820: 7789: 7755: 7749: 7733: 7724: 7681: 7671: 7643: 7622: 7616: 7584:. 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Later the 6005: 5994:Central Asia 5987: 5979:bureaucratic 5968: 5926:to areas of 5891: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5857:Dali Kingdom 5848: 5844:Huaihe River 5811: 5790:Central Asia 5773: 5737: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5701:Circumcision 5697: 5693: 5650: 5616: 5593: 5577:Christianity 5566: 5554: 5525: 5499: 5477: 5426: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5368:movable type 5363: 5353: 5347: 5340:movable type 5309: 5292: 5290: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5232:Song dynasty 5223: 5219:Guo Shoujing 5217: 5206: 5192: 5173: 5130: 5116: 5105: 5094: 5083: 5060: 5022:and Jurchen 4989: 4982: 4944: 4938: 4927: 4919:temple names 4907:Ming dynasty 4903:Song dynasty 4895:China proper 4888: 4812:Guo Shoujing 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4779: 4747: 4701:(especially 4691:Nestorianism 4684: 4614: 4548: 4524:Ming dynasty 4511: 4507: 4441:Toghon Temür 4434: 4431:Toghon Temür 4408: 4389:Confucianism 4386: 4377:Golden Horde 4341: 4310: 4289: 4279: 4200:Buyantu Khan 4197: 4186: 4146: 4107: 4099:Trần dynasty 4089:, but won a 4071: 4060: 4033: 4029:Ming dynasty 4013:Ming dynasty 4002: 3986: 3954: 3924: 3921:Toghon Temür 3898: 3891: 3881: 3851: 3830:Song dynasty 3814: 3793: 3767:Golden Horde 3751:Song dynasty 3748: 3734:), Tabuyir ( 3699: 3675:Sorghaghtani 3643:Genghis Khan 3641: 3568:Golden Horde 3558:Yuan dynasty 3557: 3468:Latin Empire 3256:Nizari state 3213:Central Asia 3132:Qing dynasty 3129: 3111:(modern-day 3106: 3041:Ikh Yuan Üls 3011:Commentaries 3009: 3003: 2985: 2969: 2963: 2944: 2859:Hanyu Pinyin 2667:Hanyu Pinyin 2599:Southern Min 2453:Hanyu Pinyin 2401: 2381:Yuan dynasty 2357: 2346:Golden Horde 2335: 2319:Tang dynasty 2310: 2296: 2284:Qing dynasty 2272:China proper 2231:Genghis Khan 2228: 2224:Ming dynasty 2220:Song dynasty 2204:its division 2163: 2142: 2136: 2116:Yuan dynasty 2115: 2113: 2010:LGBT history 1946: 1928: 1901: 1868: 1855: 1843: 1842: 1812: 1799: 1786: 1767: 1757: 1745: 1734:Ten Kingdoms 1730: 1683: 1670: 1657:Northern and 1655: 1625: 1603: 1593: 1561: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533:(220–280 CE) 1527: 1514: 1504: 1494: 1484: 1472: 1459: 1399:Eastern Zhou 1397: 1389:Western Zhou 1387: 1364: 1340: 1317: 1293: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1234: 1224: 1123:1990–present 1027:Qing dynasty 987:Yuan dynasty 986: 932:Liao dynasty 851:209 BC–93 AD 786:1450–1150 BC 776:1500–1000 BC 766:1800–1600 BC 756:2750–1900 BC 746:3300–2500 BC 623:Ming dynasty 596:Song dynasty 564:Succeeded by 563: 558: 548:Chinese cash 355:Toghon Temür 277:, Mongolian 267:Confucianism 259: 223:Old Mandarin 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 15565:Kublai Khan 15469: / 15457:116°23′24″E 14740:Khwarezmian 