53:
539:, is kept in the camp with the living. If a stranger who has known the deceased comes to the camp, the Ngobera is brought out towards evening, and he and some of the near relations of the dead person sit down by it, and wail and cut themselves for half an hour. Then it is handed to the stranger, who takes it with him and sleeps by the side of it, returning it in the morning to its proper custodian. Women and children who die, Mr. Bridgman says, are usually burnt.
535:
living and could hear his words. Burial in the district in which Mr. Bridgman lives is only a formal ceremony, and not an absolute disposal of the remains. After lying in the ground for three months or more, the body is disinterred, the bones are cleaned, and packed in a roll of pliable bark, the outside of which is painted and ornamented with strings of beads and the like. This, which is called
267:
this ruse of the owner of the Long Lagoon. In a dry season, when the water sinks low, their skulls are occasionally to be found half buried in the mud. As a rule, however, few people are ambitious of indulging in such wholesale slaughter, and, when the Blacks are troublesome, it is generally considered sufficient punishment to go out and shoot one or two.
534:
he heard a funeral oration delivered over the grave of a man who had been a great warrior which lasted more than an hour. The corpse was borne on the shoulders of two men, who stood at the edge of the grave. During the discourse he observed that the orator spoke to the deceased as if he were still
266:
Alas for the greediness of the savage ! alas for the cruelty of his white brother ! The rations contained about as much strychnine as anything else, and not one of the mob escaped. When they awoke in the morning they were all dead corpses. More than a hundred Blacks were stretched out by
207:. Stone fish traps can also be found at Slade Point, Reliance Creek, Ball Bay, Woodwark Bay, Adelaide Point, Hay Point, Llewellyn Bay as well as on West Hill Island, Green Island, Rabbit Island, Sth Repulse Island and other places.
234:
The Mackay area began to be occupied by the
British around 1860. They failed to recognise the tribal boundaries and hunting rights of the local groups. Faced with starvation, the local Yuwibara started hunting the settlers'
145:, with each group estimated to have consisted of 500 members. The Yuwibara people are said to have been the most dominant group in the area, occupying what is now Mackay City, the coast from St. Helens to
203:
forest located in wetlands where food was gathered. Special ceremonies are also said to have been performed on the ocean-side of Mount
Blackwood, which would later be a vantage point for spotting the
1154:
184:
heads. Secondly, Cape
Hillsborough is significant because boys were trained and initiated into manhood at the stone fish trap. Thirdly, the ground adjacent to Cape Hillsborough Resort is a
301:, if it was distinct at all, was recorded as having no speakers left, but since the 2010s work has been done to revive knowledge of the language from what remains in the early records.
275:
stated that: "in the Mackay district at any rate, the aborigines, if not all exterminated, have at least, through
European influence, lost all knowledge of their old laws and customs".
222:
from the islands to Cape
Palmerston, making stops along the way for trade in Cape Hillsborough and Freshwater Point. However, Moogerah was removed from the islands when
1598:
321:
Jukes, too, was home to a men's ceremonial site, which is still visited each year by
Yuwibara elders, who speak of a large spirit walking around the camping grounds.
3316:
1466:
The discovery and settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland, with numerous illustrations, charts and maps, and some notes on the natural history of the district
149:
and further inland to the Connor's Range. Boundaries were marked by natural features and punishment for incurring on other groups' territories was severe.
156:
was and remains of particular significance for the
Yuwibara people. Firstly, it was a hunting and gathering ground for food, which is still apparent in
474:(cheese fruit) was used for medicinal purposes while its roots were used for weaving or as string and its leaves were used to wrap up food for cooking.
1557:
1419:
3351:
1473:
1241:
526:, and to have used the term to describe the first whites they encountered, believing them to be embodiments of their forefathers. An informant of
3344:
1179:
3309:
1591:
1356:
The
Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
76:'s classification, the Yuibera lands, starting from Mackay, were calculated to encompass roughly 1,100 square miles (2,800 km), ran from
250:, that in the decade from 1850 to 1860 roughly 50% percent of the original Aboriginal population of the Pioneer Valley had been killed. The
1526:
258:, but introduced diseases also played a key role. The general trend in the Mackay area was described lightheartedly by the aristocratic
3374:
3323:
1584:
402:(broad-leafed tea tree) was used to build huts while the leaves were bruised in water which was then ingested for medicinal purposes.
