Slavery in Zanzibar

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dialects of these tongues. Both at Bet il Mtoni and at Bet il Sahel the meals were cooked in the Arab as well as in the Persian and Turkish manner. People of all races lived in these two houses — the races of various beauty. The slaves were dressed in Swaihily style, but we were permitted to appear in Arab fashion alone. Any newly-arrived Circassian or Abyssinian woman had to exchange her ample robes and fantastic attire within three days for -the Arab costume provided for her. On the seventh day after the birth of a child my father used to' pay a visit to the infant and its mother to present some article of jewellery to the baby. In the same way a new Surie received at onco the necessary jewels, and had her servants assigned to her by the chief eunuch."

1772: 54: 1790: 1764: 1798: 1782: 1902:(1696-1856), and the history of its slave trade was therefore intimately linked with the history of Oman. Slaves from the Swahili coast was transported via Zanzibar to Oman, and from Oman to Persia and the rest of the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. Together, Zanzibar and Oman dominated the Indian Ocean slave trade during the 18th- and 19th-century. This continued after the union between Zanzibar and Oman was broken in 1856 and the Sultanate was split in the 2236:

plantations and was known to treat their slaves harshly; caught ranaways were punished by being placed in the Mapinguni (the place of shackles), Mgooni (the fish trap) or Mashimoni (the pits). Manumissions normally took place at the deathbed of an enslaver who wished to be given a reward for it in the afterlife, but was otherwise rare; slaves often attempted to escape, particularly from the plantations, and often died from the punishment when caught.

2428: 2355:

exclude them from manumission. The Muslim owners of slave concubines pointed out to the British officials that single women would not be able to support themselves and were likely to become prostitutes if they were manumitted. The British excluded the concubines by officially classifying them as wives rather than slaves, but gave them the right to apply for manumission on the grounds of cruelty and abuse from their enslaver.

2303:

1873, Zanzibar was forced to ban the import of slaves to Zanzibar itself from the Zanzibar mainland. However the slave trade continued illegally, and now often in the form of the kidnapping of slaves from slave owners on the mainland, and a British official in Lamu noted in 1884-85 that "slave stealers, of whom there are plenty in the area", stole slaves from the Arab slave traders to smuggle them to Zanzibar and Pemba.

2168:, and could be of several different ethnicities, often Ethiopian or Circassian. Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority of African women sold in the slave market in Zanzibar, and white women in particular were so expensive that they were in practice almost reserved for the royal harem. White slave women were called 2084:

to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution was practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who returned his ownership of her after 1–2 days on the pretext of discontent after having had intercourse with her, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world.

2111:

and others ; hence the necessity for the continued importation of raw Slaves to supply the demand. I was much struck with the evidence of non-increase amongst the Slaves as regards children. Taking the death-rate at 30 per mille, upwards of 7,000 Slaves would have to be imported annually to supply this deficiency in labour".

2379:"it seems this was a common practice among wealthy former slave owners who, after 1897, employed their former slaves at minimal wages and continued to consider them as slaves, and the only way of selling them abroad appears to have been the pretext of going to Mecca where their "wathumish" (servants) were sold away as Khadims". 2221:

The sultan's order resulted in a plantation economy centered on clove and coconut plantations on particularly Unguja, Pemba and the mainland of the Sultanate, which resulted in a booming slave import for domestic use in the Archipelago, from which most slaves had previously been sold on rather than kept on the islands.

2088:

profession ranks low where the classes upon which it depends can easily afford to gratify their propensities in the slave market", and the US Consul Richard Waters commented in 1837 that the Arab men in Zanzibar "commit adultery and fornication by keep three or four and sometimes six and eight concubines". Sultan

2354:

The 1897 decree has been referred to as the abolition of slavery on Zanzibar, however, it was in fact not the abolition of all slaves, since concubines (sex slaves) were explicitly excluded from abolition. The British viewed the question of the concubines as too sensitive to meddle in, and decided to

2318:

After British pressure, in 1890 the sultan of Zanzibar issued a decree that "the exchange sale or purchase of slaves - domestic or otherwise is prohibited"; banned the buying and selling of slaves within the borders of Zanzibar, and inheriting slaves from any other than the children of a slave owner;