14673:Carolingian 14478:Rashtrakuta 14182:Shaishunaga 14081:Hellenistic 14064:New Kingdom 14054:Old Kingdom 13756:Sartaq Khan 13725:Kublai Khan 13720:Möngke Khan 13694:Ögedei Khan 13673:Great Khans 13639:(1314–1318) 13631:(1268–1301) 13583:(1260–1323) 13567:(1253–1256) 13550:Middle East 13444:(1238–1239) 13385:(1221–1327) 13244:(1219–1256) 13236:(1219–1221) 13218:(1264–1308) 13210:(1207-1308) 13076:Azov (Azaq) 12742:Terminology 12529:Yuan poetry 12367:family tree 12139:as vassal) 12097:Western Xia 12089:Jin dynasty 12054:. pp. 11721:(1): 3–30. 11479:The Mongols 10942:Morgan 1982 10930:Morgan 1982 10341:Allsen 2001 10329:Allsen 2001 10317:Allsen 2001 10305:Allsen 2001 10290:Allsen 2001 10273:Allsen 2001 10249:Allsen 2001 10225:Allsen 2001 10206:Allsen 2001 10194:Allsen 2001 10152:Allsen 2001 10118:Allsen 2001 10103:Allsen 2001 10088:Joseph 2011 10047:Dauben 2007 10035:Dauben 2007 10023:Joseph 2011 9765:Allsen 2001 9753:Guzman 1988 9392:Morgan 2007 9331:Morgan 2007 9212:Morgan 2007 9134:Allsen 2001 8781:Morgan 2007 8769:Allsen 2001 8757:Allsen 1994 8733:Morgan 2007 8673:Allsen 1994 8628:Allsen 1994 8426:Allsen 1994 8414:Allsen 1994 8227:: 279–280. 7500:Tan Qixiang 7436:Их Юань улс 7330:Kublai Khan 7258:Tan Qixiang 6862:Moghulistan 6623:Kublai Khan 6537:Zhao Mengfu 6428:dynasties. 6361:Basically, 6177: [ 5920:Qara Khitai 5874:Qara Khitai 5838:, but also 5824:Han Chinese 5816:Han Chinese 5723:During the 5684:bodhisattva 5592:became the 5581:Manichaeism 5457:Yuan poetry 5270:moxibustion 5266:acupuncture 5234:astronomer 5150:Mathematics 4985:Kublai Khan 4934:Jin dynasty 4911:Kublai Khan 4877:Dening Hall 4801:The Million 4719:cartography 4648:cartography 4555:Basalawarmi 4302:Yesün Temür 4282:Gegeen Khan 4021:Zhuge Liang 3971:Kublai Khan 3931:Grand Canal 3846:Kublai Khan 3790:Early years 3687:paper money 3679:Möngke Khan 3659:Jin dynasty 3651:Ögedei Khan 3306:Eastern Xia 3296:Western Xia 3220:Qara Khitai 3125:reign title 3035:Dai Ön Ulus 2966:Kublai Khan 2755:daai6 jyun4 2307:temple name 2057:Discoveries 2052:Cartography 2047:Archaeology 1985:Art history 1874:(1644–1912) 1861:(1368–1644) 1848:(1271–1368) 1818:(1115–1234) 1805:(1038–1227) 1801:Western Xia 1773:(1127–1279) 1605:Eastern Jin 1595:Western Jin 1520:(25–220 CE) 1516:Eastern Han 1496:Western Han 1375: 1046 1355: 1046 1351: 1250 1328: 1600 1304: 2070 1245: 8500 1226:Paleolithic 1217:Prehistoric 806:1100–300 BC 796:1400–700 BC 732:Prehistoric 559:Preceded by 546:banknotes, 146: 1290 111:Dai Ön ulus 15484:Categories 15454:39°54′54″N 15310:Portuguese 15191:Revival Le 15181:Vietnamese 14824:Later Tran 14794:Vietnamese 14690:Singhasari 14678:Holy Roman 14302:Bulgarian 14238:Satavahana 14209:Phoenician 14145:Achaemenid 14106:Indo-Greek 14086:Macedonian 14000:Babylonian 13892:Nogai Khan 13776:Özbeg Khan 13707:Güyük Khan 13601:Civil wars 13589:Palestine 13498:Lithuania 13418:Circassia 13151:Xacitarxan 13136:Soltaniyeh 12873:Darughachi 12355:Government 12142:1271–1368 11789:Asia Major 11264:T'oung Pao 10918:Hsiao 1994 10612:CNN Travel 9685:Hsiao 1994 9673:Hsiao 1994 9147:"Panel VI" 8910:Ebrey 2010 8605:Ke Shaomin 8390:Ebrey 2010 8378:Ebrey 2010 8125:，萬物資始，乃統天。 