3337:
456:(blue quandong) was eaten, its seeds were also used for decoration and its buttress roots were used to make shields and paddles.
1277:
3330:
1522:
429:(ghost gum) burns well in wet conditions and was thus often used as firewood while its sap was used for medicinal purposes.
1369:
Advance
Australia! An Account of Eight Years' Work, Wandering, and Amusement, in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria
1367:
1384:
1344:
353:
of the shore of Cape
Hillsborough. The fat of dugong was even mixed with wax to form glue for spears. Moreover, fish,
1499:
The Aborigines of Victoria: with notes relating to the habits of the natives of other parts of Australia and Tasmania
214:
in the nearby islands has also been documented. Billy Moogerah, who was the last Aboriginal person to live in the
1497:
1458:
153:
1246:
310:
125:
In Mackay and its surrounding areas, six peoples have been identified: other than the Yuwibara, these were the
1403:"Blackgin's Leap: A Windosw into Aboriginal-European Relations in the Pioneer Valley, Queensland in the 1860s"
1519:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
988:
This is the spelling used by Moore. Curr transcribed the name as Bridgeman, and Tindale uses both spellings.
465:(milky pine) was ground to a powder which was then used as a glue to attach feathers to skin for ceremonies.
420:(grass tree) was used to make spear shafts and to start fires while its flowers were used to sweeten drinks.
309:
The spiritual connection of the Yuwibara people with Cape Hillsborough continues to the present, and men's
1542:
1402:
606:
1477:
365:
formed an important part of their diet. Many different fruits were also eaten, including those from the
199:
Other locations of significance to the Yuwibara people include, for instance, the Kommo Toera Trail; a
1351:
1340:
566:
411:(hickory wattle) was used to make digging sticks and spears while its seeds were used to make flour.
1438:
318:
255:
240:
204:
3251:
1740:
647:
530:
and resident in Mackay, George Bridgman, noted with regard to area's tribal burial customs that:
1957:
1733:
1619:
1607:
1514:
610:
479:
416:
193:
1576:
168:, roasted over fires and the shells discarded in piles over the course of many years, forming
1553:
1549:
1380:
443:
398:
251:
61:
57:
38:
1328:
2251:
1393:
1332:
637:
434:
425:
1150:
8:
1493:
1363:
1029:
1027:
667:
527:
452:
259:
189:
1441:. Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing, Queensland Government. 20 October 2009
605:
whose lands are within Reef Catchments Mackay Whitsunday Isaac region, helps to support
3191:
2976:
2664:
1901:
1410:
627:
501:
470:
461:
407:
247:
215:
42:
1024:
578:
367:
223:
1269:
2559:
2328:
1180:"How Welcome to Country helped save the Yuwi language from the brink of extinction"
254:
were considered the major cause, shooting down the local population in the ongoing
3195:
3179:
2920:
2447:
1950:
1454:
565:
The language and people are usually referred to as Yuwibara in 2020, with a 2020
373:
272:
146:
81:
77:
3199:
2710:
2244:
2160:
2097:
1831:
1510:
488:
105:
73:
3368:
3281:
3240:
3203:
3187:
3123:
2899:
2857:
2482:
2475:
2342:
2335:
2258:
2188:
2055:
1894:
1852:
1719:
1677:
586:
386:
298:
294:
290:
284:
185:
172:, the oldest of which are up to 500 years old. Other remains include a stone
157:
109:
101:
112:, and were one of four peoples within 84 kilometres (52 mi) of Mackay.
3137:
3081:
3074:
2822:
2808:
2759:
2703:
2672:
2601:
2538:
2510:
2489:
2454:
2300:
2265:
2216:
2181:
2048:
1838:
1782:
1705:
1684:
1635:
1472:
1033:
594:
582:
519:
483:(damson) was eaten while other parts of the plant were used as fish poison.
438:(native cherry) was eaten, the wood and bark was burnt to repel mosquitoes.
