Zand dynasty - Knowledge

73: 1956: 1947: 2492: 285: 2147:: "The eighteenth century, which in Europe (and partly also in India, for example) was a ferment of renewal, is the darkest and most sterile period in Persian literature and culture." Scholars of Persian literature have also made a similar conclusion. John Perry commented on these statements: "While regrettably true of literature, this view is somewhat too sweeping to be fair to the fine and applied arts." Like Nader Shah, Karim Khan was uninterested in poetry panegyric and had no more than a passing tolerance for history. He supported the court artisans and artists, albeit in an indifferent manner. 260: 327: 90: 2531:, produced their own coins, first in the name of Nader Shah and then in the name of Karim Khan. A large portion of their coinage was completely nameless by the end of the 18th-century. While a few uncommon issues of Derbent contain a vague reference to one of their khans, none of the khans ever put their names on their coins, due to lacking the legitimacy of an sovereign monarch and any claims to independence. These northern Iranian coins were made entirely of silver and copper. 2269:) formed the "close council of state" as they did in the late Safavid era. Under Karim Khan, no government official attained significant importance. Instead, he gave his kinsmen and trusted tribal leaders the responsibility for military campaigns and governance. Local administrators, who were all directly accountable to him, were given charge of the provinces. When a Zand prince was given a title, it was more like a honorific rather than an official position in the government. 59: 2183:. The city's poets, including Azar Bigdeli, were actively supported by the governor Mirza Abd ol-Vahhab Musavi. However, after the latters death in 1759/60, the governorship of Isfahan was given to the tyrannical figure Hajji Agha Mohammad Ranani. In 1763/64, disgruntled poets and other prominent individuals sent a delegation to Karim Khan in which they attempted to have Hajji Agha replaced. After their efforts were unsuccessful, some of them relocated to Shiraz. 6644: 6654: 1556: 1848: 2540: 1797: 2214: 1844:, went back to their original land. After Adil Shah was made king Karim Khan and his soldiers defected from the army and along with Ali Morad Khan Bakhtiari and Abolfath Khan Haft Lang, two other local chiefs, became a major contender but was challenged by several adversaries. Abolfath Khan was the Vizier, Karim Khan became the army chief commander and Ali Morad Khan became the regent. 1879:, on the throne in 1757. Ismail was a figurehead king and real power was vested in Karim Khan. Karim Khan chose to be the military commander and Alimardan Khan was the civil administrator. Soon enough Karim Khan managed to eliminate his partner as well as the puppet king and in 1760, founded his own dynasty. He refused to accept the title of the king and instead named himself 2046: 2439:, were already making their way there every day. According to John R. Perry; "There are no contemporary estimates of the population of Shiraz under the Vakil, but it seems reasonable to assume that between 1759 and 1779 it grew at a much faster rate than Isfahan, reaching roughly the same population as the latter, though within a much more compact urban area." 2303:, erecting mosques and shrines, and probably participating in Friday prayers—though this is not mentioned—Karim Khan supported the Shia beliefs in a traditional manner. Abu'l-Hasan Qazvini, who was one the more religious historians, claims that Karim Khan never prayed throughout his entire life. The government-appointed 2430:

While European and Iranian emigrants eagerly scanned the horizon for signs that "Persia would soon be reunited under one chief, which would undoubtedly lead to the reestablishment of trade, so long interrupted," rumors of Karim Khan's victories and of his fair rule started to spread in the mid-1750s,

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Karim Khan attempted to recreate the territorial Iran of the Safavid era, just like Nader Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan. A common reference for consecutive rulers was Nader Shah's mention of Iran's established borders during the Safavid dynasty. Karim Khan made use of the same justification for similar

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The numerous artists active during Karim Khan's time who were born in or educated in Isfahan, many of whom carry the surname "Esfahani," can be considered as representations of the lengthy political and cultural traditions of the Safavid court; they account for at least seventeen of the twenty-seven

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of 11.5 gram seemed to be the most common. Isfahan, Kashan, Yazd, Shiraz, Tabriz, Qazvin, Rasht, Mazandaran, and the court mint were the main coin mints under Karim Khan. There was no monetary unity in Iran even though Karim Khan was acknowledged as the overlord of the majority of the country after

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in the late Safavid era were retaken, and Iran was once again a coherent and prosperous country. From 1765 onwards Karim Khan promoted art and architecture at his capital Shiraz. After Iranian painting reached its height at the end of the 17th century, a special school of painting took shape during

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was almost equally important and was held by Mirza Mohammad Borujerdi and Mirza Mohammad Hossein Farahani in succession. Karim Khan treated the people holding these senior administrative and senior fiscal positions as nothing more than secretarial assistants, treating them more like friends than

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remnant of the Safavid nobility and was later almost entirely absorbed into the Qajar nobility. As with previous dynasties, the official language and court literature was in Persian, and the majority of the chancellors, ministers, and bureaucrats were well-educated and talented Persian speakers.

2195:("deputy of the state") marked a subtle change from his previous role as the regent of a prince distantly related to the Safavid dynasty and of no importance. Moreover, he appears to have tacitly changed his authority from Safavid kingship to that of representing the people by using the title of 2228:

When compared to the complex structure of hierarchy and ceremony that distinguished the Safavid court, Karim Khan's household in Shiraz was smaller, simpler, and more focused on real administrative and military requirements than on the lavish display of the Safavid shah. The Zand nobility was a

2201:("deputy of the people"). The subtle change reflected Karim Khan's standing among his subjects, particularly the urban people. He also drew on Iranian monarchy traditions that were directly related to the Fars province in order to distance himself from the distressing events of recent times. 2434:

The population of Isfahan had decreased to perhaps 20,000 by 1750 from what may have been between 250,000 to 500,000 during the Safavid era. It increased to an estimated 40,000–50,000 by 1772. Even though Shiraz appeared to be "demolished and destroyed... altogether depopulated and empty of

2020:) instead of kings. Other than the obvious propaganda value of the title, it can be a reflection of the popular demands of the time, expecting rulers with popular leanings instead of absolute monarchs who were totally detached from the population, like the earlier Safavids. 2178:

Seven calligraphers, including Mohammad Hashem Zargar, and least as many poets, including Azar Bigdeli, and the doctor Mirza Mohammad Nasir left Isfahan to settle in Shiraz. One of the factors behind Isfahan's loss as the literary center of Iran is reported by

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1763, as many regions remained independent or semi-autonomous. This was especially true for the semi-autonomous local khans that controlled the Caspian and Caucasian regions, as well as Khorasan, which was ruled by the Durranids and Afsharids.