8032:Asia Major 7758:(3): 499. 7658:Onon river 7650:tuğ banner 7607:(1976) . " 7581:BabelStone 7459:References 7439:in Modern 7386:Great Khan 7048:1640s-1717 7020:(in India) 6994:Four Oirat 6879:1487-1660? 6855:1225-1340s 6409:, and the 6154:See also: 5975:autocratic 5958:Temür Khan 5930:including 5561:Manichaean 5540:See also: 5508:Tugh Temur 5451:See also: 5437:underglaze 5224:Shoushi Li 5195:Zhu Shijie 5170:Zhu Shijie 5090:Külüg Khan 5062:Shūmì Yuàn 4959:See also: 4955:Government 4797:Il milione 4793:Marco Polo 4532:Han Lin'er 4437:Rinchinbal 4405:compendium 4354:commander 4344:Tugh Temür 4286:chancellor 4188:Külüg Khan 4183:Külüg Khan 4177:Temür Khan 4135:Temür Khan 3935:Marco Polo 3917:Külüg Khan 3718:Xiao Zhala 3702:Shi Tianze 3647:Great Khan 3620:Background 3417:Durdzuketi 3402:Kievan Rus 3137:Great Khan 2970:Great Yuan 2887:Wade–Giles 2695:Wade–Giles 2645:Great Yuan 2574:Jyun4 ciu4 2560:Yùhn chìuh 2533:Suzhounese 2487:Yüan ch‘ao 2481:Wade–Giles 2368:See also: 2348:, and the 2143:Great Yuan 2062:Inventions 1792:(916–1125) 1763:(960–1127) 1751:(960–1279) 1418: – c. 1416: 770 1377: – c. 1353: – c. 1342:Late Shang 1330: – c. 1306: – c. 1247: – c. 826:600–300 BC 816:700–300 BC 430:5 May 1260 366:Chancellor 313:Government 229:Old Uyghur 68:Great Yuan 15303:Couronian 14941:Ethiopian 14929:Manchukuo 14884:Brazilian 14730:Ghaznavid 14700:Srivijaya 14651:Trebizond 14636:Byzantine 14618:North Sea 14613:Norwegian 14601:Almoravid 14584:Ilkhanate 14554:Majapahit 14527:Muromachi 14436:Solomonic 14421:Ethiopian 14335:Caliphate 14268:Aragonese 14096:Ptolemaic 13761:Orda Khan 13751:Batu Khan 13615:(1260–64) 13559:(1241–43) 13557:Anatolia 13532:(1287–88) 13524:(1285–86) 13516:(1264–65) 13508:(1259–60) 13500:(1258–59) 13476:(1241–42) 13468:(1241–42) 13460:(1240–41) 13436:(1229–36) 13426:Chechnya 13366:(1300–02) 13330:Southeast 13309:(1253–56) 13291:(1235–79) 13283:(1231–60) 13275:(1211–34) 13228:(1216–18) 13216:Sakhalin 13176:Campaigns 13126:Saray-Jük 13116:Samarkand 13091:Karakorum 13050:Ilkhanate 12808:Political 12678:Khanbaliq 12419:Dpon-chen 12409:Manchuria 12374:Empresses 11743:144587815 11698:0073-0548 11470:162310870 11292:162236445 11133:Mote 2003 11085:1860-1812 11041:1833-8461 11015:245584164 10353:Mote 1999 10179:Lane 2006 10164:Lane 2006 10010:256889989 9971:147099574 9893:. Brill. 9660:801440529 9620:779849477 9585:777020257 9550:975222159 9067:cite book 8985:Mote 1999 8970:Mote 1999 8958:Mote 1999 8934:Mote 1994 8823:1069-5834 8607:(1920). " 8052:(2001) . 7985:898313910 7912:Mote 1994 7902:At p. 45. 