362:
211:
130:
97:
89:
52:
3260:
3165:
3025:
3004:
2997:
2927:
2864:
2829:
2745:
2580:
2531:
2440:
2412:
2398:
2321:
2293:
2202:
2174:
2013:
1922:
1915:
1726:
602:
590:
390:
93:
1691:
3288:
3233:
3172:
3158:
3144:
3109:
3053:
3018:
3011:
2990:
2983:
2717:
2696:
2657:
2573:
2545:
2419:
2384:
2279:
2146:
2069:
1999:
1971:
1943:
1824:
1698:
1670:
1611:
598:
342:
330:
85:
46:
246:
It was estimated by contemporary local observers, George Bridgman and
3116:
3102:
3060:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2913:
2878:
2871:
2843:
2836:
2780:
2731:
2615:
2594:
2496:
2468:
2356:
2314:
2230:
2118:
2111:
2027:
2006:
1936:
1866:
1803:
1775:
1768:
1754:
1747:
1155:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1086:
1084:
493:
350:
314:
236:
200:
173:
161:
3267:
3046:
2962:
2892:
2885:
2794:
2738:
2643:
2608:
2587:
2566:
2524:
2405:
2391:
2377:
2363:
2286:
2272:
2223:
2209:
2195:
2167:
2132:
2125:
2076:
2062:
2041:
2034:
1992:
1880:
1810:
1796:
1789:
1712:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1476:. Mackay Historical Society and Museum Incorporated. Archived from
1242:"Native Title Determination Details: QCD2020/001 - Yuwibara People"
354:
334:
165:
1081:
3274:
3226:
3219:
3095:
3067:
3039:
2969:
2906:
2850:
2787:
2766:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2650:
2636:
2517:
2503:
2433:
2426:
2370:
2139:
2104:
2083:
2020:
1978:
1964:
1929:
1859:
1817:
1761:
1663:
358:
3212:
3151:
3088:
3032:
2955:
2815:
2801:
2773:
2724:
2622:
2461:
2349:
2307:
2090:
1908:
1873:
1845:
1606:
1304:
657:
581:
Reference Group consisting of representatives of the Yuwibara,
506:
346:
169:
142:
134:
3130:
2629:
2552:
2237:
2153:
1887:
509:
and fibre while other parts were used for medicinal purposes.
338:
219:
177:
138:
16:
Aboriginal Australian people of the Mackay area in Queensland
1120:
518:
The Yuwibara and other Mackay area tribes are said by early
2752:
1985:
1159:
1108:
126:
1153:
Yuwibara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1096:
181:
1044:
1042:
380:
108:. The Yuibera were restricted to the coastal end of the
1437:
1090:
1222:
492:(cluster fig) was edible, the sap was used to relieve
1210:
1178:
Maddison, Melissa; Wykeham, Ollie (13 January 2020).
1071:
1069:
1039:
844:(double pointed digging stick, also used in fighting)
41:
people, originating from the area around present-day
1358:. Vol. 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 44–51.
1292:
84:
and inland reached as far as the Connors Range. The
1505:. Vol. 1. Melbourne: J. Ferres, gov't printer.
1327:Battley, Daniel; Kesteven, Sophie (26 March 2015).
1132:
1066:
1198:
3366:
1474:"A Short History of Mackay: The First Residents"
96:lay on their western flank, and beyond them the
1326:
1177:
1165:
1339:
1310:
1114:
1034:A Short History of Mackay: The First Residents
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
572:
1592:
1054:
1362:
1126:
329:While Yuwibara women specialised in hunting
1001:
447:(silver ash) was used to manufacture tools.
1599:
1585:
188:, not only for the Yuwibara, but also for
120:
1386:The native tribes of south-east Australia
1329:"Yuwibara language kept alive in Mackay"
271:Writing in 1908, the early ethnographer
51:
1509:
1102:
1048:
313:are still performed along the mangrove
3367:
1379:
1216:
505:(supple jack) were split and used for
1580:
1492:
1468:. F. King & sons. pp. 77–81.
1400:
1298:
1228:
1186:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1075:
381:Utilisation of other natural products
1523:Australian National University Press
1459:"Appendix III. Aborigines of Mackay"
1453:
1280:from the original on 20 October 2020
1262:
1138:
543:
229:
13:
1563:from the original on 20 March 2015
180:from other areas as well as stone
14:
3386:
1425:from the original on 31 July 2017
569:determination made in this name.
513:
3375:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland
1541:
1529:from the original on 2 July 2017
1204:
1060:
1018:
37:, after their language, are an
1234:
1171:
1144:
92:in the area northwest of them;
1375:. London: W.H. Allen & co.