2083:

Aside from the female slaves used as concubines in private harems, female slaves were also used for prostitution. While there were male prostitutes, there was very few or no free female prostitutes in Zanzibar. The Islamic Law formally prohibited prostitution. However, since Islamic Law allowed a man

2350:

The slave owners on Zanzibar attempted, often successfully, to prevent their slaves from being aware of the abolition of slavery, and ship them abroad to sell them in Muscat, Jeddah and Mecca; in April 1898, the British stopped an Arab boat in which a rich Arab male passenger had brought with him 36

2342:

After abolition, the Slavery Commissioners court was founded staffed with British officials, to receive and enforce the manumission applications of the former slaves. 56 12.000 slaves applied for freedom on Unguja and Pemba between 1897 and 1909, 55-63 of whom were women, but they were a minority of

2302:

was closed after the 1873 prohibition, and the illegal slave smuggling was centered on the more isolated island of Pemba. The Sultanate still imported 10,000 slaves every month in 1875, and there were skirmishes at sea between Arab slave dhows and the British navy. In the treaty with the British of

2374:

pilgrimage, and sold them on the slave market in Jeddah on arrival; shortly after the end of the war in 1918, the British was informed about one such case when an Arab man had brought with him a dozen young female servants on his Hajj pilgrimage, and sold them to merchants in Mecca and Medina. The

2287:

with the British, Sultan Turki signed a treaty that obliged Zanzibar to end the import of slaves from the mainland to the islands. This included "slaves who were destined for transport from one part of the Sultan's dominion to another, or using his land for passing them to foreign dominions. Anyone

2033:

Female slaves were generally more prioritized in the slave market in the Islamic world. The Zanzibar slave trade focused on children "the reason given by the dealers being that children were driven more easily, like flocks of sheep...", and particularly girls; while a "fresh boy" newly arrived from

2358:

In 1909, the British finally forced the sultan to include the concubines in the abolition, which signified the final and actual abolition of slavery in Zanzibar. After 1909 the former slaves continued to work for their former enslavers in exchange for patronage and the right to continue to live on

2220:

In 1828 the sultan ordered his (Arab) subjects on Zanzibar to grow a certain proportion of clove; and since the original inhabitants of the islands, the shirazi, had converted to Islam and was therefore not legitimate to enslave, the growing clove industry resulted in a big import of slave labor.

2110:

from 1895, Donald MacKenzie noted that sexual slavery did not, in fact, result in many children, which necessitated the need for constant slave import: "It is a curious fact that Slaves have but very few children, owing, it is said, to the manner in which very young girls are treated by the Arabs

1930:

After 1867, the British campaign against the Indian Ocean slave trade was undermined by Omani slave dhows using French colors trafficking slaves to Arabia and the Persian Gulf from East Africa as far South as Mozambique, which the French tolerated until 1905, when the Hague International Tribunal

2235:

Slavery in Zanzibar was known to be hard, with slaves often subjected to bad treatment. Slaves were often forced to convert to Islam. Many enslavers had a reputation of being cruel slave owners, particularly plantation owners, such as Princess Khole; the Hinaway family had 600 slaves on their

2192:

Arabic was the only language really sanctioned in my father's presence. But as soon as he turned his back, a truly Babylonian confusion of tongues commenced, and Arabian, Persian, Turkish, Circassian, Swahely, Nubian, and Abyssinian were spoken and mixed up together, not to mention the various

2172:

and imported to Oman and Zanzibar via Persia (Iran) and it was said that a white slave girl "soon renders the house of a moderately rich man unendurable". The white slave women were generally referred to as "Circassian", but this was a general term and did not specifically refer to Circassian

1832:

During the 19th-century, Britain conducted an international abolitionist campaign against the Sultanate and restricted and eventually abolished the slavery and slave trade in Zanzibar via a number of treaties between 1822 and 1897, resulting in the end of the slave trade and finally the end of

2087:

In 1844 the British Consul noted that there were 400 free Arab women and 800 men in Zanzibar, and the British noted that while prostitutes were almost nonexistent, men bought "secondary wives" (slave concubines) on the slave market for sexual satisfaction; "public prostitutes are few, and the

2346:

In 1897, most of the inhabitants on Pemba were unaware even of the 1890 decree and opposed the enforcement of abolition on the island; Emily Keys noted in 1898 that French missionaries had been threatened by the Arab Pemba elite "who were threatening to shoot all newcomers to the island".