7690:224535800 7642:, on the 7605:Song Lian 7505:《中国历史地图集》 7464:Citations 7407:Mongolian 7390:Mongolian 7230:Wu Qiuyan 7084:1924–1992 7072:1911-1924 7060:1634-1758 7036:1630-1731 7024:1526–1857 7011:1479-1599 6999:1399-1634 6987:1383-1513 6975:1370–1507 6963:1368-1691 6951:1335-1357 6939:1335-1432 6927:1335-1357 6922:Chobanids 6915:1256-1335 6910:Ilkhanate 6903:1240-1502 6891:1514-1705 6867:1346-1462 6843:1271-1368 6831:1206-1368 6666:Khanbaliq 6651:Nestorian 6297:provinces 6248:Khanbaliq 6116:Criticism 6014:Ilkhanate 5971:feudalism 5903:Samarqand 5754:Structure 5661:Confucian 5623:Khanbaliq 5563:cosmology 5529:sinicized 5484:Mongolian 5360:Wang Zhen 5344:Wang Zhen 5278:Wei Yilin 5067:Censorate 5045:censorial 4941:Ilkhanids 4824:granaries 4762:cloisonné 4754:porcelain 4750:saltpetre 4723:geography 4711:Confucian 4668:eggplants 4652:astronomy 4637:Ilkhanate 4573:had also 4567:Manchuria 4536:Yingchang 4499:porcelain 4381:Ilkhanate 4373:Eljigidey 4348:Khanbaliq 4218:Confucian 3990:Xiangyang 3901:Silk Road 3858:Khanbaliq 3854:Karakorum 3775:Ilkhanate 3763:Ariq Böke 3759:Ariq Böke 3706:Liu Heima 3655:destroyed 3563:Ilkhanate 3473:Lithuania 3422:Circassia 3284:East Asia 3273:Palestine 3241:Caucassus 3234:West Asia 3194:conquests 2964:In 1271, 2612:Guân tiâo 2501:Yuán cháo 2459:Yuán cháo 2350:Ilkhanate 2229:Although 2170:Mongolian 1738:(907–979) 1699:(690–705) 1689:(618–907) 1676:(581–618) 1663:(420–589) 1631:(304–439) 1609:(317–420) 1599:(266–316) 1567:(266–420) 1510:(9–23 CE) 1236:Neolithic 1200:Dynasties 1103:1924–1992 1093:1921–1924 1076:1919–1921 1066:1911–1919 1031:1691–1911 1021:1634–1757 1011:1399–1634 1001:1368–1635 991:1271–1368 981:1206–1368 971:1130–1206 902:Xueyantuo 711:Geography 518:1368–1388 500:Khanbaliq 492:1351–1368 453:1268–1273 281:/Chinese 275:Shamanism 248:Religion 187:Khanbaliq 130:1271–1368 118:Mongolian 15560:Khanates 15535:Borjigin 15283:Japanese 15246:Scottish 15226:American 15218:Colonial 15147:Imperial 15115:Moroccan 15051:Japanese 15029:Afsharid 14888:Burmese 14874:Austrian 14829:Later Le 14804:Early Le 14789:Venetian 14715:Tiwanaku 14628:Hellenic 14591:Moroccan 14522:Kamakura 14512:Japanese 14495:Saffarid 14448:Georgian 14362:Chalukya 14340:Rashidun 14330:Calakmul 14298:Bruneian 14177:Haryanka 14155:Sasanian 14150:Parthian 14101:Bactrian 14091:Seleucid 14071:Goguryeo 14049:Egyptian 13983:Assyrian 13973:Akkadian 13964:Colonies 13887:Boroldai 13867:Khubilai 13847:Bo'orchu 13820:Military 13714:(regent) 13701:(regent) 13688:(regent) 13573:Baghdad 13522:Hungary 13466:Hungary 13409:Georgia 13356:Vietnam 13208:Siberia 13106:Maragheh 13006:Khanates 12954:Religion 12949:Military 12898:Politics 12848:Kurultai 12811:Military 12661:Borjigin 12471:Nong Shu 12453:Jiaochao 12404:Mongolia 12362:Emperors 12263:Sakhalin 12109:Remnants 12068:23497542 11995:23497251 11893:(2009). 11871:(eds.). 11801:41645519 11735:20062627 11622:(eds.). 11551:(eds.). 11385:(eds.). 11218:(eds.). 10879:(1888). 10639:(2003). 10440:41930343 10369:(eds.). 