1247:National Native Title Tribunal
982:
522:to have called a man's spirit
176:, stone fireplaces, pieces of
1:
1543:"Working Together on Country"
1439:"Nature, culture and history"
616:
160:remains today. For instance,
56:Traditional lands of various
995:
226:township was first settled.
7:
1166:Battley & Kesteven 2015
1091:Nature, culture and history
607:natural resource management
573:Natural resource management
278:
10:
3391:
1958:Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji
1352:Curr, Edward Micklethwaite
1319:
1311:Bridgeman & Bucas 1887
1115:Bridgeman & Bucas 1887
856:(woomera / throwing stick)
384:
304:
282:
115:
104:and, along the coast, the
100:. To their south were the
67:
3298:
3250:
1618:
88:were to their north; the
975:
560:
297:or one of its dialects,
293:, probably a dialect of
164:were collected from the
3252:Torres Strait Islanders
1741:Bidjara (Warrego River)
1511:Tindale, Norman Barnett
611:cultural heritage sites
486:While the fruit of the
450:While the fruit of the
432:While the fruit of the
324:
121:Before European contact
45:, on the east coast of
1734:Bidjara (Bulloo River)
1381:Howitt, Alfred William
541:
480:Terminalia sericocarpa
417:Xanthorrhoea semiplana
371:(native gardenia) and
269:
64:
3304:By state or territory
2809:Uw Oykangand/Kwantari
1944:Gungganyji/Kongkandji
1916:Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun
1608:Indigenous Australian
1554:Australian Government
1550:Queensland Government
1401:Moore, Clive (1990).
532:
444:Flindersia schottiana
399:Melaleuca viridiflora
385:Further information:
341:, the men would hunt
264:
252:Native Mounted Police
152:What is now known as
58:Australian Aboriginal
55:
39:Aboriginal Australian
1494:Smyth, Robert Brough
1364:Finch-Hatton, Harold
1343:; Bucas, H. (1887).
1276:. 9 September 2020.
1270:"Traditional Owners"
1105:, pp. 171, 195.
435:Exocarpos latifolius
426:Corymbia dallachiana
239:, which resulted in
950:woorwaya / tulkurry
850:(ghost / white man)
609:and look after the
528:Robert Brough Smyth
453:Elaeocarpus grandis
260:Harold Finch-Hatton
190:South Sea Islanders
3317:Northern Territory
1411:Aboriginal History
1333:ABC Tropical North
730:(heat, with sweat)
502:Flagellaria indica
471:Morinda citrifolia
462:Alstonia scholaris
408:Acacia aulacocarpa
248:Pierre-Marie Bucas
216:Whitsunday Islands
65:
33:and also known as
3362:
3361:
3352:Western Australia
1951:Gunggari/Kunggari
1797:Djabugay/Tjapukai
1313:, pp. 50–51.
1207:, pp. 60–65.
1127:Finch-Hatton 1886
782:kaigera / wockera
764:goongera / bakina
742:(light, with sun)
664:kowur, cowurburra
579:Traditional Owner
544:Alternative names
499:The stems of the
477:The fruit of the
468:The fruit of the
368:Randia fitzalanii
154:Cape Hillsborough
3382:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2476:Mingin/Mingginda
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1469:
1463:
1455:Roth, Henry Ling
1450:
1448:
1446:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1349:
1341:Bridgeman, G. F.
1336:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:. 7 October 2010
1238:
1232:
1231:, p. xxvii.
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
989:
986:
908:toolkoon / paree
898:(white cockatoo)
698:boongana / binbe
668:laughing jackass
658:native companion
459:The bark of the
441:The wood of the
423:The wood of the
405:The wood of the
396:The bark of the
377:(Tanjong tree).
230:European contact
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3331:South Australia
3329:
3322:
3315:
3310:New South Wales
3308:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1614:
1605:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1545:
1532:
1530:
1515:"Juipera (QLD)"
1502:
1483:
1481:
1480:on 16 June 2016
1461:
1444:
1442:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1405:
1389:
1372:
1347:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1274:Reef Catchments
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:, p. 134).