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who anticipated living off of government pensions were let down. They were reportedly seen as parasites by Karim Khan, who claimed that by controlling pricing, they could live happily with what they had just like others. Presentations of the

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The central government was under the complete control of Karim Khan. Historical documents do contain occasional references to the established Safavid court offices and protocols under the Zands, but nothing suggests that the chief minister

2159:—had immigrated to India. Others, like Vafa of Qom, departed for India under Nader Shah's rule but later came back to Iran under Karim Khan. During the interim period, a large number of people, primarily in the central region of Isfahan, 2036:

Company in Iran and increased their influence in the country. The taxation system was reorganized in a way that taxes were levied fairly. The judicial system was fair and generally humane. Capital punishment was rarely implemented.

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who had fled Iran, returned to the country by settling in Shiraz, which welcomed their return. The Armenian population in Shiraz, whose quarter was located in the western corner by the Kazerun Gate, was primarily engaged in

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was Karim Khan's direct subordinate in the bureaucracy. The first to occupy that office under him was Mirza Aqil Esfahani, who was executed in 1763 and succeeded by Mirza Mohammad Ja'far Esfahani. The office of

1768:) was the common and official name of Iran. The idea of the Guarded Domains illustrated a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society where the Persian language, culture, monarchy, and 3533:

The founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad Karim Khan b. Ināq Khan (...) of the Bagala branch of the Zand, a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of Lors (perhaps originally Kurds; see Minorsky, p. 616) (...)

72: 4228:

Matthee, Rudi (2018). "Historiographical Reflections on the Eighteenth Century in Iranian History: Decline and Insularity, Imperial Dreams, or Regional Specificity?". In Axworthy, Michael (ed.).

2005:, a grand-nephew of Karim Khan, declared himself the new king. His reign (until 1794) was spent mostly in war with the Qajar khan. He was finally captured and brutally killed in the fortress of 2191:

The distinguishing quality of Karim Khan's leadership came from his refusal to exercise royal authority independent of nominal Safavid sovereignty. However, his decision to continue serving as

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of 1979 the names of the past rulers of Iran became a taboo, the citizens of Shiraz refused to rename the Karim Khan Zand Street and Lotf-Ali Khan Zand Street, the two main streets of Shiraz.

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in 1782. Native Jews, Armenians, and other Christians, who were frequent targets of extortion and persecution, also migrated in very large numbers. Between 1742 and 1758, refugees settled in

2557:, "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era". Karim Khan is the subject of many stories about his "kindness, generosity and justice". 2299:

approval for his unusual position as the head of an nominally neo-Safavid (but in reality kingless) monarchy. However, he refused to comply with this. By minting coins under the name of the

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of 1979 the names of the past rulers of Iran became a taboo, the citizens of Shiraz refused to rename the Karim Khan Zand and Lotf Ali Khan Zand streets, the two main streets of Shiraz.

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Karim Khan's first architectural considerations were focussed on defense and he therefore rebuilt the city walls of Shiraz in 1767. He decorated Shiraz with new buildings including the

2569:, his capital, and decorated it with new buildings including the Arg of Karim Khan, the Vakil Bazaar and the Kulah-e Farangi. He also restored the tombs of the medieval Persian poets 2431:

which convinced many refugees to come back. By 1760, every day refugees were returning to Iran. Thousands of them from all social classes arrived along the now-secure caravan routes.

2391:, expressed regret. The latter was a hostage in Karim Khan's entourage during the struggle for supremacy in western Iran, but in 1756 he managed to escape to the Shia shrine city of 2089:. Following Karim Khan's death, the Zand dynasty became embroiled in disputes over succession and other intrigues, which put a halt to further significant patronage of the arts. 5136: 2471:

and wine trade. They also had their own mayor, and the government promoted their settlement by granting them villages around the capital. Mkrtic Vardapet, the Armenian

2479:, whose population may have decreased by about 20,000 between 1747 and 1779. They paid a special tax in exchange for being given their own section of land west of the 246: 2387:

Roughly between the 1730s and the 1780s, hundreds of literate and renowned Iranians escaped to India due to the devastating circumstances. Many of them, including

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and subsequently to India, where he reunited with his family. Three of his uncles had served Nader Shah, but two of them fell out of favor and fled to India. His

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in the late 13th-century, a period in which regional actions, trade, written culture, and partly Shia Islam, contributed to the establishment of the early modern

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was the most important religious figure in Shiraz. His responsibilities seemed to be more constrained than those of his Safavid predecessors, and the title

2475:, divided his time between New Julfa and Shiraz every year for six months. Shiraz became the largest Jewish hub in Iran as a result of the return of many 8227: 6305: 5158: 6411: 3548:...the bulk of the evidence points to their being one of the northern Lur or Lak tribes, who may originally have been immigrants of Kurdish origin. 1933:, and several mosques and gardens. He is also responsible for building of a palace in the town of Tehran, the future capital of the Qajar dynasty. 5825: 5816: 5560: 5072: 2483:. Although they seemed to be struggling financially in 1765, they were not the target of any persecution until after Karim Khan's death in 1779. 1711:. Following the death of Karim Khan, Zand Iran went into decline due to internal disputes amongst members of the Zand dynasty. Its final ruler, 5057: 7041: 3739: 5348: 2028:

In foreign policy, Karim Khan attempted to revive the Safavid era trade by allowing the British to establish a trading post in the port of

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were also renovated by Karim Khan. Distinctive Zand art which was produced at the behest of the Zand rulers became the foundation of later

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Shiraz lost around half of its population following its sack by Agha Mohammad Khan, numbering 20,000. Other cities in central Iran, like

1691:, arts and architecture flourished under Karim Khan's reign, with some themes in architecture being revived from the nearby sites of the 505: 4148:(2012). "Iranian History in Transition: Recasting the Symbolic Identity of Babak Khorramdin". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.). 8217: 5494: 5010: 3628: 2082: 2446:, reportedly experienced a revival under Karim Khan's rule after suffering under the Afghans, Afsharids and the Zand-Qajar conflicts. 1584: 89: 4088:

Amanat, Abbas (2012). "Introduction: Iranian Identity Boundaries: A Historical Overview". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.).

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in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran (except for the provinces of

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Muhammad Karim Khan, of the Zand clan of the Lur tribe, succeeded in imposing his authority on parts of the defunct Safavid empire

8252: 8202: 5045: 3236: 2565:". The Zand entity of Karim Khan was at peace and the roads within the realm were reportedly free of bandits. Karim Khan rebuilt 1890:

By 1760, Karim Khan had defeated all his rivals and controlled all of Iran except Khorasan, in the northeast, which was ruled by

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Perry, John R. (2022). "Sir William Jones and the Migration of the Idea of Iran to India". In Melville, Charles Melville (ed.).