9963:44511246 9732:Archived 9049:Trafford 9032:CoinWeek 8831:23733178 8293:43382329 8164:北方民族大学学报 8080:(1939). 7682:内蒙古社会科学 7586:22 April 7220:Jun ware 7091:Mongolia 6982:Kara Del 6795:IX – XII 6726:Language 6716:Nobility 6701:Timeline 6674:See also 6461:smelting 6250:(modern 6232:and the 6222:Shandong 6033:policies 6002:colonial 5832:Jurchens 5822:such as 5802:Tibetans 5743:Quanzhou 5690:Buddhism 5688:Mahayana 5594:de facto 5569:Buddhism 5536:Religion 5504:Onggirat 5439:painted 5415:Ceramics 5397:Gaykhatu 5388:Jiaochao 5364:Nong Shu 5348:Nong Shu 5328:banknote 5306:Avicenna 5302:yin-yang 5286:Hu Sihui 5282:reducing 5247:Medicine 5239:brought 5236:Shen Kuo 5203:matrices 5187:Yang Hui 5129:, other 5000:Jurchens 4905:and the 4883:in 1270. 4790:Venetian 4715:Classics 4699:Buddhism 4619:and the 4571:Naghachu 4425:Buddhism 4360:Ragibagh 4356:El Temür 4306:regicide 4280:Emperor 4093:against 4044:Borjigin 4036:Hangzhou 4025:Meng Huo 4023:against 3967:Xinjiang 3909:jiaochao 3864:capital 3667:Xingzhou 3328:Sakhalin 3246:Anatolia 3225:Khwarezm 2873:Bopomofo 2749:Jyutping 2681:Bopomofo 2568:Jyutping 2539:Nyœ́ záu 2467:Bopomofo 2408:(bottom) 2342:Chagatai 2268:Mongolia 2249:and the 2212:Borjigin 2138:Yuáncháo 2025:Timeline 1952:(Taiwan, 1932:of China 1446:Imperial 1195:Timeline 1169:a series 1167:Part of 936:907–1125 877:Göktürks 721:Religion 716:Language 706:Politics 696:Nobility 681:Timeline 544:Jiaochao 540:Currency 317:Monarchy 279:Tengrism 260:de facto 252:Buddhism 162:division 43:reviewed 18:Yuan-era 15442:History 15416:Portals 15350:largest 15345:Empires 15325:Swedish 15320:Spanish 15315:Russian 15278:Italian 15253:Chinese 15241:English 15236:British 15231:Belgian 15206:Vietnam 15196:Tay son 15142:Tsarist 15137:Russian 15132:Ottoman 15098:Dzungar 15093:Khoshut 15066:Mexican 15061:Maratha 15044:Pahlavi 15024:Safavid 15019:Iranian 14946:Haitian 14909:Chinese 14869:Ashanti 14841:Wagadou 14767:Eastern 14762:Western 14745:Timurid 14705:Tibetan 14695:Songhai 14685:Serbian 14606:Almohad 14596:Idrisid 14500:Samanid 14490:Tahirid 14485:Iranian 14463:Kannauj 14443:Genoese 14379:Chinese 14372:Eastern 14367:Western 14355:Fatimid 14350:Abbasid 14345:Umayyad 14318:Burmese 14278:Ayyubid 14273:Angevin 14243:Xianbei 14231:Eastern 14226:Western 14172:Magadha 14135:Iranian 14128:Xiongnu 14113:Hittite 14022:Chinese 14010:Kassite 13959:Ancient 13951:Empires 13857:Boroqul 13852:Guo Kan 13842:Negudar 13827:Subutai 13727: ( 13565:Alamut 13538:Serbia 13530:Poland 13514:Thrace 13506:Poland 13442:Alania 13307:Yunnan 13242:Persia 13200:Central 13179:Battles 13086:Bolghar 13081:Bukhara 13066:Almalik 12868:Kheshig 12796:Tarkhan 12683:Shangdu 12651:Mongols 12635:Fashion 12458:Coinage 12273:Vietnam 12204:History 12056:723–743 12046:(ed.). 11934:2719142 11813:excerpt 11706:2718064 11284:4528536 11200:Sources 10502:28 June 10261:Wu 1950 10237:Wu 1950 10076:Ho 1985 10059:Ho 1985 8332:2776897 7772:2600793 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