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1002:
998:
993:
992:
987:
983:
978:
973:
914:wandee / mirree
619:
575:
563:
546:
516:
393:
383:
374:Mimusops elengi
333:turtles in the
327:
307:
287:
281:
273:Henry Ling Roth
241:deadly conflict
232:
210:Trade with the
147:Cape Palmerston
123:
118:
82:Cape Palmerston
70:
25:, also written
17:
12:
11:
5:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2245:Kugu Nganhcara
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1909:Kutjala/Gudjal
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1539:
1507:
1490:
1470:
1451:
1435:
1398:
1377:
1360:
1337:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 300.
1291:
1261:
1233:
1221:
1219:, p. 445.
1209:
1197:
1170:
1158:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1053:
1051:, p. 171.
1038:
1023:
999:
997:
994:
991:
990:
980:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
661:
651:
641:
631:
620:
618:
615:
574:
571:
562:
559:
558:
557:
552:
545:
542:
515:
514:Burial customs
512:
511:
510:
497:
489:Ficus racemosa
484:
475:
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
421:
412:
403:
382:
379:
326:
323:
306:
303:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
231:
228:
192:, and is thus
122:
119:
117:
114:
110:Pioneer Valley
74:Norman Tindale
69:
66:
60:tribes around
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3387:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3241:Yurlayurlanya
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:Wanggeriburra
3189:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:Kuku Nyungkal
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:Kokokulunggur
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:Goreng goreng
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1345:"Port Mackay"
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1141:, p. 78.
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1117:, p. 44.
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1078:, p. 74.
1077:
1072:
1070:
1063:, p. iv.
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
985:
981:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:bunga / dullo
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:bitty / gooka
690:
688:(wild turkey)
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
665:
662:
659:
655:
652:
649:
645:
642:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
614:
613:in the area.
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
540:
538:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:ethnographers
508:
504:
503:
498:
495:
491:
490:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
472:
467:
464:
463:
458:
455:
454:
449:
446:
445:
440:
437:
436:
431:
428:
427:
422:
419:
418:
413:
410:
409:
404:
401:
400:
395:
394:
392:
388:
387:bush medicine
378:
376:
375:
370:
369:
364:
363:brush turkeys
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:Yuwi language
286:
285:Yuwi language
276:
274:
268:
263:
261:
257:
256:frontier wars
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
205:Native Police
202:
197:
195:
194:sacred ground
191:
187:
186:burial ground
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:archeological
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:According to
63:
59:
54:
50:
49:, Australia.
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2704:Rungarungawa
2266:Kuku Yalanji
2217:Kokowalandja
2182:Kokobujundji
1565:. Retrieved
1531:. Retrieved
1518:
1498:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1465:
1443:. Retrieved
1427:. Retrieved
1418:(1): 61–79.
1415:
1409:
1385:
1368:
1355:
1306:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1183:
1173:
1161:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1103:Tindale 1974
1098:
1056:
1049:Tindale 1974
984:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
740:curree-birry
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
663:
653:
643:
633:
623:
597:, and those
587:Barada Barna
583:Koinmerburra
576:
567:native title
564:
554:
549:
536:
533:
523:
517:
500:
487:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
372:
366:
328:
308:
288:
270:
265:
245:
233:
212:Ngaro people
209:
198:
151:
124:
71:
34:
30:
26:
22:
20:
18:
3166:Yirrganydji
3026:Wulgurukaba
3005:Wongkadjera
2977:Wik-Mungkan
2865:Wakka Wakka
2830:Wadjabangai
2746:Tjongkandji
2665:Quandamooka
2581:Ngulungbara
2532:Ngandangara
2441:Mayi-Kutuna
2413:Mandandanji
2294:Kungkalenja
2203:Kokonyekodi
2175:Kokobididji
1923:Gugu Rarmul
1902:Gubbi Gubbi
1727:Birri Gubba
1610:peoples in
1217:Howitt 1904
940:(boomerang)
836:kurreebirry
820:(war-spear)
736:(eaglehawk)
728:burngabirry
704:booroobirry
603:Juru people
391:bush tucker
343:sea turtles
3324:Queensland
3234:Yungkurara
3196:Kombumerri
3173:Yir-Yoront
3159:Yirandhali
3145:Yintyingka
3110:Yetimarala
3054:Yadhaykenu
3019:Woppaburra
3012:Wongkumara
2991:Winduwinda
2984:Wiknatanja
2718:Taribelang
2697:Ringaringa
2658:Punthamara
2574:Nguburinji
2546:Ngathokudi
2420:Maranganji
2385:Maithakari
2280:Kungadutji
2000:Julaolinja
1972:Injilarija
1825:Djindubari
1699:Barungguan
1671:Bakanambia
1620:Aboriginal
1612:Queensland
1567:26 January
1484:26 January
1445:26 January
1299:Smyth 1878
1284:18 October
1254:18 October
1229:Smyth 1878
1190:13 January
1076:Moore 1990
946:(kangaroo)
916:(tame dog)
880:(crayfish)
868:(wild dog)
770:gootaburra
766:(mosquito)
758:goondooloo
734:coreedulla
682:(tomahawk)
628:black duck
617:Some words
357:, snakes,
331:freshwater
311:ceremonies
218:, used to
78:St. Helens
47:Queensland
3268:Kaurareg
3200:Mununjali
3117:Yetteneru
3103:Yalarnnga
3061:Yagalingu
2949:Wikatinda
2942:Wikapatja
2935:Wikampama
2914:Warakamai
2879:Walmbaria
2872:Walangama
2844:Wakabunga
2837:Wadjalang
2781:Umpithamu
2732:Thaayorre
2616:Nyuwathai
2595:Ngurawola
2560:Ngaygungu
2497:Muluridji
2469:Mimungkum
2357:Madjandji
2329:Lama Lama
2315:Kuungkari
2231:Kongabula
2119:Karingbal
2112:Karendala
2070:Kalkadoon
2028:Kabalbara
2007:Jupangati
1937:Gumakudin
1804:Djagaraga
1776:Bwgcolman
1769:Butchulla
1755:Bugulmara
1748:Biyaygiri
1394:Macmillan
1139:Roth 1908
996:Citations
892:(thunder)
772:(pelican)
746:goolmurry
638:wood duck
494:diarrhoea
359:wallabies
355:mud crabs
351:sea grass
315:boardwalk
237:livestock
201:Melaleuca
174:fish trap
166:mangroves
162:shellfish
80:south to
62:Gladstone
3369:Category
3345:Victoria
3338:Tasmania
3204:Tulgigin
3188:Gugingin
3180:Yugambeh
3047:Wuthathi
2963:Wikianji
2921:Warrongo
2893:Wanamara
2886:Waluwara
2795:Unduyamo
2739:Thereila
2671:Hordes:
2644:Pitapita
2609:Nyawagyi
2588:Ngundjan
2567:Nggamadi
2525:Ngajanji
2448:Mbabaram
2406:Manbarra
2392:Malintji
2378:Maikulan
2364:Maiawali
2287:Kunggara
2273:Kulumali
2224:Kokowara
2210:Kokopera
2196:Kokomini
2168:Kokangol
2161:Koinjmal
2133:Kaurareg
2126:Karuwali
2077:Kambuwal
2063:Kalibamu
2042:Kaiadilt
2035:Kaiabara
1993:Jarowair
1881:Girramay
1811:Djakunda
1790:Darumbal
1713:Bigambul
1692:Baruŋgam
1657:Ayapathu
1650:Ayabakan
1643:Atjinuri
1629:Ankamuti
1558:Archived
1527:Archived
1513:(1974).
1496:(1878).
1457:(1908).
1420:Archived
1383:(1904).
1366:(1886).
1278:Archived
1184:ABC News
968:yo / yoi
956:wotigana
932:wirrigee
890:tickeroo
874:(ground)
800:kockurra
748:(shield)
710:bootarry
676:(little)
674:batchary
654:kooroora
634:goobirry
555:Juwibara
335:wetlands
279:Language
106:Koinjmal
23:Yuwibara
3275:Mabuiag
3227:Yukulta
3220:Yuibera
3186:Clans:
3096:Yanggal
3068:Yambina
3040:Wulpura
2970:Wikmean
2907:Wanjuru
2851:Wakaman
2788:Undanbi
2767:Turrbal
2711:Tagalag
2690:Rakkaia
2681:Goenpul
2677:Nunukul
2651:Pontunj
2637:Pakadji
2518:Mutumui
2504:Muragan
2434:Marulta
2427:Marrago
2371:Maijabi
2252:Kukatja
2140:Kawadji
2105:Kareldi
2098:Karanja
2084:Kangulu
2021:Kaantju
1979:Injinoo
1965:Iningai
1930:Gulngai
1860:Geynyon
1832:Dyirbal
1818:Djankun
1762:Buluwai
1664:Badjiri
1533:31 July
1429:31 July
1354:(ed.).
