4954:
3338:"The activities of the Saffarid brothers on the Indian frontier attracted special attention in the Caliphate thanks to the care they took to send exotic presents from the plunder to the Abbasid court. Yaqub, for instance, at one time sent fifty gold and silver idols from Kabul to the caliph Al-Mutamid who dispatched them to Mecca. Another set of Idols lavishly decorated with jewels and silver, sent by him, Amr in 896 from Sakawand (a place in the Logar valley between Ghazni and Kabul which the sources describe as a pilgrimage centre dedicated to God Zhun), caused a sensation in Baghdad on account of their strangeness."
2662:) is so poor that no one can do it in a day. It is a miserable province. The river is a four- or five mill stream. The city of Ghazni and another four or five villages are watered by it, while another three or four others are irrigated by subterranean aqueducts. The grapes and melons of Ghazni are better than those of Kabul; the apples are also good and are taken to Hindustan (India). The agriculture is laborous because new soil must be brought in every year for whatever amount of land is planted. The yield, however, is better than that of Kabul. They plant madder, the best crop, all which is taken to Hindustan."
93:
4968:
36:
3355:"It is related that, Amru Lais conferred the governorship of Zabulistan on Fardghan and sent him there at the head of four thousand horses. There was a large place of worship of the God Zhun in the country, which was called Sakawand, and people used to come on pilgrimage to the Idols of that place. When Fardaghan arrived in Zabulistan he led his army against it, took the temples broke the idols in pieces, and overthrew the idolators. Some of the plunder he distributed among the troops, the rest he sent to Amru Lais."
3320:"It is related that, Amru Lais conferred the governorship of Zabulistan on Fardghan and sent him there at the head of four thousand horses. There was a large place of worship of the God Zhun in the country, which was called Sakawand, and people used to come on pilgrimage to the Idols of that place. When Fardaghan arrived in Zabulistan he led his army against it, took the temples broke the idols in pieces, and overthrew the idolators. Some of the plunder he distributed among the troops, the rest he sent to Amru Lais."
1068:
999:
5299:
988:
2754:: ϸαυο ζαοβλ αλχανο) translated as 'King of Zabul Alkhan'. This suggests Alkhan control of the Zabulistan region southwest of modern Kabul from an early time of Alkhan dominance in the region. Alkhan power, primarily based in the Kapisa and Gandhara valleys, was seldom concentrated with one king alone, as shown by the variety of Alkhan coins minted simultaneously in the different regions of the empire's control, which by 484 CE reached all the way to
2986:
3219:
2297:
2961:, but these had been little more than slave and plunder raids. There was a fierce resistance from the local rulers of these regions, above all from the line of Zunbils who ruled in Zamindavar and Zabulistan and who were probably epigoni of the southern Hepthalite or Chionite kingdom of Zabul; on more than one occasion, these Zunbils inflicted sharp defeats on the Muslims. The Zunbils were linked with the
4961:
2854:, and probably also Zabulistan, which is supported by a Sasanian administrative seal found there from the same period. Succeeding Sasanian control of Zabulistan by the end of the 6th-century, a new group of coins are struck with an š-mint (Zabul) brand and in a design reminiscent of both Alkhan and Nezak coinage, though ultimately missing the bull-headed crown of the Nezaks and struck with the Alkhan
2654:"Ghazni, in the third clime, is also known as Zabul. Zabulistan consists of this province, and some consider Kandahar to be in Zabulistan. Ghazni is fourteen leagues southwest of Kabul. Those who take the road leave Ghazni at daybreak and arrive in Kabul in the afternoon, whereas the thirteen league road between
3286:
They either offer gold, silver, and rare gems or present sheep, horses, and other domestic animals to the god in competition with each other to show their piety and sincerity. Therefore, gold and silver are scattered all over the ground, and sheep and horses fill up the valley. Nobody dares to covet
3253:
Although they worship various gods, they respect the Triple Gem. There are several hundred monasteries with more than ten thousand monks, all of whom study
Mahayana teachings. The reigning king is a man of pure faith who inherited a throne handed down through many generations. He has engaged himself
2837:
valleys, thereby having to confront the Nezaks. Whether this encounter was mostly peaceful or hostile is currently unknown, but has been recorded in part among numismatic evidence, from Alkhan coins minted in
Gandhara with the characteristic Nezak bull-headed crown over an otherwise typically Alkhan
2603:
in circuit, both cities being strongly fortified in invulnerable positions. The mountains and valleys are rich in natural resources, and the cultivated farmlands, divided by ridges, are high and dry. Crops are sown in proper seasons. Winter wheat is abundant, and vegetation is luxuriant with profuse
4004:
There was a large Hindu place of worship in that country, which was called
Sakawand, and people used to come on pilgrimage from the most remote parts of Hindustan to the idols of that place. When Fardaghan arrived in Zabulistan he led bis army against it, took the temple, broke the idols in pieces,
4201:
When
Fardaghan arrived in Zabulistan, he led his army against Sakawand, a large Hindu place of worship in that country with a temple and many idols. He took the temple, broke the idols into pieces, and overthrew the idolaters. He informed Amr ibn Lais of the conquest and asked for reinforcements.
3287:
them, for everyone is eager to make offerings to the god. To those who respect and serve the heretics and practice asceticism whole-heartedly, the god imparts magical incantations, of which the heretics make effective use in most cases; for the treatment of disease, they are quite efficacious.
2933:. It is clear however that in the seventh to the ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persian realm. The Arab geographers, in effect commonly speak of that king of "Al Hind" ...(who) bore the title of Zunbil."
3254:
in performing meritorious deeds and is intelligent and studious. There are more than ten stupas built by king Asoka. Deva-temples number several tens, and the heretics, who are in the majority, live together. Their disciples are extremely numerous, and they worship the god Śuna.
3166:, who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahis took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznavids but were unsuccessful. These Ghaznavid victories in these wars resulted in the Islamization of Zabulistan and the surrounding regions.
2704:
It is clear however that in the seventh to ninth centuries the
Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persianate realm. The Arab geographers, in effect, commonly speak of 'that king of al-Hind ... (who) bore the title of
2721:
The first mentions of the word Zabul is from coinage of what's known as "the early anonymous clan-rulers". These were late fourth-century tribal chiefs and possibly former governors of the
Sasanids from the north of the Hindu Kush, who following the course of the
2797:
stamp (previously interpreted by Göbl as Napki MLK) on their coins, supposedly opened a mint in Ghazni (which's coins are identified by Göbl as the š-group of Nezak coinage) following 484 CE. Later, they managed to also consolidate their rule over
3129:
Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala, however, lost control of the entire region from
Zabulistan to between the
3684:, 1973, pp. 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D.B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p. 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p. 34, Daud Ali.