2291:

After the Frere treaty, the British navy patrolled the Sea between the East African mainland and the Zanzibar Archipelago to stop the slave trafficking between the mainland and the archipelago. The Frere treaty did not stop the slave trade, which continued as illegal smuggling.

1924:, was normally rented or a part of a commercial enterprise, with an Arab and Swaihili crew, partially or fully enslaved, in which the profit was shared between the owner, the captain and the crew (the enslaved crew members having to give half of their salary to their enslaver). 2319:

slavery as such was not banned, but excisting slaves were given the right to buy their freedom, and the children of slaves born after 1890 were to be born free. When the Vice Consul attempted to enforce the 1890 decree on Pemba in 1895, it was met with intense protest.

2415: 2026:

After introduction of a plantation economy, slaves were no longer merely exported via Zanzibar but the import of slaves to the Sultanate expanded because of the need for slave laborers for weeding, picking, drying and stemming on the clove and coconut plantations.

2266:

of 1845 with the British restricted slave trade to be legal only within the territory of Zanzibar, but Zanzibar continued to import slaves from Kilwa in the East African coast to Madagascar and the Comoros with official papers for a legal slave trade north.

2270:

In an 1867 agreement with the British, Zanzibar was pressured to ban the export of slaves to Arabia, and to limit the slave trade within the borders of the Sultanate to only between Latitude 9 degrees South of Kilwa, and Latitude 4 degrees South of Lamu.

2288:

found involved in this traffic would be liable to detention and condemnation by all Naval Officers and Agents, and all slaves entering the Sultan's dominions should be freed." In practice, however, the slave trade continued, though at a reduced level.

1853:, which was a center of the Indian Ocean slave trade between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula during the middle ages, and the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago are known to have traded in ivory and slaves long before it became a part of Oman. 1816:

for at least a thousand years. When clove and coconut plantations became a big industry on the islands, domestic slavery expanded to a point where two thirds of the populations were slaves. Zanzibar was internationally known as a major player in the

1552: 2173:

ethnicity as such but could refer to any white women, such as Georgian or Bulgarian. Emily Ruete referred to all white women in the royal harem as "Circassian" as a general term, one of whom was her own mother Jilfidan, who had arrived via the

2326:

noted that "slavery... is essential to prosperity in Pemba", but the British were put under pressure from British missionaries and the British public. The British Friends Anti-Slavery Committee launched a campaign in newspapers such as

3480: 3250: 2866:

Sheriff, A., Teelock, V., Wahab, S. O., Peerthum, S. (2016). Transition from slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius: a comparative history. Senegal: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

2811:

2583:

2573:

2554:

2212:

While most enslaved women, eunuchs and children were used in urban households as domestics or concubines (sex slaves), only a minority of non-castrated male slaves were used in the city as craftsmen or porters

2391: 2710:

MacKenzie, D. (1895). A Report on Slavery and the Slave Trade in Zanzibar, Pemba, and the Mainland of the British Protectorates of East Africa. Storbritannien: (n.p.). p. 17-18

1547: 3395: 3235: 2375:

British noted that the Arab slave owners in Zanzibar regarded their former slaves as still slaves, who continued to work for them and who were still sold by them in Jeddah, Mecca and Medina:

2160:

had three legal wives, but despite all his marriages being childless, he nevertheless had 36 children, who must thus have been born to slave concubines. The concubines were referred to as

2099:(r. 1870-1888) was only married to one wife, who made him the request to never acknowledging the children he had with his slave concubines as his own (meaning the women did not become 2030:

Slaves were affordable in Zanzibar, and every free man in Zanzibar was said to own slaves. In the 1850s, two thirds of the population on Zanzibar are estimated to have been slaves.

2149:

were employed to guard and manage the affairs of the harem, while female slave maids were employed to see to the needs of the slave concubines, the wives and the female relatives.