1320:Sources
938:wongala
922:(canoe)
896:tingeri
884:nungina
878:nguchul
848:meegolo
842:mattîna
814:(water)
784:(grass)
754:(night)
680:beeramo
648:opossum
550:Yuipera
537:Ngobera
349:in the
305:Culture
170:middens
116:History
68:Country
31:Juipera
27:Yuibera
3282:Meriam
3213:Yugara
3152:Yinwum
3124:Yidiny
3089:Yangga
3033:Wulili
2956:Wikepa
2900:Wangan
2858:Wakara
2816:Waanyi
2802:Unjadi
2774:Umpila
2725:Tepiti
2623:Olkola
2483:Mitaka
2462:Mbewum
2350:Lotiga
2343:Lardil
2336:Lanima
2308:Kutjal
2091:Kanolu
2056:Kalali
1874:Giabal
1853:Garrwa
1846:Ewamin
1720:Bindal
1678:Barada
964:(camp)
958:(crow)
934:(star)
928:(fish)
910:(hill)
904:(walk)
862:(dark)
830:kurree
818:koombo
808:(rain)
802:(moon)
790:(wind)
752:goonda
724:(wood)
718:(fire)
712:(cold)
706:(swan)
700:(good)
694:(bark)
686:berkum
644:kolijo
624:barran
524:meeglo
507:sewing
347:dugong
339:swamps
143:Barada
135:Jangga
102:Barada
43:Mackay
3138:Yiman
3131:Yilba
3082:Yanga
3075:Yanda
2823:Wadja
2760:Tulua
2673:Ngugi
2630:Otati
2602:Nguri
2553:Ngaun
2539:Ngaro
2511:Murri
2490:Miyan
2455:Mbara
2301:Kunja
2238:Kooma
2154:Koamu
2049:Kairi
1888:Goeng
1839:Djiru
1783:Dalla
1706:Bidia
1685:Barna
1636:Araba
1561:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1503:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1423:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1350:. In
1348:(PDF)
976:Notes
970:(yes)
962:yamba
952:(big)
944:woora
926:winna
920:winda
902:toera
886:(fly)
872:nanny
866:moura
854:meero
838:(day)
832:(sun)
824:kurra
812:kommo
806:kommo
796:(egg)
788:kaipa
778:(bad)
760:(emu)
716:boree
595:Ngaro
561:Today
319:Mount
224:Bowen
220:canoe
178:ochre
139:Barna
131:Biria
98:Barna
3261:Badu
2998:Wiri
2753:Totj
2399:Mamu
2322:Laia
2014:Juru
1986:Ithu
1569:2016
1535:2017
1486:2016
1447:2016
1431:2017
1286:2020
1256:2020
1205:QGAG
1192:2020
1061:QGAG
1019:QGAG
860:meta
826:(no)
794:kato
776:guea
601:and
591:Wiri
577:The
414:The
389:and
361:and
345:and
337:and
325:Food
299:Wiri
295:Biri
289:The
141:and
127:Wiri
94:Wiri
90:Biri
35:Yuwi
29:and
21:The
3289:Mua
2928:Wik
2147:Koa
1867:Gia
1151:E54
599:Gia
182:axe
86:Gia
3371::
3202:,
3198:,
3194:,
3190:,
2679:,
2675:,
1556:.
1552:,
1548:.
1525:.
1521:.
1517:.
1464:.
1416:14
1414:.
1408:.
1392:.
1331:.
1272:.
1244:.
1182:.
1083:^
1068:^
1041:^
1026:^
1003:^
593:,
589:,
585:,
317:.
262::
243:.
196:.
137:,
133:,
129:,
1600:e
1593:t
1586:v
1571:.
1537:.
1488:.
1449:.
1433:.
1396:.
1335:.
1288:.
1258:.
1194:.
1168:.
1093:.
1036:.
1021:.
670:)
666:(
660:)
656:(
650:)
646:(
640:)
636:(
630:)
626:(
496:.
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