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The Zand era was a time of relative peace and economic growth for the country. Many territories that were once captured by the

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Religious officers typically selected by the crown got degrees and set payments from Karim Khan, such as the guardian of the

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had the time to emerge. Many Qajar artistic traits were copied from the Zand examples and Zand art became the foundation of

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the Zand era in the 17th and 18th centuries. Painting thrived under Karim Khan, and notable paintings from this era include

8247: 8237: 5178: 5168: 3645: 2367:(royal edicts) that ensured freedom of residence, worship, and trade to Christian missionary groups in Iran, including the 7900: 8207: 6376: 6326: 6052: 5586: 1742:, "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era". When following the 8046: 7046: 5601: 5590: 5535: 5483: 5338: 5141: 4315: 4256: 4179: 4157: 4116: 4097: 3723: 3490: 8192: 8187: 6690: 6031: 5975: 5955: 5771: 5746: 5642: 5566: 5468: 5098: 4940: 4078: 2379:, and others. The only requirement was that they behaved in a manner that did not anger the Shia and its supporters. 5865: 8212: 6496: 6062: 2152: 1772:

became integral elements of the developing national identity. The concept presumably had started to form under the

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The Zands were a branch of the Laks, a subgroup of the northern Lurs, who spoke Luri, a Western Iranian language.

2358:, gained popularity from Karim Khan's reign onward, possibly as a result of the more tolerant religious climate. 1641: 945: 6834: 6611: 6436: 6316: 6300: 5786: 5721: 5622: 5571: 5343: 5294: 5279: 5183: 5173: 5153: 4945: 4604: 3241: 2553: 1990:

also failed to follow the policies of Karim Khan and soon enough, the country was under attack from all sides.

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The Persian Gulf: The Rise of the Gulf Arabs : the Politics of Trade on the Persian Littoral, 1747-1792

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Karim Khan's death in 1779 left his territory vulnerable to threats from his enemies. His son and successor

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The reign of its most important ruler, Karim Khan, was marked by prosperity and peace. With its capital at

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Various anonymous or semi-anonymous currencies were struck by Karim Khan and his successors, but the

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notes that some themes employed by Zand architecture were knowingly revived from the nearby ancient

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for "its revetments in carved marble and overglaze-painted tiles with flowers, animals and people".

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was an incompetent ruler who was heavily influenced by his half uncle (and Karim Khan's commander),

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Politically, it is also important that the Zands, especially Karim Khan, chose to call themselves

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Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran

3231: 3066: 2601: 2321: 1914:, the chief of the Qoyunlu Qajars. The latter was finally defeated by Karim Khan and his sons, 1412: 915: 389: 8172: 8051: 8011: 7824: 7699: 6763: 6753: 6712: 6683: 5904: 5856: 5831: 5551: 5299: 5077: 4995: 4612: 4569: 3590: 3563: 2388: 2081:. The art of this era is remarkable and, despite the short length of the dynasty, a distinct 793: 713: 651: 7939: 4126:

Amanat, Abbas (2019). "Remembering the Persianate". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.).

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The Jews of Iran in The Nineteenth Century: Aspects of History, Community, and Culture

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and the adjacent shrine towns were home to an estimated 100,000 Iranian refugees, and

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Christians" in 1756, refugees from Isfahan, especially Armenians from the suburb of

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Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896

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Example of painting from the Zand Dynasty era, circa 1790. Instruments are the

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into his control. But he never stopped his campaigns against his arch-enemy,

1871:. In order to add legitimacy to his claim, Karim Khan placed the infant Shah 1773: 1704: 1384: 1373: 1115: 1035: 995: 442: 402: 265: 7577: 7557: 8041: 7772: 7738: 7667: 7662: 7589: 7379: 7361: 7322: 7317: 7297: 7292: 7164: 7157: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7031: 6969: 6950: 6935: 6871: 6579: 6564: 6516: 6425: 5970: 5836: 5259: 5208: 4900: 4884: 4826: 4206: 4189: 4066: 4054:"The Coinage of Īrawān, Nakhjawān, Ganja and Qarabāḡ Khānates in 1747–1827" 3550:, Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (ed.), 3221: 2544: 2476: 2412: 2376: 2351: 2247: 2168: 2156: 2102: 1930: 1864: 1755: 1502: 1431: 1362: 1325: 1295: 1215: 1055: 621: 78: 7760: 7745: 7594: 7307: 7216: 7206: 7132: 6780: 6775: 6657: 6621: 6372: 6057: 5980: 5811: 2468: 2400: 2399:, a comprehensive history of the early Zand period, was written there in 2300: 2218: 2175:, and Rafiq. Shiraz largely took up Isfahan's role as the patronage hub. 1975: 1903: 1560: 1205: 1165: 925: 803: 2561:

adds that he is described as "a model ruler who never took the title of

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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/6: Karim Khan Zand–Kašḡari, Saʿd-al-Din

3077: 2645: 2368: 2128: 2001:, were advancing fast against the declining kingdom. Finally, in 1789, 1987: 1872: 1841: 1829: 1813: 1780: 1769: 1657: 1421: 1335: 1155: 1135: 1105: 1065: 1025: 857: 823: 743: 697: 342: 278: 208: 20: 3552:

The Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

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International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

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The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran: Idea of Iran Vol. 11

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Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective

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Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective

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and the Kulah-e Farangi and grouped these around a public square (

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Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society

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Karim Khan with his kinsmen and courtiers, from a mural in the

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The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars

2570: 2504: 2424: 2419:, giving rise to a new generation of Iranians and Armenians. 2392: 2294: 1907: 1840:. After Nader's death, the Zand tribe, under the guidance of 1825: 1700: 469: 4029: 2213: 5034: 4497: 4433: 4384: 4363: 4357: 3712:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Zand".