3506: 2963:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 43-44

2593:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 43-44

2224:

While Black Africans were not the only ethnicity enslaved, there was a particular racism toward them among Arabs. Black African slaves were referred to as ugly and uncivilised

3270: 2403: 1927:

The numbers of the slave traffic is not known, but one estimation is that about 2250 slaves were trafficked between Zanzibar and the Arabian Peninsula between 1700 and 1815.

3553: 3549: 3126:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 51

3072:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48

3063:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 56

3017:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 49

3008:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48

2999:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 49

2990:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48

2972:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 47

2954:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48

2945:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48

2936:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 55

1947:, but in 1775 the first French slave trader visited Zanzibar and acquired 1625 slaves during his first two visits, which opened the "Southern route" from Zanzibar to French 2310:

to the Arabian peninsula on sea via Zanzibar, but instead forced to walk by land to Somalia, from which they could enter the slave dhows to Arabia away from British eyes.

3108:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 50

3054:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 78

2306:

When the slave trade from Zanzibar to the Arabian peninsula was banned, the slaves captured by Zanzibari slave traders in East Africa were no longer transported from the

1841:

It is unknown when slave trade from Zanzibar started, and it may have existed also before the Arabs arrived in the area in the 8th-century. During the middle ages, the

3310: 1673: 3545: 3410: 3215: 1886:

was often rented of commercial ventures, and their crew a mix of Arab-Swaihili free men and slaves, with the profit divided via an owner-Captain-crew share system.

3425: 3315: 3370: 3295: 3230: 3360: 1537: 1068: 3460: 3435: 3280: 3260: 3225: 3210: 2331:

to put pressure on the British government to force Zanzibar to finally ban slavery, which put the British under pressure from home to act against Zanzibar.

1931:

mandated France to curtail French flags to Omani dhows; nevertheless, small scale smuggling of slaves from East Africa to Arabia continued until the 1960s.

3532: 3523: 3514: 3400: 3375: 3330: 3325: 3275: 3220: 2072:

The slave market for women in the Sultanate followed the normal pattern in the Islamic world. Female slaves were sold for use as either domestic servants (

1422: 794: 531: 3455: 3450: 3390: 3345: 3305: 1158: 799: 3510: 3320: 3300: 3205: 2259:

of 1822, the Zanzibar slave trade was prohibited from the South and East, and by the Hammerton Treaty of 1845, it was restricted to the north as well.

3099:

Miers et al, Suzanne (1988). Suzanne Miers, Richard Roberts. red. The end of slavery in Africa. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11554-8 p. 39

3440: 2656:

B. Belli, "Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)," Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020. p 56

1969:

became British colonies in 1815, and the British ended the legal slave trade to those islands. In 1848, France abolished slavery on French Réunion.

491: 2322:

The British authorities were somewhat reluctant to interfere against slavery on Zanzibar too soon because of their concern for local economy, and

2981:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 47

2927:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 44

2918:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 47

2894:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 44

2821:

McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. 43

846: 1542: 1392: 2095:

The concubines were often treated harshly by the wives of their enslavers, who were claimed to have " the concubines with a rod of iron".

2351:

male and female servants to sell in Arabia; the servants informed the British that they had been bribed in order to accompany him there.

873: 2475: 2120: 2047: 1982: 1619: 371: 2362:

The slave trade from Zanzibar to the Arabian peninsula continued after the official abolition of the slave trade. As late as in the

821: 3599: 3144:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 175

3135:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 175

3081:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 174

2885:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 172

2857:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 173

2848:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 175

2839:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 167

2830:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 167

2802:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 166

2793:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 166

2647:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 180

2638:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 166

2629:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 180

1592: 1412: 585: 2620:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p.179

1750: 2782: 2500:

Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. 165

3172: 2470: 2092:

replied to the British Consul that the custom was necessary, because "Arabs won't work; they must have slaves and concubines".

856: 274: 1434: 1111: 883: 2564:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 25

2295:

After 1873 slaves were given the right to apply for help from the British if they were about to be sold against their will.

3604: 3255: 2480: 1626: 1587: 1230: 17: 2217:). The majority of non-castrated male slaves were instead used for hard slave labor in the clove and coconut-plantations. 2034:

the mainland were sold for a price of 7-15 $ in 1857, a girl between the age of seven and eight were sold for 10-18 $ .