2614:), which grows in the Rama-Indu Valley. In the city of Hesaluo there are gushing springs, the water of which flows to all sides, and the people make use of it for irrigation. The climate is severely cold with much frost and snow." -
2578:
to its north-east and Kaikānān to its east. While the
Chinese pilgrims never explored the south or west of the region, it is known from later Arabic accounts that Zabulistan at this time was bordered by Turan to its south and
3412:, p. 203: The Hindu Shahis, and in the late ninth century great was ... in 870 Kabul itself was captured ... But in the Panjab they consolidated their kingdom and established a new capital first at Hund.
3141:
However, Jayapala's army was hopeless in battle against the
Ghaznavid forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the
3049:
Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870 CE. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or
Ratbelshahan from 565 CE to 670 CE, when the capitals were located in
3282:, where people came "from far and near and high and low", even attracting kings, ministers, officials and common people of regions where different customs were observed, to pay homage and make donations.
4953:
2969:
dynasty; the whole river valley was at this time culturally and religiously an outpost of the Indian world, as of course it had been in the earlier centuries during the heyday of the
4005:
and overthrew the idolaters. Some of the plunder he distributed among the troops, the rest he sent to Amru Lais, informing him of the conquest, and asking for reinforcements.
2786:
in 484 CE, and with Alkhan coinage expanding into the Indian subcontinent, numismatic evidence accounts for the consolidation of a new dynasty in Kapisa and Zabul. The
2905:"In southern and eastern Afghanistan, the regions of Zamindawar (Zamin I Datbar or land of the justice giver, the classical Archosia) and Zabulistan or Zabul (Jabala,
2495:) which is the Persian name of the region, literally means "the land of Zābul". The etymology of the name Zābul has been marred with speculation. The German historian
2909:, Kia pi shi) and Kabul, the Arabs were effectively opposed for more than two centuries, from 643 to 870 AD, by the indigenous rulers the Zunbils and the related
4202:
When the news of the fall of Sakawand reached Kamalu, who was Rai of Hindustan, he collected an innumerable army and marched towards Zabulistan to- take revenge.
2802:, where they overtook the local mint around the first quarter of the 6th-century CE (whose coins are identified by Göbl as the ā-group). Unlike the contemporary
2862:. This new issue is known as the Alkhan-Nezak Crossover, and which dynasty continued to issue coinage from the Ghazni-mint until the middle of the 7th century.
3183:
Zabulistan is known to have been a place of various religious cults and practices, with Ghazni being an old stop on the silk and spice trade flowing between
3109:
for the control over Zabulistan and the surrounding region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of
3215:, which although in the minority had the support of its royals. In terms of other cults, the god Śuna, is described to be the prime deity of the country.
2650:
province of Ghazni. At this time, the region of Ghazni is described as bordering Kabul in its northeast, Zurmat to its east and Kandahar to its southwest.
3862:
2738:, and started minting their own characteristic coins in the formerly Sasanian mint. A set of these anonymous coins including some of the coins of king
4071:
Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazni and decided to destroy it. He, therefore, invaded Ghazni, but was defeated
4028:
3909:
3885:
2638:
etc. As a dry region among the Khorasan marches, famous for its fruits, good hunting grounds and fine pastures. The region is likewise described by
1029:
786:
737:
4114:
3933:
2538:, was the Sanskrit name of the region. It is also regarded as being referred to by this name in 644 CE by the Chinese traveling monk
3162:, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahis. Jayapala was succeeded by his son
1246:
128:
5333:
3180:
962:
3300:
The god Śuna is again mentioned in Islamic sources in the recounting of the Saffarid conquest of Zabulistan, in the Arabic rendering
2555:
2325:
772:
492:
4333:
2219:
687:
4262:
4252:
4184:
4089:
4064:
3970:
3824:
Jamiu-l-Hikayat of Muhammad Uffi Page 175 from The History of India told by its own Historians H M Elliot and Dowson Volume 2
940:
747:
717:
1022:
4364:
4284:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries
4272:
4217:
967:
957:
950:
707:
35:
5257:
4312:
4139:
3028:
910:
2404:
By the tenth century, Islamic sources mention Zabulistan as part of the Khorasan marches, a frontier region between
5328:
5323:
2949:
long after their empire had collapsed, was that of expansion into eastern Afghanistan. The early Arab governors of
2758:
in Central India. Northern Zabulistan is understood to have remained under nominal control of the Alkhan rulers of
905:
2445:
take their names from the historical region. Zabulistan has become popularized as the birthplace of the character
4292:
3083:
2995:
2464:
1686:
1015:
991:
972:
920:
782:
72:
4034:
2253:
1428:
109:
2318:
768:
657:
3870:
677:
5348:
4515:
4110:
3917:
3893:
2877:
2599:
in circuit; but the capital is sometimes located in the city of Hesaluo (Guzar), which is also over thirty
935:
757:
727:
5111:
2290:
2278:
1117:
342:
168:
5343:
5032:
4723:
3910:"9. Toramana and Mihirakula - The Rise and Fall of the Alkhan in India | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog"
3245:
2248:
2209:
607:
100:
3070:(which then held Makran) in modern-day Pakistan, all of which were culturally and politically part of
5262:
5181:
3333:, plundered Sakawand, a place of pilgrimage to God Zhun, which was within the kingdom of the Shahis."
3159:
3151:
3090:
2838:
design, to the overstriking of Nezak coins in the second half of the 6th century by the Alkhan ruler
2190:
2094:
1353:
118:
2622:
During the Medieval Islamic era, the region is continuously mentioned in geographical works such as
4197:
The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: a phase of Islamic advance into India
3223:
3154:
once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day
3055:
2311:
2273:
2268:
2258:
1047:
637:
3199:
and several dozen Hindu temples, which were demolished by Islamic invaders around 653/54 CE.
4357:
4100:
1836:
1592:
1173:
4264:
Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara: 4th to 8th Century ce
3944:
3626:
5164:
5088:
4331:
The Countenance of the Other: The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India
2999:
2397:
rule (977–1186), "Zabul" became largely synonymous with the name of its capital and main city,
2153:
1656:
1130:
915:
667:
647:
198:
81:
4242:
5229:
2918:
1534:
1454:
1392:
248:
3979:
3886:"6. ALKHAN: From the Anonymous Clan-rulers to King Khingila | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog"
1164:
92:
5338:
5189:
5173:
4633:
4588:
4533:
4485:
4447:
2263:
4703:
4568:
3010:
2770:
in 484 CE, which facilitated the takeover of Zabulistan by the new independent ruler
8:
4713:
4593:
3863:"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog"
3696:, 1954, pp. 112 ff; "The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab", 1973, p. 46, Dr D.B. Pandey;
2409:
1996:
1866:
1295:
1091:
945:
925:
4330:
2925:
this area can be reckoned to belong to the cultural and political frontier zone between
2604:
flowers and fruits. The soil is good for growing aromatic turmeric, and it produces the
5302:
5273:
5156:
4967:
4888:
4863:
4858:
4789:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4578:
4394:
4350:
4228:
4160:
2803:
2767:
2631:
2571:
2199:
1986:
1606:
1077:
1003:
482:
352:
297:
218:
5284:
5279:
5252:
5197:
4648:
4308:
4288:
4268:
4248:
4213:
4180:
4135:
4085:
4060:
3966:
3089:"We are told that it was only in 870 AD that Zabulistan was finally conquered by one
3059:
2906:
2898:, Zabulistan, and reached Kabul. In 683 Kabul revolted and defeated the Muslim army.
2751:
2627:
2527:
holds that the consonant resemblance between these two words look merely fortuitous.
2524:
2476:
2026:
1926:
1916:
1626:
1616:
1574:
1474:
1418:
930:
412:
382:
158:
4304:
Al-Hind, Vol. 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries
3278:
He goes on to describe the god as residing on top of a mountain in Zabul called the
2945:
policy of significance for the spread of Islam in Afghanistan and on the borders of
5205:
5048:
4921:
4558:
4457:
4234:
4166:
3118:
2942:
2814:, but instead donned a golden winged bull-headed crown as their primary signifier.
2488:
2472:
2405:
2342:
2056:
1746:
1716:
865:
502:
432:
138:
2511:, a supposed royal title of the region known from Arabic sources, earlier read as
2503:) as being a variation of the Sanskrit term. Others have speculated that the word
2499:, proposed the word, including its uncommon Medieval variant Jāwulistān (Persian:
5247:
5237:
4931:
4663:
4563:
4337:
4302:
4282:
4174:
4149:
4054:
3960:
3709:
Mehta, Jaswant Lal, "Advanced Study in The History of Medieval India Vol 1", pp31
3326:
3241:
3051:
2954:
2887:
2859:
2843:
2834:
2791:
2759:
2731:
2727:
2696:
in the 7th century, then being controlled by a collection loose suzerains of the
2635:
2468:
2414:
2390:
2371:
1936:
1886:
1786:
1756:
1696:
1636:
1554:
1524:
1494:
1464:
1259:
1104:
1067:
1056:
697:
422:
258:
208:
178:
2418:, finished around 1062 CE, the author regards Zabul as part of the land of
5098:
5093:
4936:
4926:
4495:
4011:
3365:
3237:
2647:
2496:
2438:
2386:
2046:
1726:
1706:
1646:
1282:
1193:
627:
552:
542:
462:
442:
372:
278:
228:
5317:
5267:
4815:
4523:
4134:, Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research,
4050:
3380:
3188:
3071:
2799:
2575:
2463:", which was another historical region, located in present-day eastern Iran (
2125:
2114:
1856:
1776:
1736:
1183:
1143:
875:
830:
617:
597:
577:
472:
402:
238:
188:
4618:
3751:
3749:
3747:
5242:
4766:
4027:
3959:
Bosworth, C. E. (1975), "The Tāhirids and Ṣafārids", in Frye, R. N. (ed.),
3632:
2822:
2681:
2243:
2172:
2135:
2103:
2066:
2036:
1956:
1796:
1362:
850:
587:
532:
362:
4470:
4465:
2882:
The region of southern Afghanistan was first invaded by Muslim Arabs from
4999:
4994:
4878:
4480:
4475:
3744:
3330:
3184:
3135:
2891:
2839:
2807:
2794:
2783:
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2743:
2697:
2685:
2434:
2427:
2382:
2301:
1946:
1906:
1666:
1544:
870:
797:
332:
287:
49:
4784:
4741:
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4342:
4151:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Age of Imperial Kanauj
3941:, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15
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1876:
1846:
1806:
1766:
1598:
1564:
1484:
1438:
1083:
860:
855:
512:
452:
307:
4736:
3195:
recorded numerous Buddhist stupas and monasteries supposedly built by
5078:
5007:
4986:
4898:
4623:
4543:
4500:
4432:
4374:
4105:
4077:
3573:
3233:
2966:
2962:
2910:
2847:
2723:
2659:
2643:
2455:
2006:
1976:
1966:
1676:
1514:
1372:
825:
522:
268:
2680:
The first mentions of the region coincides with its takeover by the
5103:
5027:
4893:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4776:
4746:
4628:
4583:
4422:
4412:
4402:
4379:
4267:, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
3938:
3385:
3348:
3313:
3293:
3273:
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2735:
2623:
2615:
2580:
2559:
2539:
2450:
1826:
1816:
1382:
1269:
845:
3316:. The temple at Sakkawand was sacked and plundered in 870 CE.
3218:
3105:, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the
3093:
who was the virtual ruler of the neighbouring Iranian province of
2829:, Alkhan power is understood to have subsequently returned to the
5083:
5022:
5012:
4916:
4838:
4833:
4761:
4756:
4731:
4698:
4658:
4653:
4505:
4417:
4407:
3375:
2871:
2763:
2520:
2016:
1504:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1233:
1206:
840:
392:
4548:
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3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3614:
3585:
5224:
5063:
5017:
4960:
4883:
4868:
4810:
4751:
4708:
4693:
4673:
4613:
4608:
4528:
4437:
3504:
3305:
3211:), which he describes as mainly Hindus, though also respecting
3196:
3122:
3110:
3094:
2950:
2930:
2914:
2883:
2592:
2554:
The earliest detailed description of Zabulistan comes from the
2460:
2459:, in which the word "Zabulistan" is used interchangeably with "
2446:
2419:
2398:
1402:
1305:
880:
835:
59:
4603:
4598:
4165:, Great Britain: The E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust – via
3698:
The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture
3074:
since ancient times, were known as "The Frontier of Al Hind".
3006:
2913:
of the dynasty which became known as the Buddhist-Shahi. With
5073:
5068:
5053:
4873:
4825:
4683:
4643:
4573:
4553:
4538:
3932:
3755:
3721:
3370:
3229:
3131:
3126:
3067:
3046:
2958:
2946:
2926:
2922:
2855:
2851:
2811:
2663:
2655:
2639:
2442:
1210:
148:
3965:, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–135,
2523:. This notion however currently stands on loose ground, and
4799:
4442:
4427:
3058:, also known as Hund, for its new capital. The kingdoms of
3041:
The Kabul Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the
2826:
2762:, with the rest remaining under nominal Sasanid rule until
2755:
1223:
3790:
3788:
3672:, p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3097:. The king was killed and his subjects were made Muslims."
4010:
3773:
3579:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3827:
3805:
3803:
3785:
3650:
3561:
3452:
3263:, The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 644 CE
3077:
2790:, identified through their unique coin designs and the
2562:
in the early seventh century. He places the country of
4244:
Reorienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
3537:
3485:
3473:
3425:
3203:
also made an account of Zabul (which he called by its
2709:
The region was finally conquered and Islamized by the
3597:
3325:"Fardaghan, the governor of Zabulistan region around
3240:. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring
2684:
in the 4th century. Initially being conquered by the
2574:), bordering the country of Vrjisthāna in the north,
4132:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
3978:
3908:
3884:
3861:
3800:
3767:
3633:
The Gupta Empire and India (320 AD – 750AD) n.d
3620:
3591:
3510:
2850:(r. 531-579) briefly reestablished their control of
4179:, Great Britain: The E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust,
3839:
3700:, 1976, p. 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.
3638:
3549:
2865:
2587:"The country of Jāguda is more than seven thousand
3308:: زون). These sources mention two temples, one at
2642:in the early sixteenth century in his memoirs the
2385:roughly corresponding to the modern provinces of
5315:
4048:
3738:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
2941:"One of the most important aspects of the early
2591:in circuit, and its capital city, named Hexina (
3718:Medieval India Part 1 by Satish Chandra Page 17
3342:
3943:, Packard Humanities Institute, archived from
2700:to the 10th century. According to Andre Wink:
2515:, and now used to refer to a local dynasty of
4358:
4207:
4099:Leyden, John; Erskine, William, eds. (1921).
4098:
3820:
3818:
3779:
3516:
3446:
2782:Following the collapse of Sasanid control in
2730:dominance. By 384/5 CE, they controlled
2362:
2319:
1023:
4230:The Geographical Part Of The Nuzhat-al-qulub
3174:
2566:(Jāguḍa) between the Great Snowy Mountains (
4030:The Gupta Empire and India (320 AD – 750AD)
2858:, while the Nezak ā-coinage is retained in
2692:in the 5th century. The region fell to the
4365:
4351:
3815:
3066:in modern-day Afghanistan, Zabulistan and
3009:. Please do not remove this message until
2326:
2312:
1030:
1016:
4372:
4260:
4240:
4176:Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (The Regions of the World)
4162:Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (The Regions of the World)
4059:, Cambridge University Press, p. 3,
3608:
3467:
3029:Learn how and when to remove this message
2556:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
16:Historical region in southern Afghanistan
4226:
4172:
4158:
4147:
3958:
3833:
3656:
3555:
3543:
3498:
3479:
3434:
3217:
3005:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4212:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Reichert Verlag.
4210:A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto
2381:), was a historical region in southern
5316:
4194:
3997:
3809:
3794:
2626:'s Kitab al-Masalik (930-933 CE), the
4346:
4117:from the original on 13 November 2007
2746:kings known by name, bore the legend
2675:
4300:
4280:
4076:
3845:
3694:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3670:Hund: The Forgotten City of Gandhara
3644:
3567:
3409:
3078:Saffarid invasion and the Ghaznavids
2979:
2646:, which he roughly equates with the
2570:) and the Black Range (probably the
4199:. Vaishali Bhavan. pp. 42–43.
3934:"Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen"
2500:
2492:
2375:
2363:
2346:
40:Map of Zabulistan, 7th-10th-century
13:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4129:
3531:
2953:had at times penetrated as far as
2817:Sometime after 532 CE, after
14:
5360:
5334:Historical regions of Afghanistan
4324:
4049:Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.;
3756:Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen
2890:. From there they marched toward
2842:. At around the same period, the
2558:, written by the travelling monk
5298:
5297:
5127:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
3998:Elliot, Sir Henry Miers (1953).
3682:The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab
2984:
2866:The Rutbils and the Kabul Shahis
2467:) and southwestern Afghanistan (
2295:
1066:
997:
987:
986:
91:
34:
4101:"Events Of The Year 910 (1525)"
3854:
3712:
3703:
3687:
3675:
3662:
3403:
3347:Sakawand was a major centre of
3084:Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
2542:in the Chinese transliteration
2465:Sistan and Baluchestan Province
4247:, Edinburgh University Press,
4056:The Cambridge history of Islam
4002:. Trübner and Co. p. 20.
3739:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
2716:
1:
5136:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
4227:Mustawfi, Hamd-allah (1919),
4208:Morgenstierne, Georg (2003).
4148:Majumdar, R. C., ed. (1964),
4013:ḠAZNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica
3962:The Cambridge History of Iran
3580:ḠAZNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica
2777:
2726:, declared independence from
1443:
1407:
1287:
1274:
1251:
1238:
1215:
1198:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1096:
5139:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
4241:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017),
4111:Packard Humanities Institute
3419:
3343:Sakawand a pilgrimage centre
3244:, including in the northern
2937:According to C. E. Bosword:
2549:
2507:might be an abbreviation of
7:
3359:
3169:
3011:conditions to do so are met
2821:devastating defeat against
963:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
773:Transitional Administration
343:Principality of Chaghaniyan
10:
5365:
5133:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
5130:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
3668:Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979).
3271:
3081:
2875:
2869:
2670:
2658:and Adinapur (near modern
819:Related historical regions
5293:
5217:
5149:
5120:
5041:
4977:
4950:
4907:
4824:
4798:
4722:
4514:
4456:
4393:
4386:
4287:(Third ed.), Brill,
4261:Vondrovec, Klaus (2014),
4195:Mishra, Yogendra (1972).
3447:Leyden & Erskine 1921
3181:Hindu and Buddhist period
3175:Hindu and Buddhist period
2531:
119:Indus Valley civilisation
55:
45:
33:
26:
4336:17 February 2021 at the
4154:, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
3768:pro.geo.univie.ac.at (3)
3621:pro.geo.univie.ac.at (2)
3592:pro.geo.univie.ac.at (1)
3511:Definition of jāguḍa n.d
3396:
2482:
638:Principality of Qandahar
5329:Hinduism in Afghanistan
5324:Buddhism in Afghanistan
3267:
3117:and in that of his son
3101:The Hindu Shahis under
1118:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
5263:Rostam's Seven Labours
5142:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
4971:
4964:
4957:
4033:, n.d., archived from
3984:sanskritdictionary.com
3980:"Definition of jāguḍa"
3357:
3340:
3335:
3322:
3298:
3289:
3265:
3256:
3249:
3121:, which initiated the
3099:
2978:
2935:
2901:According André Wink:
2707:
2668:
2620:
2422:, stretching from the
1657:Masmughans of Damavand
1131:Zayandeh River Culture
1004:Afghanistan portal
941:List of heads of state
199:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
5258:Rostam and Esfandiyar
4970:
4963:
4956:
4281:Wink, André (1996) ,
4173:Minorsky, V. (2015),
4159:Minorsky, V. (1937),
3353:
3336:
3323:
3318:
3290:
3284:
3272:Further information:
3257:
3251:
3221:
3113:both in the reign of
3087:
3082:Further information:
3054:and Kabul, and later
2939:
2903:
2810:, they did not use a
2702:
2652:
2585:
2441:and the Iranian city
1535:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1489:3rd-century BC–132 BC
1455:Kingdom of Cappadocia
1411: 6th century BC
1393:Neo-Babylonian Empire
249:Indo-Parthian kingdom
229:Indo-Scythian kingdom
4714:Eskandar (Alexander)
4301:Wink, André (2002),
4000:The History of India
3914:pro.geo.univie.ac.at
3890:pro.geo.univie.ac.at
3867:pro.geo.univie.ac.at
21:Place in Afghanistan
5349:Places in Shahnameh
4130:Li, Rongxi (1995),
4037:on 21 November 2008
3570:, pp. 112–114.
2998:of this section is
2713:after 961 CE.
2426:all the way to the
2191:Contemporary period
2095:Early modern period
1997:Jalayirid Sultanate
1867:Khwarazmian dynasty
1296:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1174:Kura–Araxes culture
1092:Baradostian culture
708:Democratic Republic
5274:Khosrow and Shirin
5112:Other locations...
4972:
4965:
4958:
3947:on 29 October 2013
3920:on 1 November 2019
3780:Morgenstierne 2003
3250:
3160:Battle of Peshawar
2788:Nezak Shah dynasty
2748:Shāh Zāwbul Ālkhān
2676:Pre-Islamic period
2664:Zahir ud-Din Babur
2640:Zahir ud-Din Babur
2595:), is over thirty
2572:Sulaiman mountains
2530:Jāguḍa (Sanskrit:
2433:Today, the modern
2210:Interim Government
2200:Iranian Revolution
1987:Muzaffarid dynasty
1691:864 – 14th century
1681:791 – 11th century
1607:Rashidun Caliphate
1429:Kingdom of Armenia
1078:Prehistoric period
911:Political violence
718:Tanai coup attempt
353:Rashidun Caliphate
298:Hephthalite Empire
219:Indo-Greek kingdom
5344:Persian mythology
5311:
5310:
5285:Persian mythology
5280:Bijan and Manijeh
5253:Rostam and Sohrab
4948:
4947:
4724:Female characters
4704:Rostam Farrokhzād
4649:Zangay-i Shavaran
4254:978-1-4744-0030-5
4186:978-0-906094-03-7
4091:978-0-8021-3797-5
4066:978-0-521-29137-8
4016:, 3 February 2012
3972:978-0-521-20093-6
3797:, pp. 42–43.
3280:Śunāsīra mountain
3246:Samangan Province
3213:Mahayana Buddhism
3039:
3038:
3031:
2766:'s defeat by the
2611:Ferula asafoetida
2336:
2335:
2228:
2227:
2181:
2180:
2144:
2143:
2085:
2084:
2027:Afrasiyab dynasty
1927:Khorshidi dynasty
1917:Pishkinid dynasty
1807:Ghaznavid dynasty
1627:Abbasid Caliphate
1617:Umayyad Caliphate
1583:
1582:
1579:550s–11th century
1475:Kingdom of Pontus
1419:Achaemenid Empire
1383:Anshanite Kingdom
1344:
1343:
1247:Oxus Civilization
1155:
1154:
1040:
1039:
931:Afghan (ethnonym)
906:Political history
810:
809:
658:Saqqawist Emirate
608:Sadozai Sultanate
561:
560:
347:7th–8th centuries
316:
315:
169:Macedonian Empire
159:Achaemenid Empire
129:Oxus civilization
65:
64:
5356:
5301:
5300:
4922:House of Goudarz
4391:
4390:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4317:
4297:
4277:
4257:
4237:
4235:Internet Archive
4223:
4204:
4189:
4169:
4167:Internet Archive
4155:
4144:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4106:Memoirs of Babur
4095:
4082:India: A History
4073:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4007:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3975:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3916:. Archived from
3905:
3903:
3901:
3892:. Archived from
3881:
3880:
3878:
3873:on 2 August 2017
3869:, archived from
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3413:
3407:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3014:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2533:
2502:
2494:
2393:. Following the
2377:
2366:
2365:
2348:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2269:Military history
2259:Economic history
2237:Related articles
2220:Islamic Republic
2196:
2195:
2159:
2158:
2100:
2099:
2057:Kar-Kiya dynasty
1977:Chobanid dynasty
1967:Ilkhanate Empire
1747:Sallarid dynasty
1717:Saffarid dynasty
1603:
1602:
1448:
1445:
1413:–11th century AD
1412:
1409:
1373:Scythian Kingdom
1359:
1358:
1289:
1276:
1253:
1240:
1217:
1200:
1170:
1169:
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1137:
1124:
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1060:
1042:
1041:
1032:
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1018:
1002:
1001:
1000:
990:
989:
973:Muslim conquests
958:Hinduism history
921:Economic history
805:
783:Islamic Republic
574:
573:
503:Chagatai Khanate
329:
328:
269:Kidarite kingdom
139:Gandhara kingdom
115:
114:
95:
85:
67:
66:
38:
24:
23:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5289:
5248:Zal and Rudabeh
5238:Derafsh Kaviani
5213:
5185:of Shah Tahmasp
5145:
5116:
5037:
4979:
4973:
4944:
4932:House of Nowzar
4909:
4903:
4820:
4794:
4718:
4516:Male characters
4510:
4452:
4382:
4371:
4338:Wayback Machine
4327:
4322:
4315:
4295:
4275:
4274:978-370017695-4
4255:
4220:
4219:978-389500364-6
4187:
4142:
4120:
4118:
4092:
4084:. Grove Press.
4067:
4053:, eds. (1977),
4040:
4038:
4019:
4017:
3989:
3987:
3973:
3950:
3948:
3923:
3921:
3899:
3897:
3896:on 14 June 2018
3876:
3874:
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3426:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3362:
3345:
3276:
3270:
3242:Ghazni Province
3191:. Chinese monk
3177:
3172:
3152:attacked Ghazni
3086:
3080:
3045:Shahis and the
3035:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2888:Nimruz Province
2886:in what is now
2880:
2874:
2868:
2780:
2742:, the first of
2719:
2678:
2673:
2636:Nuzhat al-Qulub
2630:(982 CE),
2552:
2519:now called the
2485:
2415:Tarikh-i Sistan
2332:
2302:Iran portal
2296:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2274:Women's history
2238:
2230:
2229:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2097:
2087:
2086:
1937:Qutlugh-Khanids
1887:Atabegs of Yazd
1787:Rawadid dynasty
1757:Ziyarid dynasty
1697:Tahirid dynasty
1595:
1593:Medieval period
1585:
1584:
1569:6th century–785
1555:Sasanian Empire
1525:Kings of Persis
1495:Parthian Empire
1465:Seleucid Empire
1446:
1410:
1356:
1354:Imperial period
1346:
1345:
1260:Akkadian Empire
1207:Lullubi Kingdom
1167:
1157:
1156:
1105:Zarzian culture
1080:
1058:
1051:
1036:
998:
996:
979:
978:
977:
900:
892:
891:
890:
820:
812:
811:
803:
798:Islamic Emirate
738:Islamic Emirate
698:Saur Revolution
571:
563:
562:
493:Mongol Invasion
467:before 879–1215
326:
318:
317:
259:Sasanian Empire
243:135 BC – 248 AD
209:Parthian Empire
179:Seleucid Empire
112:
83:
76:
41:
29:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5362:
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5099:Mount Damavand
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5033:White Elephant
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4927:House of Viseh
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4325:External links
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4140:
4127:
4096:
4090:
4074:
4065:
4051:Lewis, Bernard
4046:
4025:
4008:
3995:
3976:
3971:
3956:
3930:
3906:
3882:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3848:, p. 124.
3838:
3836:, p. 113.
3826:
3814:
3799:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3743:
3720:
3711:
3702:
3686:
3674:
3661:
3659:, p. 111.
3649:
3647:, p. 112.
3637:
3625:
3613:
3609:Vondrovec 2014
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3546:, p. 165.
3536:
3515:
3503:
3501:, p. 346.
3484:
3482:, p. 110.
3472:
3470:, p. 115.
3468:Rezakhani 2017
3451:
3439:
3437:, p. 112.
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Zabul Province
3361:
3358:
3344:
3341:
3269:
3266:
3238:Logar Province
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3125:Ghaznavid and
3079:
3076:
3037:
3036:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2976:civilization."
2876:Main article:
2870:Main article:
2867:
2864:
2779:
2776:
2718:
2715:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2628:Hudud al 'Alam
2568:the Hindu Kush
2551:
2548:
2484:
2481:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Heads of state
2251:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:Timurid Empire
2043:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:Nasrid dynasty
1833:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:pre-879 – 1215
1729:
1727:Ghurid dynasty
1723:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:Samanid Empire
1703:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:Alid dynasties
1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:Avestan period
1279:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1194:Jiroft culture
1190:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1168:
1165:Ancient period
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:5th millennium
1146:
1140:
1139:
1138:6th millennium
1133:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
994:
981:
980:
976:
975:
970:
968:Jewish history
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
901:
899:Related topics
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
808:
807:
801:
794:
793:
790:
779:
778:
775:
765:
764:
761:
754:
753:
750:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
704:
703:
700:
694:
693:
690:
684:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
628:Durrani Empire
624:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
590:
584:
583:
580:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
373:Tibetan Empire
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
335:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
284:
283:
281:
275:
274:
271:
265:
264:
261:
255:
254:
253:20 BC – 50? AD
251:
245:
244:
241:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
191:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
161:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
121:
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
97:
96:
88:
87:
78:
77:
70:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
27:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5361:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5304:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:Davazdah Rokh
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:Great Mongol
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:Koulad-Ghandi
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:Kharvazan Div
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4816:Mehrab Kaboli
4814:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4314:0-391-04173-8
4310:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:1-886439-02-8
4137:
4133:
4128:
4116:
4113:. p. 8.
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3834:Majumdar 1964
3830:
3821:
3819:
3812:, p. 20.
3811:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3657:Bosworth 1975
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3556:Mustawfi 1919
3552:
3545:
3544:Minorsky 1937
3540:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3499:Minorsky 2015
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:Minorsky 2015
3476:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3435:Minorsky 2015
3431:
3429:
3424:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Abu Ali Lawik
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3331:Amr ibn Layth
3328:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3264:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:north of the
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3072:ancient India
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:Udabhandapura
3053:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3030:
3022:
3012:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2618:, 644 CE
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:Modern period
2150:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:Afsharid Iran
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:Hotak dynasty
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:Seljuk Empire
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:Buyid dynasty
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:Sajid dynasty
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:132 BC–224 AD
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:141 BC–222 AD
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:147 BC–224 AD
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:247 BC–224 AD
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:320s BC–17 AD
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447: 323 BC
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:331 BC–428 AD
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:550 BC–330 BC
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:626 BC–539 BC
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:635 BC–550 BC
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:Median Empire
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:Proto-Elamite
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1145:
1144:Dalma culture
1142:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:20,000–10,000
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:36,000–18,000
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
995:
993:
985:
984:
983:
982:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:List of years
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
896:
895:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
876:Paropamisadae
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
816:
815:
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:Islamic State
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
731:
729:
728:Islamic State
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
618:Afsharid Iran
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
598:Hotak dynasty
596:
595:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
576:
575:
567:
566:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
322:
321:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
260:
257:
256:
252:
250:
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:Kushan Empire
237:
236:
232:
230:
227:
226:
222:
220:
217:
216:
213:247 BC–224 AD
212:
210:
207:
206:
202:
200:
197:
196:
192:
190:
189:Maurya Empire
187:
186:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
170:
167:
166:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
150:
149:Median Empire
147:
146:
142:
140:
137:
136:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
105:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
74:
69:
68:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
25:
19:
5272:
5243:Babr-e Bayan
5231:
5230:Abu-Mansuri
5207:
5199:
5190:
5182:
5175:
5170:(or Demotte)
5166:
5158:
5058:
4941:House of Sām
4767:Banu Goshasp
4373:
4303:
4283:
4263:
4243:
4233:– via
4229:
4209:
4200:
4196:
4175:
4161:
4150:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4104:
4081:
4070:
4055:
4039:, retrieved
4035:the original
4029:
4018:, retrieved
4012:
4003:
3999:
3988:, retrieved
3983:
3961:
3949:, retrieved
3945:the original
3937:
3922:. Retrieved
3918:the original
3913:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:the original
3889:
3875:, retrieved
3871:the original
3866:
3855:Bibliography
3841:
3829:
3775:
3763:
3741:, p. 3.
3714:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3506:
3475:
3449:, p. 8.
3442:
3405:
3354:
3346:
3337:
3324:
3319:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3208:
3178:
3158:. After the
3140:
3132:Kabul Valley
3100:
3088:
3040:
3025:
3016:
2994:
2940:
2936:
2921:and much of
2904:
2900:
2881:
2816:
2804:Hephthalites
2781:
2768:Hephthalites
2747:
2720:
2708:
2703:
2698:Hindu Shahis
2682:Iranian Huns
2679:
2653:
2621:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2583:to its west.
2563:
2553:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2487:Zābulistān (
2486:
2454:
2437:province of
2432:
2413:
2403:
2378:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2264:LGBT history
2224:1979–present
2173:Pahlavi Iran
2136:Zand dynasty
2104:Safavid Iran
2067:Qara Qoyunlu
1957:Kurt dynasty
1797:Hasanwayhids
1597:
1575:Qarinvandids
1479:281 BC–62 BC
1469:312 BC–63 BC
1082:
951:List of wars
885:
800:(reinstated)
760:(reinstated)
133:2100–1800 BC
123:2200–1800 BC
18:
5339:Kabul Shahi
5174:Baysonghor
5150:Manuscripts
5000:Div-e Sepid
4995:Arzhang Div
4980:and animals
4481:Kay Lohrasp
4476:Kay Khosrow
4294:039104173-8
4020:18 December
3951:30 December
3877:19 December
3810:Elliot 1953
3795:Mishra 1972
3351:pilgrimage.
3312:and one at
3185:Tokharistan
3150:, Jayapala
3144:Qarakhanids
3136:Indus River
2963:Kabul-Shahs
2919:Baluchistan
2911:Kabul-Shahs
2878:Kabul Shahi
2840:Toramana II
2823:Yasodharman
2784:Tokharistan
2717:The Alkhans
2694:Turk Shahis
2688:, then the
2666:, 1504-6 CE
2534:), meaning
2428:Indus River
2424:Hamun Oasis
2383:Afghanistan
1947:Mihrabanids
1907:Hazaraspids
1667:Baduspanids
1545:Paratarajas
1539:19 AD–224/5
1057:History of
871:Kushanshahr
748:US invasion
483:Khwarezmids
333:Kabul Shahi
288:Alchon Huns
143:1500–535 BC
84:Afghanistan
82:History of
50:Afghanistan
5318:Categories
5193:of Rashida
5121:Structures
5094:Alborzkouh
5089:Mazandaran
5059:Zabulistan
4978:Creatures
4917:Kashvadian
4772:Gordafarid
4619:Esfandiyār
4491:Kay Bahman
4395:Pishdadian
4387:Characters
4078:Keay, John
4041:4 February
3391:Zamindawar
3310:Zamindawar
3164:Anandapala
3148:Hindu Kush
3115:Sebuktigin
3107:Ghaznavids
2996:neutrality
2819:Mihrakulas
2795:Nezak Shah
2778:The Nezaks
2772:Nezak Shah
2740:Khingila I
2711:Ghaznavids
2564:Tsau-kü-ta
2544:Tsau-kü-ta
2517:Zamindawar
2361:or simply
2359:Zāwulistān
2355:Zābolistān
2351:Zābulistān
2339:Zabulistan
2163:Qajar Iran
2077:Aq Qoyunlu
2061:1370s–1592
1897:Salghurids
1877:Eldiguzids
1847:Shabankara
1821:990/1–1117
1565:Zarmihrids
1485:Fratarakas
1439:Atropatene
1377:652–625 BC
1367:678–550 BC
886:Zabulistan
861:Kafiristan
856:Kabulistan
678:Daoud coup
513:Qarlughids
453:Ghaznavids
363:Tang China
308:Nezak Huns
233:155–80? BC
203:256–125 BC
193:305–180 BC
183:312–150 BC
173:330–312 BC
163:550–330 BC
153:728–550 BC
28:Zabulistan
5232:Shahnameh
5208:Shahnameh
5200:Shahnameh
5191:Shahnameh
5183:Shahnameh
5176:Shahnameh
5167:Shahnameh
5159:Shahnameh
5157:Florence
5108:Kasa-Roud
5079:Ctesiphon
5008:Huma bird
4987:Akvan Div
4908:Clans and
4899:Biderafsh
4544:Kayanoush
4501:Kay Darab
4471:Kay Kāvus
4466:Kay Kawād
4433:Manuchehr
4375:Shahnameh
4307:, BRILL,
4121:22 August
3846:Wink 2002
3645:Wink 2002
3568:Wink 1996
3420:Citations
3410:Keay 2000
3314:Sakkawand
3234:Mes Aynak
3224:excavated
3007:talk page
2844:Sasanians
2724:Kidarites
2660:Jalalabad
2644:Baburnama
2581:Rukhkhudh
2550:Geography
2456:Shahnameh
2412:. In the
2395:Ghaznavid
2177:1925–1979
2167:1789–1925
2140:1751–1794
2130:1736–1796
2120:1722–1729
2108:1501–1736
2081:1468–1508
2071:1406–1468
2051:1370–1507
2041:1359–1596
2037:Mar'ashis
2031:1349–1504
2021:1335–1357
2011:1337–1376
2007:Sarbadars
2001:1337–1376
1991:1335–1393
1981:1335–1357
1971:1256–1335
1961:1244–1396
1951:1236–1537
1941:1223-1306
1931:1184-1597
1921:1155–1231
1911:1155–1424
1901:1148–1282
1891:1141–1319
1881:1135–1225
1871:1077–1231
1861:1037–1194
1851:1030–1355
1841:1029–1236
1831:1008–1141
1677:Justanids
1647:Bavandids
1515:Characene
1277:1500–1155
1264:2400–2150
1254:2400–1700
1241:2550-2020
1201:3100–2200
1188:3200–2700
1178:3400–2000
1125:6000–5000
826:Arachosia
792:2004–2021
777:2001–2004
742:1996–2001
732:1992–1996
712:1978–1992
692:1973–1978
672:1926–1973
652:1823–1926
642:1818–1855
632:1747–1823
622:1738–1747
612:1716–1732
602:1709–1738
592:1510–1709
582:1501–1738
557:1520–1591
547:1370–1507
537:1245–1381
527:1256–1335
523:Ilkhanate
517:1224–1266
507:1226–1245
497:1219–1226
487:1215–1231
477:1037–1194
433:Saffarids
223:180–90 BC
5303:Category
5198:Windsor
5104:Tammisha
5028:Shabrang
4910:families
4894:Nastihan
4854:Afrasiab
4849:Garsivaz
4844:Aghrirat
4826:Turanian
4785:Katāyoun
4781:Manizheh
4777:Farangis
4747:Sindukht
4742:Shahrnāz
4639:Siyâvash
4634:Fariborz
4629:Faramarz
4624:Pashotan
4589:Gershasp
4584:Gostaham
4534:Shahrasp
4486:Goshtasb
4458:Kayanian
4448:Garshasp
4423:Fereydun
4413:Tahmuras
4403:Keyumars
4380:Ferdowsi
4334:Archived
4115:Archived
4080:(2000).
3939:Ferishta
3386:Sajawand
3360:See also
3296:, 644 CE
3294:Xuanzang
3274:Sajawand
3261:Xuanzang
3227:Buddhist
3205:Sanskrit
3201:Xuanzang
3193:Xuanzang
3170:Religion
3156:Peshawar
3103:Jayapala
3064:Gandhara
3043:Buddhist
3019:May 2019
3000:disputed
2974:Gandhara
2971:Buddhist
2943:Saffarid
2896:Kandahar
2848:Khusro I
2833:and the
2831:Gandhara
2752:Bactrian
2736:Gandhara
2705:Zunbil'.
2624:Istakhri
2616:Xuanzang
2560:Xuanzang
2540:Xuanzang
2525:Minorsky
2501:جابلستان
2497:Marquart
2493:زابلستان
2477:Kandahar
2451:Ferdowsi
2406:Khorasan
2347:زابلستان
2291:Timeline
2249:Monarchs
1827:Kakuyids
1817:Annazids
1811:977–1186
1801:959–1095
1791:955–1070
1781:934–1062
1767:Ilyasids
1761:930–1090
1751:919–1062
1721:861–1003
1671:665–1598
1651:651–1349
1637:Dabuyids
1631:750–1258
1290:1500–500
1270:Kassites
1228:2700–539
1218:3100-675
1084:BCE / BC
1048:a series
1046:Part of
992:Category
866:Khorasan
846:Gandhara
787:politics
688:Republic
588:Safavids
543:Timurids
457:963–1187
443:Samanids
423:Tahirids
413:Abbasids
383:Umayyads
325:Medieval
101:Timeline
73:a series
71:Part of
5218:Related
5206:Davari
5084:Estakhr
5023:Shabdiz
5013:Simurgh
4839:Pashang
4834:Zadashm
4762:Tahmina
4757:Sudabeh
4737:Arnavāz
4732:Faranak
4699:Shaghad
4659:Goudarz
4654:Kashvad
4594:Nariman
4506:Dara II
4418:Jamshid
4408:Hushang
3924:22 June
3900:22 June
3532:Li 1995
3376:Zunbils
3179:During
3095:Siestan
2965:of the
2955:Ghazana
2907:Kapisha
2872:Zunbils
2792:Pahlavi
2764:Peroz I
2728:Sasanid
2671:History
2648:Timurid
2632:Qazvīnī
2536:saffron
2521:Zunbils
2489:Persian
2473:Helmand
2343:Persian
2017:Injuids
1771:932–968
1741:889–929
1711:819–999
1701:821–873
1661:651–760
1641:642–760
1621:661–750
1611:632-661
1599:CE / AD
1559:224–651
1549:125–300
1505:Elymais
1449:–226 AD
1340:720-670
1336:Saparda
1330:750-521
1326:Zikirti
1320:850–616
1316:Mannaea
1310:860–590
1300:911–609
1234:Marhaši
916:Culture
841:Bactria
769:Interim
668:Kingdom
648:Emirate
578:Mughals
553:Arghuns
533:Kartids
473:Seljuks
463:Ghurids
447:875–999
437:863–900
427:821–873
417:750–821
407:750-977
397:680–870
393:Zunbils
387:661–750
377:660–842
367:660–669
357:652–661
337:565–879
312:484–711
302:410–557
292:380–560
273:320–465
263:230–651
110:Ancient
56:Capital
46:Country
5225:Daqiqi
5064:Sistan
5042:Places
5018:Rakhsh
4889:Barman
4884:Houman
4869:Arjasp
4864:Shideh
4859:Tageuo
4811:Zahhak
4807:Mardas
4800:Tazian
4790:Azadeh
4752:Rudaba
4709:Barbad
4694:Zavara
4689:Gorgin
4679:Bahram
4674:Rohham
4669:Bizhan
4614:Sohrab
4609:Rostam
4529:Siamak
4524:Jamasp
4438:Nowzar
4311:
4291:
4271:
4251:
4216:
4183:
4138:
4088:
4063:
3990:24 May
3986:, n.d.
3969:
3329:under
3327:Ghazni
3306:Arabic
3222:Newly
3209:Jaguda
3197:Ashoka
3123:Muslim
3119:Mahmud
3111:Ghazni
3060:Kapisa
3052:Kapisa
2951:Sistan
2931:Persia
2915:Makran
2884:Zaranj
2860:Kāpiśī
2846:under
2835:Kāpiśī
2808:Alkhan
2800:Kāpiśī
2760:Kāpiśī
2744:Alkhan
2732:Kāpiśī
2690:Nezaks
2686:Alkhan
2608:herb (
2593:Ghazni
2576:Kāpiśī
2513:rutbīl
2509:zūnbīl
2469:Nimruz
2461:Sistan
2447:Rostam
2435:Afghan
2420:Sistan
2399:Ghazni
2391:Ghazni
2372:Pashto
1403:Sogdia
1306:Urartu
1050:on the
881:Sistan
836:Ariana
570:Modern
75:on the
60:Ghazni
5074:Balkh
5069:Kabul
5054:Turan
4879:Piran
4874:Viseh
4684:Hojir
4644:Farud
4574:Qaren
4569:Qobád
4554:Arash
4539:Abtin
3397:Notes
3371:Zabol
3349:Hindu
3230:stupa
3207:name
3189:India
3127:Hindu
3091:Yakub
3068:Sindh
3047:Hindu
2967:Shahi
2959:Kabul
2947:India
2927:India
2923:Sindh
2856:tamga
2852:Balkh
2827:Mawla
2812:tamga
2756:Mawla
2656:Kabul
2606:hingu
2532:जागुड
2505:zābul
2483:Names
2443:Zabol
2439:Zabul
2410:India
2387:Zabul
2379:Zābəl
2368:Zābul
1211:Zamua
804:since
403:Lawik
5049:Iran
4579:Tous
4559:Salm
4549:Kāve
4443:Zaav
4428:Iraj
4309:ISBN
4289:ISBN
4269:ISBN
4249:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4136:ISBN
4123:2010
4086:ISBN
4061:ISBN
4043:2009
4022:2018
3992:2018
3967:ISBN
3953:2012
3926:2018
3902:2018
3879:2018
3268:Zhun
3187:and
3134:and
2993:The
2957:and
2929:and
2917:and
2892:Bost
2806:and
2734:and
2475:and
2408:and
2389:and
2376:زابل
2364:زابل
2279:Wars
2244:Name
2214:1979
2204:1979
1224:Elam
1059:Iran
946:Wars
926:Name
851:Iran
831:Aria
806:2021
763:2001
752:2001
722:1990
702:1978
682:1973
662:1929
4664:Giv
4604:Zāl
4599:Sām
4564:Tur
4378:of
3302:Zūn
3236:in
3232:at
2825:at
2634:'s
2479:).
2453:'s
2449:of
279:Rob
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4103:.
4069:,
3982:,
3936:,
3912:.
3888:.
3865:,
3817:^
3802:^
3787:^
3746:^
3723:^
3599:^
3518:^
3487:^
3454:^
3427:^
3292:-
3259:-
3138:.
2894:,
2774:.
2601:li
2597:li
2589:li
2546:.
2491::
2471:,
2430:.
2401:.
2374::
2370:,
2357:,
2353:,
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2345::
1444:c.
1408:c.
1288:c.
1275:c.
1252:c.
1239:c.
1216:c.
1199:c.
1149:c.
1136:c.
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1110:c.
1097:c.
4366:e
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