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Both Karim Khan in 1764 and Ali-Morad Khan in 1781 issued

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Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

2443: 2160: 2054: 3883: 3859: 3787: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3961: 3936: 3934: 3777: 3775: 3773: 2328:

in 1765 and the supervisor of religious activities at

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The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

3823: 3799: 1867:. He gained control of central and southern parts of 1636:

1751–1779) that initially ruled southern and central

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Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture

3442: 1925:

Karim Khan's monuments in Shiraz include the famous

4204: 4023: 4006: 3466: 3454: 3430: 2427:was claimed to be two-thirds occupied by refugees. 2292:Karim Khan might have been anticipated to seek the 2167:, remained in Iran. These people included Moshtaq, 2068:

Muhammad Karim Khan Zand and the Ottoman Ambassador

19:"Zands" redirects here. For the tribe members, see 4052: 3489: 3640: 3638: 2111:in Persian). Zand-era architecture is notable in 2077:. The most important painter of the Zand era was 8164: 4128:The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere 3510: 3508: 2009:, putting an effective end to the Zand Dynasty. 1968:, dated 1763/4 (left = obverse; right = reverse) 5073:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 2155:. In the 1750s, some people—including the poet 5159:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 5058:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 3635: 1676:was also held for the Zands by the autonomous 8233:States and territories disestablished in 1794 6684: 4941:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 4418: 4249:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747–1779 4050: 4035: 3505: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3296:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779 2671: 2660: 2649: 2638: 2627: 2616: 2605: 2594: 2559:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 1759: 1578: 39: 8141:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 6017:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 3543: 3541: 3414:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 1832:moved the Zand tribe from their home in the 5127:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 4232:. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–43. 2208: 1668:part of the Zand realm, but the region was 8228:States and territories established in 1751 6691: 6677: 5633:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 5495:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 5011:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 4425: 4411: 4051:Akopyan, Alexander; Petrov, Pavel (2016). 3711: 3375: 1964:Silver coin of Karim Khan Zand, minted in 1585: 1571: 88: 5142:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 4166: 3865: 3538: 2495:Gold coin of Karim Khan, minted in Shiraz 2449: 4961:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3349: 2679: 2538: 2490: 2212: 2044: 1846: 1795: 7965: 5747:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 4227: 4188: 4144: 3829: 1906:brought Azerbaijan and the province of 1722:1789–1794), was eventually executed by 1664:were controlled by khanates which were 8165: 5285:History of democracy in classical Iran 4324: 4152:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 65–80. 4125: 4106: 4087: 4065: 3853: 3817: 3805: 3627:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3487: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3345: 3343: 2511:A number of these khanates, including 1993:The biggest enemies of the Zands, the 1922:, were brought to Shiraz as hostages. 6672: 6083: 6007:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 5792:Iran and the World Trade Organization 5696: 5439: 5320: 4445: 4406: 4305: 4278: 4265: 4246: 4092:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–38. 3994: 3982: 3967: 3952: 3940: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3841: 3793: 3781: 3764: 3690: 3319: 3292: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2934: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2839: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2727: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2138: 94:The Zand dynasty at its zenith under 5179:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 5169:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 3554:, Cambridge University Press, 1991, 3400: 2186: 1836:mountains to the eastern steppes of 1804:, the founder of the dynasty (1751). 6412:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 6053:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 6027:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 5826:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 5561:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 3478: 3340: 2672: 2661: 2650: 2639: 2628: 2617: 2606: 2595: 2354:, which reenacted the martyrdom of 2287: 1997:chiefs, led by the former hostage, 1936: 1606: 142:Vakilol Ro'aya (Advocate of People) 40: 13: 4951:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 1791: 14: 8269: 8218:18th century in Georgia (country) 6022:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 5643:Supreme National Security Council 5469:Persian Constitutional Revolution 5099:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 5006:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 4996:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 4024:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 4007:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 3514: 2143:According to the Italian scholar 2023: 6652: 6643: 6642: 5618:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 4310:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 215–226. 1954: 1945: 1894:. His foreign campaigns against 1554: 325: 283: 258: 244: 71: 57: 16:Iranian royal dynasty, 1751–1794 8243:1790s disestablishments in Iran 5817:Military equipment manufactured 5383:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 5147:United States withdrawal (2018) 5068:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 4432: 4251:. University of Chicago Press. 3732: 3668: 3595: 3568: 3299:. University of Chicago Press. 2584: 2092: 2032:. This opened the hands of the 1728: 1717: 1631: 8253:1794 disestablishments in Asia 8203:Former monarchies of West Asia 6377:modern / contemporary 5623:Expediency Discernment Council 4946:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 4935:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 4459: 3359:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 3313: 3293:Perry, John R. (14 May 2015). 3286: 3258: 2696: 2554:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2313:(chief theologian) created by 1898:in Azerbaijan and against the 1739:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 1: 5591:state-sponsorship allegations 5321: 4274:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3496:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 3252: 3237:Ottoman–Iranian War 1775–1776 2382: 2153:Abu'l-Hasan Mostawfi Ghaffari 2071: 1824:who may have been originally 702: 666: 546: 533: 510: 497: 474: 457: 407: 394: 381: 368: 355: 8223:18th century in Ottoman Iraq 8183:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 6048:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 5440: 5349:twin towns and sister cities 4655:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 4532:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 4508:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 7: 8248:1751 establishments in Asia 8238:1751 establishments in Iran 6698: 6327:Water supply and sanitation 6084: 6058:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 5697: 5117:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 4492:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 4446: 4209:; Clawson, Patrick (2013). 3718:. Oxford University Press. 3416:. Oxford University Press. 3361:. Oxford University Press. 3215: 1875:, the grandson of the last 1851:Map of Iran in January 1756 1808:The dynasty was founded by 1760: 1652:. The lands of present-day 1617: 10: 8274: 8208:18th century in Azerbaijan 5807:Economy of the Middle East 5184:2021–2022 Iranian protests 5174:2019–2020 Iranian protests 5154:2017–2018 Iranian protests 4615:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 4044: 3242:Occupation of Bahrain 1783 3227:List of monarchs of Persia 2486: 2205:land dispute resolutions. 1912:Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar 1786: 1672:autonomous. The island of 18: 8134: 8086: 7603: 7007: 6706: 6638: 6604: 6550: 6353: 6344: 6274: 6226: 6158: 6105: 6096: 6092: 6079: 6040: 6032:National Development Fund 5995: 5952:Telecommunications and IT 5946:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 5875: 5772:Foreign direct investment 5717:Bonyad (charitable trust) 5709: 5705: 5692: 5651: 5610: 5452: 5448: 5435: 5329: 5316: 5196: 5063:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 5053:Interim Government (1979) 5032: 4980: 4973: 4869: 4779: 4696: 4687: 4664: 4581: 4474: 4467: 4458: 4454: 4441: 4391: 4378: 4370: 4340: 4130:. Brill. pp. 15–62. 4111:. Yale University Press. 4036:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 3320:Floor, Willem M. (2007). 3140: 3138: 3114: 3112: 3096: 3094: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2878: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2534: 2181:Abd al-Razzaq Beg Donboli 1859:his capital, and in 1778 1800:Contemporary portrait of 1761:Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân 223: 219: 205: 195: 191: 183: 179: 166: 153: 149: 141: 133: 123: 113: 103: 87: 53: 48: 30: 8193:Middle Eastern dynasties 8188:Iranian Muslim dynasties 5782:International oil bourse 5547:Ministry of Intelligence 5132:Syrian civil war (2011–) 4956:1921 Persian coup d'état 2209:Court and administration 1724:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 8213:18th century in Armenia 6306:scientists and scholars 5812:Milad Tower and complex 5602:Women's rights movement 5597:White Revolution (1963) 5265:Peoples of the Caucasus 4607:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 4500:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 4325:Tucker, Ernest (2006). 4279:Perry, John R. (2011). 4266:Perry, John R. (2000). 4247:Perry, John R. (1979). 3488:Tucker, Ernest (2020). 1982:. Other rulers such as 1920:Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar 1766:Guarded Domains of Iran 1749: 1648:) as well as parts of 377:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 114:Official languages 36:Guarded Domains of Iran 6617:Anti-Iranian sentiment 6612:Science and technology 6437:Intellectual movements 6317:International rankings 6301:Intellectual movements 5787:International rankings 5280:Heads of state of Iran 5086:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 4647:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 4484:culture (3400–2000 BC) 4109:Iran: A Modern History 4107:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3523:. Encyclopædia Iranica 3232:List of Shia dynasties 3067:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand 2602:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand 2548: 2496: 2450:The Armenians and Jews 2332:. However, the lesser 2322:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine 2225: 2058: 2040: 2018:Advocate of the People 1885:Advocate of the People 1852: 1816:, which is a tribe of 1805: 916:Masmughans of Damavand 390:Zayandeh River Culture 8111:Medieval great powers 5905:Shetab Banking System 5895:Banking and insurance 5857:Tehran Stock Exchange 5777:Intellectual property 5122:PJAK conflict (2004–) 4895:Turcomans (1378–1508) 4887:Turcomans (1374–1468) 4836:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 4639:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 4331:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4272:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4198:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3577:, David Yeroushalmi, 2680:Other notable members 2542: 2494: 2389:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh 2241:) and resident court 2216: 2087:Qajar arts and crafts 2048: 1850: 1799: 1709:Qajar arts and crafts 794:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 748:3rd-century BC–132 BC 714:Kingdom of Cappadocia 670: 6th century BC 652:Neo-Babylonian Empire 8178:18th century in Iran 8121:European colonialism 8106:Ancient great powers 5866:Technology start-ups 5767:Environmental issues 5757:Economic Reform Plan 5671:Provincial governors 5361:Environmental issues 5109:Iran Air Flight 655 4850:Jalayirid Sultanate 4722:Caliphate (750–1258) 4564:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 3271:Encyclopædia Iranica 3247:Siege of Kerman 1794 2503:of 4.6 gram and the 1855:Karim Khan declared 1733:1789–1797) in 1794. 1625:dynasty, founded by 8116:Modern great powers 6266:Freedom of religion 5852:Supreme Audit Court 5731:Automotive industry 5378:Iranian Balochistan 5104:1987 Mecca incident 5001:Iran crisis of 1946 4990:dynasty (1925–1979) 4919:Dynasty (1751–1794) 4860:dynasty (1338–1357) 4852:dynasty (1335–1432) 4844:dynasty (1314–1393) 4829:dynasty (1244–1381) 4813:dynasty (1077–1231) 4797:dynasty (1011–1215) 4714:Caliphate (661–750) 4706:Caliphate (632–661) 4674:Empire (AD 224–651) 4591:Empire (550–330 BC) 4572:Empire (626–539 BC) 4556:Empire (678–549 BC) 4540:Empire (911–609 BC) 3892:, pp. 217–218. 3796:, pp. 244–245. 3609:on 21 February 2006 3326:. Mage Publishers. 3056:Abol-Fath Khan Zand 3038:Ali-Morad Khan Zand 2635:Ali-Morad Khan Zand 2613:Abol-Fath Khan Zand 2280:mostowfi ol-mamalek 1678:Al-Mazkur sheikhdom 1450:Contemporary period 1354:Early modern period 1256:Jalayirid Sultanate 1126:Khwarazmian dynasty 555:Neo-Assyrian Empire 433:Kura–Araxes culture 351:Baradostian culture 197:• Established 41:ممالک محروسهٔ ایران 6397:Persian New Year ( 5802:Main economic laws 5373:Iranian Azerbaijan 5275:Monarchs of Persia 5219:Persianate society 4927:Empire (1789–1925) 4911:Empire (1736–1796) 4903:Empire (1501–1736) 4879:Empire (1370–1507) 4805:Empire (1037–1194) 4770:dynasty (934–1062) 4762:dynasty (931–1090) 4754:dynasty (861–1003) 4623:Empire (312–63 BC) 4524:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 3678:. 23 February 2013 2579:Islamic Revolution 2549: 2497: 2397:Mojmel al-tavarikh 2317:was not retained. 2226: 2145:Alessandro Bausani 2139:Cultural patronage 2070:which was created 2059: 2034:British East India 1999:Agha Mohammad Khan 1916:Agha Mohammad Khan 1863:became the second 1853: 1806: 1744:Islamic Revolution 1713:Lotf Ali Khan Zand 1469:Interim Government 1459:Iranian Revolution 1246:Muzaffarid dynasty 950:864 – 14th century 940:791 – 11th century 866:Rashidun Caliphate 688:Kingdom of Armenia 337:Prehistoric period 173:Lotf Ali Khan Zand 8160: 8159: 8082: 8081: 8047:Polish–Lithuanian 7222:Gurjara-Pratihara 6666: 6665: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6600: 6599: 6507:Opium consumption 6340: 6339: 6176:Ethnic minorities 6150:Iranian languages 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5567:Political parties 5505:Children's rights 5490:Foreign relations 5484:2009 presidential 5431: 5430: 5393:Iranian Kurdistan 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5192: 5191: 5164:COVID-19 pandemic 5023:Revolution (1979) 4969: 4968: 4789:Empire (977–1186) 4746:dynasty (864–928) 4738:dynasty (821–873) 4730:dynasty (819–999) 4683: 4682: 4599:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 4401: 4400: 4392:Succeeded by 4298:978-1-934283-29-5 4281:"Karim Khan Zand" 4239:978-0-19-025033-1 4220:978-0-85772-172-3 4194:"Safavid dynasty" 4137:978-90-04-38728-7 3746:on 2 October 2011 3676:"Afshar and Zand" 3646:"History of Iran" 3587:978-90-04-15288-5 3560:978-0-521-20095-0 3521:iranicaonline.org 3491:"Karīm Khān Zand" 3423:978-0-19-530513-5 3410:Esposito, John L. 3368:978-0-19-512558-0 3351:Esposito, John L. 3333:978-1-933823-18-8 3306:978-0-226-66102-5 3213: 3212: 2260:eshik-aqasi-bashi 2187:Imperial ideology 2099:Arg of Karim Khan 1927:Arg of Karim Khan 1695:(550–330 BC) and 1618:Dudemāne Zandiyān 1615: 1595: 1594: 1487: 1486: 1440: 1439: 1403: 1402: 1344: 1343: 1286:Afrasiyab dynasty 1186:Khorshidi dynasty 1176:Pishkinid dynasty 1066:Ghaznavid dynasty 886:Abbasid Caliphate 876:Umayyad Caliphate 842: 841: 838:550s–11th century 734:Kingdom of Pontus 678:Achaemenid Empire 642:Anshanite Kingdom 603: 602: 506:Oxus Civilization 414: 413: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 271: 270: 168:• 1789–1794 155:• 1751–1779 8265: 8258:Former countries 7963: 7962: 7628:Austro-Hungarian 7328:Chagatai Khanate 6693: 6686: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6497:National symbols 6351: 6350: 6166:Iranian citizens 6103: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6081: 6080: 6063:Research centers 5752:Economic history 5707: 5706: 5694: 5693: 5628:Guardian Council 5450: 5449: 5437: 5436: 5318: 5317: 5295:Electric history 5290:Military history 5204:Ancient Persians 5112: 5111:shootdown (1988) 5094: 5081: 5078:Iranian Embassy 5048: 5037: 5035:Islamic Republic 5024: 5016:1953 coup d'état 4991: 4978: 4977: 4936: 4933:Khanates of the 4928: 4920: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4472: 4471: 4456: 4455: 4443: 4442: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4374:Afsharid dynasty 4371:Preceded by 4338: 4337: 4334: 4321: 4302: 4285:Yarshater, Ehsan 4275: 4262: 4243: 4224: 4201: 4185: 4163: 4141: 4122: 4103: 4084: 4062: 4056: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3742:. Archived from 3736: 3730: 3729: 3709: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652:. Archived from 3642: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3605:. Archived from 3599: 3593: 3572: 3566: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498:. Brill Online. 3493: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3402:Frye, Richard N. 3398: 3373: 3372: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3262: 3178:Rostam Khan Zand 3161:Sayed Morad Khan 2876:Allah Morad Khan 2701: 2700: 2691:Rustam Khan Zand 2675: 2674: 2664: 2663: 2662:سيد مراد خان زند 2657:Sayed Morad Khan 2653: 2652: 2642: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2620: 2619: 2618:ابوالفتح خان زند 2609: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2371:, Benedictines, 2288:Religious policy 2266:tofangchi-aghasi 2235:etemad ol-dowleh 2076: 2073: 1958: 1949: 1937:Decline and fall 1763: 1732: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1635: 1633: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1528:Military history 1518:Economic history 1496:Related articles 1479:Islamic Republic 1455: 1454: 1418: 1417: 1359: 1358: 1316:Kar-Kiya dynasty 1236:Chobanid dynasty 1226:Ilkhanate Empire 1006:Sallarid dynasty 976:Saffarid dynasty 862: 861: 707: 704: 672:–11th century AD 671: 668: 632:Scythian Kingdom 618: 617: 548: 535: 512: 499: 476: 459: 429: 428: 409: 396: 383: 370: 357: 347: 346: 329: 319: 301: 300: 287: 286: 275: 274: 262: 261: 252:Azad Khan Afghan 248: 247: 241: 240: 225: 224: 92: 75: 61: 43: 42: 28: 27: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8145:American Empire 8130: 8126:African empires 8078: 7961: 7653:Central African 7599: 7417:Romano-Germanic 7003: 6737:Middle Assyrian 6710: 6702: 6697: 6667: 6662: 6626: 6596: 6575:Rap and hip-hop 6546: 6527:Public holidays 6512:Persian gardens 6501:Imperial Anthem 6492:National Jewels 6447:Iranian studies 6336: 6270: 6222: 6154: 6115:Persian (Farsi) 6088: 6067: 6036: 5998: 5991: 5926:Pharmaceuticals 5871: 5862:Venture capital 5837:Rial (currency) 5822:Nuclear program 5701: 5680: 5647: 5606: 5557:Nuclear program 5522:Judicial system 5444: 5427: 5398:Iranian plateau 5325: 5304: 5188: 5110: 5092: 5079: 5047:History (1979–) 5046: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 4989: 4965: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4775: 4769: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4689: 4679: 4673: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4577: 4571: 4570:Neo-Babylonian 4563: 4555: 4548:(860 BC–590 BC) 4547: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4516:(c.2300–675 BC) 4515: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4463: 4450: 4437: 4431: 4397: 4388: 4376: 4366: 4360: 4356:Founding year: 4354: 4349: 4318: 4299: 4259: 4240: 4221: 4205:Matthee, Rudi; 4182: 4168:Katouzian, Homa 4160: 4146:Atabaki, Touraj 4138: 4119: 4100: 4081: 4059:State Hermitage 4047: 4042: 4038:, pp. 1–2. 4034: 4030: 4022: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3710: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3656:on 3 March 2016 3650:farhangsara.com 3644: 3643: 3636: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3603:"Archived copy" 3601: 3600: 3596: 3581:, BRILL, 2009, 3573: 3569: 3546: 3539: 3526: 3524: 3513: 3506: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3399: 3376: 3369: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3274:. 15 March 2010 3264: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3218: 3204: 3164: 3081: 3078:Jafar Khan Zand 3070: 3059: 3048:Akbar Khan Zand 3041: 3031:Koda Morad Khan 2917: 2914:Sadeq Khan Zand 2902: 2899:Karim Khan Zand 2708: 2699: 2682: 2640:علیمراد خان زند 2624:Sadeq Khan Zand 2607:محمدعلی خان زند 2591:Karim Khan Zand 2587: 2543:Vakeel mosque, 2537: 2489: 2452: 2385: 2338:, theologians, 2306:shaykh ol-eslam 2290: 2211: 2198:Vakil ol-Ra'aya 2193:vakil al-dowleh 2189: 2141: 2127:sites, such as 2113:Iranian history 2095: 2074: 2043: 2026: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1939: 1812:, chief of the 1810:Karim Khan Zand 1802:Karim Khan Zand 1794: 1792:Karim Khan Zand 1789: 1752: 1727: 1716: 1630: 1627:Karim Khan Zand 1591: 1561:Iran portal 1555: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1533:Women's history 1497: 1489: 1488: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1415: 1405: 1404: 1356: 1346: 1345: 1196:Qutlugh-Khanids 1146:Atabegs of Yazd 1046:Rawadid dynasty 1016:Ziyarid dynasty 956:Tahirid dynasty 854: 852:Medieval period 844: 843: 828:6th century–785 814:Sasanian Empire 784:Kings of Persis 754:Parthian Empire 724:Seleucid Empire 705: 669: 615: 613:Imperial period 605: 604: 519:Akkadian Empire 466:Lullubi Kingdom 426: 416: 415: 364:Zarzian culture 339: 317: 310: 284: 259: 245: 212: 198: 169: 160:Karim Khan Zand 156: 128:Twelver Shi'ism 99: 83: 82: 81: 76: 68: 67: 62: 44: 38: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8271: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8198:Shia dynasties 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7009:Post-classical 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6808:Middle Kingdom 6805: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6764:Neo-Babylonian 6761: 6756: 6754:Old Babylonian 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6650: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6370: 6364: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5959: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5892: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5676:Supreme Leader 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5638:Local councils 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5533: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5515:Women's rights 5512: 5507: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5366:Climate change 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Jiroft culture 5247: 5246: 5245: 5238:Iranic peoples 5235: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5214:Persianization 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5088: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5042: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4821:(1135/36-1225) 4816: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4631:(c.295–220 BC) 4626: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4490:Proto-Elamite 4487: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4451: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4398: 4395:House of Qâjâr 4393: 4390: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4350: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4322: 4317:978-0755645992 4316: 4303: 4297: 4276: 4268:"Zand dynasty" 4263: 4258:978-0226660981 4257: 4244: 4238: 4225: 4219: 4213:. I.B.Tauris. 4202: 4186: 4181:978-0415297547 4180: 4164: 4159:978-1137013408 4158: 4142: 4136: 4123: 4118:978-0300112542 4117: 4104: 4099:978-1137013408 4098: 4085: 4079: 4073:. I.B.Tauris. 4063: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4028: 4026:, p. 170. 4011: 4009:, p. 169. 3999: 3997:, p. 240. 3987: 3985:, p. 238. 3972: 3970:, p. 237. 3957: 3955:, p. 217. 3945: 3943:, p. 222. 3930: 3928:, p. 221. 3918: 3916:, p. 220. 3906: 3904:, p. 218. 3894: 3882: 3880:, p. 217. 3870: 3868:, p. 128. 3866:Katouzian 2007 3858: 3846: 3844:, p. 279. 3834: 3822: 3810: 3808:, p. 153. 3798: 3786: 3784:, p. 244. 3769: 3767:, p. 243. 3757: 3731: 3725:978-0195309911 3724: 3689: 3667: 3634: 3594: 3567: 3537: 3517:"ZAND DYNASTY" 3504: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3451:, p. 443. 3441: 3429: 3422: 3406:"Zand Dynasty" 3374: 3367: 3355:"Zand Dynasty" 3353:, ed. (2003). 3339: 3332: 3312: 3305: 3285: 3266:"ZAND DYNASTY" 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887:Zaki Khan Zand 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2686:Zaki Khan Zand 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673:لطفعلی خان زند 2665: 2654: 2643: 2632: 2621: 2610: 2599: 2586: 2583: 2536: 2533: 2488: 2485: 2451: 2448: 2384: 2381: 2356:Husayn ibn Ali 2289: 2286: 2210: 2207: 2188: 2185: 2173:Hatef Esfahani 2151:identified by 2140: 2137: 2133:Naqsh-e Rostam 2094: 2091: 2079:Mohammad Sadiq 2042: 2039: 2025: 2024:Foreign policy 2022: 2014:Vakilol Ro'aya 1963: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1881:Vakilol Ro'aya 1820:, a branch of 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1751: 1748: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513:Heads of state 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1306:Timurid Empire 1302: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1096:Nasrid dynasty 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 990:pre-879 – 1215 988: 986:Ghurid dynasty 982: 981: 978: 972: 971: 968: 966:Samanid Empire 962: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 946:Alid dynasties 942: 941: 938: 932: 931: 928: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 888: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 855: 850: 849: 846: 845: 840: 839: 836: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 816: 810: 809: 806: 800: 799: 796: 790: 789: 786: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 766: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 730: 729: 726: 720: 719: 716: 710: 709: 700: 694: 693: 690: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 664: 658: 657: 654: 648: 647: 644: 638: 637: 634: 628: 627: 624: 616: 611: 610: 607: 606: 601: 600: 597: 591: 590: 587: 581: 580: 577: 571: 570: 567: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 544: 542:Avestan period 538: 537: 531: 525: 524: 521: 515: 514: 508: 502: 501: 495: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 472: 462: 461: 455: 453:Jiroft culture 449: 448: 445: 439: 438: 435: 427: 424:Ancient period 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 411: 410:5th millennium 405: 399: 398: 397:6th millennium 392: 386: 385: 379: 373: 372: 366: 360: 359: 353: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 322: 321: 312: 311: 304: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 281: 272: 269: 268: 263: 255: 254: 249: 237: 236: 231: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 176: 170: 167: 164: 163: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 93: 85: 84: 77: 70: 69: 63: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 46: 45: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8270: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8151: 8150:Soviet empire 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135:Miscellaneous 8133: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7734:German Empire 7732: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7474:Turco-Persian 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 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5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5832:Privatization 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5301: 5300:Years in Iran 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Turco-Persian 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5093:War (1980–88) 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4885:Qara Qoyunlu 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582:550 BC–AD 224 4580: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4538:Neo-Assyrian 4536: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4352:House of Zand 4348: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207:Floor, Willem 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190:Matthee, Rudi 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174:. Routledge. 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4080:9781860640971 4076: 4072: 4068: 4067:Amanat, Abbas 4064: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3856:, p. 15. 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3832:, p. 75. 3831: 3826: 3820:, p. 14. 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3677: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3522: 3518: 3515:Perry, John. 3511: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3475:, p. 33. 3474: 3469: 3463:, p. 15. 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3439:, p. 13. 3438: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222:Tribe of Zand 3220: 3219: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3201:Lotf Ali Khan 3163: 3162: 3155: 3153: 3089: 3087: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3027: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2901: 2900: 2888: 2872: 2869: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2669: 2668:Lotf Ali Khan 2666: 2658: 2655: 2647: 2644: 2636: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2614: 2611: 2603: 2600: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575:Saadi Shirazi 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2375:, Capuchins, 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2315:Soltan Hoseyn 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2274:vazir-e divan 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2254:qollar-aghasi 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2069: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003:Lotf Ali Khan 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1957: 1948: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705:Saadi Shirazi 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1607:دودمان زندیان 1604: 1600: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413:Modern period 1409: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385:Afsharid Iran 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1374:Hotak dynasty 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1116:Seljuk Empire 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1036:Buyid dynasty 1034: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 996:Sajid dynasty 994: 993: 989: 987: 984: 983: 979: 977: 974: 973: 969: 967: 964: 963: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 937: 934: 933: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 913: 909: 907: 904: 903: 899: 897: 894: 893: 889: 887: 884: 883: 879: 877: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 853: 848: 847: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 825: 822: 821: 817: 815: 812: 811: 807: 805: 802: 801: 797: 795: 792: 791: 788:132 BC–224 AD 787: 785: 782: 781: 778:141 BC–222 AD 777: 775: 772: 771: 768:147 BC–224 AD 767: 765: 762: 761: 758:247 BC–224 AD 757: 755: 752: 751: 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 731: 727: 725: 722: 721: 718:320s BC–17 AD 717: 715: 712: 711: 706: 323 BC 701: 699: 696: 695: 692:331 BC–428 AD 691: 689: 686: 685: 682:550 BC–330 BC 681: 679: 676: 675: 665: 663: 660: 659: 656:626 BC–539 BC 655: 653: 650: 649: 646:635 BC–550 BC 645: 643: 640: 639: 635: 633: 630: 629: 625: 623: 622:Median Empire 620: 619: 614: 609: 608: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 586: 583: 582: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 566: 563: 562: 558: 556: 553: 552: 545: 543: 540: 539: 532: 530: 527: 526: 522: 520: 517: 516: 509: 507: 504: 503: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 480: 473: 471: 467: 464: 463: 456: 454: 451: 450: 446: 444: 443:Proto-Elamite 441: 440: 436: 434: 431: 430: 425: 420: 419: 406: 404: 403:Dalma culture 401: 400: 393: 391: 388: 387: 380: 378: 375: 374: 371:20,000–10,000 367: 365: 362: 361: 358:36,000–18,000 354: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 338: 333: 332: 328: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 308: 303: 302: 282: 280: 279:Qajar dynasty 277: 276: 273: 267: 266:Afsharid Iran 264: 257: 256: 253: 250: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 204: 200: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 165: 161: 158: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 97: 91: 86: 80: 74: 66: 60: 52: 47: 37: 29: 26: 22: 8173:Zand dynasty 7901:Contemporary 7782: 7751:Indo-Persian 7739:Nazi Germany 7683:Contemporary 7585:Vijayanagara 7484:Great Seljuk 7395:Thessalonica 7323:Golden Horde 6963:Carthaginian 6742:Neo-Assyrian 6727:Neo-Sumerian 6605:Other topics 6589: 6517:Persian name 6456:Islamization 6398: 6358:Architecture 6311:universities 6256:Zoroastrians 6251:Christianity 6241:Baháʼí Faith 6191:Azerbaijanis 6098:Demographics 5912:Construction 5900:Central Bank 5842:Space Agency 5737:Child labour 5572:Principlists 5552:Cyberwarfare 5500:Human rights 5465:Constitution 5260:Azerbaijanis 5229:Indo-Persian 5209:Greater Iran 5080:siege (1980) 5039:1979–present 4916: 4690:early modern 4688:Medieval and 4482:Kura-Araxes 4381:Ruling house 4379: 4362:Deposition: 4351: 4342: 4330: 4327:"Nāder Shāh" 4307: 4288: 4271: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4197: 4171: 4149: 4127: 4108: 4089: 4070: 4058: 4031: 4002: 3990: 3948: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3830:Atabaki 2012 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3760: 3748:. 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4760:Ziyarid 4736:Tahirid 4728:Samanid 4720:Abbasid 4712:Umayyad 4697:632–1090 4514:Lullubi 4498:Elamite 4192:(2008). 4170:(2007). 4069:(1997). 3623:cite web 3527:24 March 3404:(2009). 3216:See also 2728:Bay Agha 2529:Karabakh 2125:Sasanian 2083:Zand art 2063:Ottomans 1900:Ottomans 1838:Khorasan 1697:Sasanian 1670:de facto 1646:Khorasan 1550:Timeline 1508:Monarchs 1086:Kakuyids 1076:Annazids 1070:977–1186 1060:959–1095 1050:955–1070 1040:934–1062 1026:Ilyasids 1020:930–1090 1010:919–1062 980:861–1003 930:665–1598 910:651–1349 896:Dabuyids 890:750–1258 549:1500–500 529:Kassites 487:2700–539 477:3100-675 343:BCE / BC 307:a series 305:Part of 137:Monarchy 98:in 1776. 8099:largest 8094:Empires 8074:Swedish 8069:Spanish 8064:Russian 8027:Italian 8002:Chinese 7990:English 7985:British 7980:Belgian 7955:Vietnam 7945:Tay son 7891:Tsarist 7886:Russian 7881:Ottoman 7847:Dzungar 7842:Khoshut 7815:Mexican 7810:Maratha 7793:Pahlavi 7773:Safavid 7768:Iranian 7695:Haitian 7658:Chinese 7618:Ashanti 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2659:, 1789 2615:, 1779 2604:, 1779 2525:Derbent 2517:Shirvan 2487:Coinage 2473:prelate 2421:Baghdad 2373:Jesuits 2364:farmans 2343:seyyeds 2335:akhunds 2030:Bushehr 1865:capital 1826:Kurdish 1787:History 1783:world. 1756:Safavid 1731: 1720: 1682:Bushire 1674:Bahrain 1666:de jure 1662:Georgia 1654:Armenia 1634: 1623:Iranian 1614:: 1603:Persian 1276:Injuids 1030:932–968 1000:889–929 970:819–999 960:821–873 920:651–760 900:642–760 880:661–750 870:632-661 858:CE / AD 818:224–651 808:125–300 764:Elymais 708:–226 AD 599:720-670 595:Saparda 589:750-521 585:Zikirti 579:850–616 575:Mannaea 569:860–590 559:911–609 493:Marhaši 207:• 184:History 162:(first) 118:Persian 104:Capital 8037:Mongol 8022:German 8017:French 8007:Danish 7950:Dainam 7925:Tongan 7913:Somali 7908:Sokoto 7874:'Alawi 7852:Kalmyk 7832:Mongol 7825:Second 7805:Korean 7756:Mughal 7746:Indian 7729:German 7722:Second 7712:French 7705:Second 7641:Second 7613:Afghan 7605:Modern 7531:Kyrgyz 7526:Uighur 7521:Second 7501:Turkic 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