1668: 1305: 965: 816: 612: 521: 2108:

A Report on Slavery and the Slave Trade in Zanzibar, Pemba, and the Mainland of the British Protectorates of East Africa

1688: 1382: 1136: 1913:

After the unification of Zanzibar and Oman, slaves became the biggest industry of Zanzibar alongside ivory and clove.

2228:("barbaric savages"), and while female Africah slaves were sexually abused by male Arab slave masters, the Arab text 1510: 1387: 811: 580: 447: 1641: 851: 836: 782: 467: 457: 452: 281: 137: 2876:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p. 78

2602:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p. 84

2527:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p. 80

2518:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. p. 77

1357: 1636: 1407: 213: 3594: 3040: 2339:

In 1897 the British forced the Sultan to abolish slavery in Zanzibar by declaring that it lacked legal status.

1106: 1094: 674: 486: 132: 2096: 1678: 1461: 322: 3031:

From slaves to squatters: plantation labor and agriculture in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya, 1890-1925 , p. 295

3614: 2445: 2051: 1986: 1907: 1683: 1527: 1397: 1058: 826: 806: 366: 334: 1882:

The slave trade consisted of a third of the income to the Sultanate alongside ivory and cloves. The slave

1771: 53: 3609: 3584: 1743: 1693: 1417: 1335: 462: 243: 63: 3589: 3579: 3165: 1602: 1454: 1439: 1330: 526: 196: 1825:

of Eastern Africa were trafficked across the Indian Ocean to Oman in the Arabian Peninsula during the

1865: 1698: 1597: 1128: 1116: 706: 679: 184: 3619: 2460: 1873: 1818: 1478: 1347: 900: 689: 174: 75: 354: 3420: 2145:

The model of the royal harem of Zanzibar were similar to most royal harems at the time. Enslaved

1663: 1402: 1352: 1280: 1053: 831: 775: 758: 189: 2611:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. 77

2545:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. 80

2536:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. 77

2509:

Asian and African Systems of Slavery. (1980). Storbritannien: University of California Press. 77

3245: 2174: 2140: 2067: 1736: 1705: 1210: 951: 863: 711: 435: 401: 396: 2905: 3485: 3405: 3355: 3340: 3158: 1940: 1903: 1809: 1572: 1427: 1340: 1325: 1007: 995: 741: 726: 511: 286: 208: 179: 3536: 3117:

The End of Slavery in Africa. (1988). USA: University of Wisconsin Press. 23

3090:

The End of Slavery in Africa. (1988). USA: University of Wisconsin Press. 23

2077: 2055: 1990: 1842: 1813: 1710: 1614: 1577: 1505: 1449: 1318: 1275: 1089: 1019: 694: 474: 376: 260: 167: 2427: 2255:

The British restricted the Zanzibar slave trade by a number of treaties from 1822. In the

2232:

described how "the good woman will welcome death rather than be touched by a black man".

8: 3285: 2465: 2455: 2328: 1869: 1198: 1178: 1063: 1048: 917: 888: 878: 716: 684: 481: 339: 307: 302: 255: 112: 3445: 3415: 3385: 3365: 3195: 3029: 2280: 2245: 1877: 1444: 1290: 1265: 1255: 1220: 1215: 1183: 1148: 1141: 1082: 1075: 932: 751: 746: 736: 506: 359: 317: 312: 265: 233: 223: 160: 1763: 381: 327: 3200: 3181: 3036: 2370:, Arab men from Zanzibar brought with them large retinues of African servants to the 1532: 1250: 1245: 1188: 1173: 1153: 975: 970: 905: 868: 701: 667: 496: 349: 238: 117: 3430: 3380: 3335: 3290: 3265: 1722: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1260: 1225: 1193: 1163: 1036: 1024: 1002: 980: 927: 763: 731: 33: 3350: 3240: 2363: 2263: 2203: 2178: 2043: 1978: 1850: 1846: 1789: 1631: 1522: 1517: 1270: 1240: 1235: 958: 922: 721: 639: 344: 90: 2784: