Zoroaster - Knowledge

2730: 2393: 1315: 3539: 70: 2673: 4751: 2429:(216–276) was the culmination. Zoroaster's ethical dualism is—to an extent—incorporated in Manichaeism's doctrine which, unlike Mani's thoughts, viewed the world as being locked in an epic battle between opposing forces of good and evil. Manicheanism also incorporated other elements of Zoroastrian tradition, particularly the names of supernatural beings; however, many of these other Zoroastrian elements are either not part of Zoroaster's own teachings or are used quite differently from how they are used in Zoroastrianism. 2371:, among which Al-Shahrastani asserts that only the last of the three were properly followers of Zoroaster. As regards the recognition of a prophet, Zoroaster has said: "They ask you as to how should they recognize a prophet and believe him to be true in what he says; tell them what he knows the others do not, and he shall tell you even what lies hidden in your nature; he shall be able to tell you whatever you ask him and he shall perform such things which others cannot perform." (Namah Shat Vakhshur Zartust, .5–7. 50–54) 3509:. By choosing the name of 'Zarathustra' as prophet of his philosophy, as he has expressed clearly, he followed the paradoxical aim of paying homage to the original Iranian prophet and reversing his teachings at the same time. The original Zoroastrian world view interprets being essentially on a moralistic basis and depicts the world as an arena for the struggle of the two fundamentals of being, Good and Evil, represented in two antagonistic divine figures. On the contrary, Nietzsche wants his philosophy to be 3380:

Zoroaster's head had pulsated so strongly that it repelled the hand when laid upon it, a presage of his future wisdom. The Iranians were however just as familiar with the Greek writers, and the provenance of other descriptions are clear. For instance, Plutarch's description of its dualistic theologies reads thus: "Others call the better of these a god and his rival a daemon, as, for example, Zoroaster the Magus, who lived, so they record, five thousand years before the siege of Troy. He used to call the one

2490: 1934: 8046: 7558: 3596: 649: 3402: 3006: 3582: 2842: 3144:. Its ethos and cultural matrix was likewise Hellenistic, and "the ascription of literature to sources beyond that political, cultural and temporal framework represents a bid for authority and a fount of legitimizing "alien wisdom". Zoroaster and the magi did not compose it, but their names sanctioned it." The attributions to "exotic" names (not restricted to magians) conferred an "authority of a remote and revelatory wisdom." 2944: 2801: 7428: 3610: 1838: 237: 3375:", another prominent magian pseudo-author, is a set of prophecies distinguished from other Zoroastrian pseudepigrapha in that it draws on real Zoroastrian sources. Some allusions are more difficult to assess: in the same text that attributes the invention of magic to Zoroaster, Pliny states that Zoroaster laughed on the day of his birth, although in an earlier place, Pliny had sworn in the name of 4043:"258 years before Alexander" is only superficially precise. It has been suggested that this "traditional date" is an adoption of some date from foreign sources, from the Greeks or the Babylonians for example, which the priesthood then reinterpreted. A simpler explanation is that the priests subtracted 42 (the age at which Zoroaster is said to have converted Vistaspa) from the round figure of 300. 2718:—usually stylized as a steel rod crowned by a bull's head—that priests carry in their installation ceremony. In other depictions he appears with a raised hand and thoughtfully lifted finger, as if to make a point. Alternatively, this could be an Islamic influence, drawing parallels between both religions' conception of the oneness of God. 3222:, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." Although Pliny calls him the inventor of magic, the Roman does not provide a "magician's persona" for him. Moreover, the little "magical" teaching that is ascribed to Zoroaster is actually very late, with the very earliest example being from the 14th century. 3364:), of which nothing is known other than its extent (one volume) and that pseudo-Zoroaster 'sang' it (from which Cumont and Bidez conclude that it was in verse). Numerous other fragments preserved in the works of other authors are attributed to "Zoroaster", but the titles of those books are not mentioned. 3716:

Most scholars believe this dating to be way too recent based on linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, instead placing Zoroaster's life sometime in the 2nd millenium or early 1st millenium BC, with some suggesting dates as early as the 18th century BC, or as late as the 6th century BC, the latter of

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that refer to the Zoroastrian doctrine do not match the sources that appeared after the collapse of the state, such as the Pahlavi source and others. The reason is that because of the fall of the Sasanian state, the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction through modifying it

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that cover the core of Zoroastrian thinking. Little is known about Zoroaster; most of his life is known only from these scant texts. By any modern standard of historiography, no evidence can place him into a fixed period and the historicization surrounding him may be a part of a trend from before the

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indicates that the stories of Zoroaster's life were distorted by quoting stories from Christianity and Judaism and attributing them to Zoroaster, but the most quotations were from Islam after the entry of Muslims into Persia, as it was a means for the Zoroastrian clergy to strengthen their religion.

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some even identified Cyrus with Vishtaspa) counting back the length of successive generations, until they concluded that Zoroaster must have lived "258 years before Alexander". This estimate then re-appeared in the 9th- to 12th-century Arabic and Pahlavi texts of Zoroastrian tradition, like the 10th

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in 1945. A three-line cryptogram in the colophones following the 131-page treatise identify the work as "words of truth of Zostrianos. God of Truth . Words of Zoroaster." Invoking a "God of Truth" might seem Zoroastrian, but there is otherwise "nothing noticeably Zoroastrian" about the text and "in

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According to the tradition, he lived for many years after Vishtaspa's conversion, managed to establish a faithful community, and married three times. His first two wives bore him three sons, Isat Vâstra, Urvatat Nara, and Hvare Chithra, and three daughters, Freni, Thriti, and Pouruchista. His third

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that no child had ever done so before the 40th day from his birth. This notion of Zoroaster's laughter also appears in the 9th– to 11th-century texts of genuine Zoroastrian tradition, and for a time it was assumed that the origin of those myths lay with indigenous sources. Pliny also records that

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Zoroaster's training for priesthood probably started very early around seven years of age. He became a priest probably around the age of 15, and according to Gathas, gaining knowledge from other teachers and personal experience from traveling when he left his parents at age 20. By the age of 30,

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Apart from these indications in Middle Persian sources that are open to interpretations, there are a number of other sources. The Greek and Latin sources are divided on the birthplace of Zoroaster. There are many Greek accounts of Zoroaster, referred usually as Persian or Perso-Median Zoroaster;

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rulers who gained power following Alexander's death instituted an "Age of Alexander" as the new calendrical epoch. This did not appeal to the Zoroastrian priesthood who then attempted to establish an "Age of Zoroaster". To do so, they needed to establish when Zoroaster had lived, which they

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After the Islamic conquest of Persia and the migration of many Zoroastrians to India and after being exposed to Islamic and Christian propaganda, the Zoroastrians, especially the Parsis in India, went so far as to deny dualism and consider themselves completely monotheists. After several

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Although a few recent depictions of Zoroaster show him performing some deed of legend, in general the portrayals merely present him in white vestments (which are also worn by present-day Zoroastrian priests). He often is seen holding a collection of unbound rods or twigs, known as a

4250: 4248: 1290:('wrong, unjust, idle'), which therefore means that "the name must have been reinterpreted in an anti-Zoroastrian sense by the Armenian Christians". Furthermore, Schmitt adds: "it cannot be excluded, that the (Parthian or) Middle Persian form, which the Armenians took over ( 787:, though most scholars, using linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, suggest a dating to somewhere in the second millennium BC. Zoroastrianism eventually became Iran's most prominent religion from around the 6th century BC, enjoying official sanction during the time of the 1424:. According to Pliny the Elder, there were two Zoroasters. The first lived thousands of years ago, while the second accompanied Xerxes I in the invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Some scholars propose that the chronological calculation for Zoroaster was developed by Persian 1626:

The birthplace of Zoroaster is also unknown, and the language of the Gathas is not similar to the proposed north-western and north-eastern regional dialects of Persia. It is also suggested that he was born in one of the two areas and later lived in the other area.

1700:). In the 9th- to 12th-century Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, this 'Ragha' and with many other places appear as locations in Western Iran. While the land of Media does not figure at all in the Avesta (the westernmost location noted in scripture is 3504:

uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra, which has a significant meaning as he had used the familiar Greek-Latin name in his earlier works. It is believed that Nietzsche invents a characterization of Zarathustra as the mouthpiece for Nietzsche's own ideas about

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is now lost, and of the attested texts—with only one exception—only fragments have survived. Pliny's 2nd- or 3rd-century attribution of "two million lines" to Zoroaster suggest that (even if exaggeration and duplicates are taken into consideration) a formidable

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that saw him, at the core, to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples," Beck notes that "the rest was mostly fantasy". Zoroaster was set in the ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was described as a king of

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Zoroaster is rarely depicted as looking directly at the viewer; instead, he appears to be looking slightly upwards, as if beseeching. Zoroaster is almost always depicted with a beard along with other factors bearing similarities to 19th-century portraits of

1535:(who dated Zoroaster to somewhere between 1700 and 1000 BC) used linguistic and socio-cultural evidence to place Zoroaster between 1500 and 1000 BC (or 1200 and 900 BC). The basis of this theory is primarily proposed on linguistic similarities between the 2333:(I, 681–683) recounts that Zaradusht accompanied a Jewish prophet to Bishtasb/Vishtaspa. Upon their arrival, Zaradusht translated the sage's Hebrew teachings for the king and so convinced him to convert (Tabari also notes that they had previously been 1845:

Zoroaster is recorded as the son of Pourushaspa of the Spitama family, and Dugdōw, while his great-grandfather was Haēčataspa. All the names appear appropriate to the nomadic tradition. His father's name means 'possessing gray horses' (with the word

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In modern scholarship, two main approaches can be distinguished: a late dating to the 7th and 6th centuries BC, based on the indigenous Zoroastrian tradition, and an early dating, which places his life more generally in the 15th to 9th centuries BC.

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article on the history of Zoroastrianism summarizes the issue with "while there is general agreement that he did not live in western Iran, attempts to locate him in specific regions of eastern Iran, including Central Asia, remain tentative".

2041:. Before, he wanted the tree to be reconstructed before his eyes. This was done in spite of protests by the Iranians, who offered a very great sum of money to save the tree. Al-Mutawakkil never saw the cypress, because he was murdered by a 1783:

homelands, some of which then decided that Zoroaster must then have then been buried in their regions or composed his Gathas there or preached there. Arabic sources of the same period and the same region of historical Persia also consider

4164:, pp. 149–150: "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century." 3116:

Zoroaster has also been described as a sorcerer-astrologer – the creator of both magic and astrology. Deriving from that image, and reinforcing it, was a "mass of literature" attributed to him and that circulated the

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30.2.3). "However, a principle of the division of labor appears to have spared Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds." That "dubious honor" went to the "fabulous magus,

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in Greek). However, if this was true, it seems unlikely that the Avesta would not mention that Vishtaspa's son became the ruler of the Persian Empire, or that this key fact about Darius's father would not be mentioned in the

3354:), and which ran to five volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The title and fragments suggest that it was an astrological handbook, "albeit a very varied one, for the making of predictions." A third text attributed to Zoroaster is 1611:

Traditions favoring a late date for Zoroaster's life have fallen out of vogue with some Zoroastian communities, who see the prospect of their faith having more ancient roots than previously thought as a welcome development.

1819:. The medieval "from Media" hypothesis is no longer taken seriously, and Zaehner has even suggested that this was a Magi-mediated issue to garner legitimacy, but this has been likewise rejected by Gershevitch and others. 4257:, : "Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so ". 1578:

could have been composed more than a few centuries apart. These scholars suggest that Zoroaster lived in an isolated tribe or composed the Gathas before the 1200–1000 BC migration by the Iranians from the steppe to the

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Zoroastrian tradition from no later than the 10th century AD holds that Zoroaster's revelation happened at 30 years old "258 years before the time of Alexander" (almost certainly based on faulty reasoning, see

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views Zoroaster as a Prophet and describe the expressions of the all-good Ahura Mazda and evil Ahriman as merely referring to the coexistence of forces of good and evil enabling humans to exercise free will.

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In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zoroaster as first in the chronology of philosophers. Zoroaster's impact lingers today due in part to the system of religious ethics he founded called

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The Cypress of Kashmar is a mythical cypress tree of legendary beauty and gargantuan dimensions. It is said to have sprung from a branch brought by Zoroaster from Paradise and to have stood in today's

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and from a 6th-century commentator on Aristotle it is known that the acquisition policies of well-endowed royal libraries created a market for fabricating manuscripts of famous and ancient authors.

1345:, while others use internal evidence. While many scholars today consider a date around 1000 BC to be the most likely, others still consider a range of dates between 1500 and 500 BC to be possible. 1337:

There is no consensus on the dating of Zoroaster. The Avesta gives no direct information about it, while historical sources are conflicting. Some scholars base their date reconstruction on the

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wife, Hvōvi, was childless. Zoroaster died when he was 77 years and 40 days old. There are conflicting traditions on Zoroaster's manner of death. The most common is that he was murdered by a

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was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis. All present-day Iranian-language variants of his name derive from the Middle Iranian variants of

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the doctrines of Zoroastrianism to have been". The assembled fragments do not even show noticeable commonality of outlook and teaching among the several authors who wrote under each name.

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in the 4th century BC, and as the early Greeks learned about him from the Achaemenids, this indicates they did not regard him as a contemporary of Cyrus the Great, but as a remote figure.

2024: 7531: 7485: 2477:, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, saw Bahá'u'lláh as the fulfillment of a post-Sassanid Zoroastrian prophecy that saw a return of Sassanid emperor 7501: 2712:), which is generally considered to be another symbol of priesthood, or with a book in hand, which may be interpreted to be the Avesta. Alternatively, he appears with a mace, the 4265: 4263: 2729: 4347: 2737: 8110: 3173:

has the Sun in middle position, which was how it was understood in the 3rd century. In contrast, Plato's 4th-century BC version had the Sun in second place above the Moon.

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place them at around March 26 and December 26 respectively, which contradict the traditional account. It is likely the dates are symbolic at best and conjectural at worst.

2632:. For Zoroaster, by thinking good thoughts, saying good words, and doing good deeds (e.g. assisting the needy, doing good works, or conducting good rituals) one increases 2193:

This provides an explanation of why a number of parallels have been drawn between Zoroastrian teachings and Islam. Such parallels include the evident similarities between

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around his head. Until the 1920s, this figure was commonly thought to be a depiction of Zoroaster, but in recent years is more commonly interpreted to be a depiction of

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meaning 'horse'), while his mother's means 'milkmaid'. According to the tradition, he had four brothers, two older and two younger, whose names are given in much later

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Ibn Kathir has quoted the original narrative was borrowed from Tabari's record of the "History of Jerusalem". He also mentioned that Zoroastrian was synonymous with

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transformations and developments, one of the distinctive features of the Zoroastrian religion gradually faded away and almost disappeared from modern Zoroastrianism

4076:, with the latter specifically stating (in 943/944 AD) that "the Magians count a period of two hundred and fifty-eight years between their prophet and Alexander." 3313:. This corpus can safely be assumed to be pseudepigrapha because no one before Pliny refers to literature by "Zoroaster", and on the authority of the 2nd-century 7546: 3289:

While the division along the lines of Zoroaster/astrology and Ostanes/magic is an "oversimplification, the descriptions do at least indicate what the works are

1502:. This date gains credence mainly from attempts to connect figures in Zoroastrian texts to historical personages; thus some have postulated that the mythical 1470:

who cited a prophecy from a lost Avestan book in which Zoroaster foretold the Empire's destruction in 300 years, but the religion would last for 1,000 years.

2652:, but can make a personal choice to be co-workers, thereby perfecting the world as saoshyants ("world-perfecters") and eventually achieving the status of an 2445:", one of a line of prophets who have progressively revealed the Word of God to a gradually maturing humanity. Zoroaster thus shares an exalted station with 2614:

Zoroaster emphasized the freedom of the individual to choose right or wrong and individual responsibility for one's deeds. This personal choice to accept

1274:. Based on this assumption, Andreas even went so far to form conclusions from this also for the Avestan form of the name. However, the modern Iranologist 7493: 7476: 3558:. A sculpture of Zoroaster is included among other prominent religious figures in a procession representing major faith traditions on the south side of 7532: 2863: 2856: 2266:"of the Book" cannot apply in light of the Zoroastrian assertion that their books were destroyed by Alexander. Citing the authority of the 8th-century 7495: 3566:. It features figures from Abraham to the Reformation, illustrating a historical continuum of religious thought that includes the likes of Zoroaster, 2568:. For humankind, this occurs through active ethical participation in life, ritual, and the exercise of constructive/good thoughts, words, and deeds. 1558:–1100 BC), a collection of early Vedic hymns. Both texts are considered to have a common archaic Indo-Iranian origin. The Gathas portray an ancient 7504: 6226: 677: 3551: 2306:), governor of Nebuchadnezzar, and spread his teaching of Zoroastrianism there. Bashtaasib then followed his teaching, forces the inhabitants of 7492: 6323:

Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.),

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Like the Greeks of classical antiquity, Islamic tradition understands Zoroaster to be the founding prophet of the Magians (via Aramaic, Arabic

392: 1779:. Coming from a reputed scholar of religions, this was a serious blow to the various regions which all claimed that Zoroaster originated from 950:

root for 'camel', with the entire name meaning 'he who can manage camels'. Reconstructions from later Iranian languages—particularly from the

7529: 6437: 7519: 1583:. The shortfall of the argument is the vague comparison, and the archaic language of Gathas does not necessarily indicate time difference. 7522: 7502: 7527: 7523: 7488: 7455: 6243: 1808: 7483: 7482: 7019:

Nock, A. D. (1929), "(Book Review) Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein & H. H. Schaeder",

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sage, i.e. having a mission preceded by ascetic withdrawal and enlightenment. However, at first mentioned in the context of dualism, in

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refers to some Iranian peoples that are unknown in the Greek and Achaemenid sources about the 6th and 5th century BC Eastern Iran. The

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soldier named Baraturish, potentially a spin on the same figure, while other traditions combine both accounts or hold that he died of

1373:), which is a possible misunderstanding of the Zoroastrian four cycles of 3,000 years (i.e. 12,000 years). This belief is recorded by 7524: 4544: 2178:

The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies comments that the Islamic conquest of Persia caused a huge impact on the Zoroastrian doctrine.

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Gronke, Monika (1993), "Derwische im Vorhof der Macht. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert",

1519:. It is also possible that Darius I's father was named in honor of the Zoroastrian patron, indicating possible Zoroastrian faith by 1444:, which references a date "258 years before Alexander") place Zoroaster in the 6th century BC, which coincided with the accounts by 7594: 7533: 6691: 5278: 3623: 7537: 3468:

I believe, besides Zoroaster, there were divers that writ before Moses, who notwithstanding have suffered the common fate of time.

7513: 7512: 2294:, Zoroaster came into conflict with Jeremiah which resulted in angry Jeremiah cast a curse upon Zoroaster, causing him to suffer 1876:(Wise Lord) and five other radiant figures. Zoroaster soon became aware of the existence of two primal spirits, the second being 7528: 7478: 2579:

and have been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. Among the classic Greek philosophers,

2357:(an otherwise undocumented sect that – per Sharastani – seems to have had a stronger doctrine of Ahriman's "non-reality"), the 1860:

Zoroaster experienced a revelation during a spring festival; on the river bank he saw a shining being, who revealed himself as

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6, reports deciding to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors," for their opinion.

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From a letter of the Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, May 13, 1979, to Gayle Woolson published in

7511: 7510: 7498: 5695: 4272:, : "In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BCE ". 3157:), which appears to have originally constituted four volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The framework is a retelling of Plato's 1799:(though in a much wider scope than the present-day province) as the homeland of Zoroastrianism; Frye voted for Bactria and 1377:, and variant readings could place it 600 years before Xerxes I, somewhere before 1000 BC. However, Diogenes also mentions 670: 8012: 7542: 2037:) caused the mighty cypress to be felled, and then transported it across Iran, to be used for beams in his new palace at 599: 7509: 5684:

Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A. G., Wilson, J. A., & Jacobsen, T. (1964). Before Philosophy. Penguin, Harmondsworth.

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The exception to the fragmentary evidence (i.e. reiteration of passages in works of other authors) is a complete Coptic

3109:, Plutarch presents Zoroaster as "Zaratras," not realizing the two to be the same, and he is described as a "teacher of 2906: 2533:—which is highly nuanced and difficult to translate—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of 1756:

suggest west of Iran as his birthplace. Moreover, they have the suggestion that there has been more than one Zoroaster.

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adaptation of "Zarathushtra Spitama") was an inhabitant of Israel and a servant of one of the disciples of the prophet

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itself means "abundant strength", and is thought to have been a clan or family name taken from an eponymous ancestor.

3530: 3441: 3063: 3045: 2987: 2925: 2828: 7541: 7525: 7480: 7479: 3293:"; they were not expressions of Zoroastrian doctrine, they were not even expressions of what the Greeks and Romans " 2969: 725:, which he is believed to have authored, he is described as a preacher and a poet-prophet. He also had an impact on 8105: 2059: 882:. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of Avestan 7481: 3259:) which he himself had invoked, and even, that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him. 2638:

in the world and in themselves, celebrating the divine order, and coming a step closer on the everlasting road to

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Die arischen Personennamen und ihre Träger bei den Alexanderhistorikern (Studien zur iranischen Anthroponomastik)

3241:, even as the 'living' star. Later, an even more elaborate mythoetymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living ( 2885: 663: 6337: 8100: 8075: 7544: 7505: 6166: 5799: 3423: 3275: 3027: 2954: 1511: 7539: 783:

His life is traditionally dated to sometime around the 7th and 6th centuries BC, making him a contemporary of

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An early reference to Zoroaster in English literature occur in the writings of the physician-philosopher Sir

2282:. According to this tale, Zaradusht defrauded his master, who cursed him, causing him to become leprous (cf. 1594:'s writings on the topic. Mair himself guessed that Zoroaster could have been born in the 2nd millennium BC. 6445: 8028: 7975: 7587: 7530: 7526: 6903: 2892: 2775: 2271: 2118: 2067: 1649:(both Old and Younger portions) does not mention the Achaemenids or of any West Iranian tribes such as the 901: 38: 3966: 1099: 1061:

Mayrhofer (1977) proposed an etymology of 'who is desiring camels' or 'longing for camels' and related to

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The History of Philosophy from the Earliest Periods: Drawn Up from Brucker's Historia Critica Philosophia

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By the late 20th century, most scholars had settled on an origin in eastern Greater Iran. Gnoli proposed

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from the 4th century AD. The traditional Zoroastrian date originates in the period immediately following

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based on his perception of "Zoroastrian" philosophy, in order to express his disagreement with Plato on

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Eventually, at the age of about 42, Zoroaster received the patronage of queen Hutaosa and a ruler named

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region as "the native land of the Zoroastrians and, probably, of Zoroaster himself." Boyce includes the

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or 559–522 BC. The latest possible date is the mid 6th century BC, at the time of Achaemenid Empire's

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soldier (possibly in the employ of his son) on the night when it arrived on the banks of the Tigris.

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These pseudepigraphic texts aside, some authors did draw on a few genuinely Zoroastrian ideas. The

3274:, attributes the creation of the seven-day week to "the Babylonians in the circle of Zoroaster and 3267: 2083: 1967: 1567: 757: 706: 8002: 2611:, used a similar term, philosophy, or "love of wisdom" to describe the search for ultimate truth. 960:, which is the form that the name took in the 9th- to 12th-century Zoroastrian texts—suggest that 8120: 8050: 7980: 7929: 7580: 7398: 6454: 6354: 3633: 3412: 3016: 2965: 2852: 2604: 2392: 1992: 849: 584: 220: 7657: 7503: 7486: 7392: 7242: 6524:

Mute Dreams, Blind Owls, and Dispersed Knowledges: Persian Poesis in the Transnational Circuitry

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In Search of Zarathustra – Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet

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content, style, ethos and intention, its affinities are entirely with the congeners among the

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The purpose of humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain and align itself to

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Classical scholarship in the 6th to 4th century BC believed he existed 6,000 years before

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Watkins, Alison (2006), "Where Got I That Truth? Psychic Junk in a Modernist Landscape",

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Sieber, John (July 1973), "An Introduction to the Tractate Zostrianos from Nag Hammadi",

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in northeastern Iran and to have been planted by Zoroaster in honor of the conversion of

1449: 1358: 843: 738: 559: 75: 7277:, Vienna: n.p. (Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien) 7049:

International Association for the Study of Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin

6661: 2689:, an alchemy manuscript published in Germany in the late 17th or early 18th century and 7832: 7766: 7204: 7077: 7036: 6936: 6890: 6882: 6773: 6708: 6592: 6316: 5977: 3733:

Zoroastrian tradition usually places Zoroaster's death at 77 years and 40 days of age.

3711: 3559: 3321: 3198: 3197:

only two facts are known: that it was crammed with astrological speculations, and that

3190: 2899: 2156: 2072: 2029:('The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation'), he further describes how the 2004: 1853: 1745: 1563: 1225: 798: 472: 402: 6735: 4112:

quotations are per the Ludovici translation. Paraphrases follow the original passage (

2323:

instead stated that some older narration said that Zoroaster was a former disciple of

1275: 7465: 7354: 7333: 7315: 7292: 7248: 7225: 7215: 7208: 7182: 7166: 7150: 7134: 7081: 7006: 6967: 6894: 6874: 6841: 6823: 6777: 6756:

Kingsley, Peter (1990), "The Greek Origin of the Sixth-Century Dating of Zoroaster",

6667: 6646: 6596: 6549: 6528: 6505: 6423: 6400: 6377: 5795: 5753: 5046: 4874: 4678: 4553: 3482: 3085: 2744:

in South-Western Iran. The original is now believed to be either a representation of

2320: 2175:

to resemble the religion of Muslims to retain followers in the Zoroastrian religion.

2021:, King Vishtaspa had been a patron of Zoroaster who planted the tree himself. In his 1785: 1678: 1453: 1362: 1249: 1182: 1142:

has not yet been determined. Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan

1025: 714: 7433: 5794:. Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava . Leiden, NDL: Brill Archive. p. 129. 4670:

Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire

2756:

Many modern depictions of Zoroaster derive from a Sassanid-era rock-face carving at

1052:'who is driving camels' or 'who is fostering/cherishing camels': related to Avestan 791:, until the 7th century AD, when the religion itself began to decline following the 7949: 7753: 7743: 7413: 7196: 7123: 7069: 7028: 6866: 6793: 6765: 6700: 6584: 6328: 6312: 6273: 5791:

In Mist Apparelled: Religious Themes in Plutarch's Moralia and Lives, Volumes 48–50

5659: 5654: 4864: 3988: 3943: 3869: 3794: 3750: 3738: 3550:, representing ancient Persian judicial wisdom and dating to 1896, towers over the 3129: 2961: 2110: 1733: 1536: 1206: 1121: 1004: 860: 564: 387: 382: 69: 7288:

The Hymns of Zoroaster: A New Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran

7047:

Sarianidi, V. (1987), "South-West Asia: Migrations, the Aryans and Zoroastrians",

5040: 3491:(1819), the mage Prosper Alpanus states that Professor Zoroaster was his teacher. 2201:, praying five times a day, covering one's head during prayer, and the mention of 7348: 7309: 7286: 7238: 7219: 7187: 7000: 6961: 6817: 6522: 6417: 6394: 6371: 5789: 5462: 4868: 4668: 4068:

xxxiv.9). That '258 years' was the generally accepted figure is however noted by

3601: 3542:

Zoroaster statue (left) atop the Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State.

3524: 3229:

origin, and Zoroaster's Greek name was identified at first with star-worshiping (

3208: 3137: 3133: 2683: 2167: 1764: 1749: 1636: 1621: 1601: 1580: 1499: 1457: 1390: 1240:). The most important of these testimonies were provided by the Armenian authors 1080: 788: 784: 702: 653: 6118: 5699: 3262:

The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratras or Zaratas/Zaradas/Zaratos.

1278:

rejects Andreas's assumption, and states that the older form which started with

7847: 7842: 7791: 7733: 7603: 6854: 6784:

Khlopin, I.N. (1992), "Zoroastrianism – Location and Time of its Origin",

5467:. Translated by Dar Al Kalam Staff. دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع - بيروت 3699: 3615: 3460: 3306: 3301: 3263: 3125: 3102: 2820: 2760:. In this depiction, a figure is seen to preside over the coronation of either 2749: 2690: 2571:

Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on

2474: 2426: 2403: 2348: 2086: 2042: 1988: 1760: 1696:, or supreme head of the Zoroastrian priesthood, is said to reside in 'Ragha' ( 1654: 1591: 1590:

or before was suggested by Silk Road Seattle, using its own interpretations of

1587: 1544: 1062: 951: 827: 710: 487: 482: 432: 372: 228: 195: 7073: 6870: 6769: 5330:"ZOROASTRIANISM II. HISTORICAL REVIEW: FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO MODERN TIMES" 4589: 2489: 1952:, an early adherent of Zoroastrianism (possibly from Bactria according to the 8064: 7985: 7761: 7672: 7337: 7200: 7060:

Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1977), "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained",

6878: 6813: 6541: 4860: 3587: 3487: 3455: 3118: 3077: 2194: 2030: 1933: 1909: 1720:). However, in Avestan, Ragha is simply a toponym meaning 'plain, hillside.' 1241: 604: 397: 302: 7127: 6797: 5512: 2603:

and is translated as 'Worship of Wisdom/Mazda' in English. The encyclopedia

2481:; Effendi also stated that Zoroaster lived roughly 1000 years before Jesus. 1487:

Some scholars propose a period between 7th and 6th century BC, for example,

7852: 7837: 7806: 7796: 7728: 7723: 7692: 6992: 6731: 6095: 5438: 4976: 3385: 3266:

considered the mathematicians to have studied with Zoroaster in Babylonia.

2757: 2741: 2641: 2225: 2140: 1879: 1804: 1768: 1608:

have dated Zoroaster to roughly 3,500 years ago, in the 2nd millennium BC.

1597: 1331: 1323: 769: 746: 718: 492: 477: 437: 367: 362: 327: 101: 7311:

Hellenica: Volume III: Philosophy, Music and Metre, Literary Byways, Varia

6562:

Frye, Richard N. (1992), "Zoroastrians in Central Asia in Ancient Times",

6499: 826:. His translated name, "Zoroaster", derives from a later (5th century BC) 7924: 7738: 7617: 4401: 3925: 3734: 3381: 2765: 2536: 2422: 2345: 2171: 2076: 1871: 1816: 1571: 1401: 804: 773: 522: 377: 252: 6886: 6201: 6170: 4187: 4185: 7862: 7827: 7718: 7632: 6413: 6390: 5726: 5383: 4055: 3426: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3166: 3158: 3110: 3030: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2761: 2608: 2580: 2299: 2291: 1900:(deception). Thus he decided to spend his life teaching people to seek 1863: 1772: 1707: 1697: 1532: 1462: 1439: 1409: 1382: 1378: 1191: 777: 734: 726: 467: 357: 267: 7040: 6712: 3225:

Association with astrology according to Roger Beck, were based on his

2607:

claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with

1971: 1566:

bipartite society of warrior-herdsmen and priests (compared to Bronze

1003:

is the original form, it may mean 'with old/aging camels', related to

7919: 7914: 7642: 7185:(2008), "On the State and Prospects of the Study of Zoroastrianism", 6857:(1990). "Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Maguš and English Magician". 6634: 4182: 4073: 4069: 3660: 3555: 3372: 3359: 3349: 3343: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3152: 3098: 2785: 2576: 2501:, 1509, showing what may be Zoroaster (left, with star-studded globe) 2360: 2330: 2303: 2237: 2221: 2014: 1979: 1953: 1949: 1800: 1776: 1717: 1701: 1559: 1503: 1467: 1421: 1370: 1366: 847: 831: 795:. Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the 517: 512: 277: 236: 204: 3401: 3128:, though at one stage or another various parts of it passed through 3005: 2972:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2841: 2511:, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between 2017:

to Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian physicist and historian

7857: 7781: 7776: 7422: 7418: 7032: 6704: 6588: 5951: 5757: 5745: 5714: 3962: 3690:), where "time of Alexander" is vague, and could either begin with 3595: 3506: 3376: 3089: 3081: 2478: 2462: 2425:

considered Zoroaster to be a figure in a line of prophets of which

2279: 2257: 2080: 1940: 1672: 1664: 1507: 1495: 1354: 1319: 648: 422: 417: 322: 3724:, give or take a few centuries, is the most conservative estimate. 3643:, a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. 3121:

world from the 3rd century BC to the end of antiquity and beyond.

2298:, and exiling him. Zoroaster later moved to a place of modern-day 7888: 7822: 7801: 7647: 7572: 6931:, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4489:

Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893

3707: 3336: 3226: 3219: 3174: 3106: 3094: 2600: 2572: 2498: 2454: 2446: 2336: 2295: 2217: 2198: 2038: 2010: 1729: 1725: 1658: 1645:) as Zoroaster's home and the scene of his first appearance. The 1575: 1548: 1520: 1413: 1405: 817: 761: 742: 705:

religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary

542: 462: 442: 282: 3717:

which would seemingly match with the tradition. Sometime around

3581: 2736:

depiction of Zoroaster from a 1906 travel guide. Derived from a

1906:. He received further revelations and saw a vision of the seven 7990: 7867: 7713: 7708: 7677: 6005: 5873: 5041:

William Enfield; Johann Jakob Brucker; Knud Haakonssen (2001).

4034:

For refutation of these and other proposals, see Humbach, 1991.

3342:

Another work circulating under the name of "Zoroaster" was the

3279: 3101:(or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical of a 2779: 2745: 2733: 2701: 2307: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2202: 1925: 1917: 1812: 1792: 1753: 1737: 1681:, most of which are located in north-eastern and eastern Iran. 1646: 1540: 1393:

cited Eudoxus which placed his death 6,000 years before Plato,

1245: 1016: 765: 722: 594: 552: 547: 407: 352: 307: 191: 190:

Spiritual founder, central figure, prophet and composer of the

7475: 6963:

Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology

6396:

A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians

6244:"Rockefeller Memorial Chapel | the University of Chicago" 3878: 3851: 3821: 3518: 3161:, with Zoroaster taking the place of the original hero. While 3147:

Among the named works attributed to "Zoroaster" is a treatise

3080:

of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by

2514: 2466: 1841:

19th century painting depicting the events of Zoroaster's life

1837: 1268:(1846–1930) used as evidence for a Middle Persian spoken form 766:

corpus of Zoroastrian religious texts written in that language

7909: 7883: 7786: 7771: 7687: 7682: 6819:

Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice

5464:

Stories of the Prophets (Peace be upon them): Qasas Al-Anbiya

5329: 4172: 4170: 4012: 3890: 3833: 3803: 3567: 3314: 3178: 3141: 2723: 2458: 2450: 2324: 2314: 2245: 2210: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2098: 1713: 1650: 1417: 1385:, which would mean he lived around 6200 BC. The 10th-century 1327: 1108:

was for a time itself subjected to heated debate because the

855: 837: 750: 730: 427: 412: 317: 312: 208: 6689:

Jackson, A. V. Williams (1896), "On the Date of Zoroaster",

5396: 4053: 3887: 2707: 1972: 1712:, or "Primordial Creation", (20.32 and 24.15) puts Ragha in 1640: 1437: 1269: 1176: 1155: 1070:, 'to like', and perhaps (though ambiguous) also to Avestan 1034: 955: 7893: 7637: 7627: 7171:"Zoroaster, as perceived in Western Europe after antiquity" 6699:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 17: 1–22, 6639:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

5885: 3971: 3902: 3881: 3836: 3806: 2310:

to convert to Zoroastrianism and killed those who refused.

2128: 2090: 1895: 1887: 1425: 1386: 922: 916: 895: 877: 272: 262: 50: 6736:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book" 6682:

The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts

6575:

Gershevitch, Ilya (1964), "Zoroaster's Own Contribution",

4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4167: 2583:

is often referred to as inspired by Zoroaster's thinking.

1436:

Some later pseudo-historical and Zoroastrian sources (the

1301: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1259: 1253: 1235: 1229: 6838:

The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization

6204:ایرون دات کام: عکس ها: مجسّمهٔ تمام قّدِ زرتشت در نیویورک 5666: 5630: 4418: 4416: 3842: 3812: 2166:

mentioned that the sources dating back to the era of the

2034: 7244:

The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63

7218:; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015), 7214: 7088:

Schlerath, Bernfried (1977), "Noch einmal Zarathustra",

5783: 5781: 5651:

Herakleitos Und Zoroaster: Eine Historische Untersuchung

5405:"The Reconstruction of Jerusalem In the Era of Jeremiah" 4784: 4627: 4407: 4275: 4191: 6373:

A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume I: The Early Period

4497: 4495: 4309: 3687: 1574:), and that it is thus implausible that the Gathas and 27:

Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism

7177:, vol. OT9, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 7062:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

6758:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5022: 4814: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4413: 1381:'s belief that Zoroaster lived 5,000 years before the 1185: 1065: 1028: 904: 7463: 5778: 5582: 5570: 4591:

Dictionary Of Manichean Middle Persian & Parthian

4359: 4357: 4001: 3956: 3929: 3919: 3893: 3875: 3872: 3845: 3830: 3827: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3778: 3771: 3763: 2769: 2713: 2699: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2594: 2588: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2506: 1982: 1961: 1938: 1923: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1893: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1861: 1847: 1705: 1691: 1685: 1670: 1662: 1630: 1431: 1400:. Other pseudo-historical constructions are those of 1216: 1200: 1161: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1071: 1053: 1044: 1007: 998: 989: 983: 977: 971: 961: 941: 935: 929: 883: 864:(122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin 821: 808:

10th century AD that historicizes legends and myths.

796: 8111:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

7002:

The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research

6991:, translated by Ludovici, Anthony Mario, Edinburgh: 5861: 5428: 5101: 5074: 4492: 4328: 3899: 3896: 3848: 3818: 3577: 3330:(after the first-person narrator) discovered in the 3325: 3278:," and who did so because there were seven planets. 2366: 2358: 2352: 2334: 2261: 2251: 2243: 2022: 1389:

provides a date of 500 years before the Trojan War.

1258:

was formed through an older form which started with

1170: 1019: 934:

is generally accepted to derive from an Old Iranian

6419:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

5902: 5900: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5787: 4802: 4739: 4587: 4428: 3884: 3839: 3797: 3700: 3205:was mentioned by name and that she was in the air. 1970:) named Brādrēs, while performing at an altar. The 1803:; Khlopin suggests the Tedzen Delta in present-day 910: 889: 871: 5606: 5271: 5059: 4952: 4354: 4138: 4136: 4134: 3649:, author of a Persian epic biography on Zoroaster. 3124:The language of that literature was predominantly 2786:Western references to Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism 2646:. Thus, mankind are not the slaves or servants of 2089:thought that Zoroaster, the Chinese cultural hero 1767:writer originally from Shahristān, in present-day 1506:who appears in an account of Zoroaster's life was 1160:, which, in turn, all reflect Avestan's fricative 37:"Zarathustra" redirects here. For other uses, see 6546:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 5549: 5237: 5235: 5113: 4715: 4519: 4507: 4348:"How Zoroastrianism influenced the Western world" 4016:), describing an enlightened poet of Vedic hymns. 3698:, or, more likely, with the establishment of the 3688:the section on Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship 1136:as a development from it. Why this is not so for 8062: 6603:Gnoli, Gherardo (2000), "Zoroaster in History", 5897: 5842: 5642: 5594: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4727: 4471: 2396:The four primary prophets of Manichaeism in the 2274:(I, 648) reports that Zaradusht bin Isfiman (an 1884:(Destructive Spirit), with opposing concepts of 7221:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 6482:, Baháʼí Publications Australia, archived from 6365:(2nd ed.), London: Oxford University Press 5976:I.15, Diodorus of Eritrea and Aristoxenus apud 4873:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 310–311, 653, 4552:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 98. 4459: 4299: 4297: 4131: 3640:Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None 3552:Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State 6637:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.). 5309: 5232: 4831: 4829: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 994:, several interpretations have been proposed. 74:Modern depiction of Zoroaster featured at the 7588: 7449: 7268:, Worcester: University College, pp. 3–4 6138: 6136: 5137: 4991: 4662: 4660: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 2351:describes the Majusiya into three sects, the 1210: 671: 6564:Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 6349:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (1994), "Philosophy", 6293:The Book of Zoroaster, or The Zartusht-Nāmah 6035: 6033: 6020: 6018: 5929: 5927: 5820: 5818: 5768: 5766: 5293: 5125: 4859: 4294: 4286:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTavernier2007 ( 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4113: 3658: 3528: 2768:. The figure is standing on a lotus, with a 2270:, the 9th- and 10th-century Sunni historian 2025:ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt 1771:, proposed that Zoroaster's father was from 721:; in the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the 7139:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. I & II 6835: 6663:Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File 6574: 5891: 5879: 5362: 5353: 5089: 5028: 4826: 4386: 4369: 4197: 3519:Notable influence on modern Western culture 3193:. With respect to substance and content in 2829:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2740:that appears in a 4th-century sculpture at 2626:is one's own decision and not a dictate of 1759:On the other hand, in post-Islamic sources 1461:accomplished by (erroneously, according to 865: 7656: 7595: 7581: 7456: 7442: 7237: 6746: 6278:"Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Persia" 6133: 5618: 5612: 5460: 4657: 4598: 3554:at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue in 3211:names Zoroaster as the inventor of magic ( 2231: 1914:, and his teachings were collected in the 1043:'with angry/furious camels': from Avestan 780:), but his exact birthplace is uncertain. 678: 664: 235: 68: 7327: 7181: 7165: 7149: 7133: 7087: 7046: 6926: 6803: 6605:Biennial Yarshater Lecture Series, Vol. 2 6480:The Compilation of Compilations, Volume I 6360: 6348: 6030: 6015: 5924: 5815: 5763: 5732: 5720: 5672: 5658: 5636: 5588: 5576: 5555: 5377: 5119: 4916: 4542: 4501: 4422: 4281: 4224: 3535:(1896) was inspired by Nietzsche's book. 3442:Learn how and when to remove this message 3064:Learn how and when to remove this message 3046:Learn how and when to remove this message 2988:Learn how and when to remove this message 2926:Learn how and when to remove this message 2790: 2228:, are also mentioned in the Quran 22:17. 1296:or the like), was merely metathesized to 816:Zoroaster's name in his native language, 7161:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 7145:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 7059: 6998: 6966:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 6956: 6914: 6901: 6755: 6692:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6305:Transactions of the Philological Society 6096:"DIVERS Definition & Usage Examples" 5972:12, Alexander Polyhistor apud Clement's 5648: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5143: 5004: 4808: 4733: 4721: 4525: 4254: 4239: 4218: 4142: 3624:List of founders of religious traditions 3537: 2728: 2671: 2488: 2391: 1932: 1836: 1775:(also in Medea) and his mother was from 1348: 1313: 1114:is an irregular development: as a rule, 870:, and, in later Greek orthographies, as 7366: 7343: 7263:Writing Junk: Culture, Landscape, Body 7260: 7109:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 7100: 6947: 6935: 6910:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6812: 6783: 6730: 6718: 6688: 6679: 6620:, Venice: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina 6517: 6497: 6473: 6464: 6344:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6338:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks" 6286:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6272: 6202:"Tall Statue of Zoroaster in New York" 6142: 5696:"Pliny Natural History Vol 8; Book XXX" 5600: 5567:Amin Maalouf 1991, The Gardens of Light 5107: 4847: 4820: 4745: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4269: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 2559:), and as the condition for free will. 2469:, and the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, 1809:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1416:, or lived at the time of mythological 14: 8063: 7113: 6721:Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran 6666:, New Delhi: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 6659: 6624: 6299: 6290: 6051: 5485: 5402: 5368: 5327: 5279:"The Cypress of Kashmar and Zoroaster" 5083: 4785:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4666: 4628:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4513: 4408:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4192:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4086: 2862:Please improve this section by adding 2432: 2188:IRANIAN COSMOGONY & DUALISM | CAIS 1570:; some conjecture that it depicts the 1264:, a fact which the German Iranologist 7576: 7437: 7272: 6917:Das erste Kapitel der Gatha Uštavati 6611: 6602: 6540: 6504:, Wilmette: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 6412: 6389: 6369: 5693: 5265: 5241: 5214: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5131: 5068: 5016: 4892: 4870:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4796: 4757: 4709: 4651: 4639: 4588:Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004). 4395: 4363: 4334: 4176: 2097:were actually the Biblical patriarch 1998: 1748:suggest east of greater Iran whereas 1473: 811: 7304: 7281: 7155:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. III 7018: 6999:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993), 6922:, Rome: Pontificio Instituto Biblico 6853: 6742:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation. 6633: 6614:"Agathias and the Date of Zoroaster" 6561: 6438:"Bahá'u'lláh as Zoroastrian saviour" 6435: 6335: 6322: 6039: 6024: 5933: 5918: 5906: 5867: 5855: 5836: 5824: 5772: 5624: 5436:[Was Zoroaster a prophet?]. 5253: 5226: 5202: 5190: 5095: 4958: 4904: 4835: 4697: 4615: 4531: 4380: 4322: 4303: 4148: 3424:adding citations to reliable sources 3395: 3391: 3169:listening to Zoroaster's discourse, 3028:adding citations to reliable sources 2999: 2937: 2835: 2794: 1868:(Good Purpose) and taught him about 1510:'s father, also named Vishtaspa (or 1297: 1171: 709:, becoming the spiritual founder of 7332:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 6904:"Zoroastrianism: Historical Review" 6808:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 6749:Zarathustra: Myth, Message, History 6618:Eran ud Aneran, Festschrift Marshak 6363:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 6351:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 5513:"هل بوذا" أو "زرادشت" من الأنبياء؟" 5328:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 4972:"An introduction to Zoroastrianism" 4769: 4118:3), available in the public domain. 3992: 3947: 3756:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀 3754: 3235:, 'star sacrificer") and, with the 2290:in Jewish scripture). According to 1211: 600:Zoroastrianism in the United States 62:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀 24: 7602: 6317:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1953.tb00268.x 5371:The Penguin Dictionary of Religion 4850:, chap. "The date of Zarathustra". 2399:Manichaean Diagram of the Universe 2053: 1788:as the birthplace of Zarathustra. 1432:Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship 1079:'with yellow camels': parallel to 25: 8132: 7381: 6943:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6629:, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 6548:, London: Oneworld publications, 6467:Commentaire sur le Yaçna, Vol. I 5392:The Story of the Prophet Jeremiah 5356:Book Iran During The Sassanid Era 4006:, cognate with the Sanskrit term 3735:Celebrations of Zoroaster's birth 2810:This section has multiple issues. 2387: 2374: 1635:9 and 17 cite the Ditya River in 1357:'s invasion of Greece in 480 BC ( 8045: 8044: 7557: 7556: 7426: 7367:Zaehner, Robert Charles (1958), 6747:Khamneipur, Abolghassem (2015), 6719:Jackson, A. V. Williams (1899), 6303:(1953), "Indo-Iranian Studies", 6236: 6219: 6194: 6176: 6160: 6148: 6111: 6108:Religio Medici Part 1 Section 23 6102: 6088: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6045: 5999: 5983: 5980:VI32.2, for the primary sources. 5958: 5939: 5912: 5830: 5738: 5687: 5678: 5561: 4101: 4092: 4079: 3868: 3793: 3608: 3594: 3580: 3400: 3004: 2942: 2840: 2799: 2060:Christianity and other religions 1322:depiction of Zoroaster found in 1284:was just influenced by Armenian 1120:(a first element that ends in a 940:; The element half of the name ( 900:(literally 'undiluted') and the 803:, a series of hymns composed in 647: 7021:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 6822:, University of Chicago Press, 6607:, New York: Bibliotheca Persica 6577:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6265: 6119:"Klein Zaches Genannt Zinnober" 5531: 5505: 5479: 5454: 5422: 5347: 5321: 5259: 5247: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5034: 5010: 4964: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4853: 4790: 4778: 4763: 4703: 4691: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4581: 4483: 4340: 4060:computes "200 and some years" ( 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 3982: 3937: 3912: 3861: 3786: 3744: 3727: 3411:needs additional citations for 3181:of plagiarizing Zoroaster, and 3015:needs additional citations for 2818:or discuss these issues on the 1586:Another possible date from the 1190:, in Manichaean Middle Persian 1169:In Middle Persian, the name is 7353:, New York: Biblo and Tannen, 6952:, London: Williams and Norgate 6836:Livingstone, David N. (2002), 6361:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (2005), 6190:. The New York Public Library. 4025:Originally proposed by Burnouf 3679: 3488:Klein Zaches, genannt Zinnober 2667: 2260:(Zahiri school) contends that 2161:Iran During The Sassanid Era'' 1736:placed him among Ariaspai (in 13: 1: 7373:. Cf. especially Chapter IV: 7350:Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma 6979: 6902:Malandra, William W. (2005), 6154: 5045:. Thoemmes. pp. 18, 22. 4125: 3718: 2864:secondary or tertiary sources 2484: 2256:). The 11th-century Cordoban 2048: 1552: 1526: 1488: 1394: 113: 93: 8071:Ancient Iranian philosophers 6981:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 6948:Moulton, James Hope (1913), 6751:, Voctoria, BC: FriesenPress 6476:"Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster" 5788:Brenk, Frederick E. (1977). 5354:Christensen, Arthur (1936). 4667:Tuplin, Christopher (2007). 4546:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary 4054: 3546:A sculpture of Zoroaster by 3360: 3350: 3344: 3326: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3153: 2708: 2119:Cyrus the Great in the Quran 2068:Cyrus the Great in the Bible 1973: 1641: 1482: 1438: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1270: 1260: 1254: 1236: 1230: 1192: 1186: 1177: 1156: 1035: 956: 917: 896: 878: 848: 832: 793:Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran 39:Zarathustra (disambiguation) 7: 7425:(public domain audiobooks) 7410:Works by or about Zoroaster 6983:(1911), Levy, Oscar (ed.), 6927:Mayrhofer, Manfred (1977), 6660:Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983), 6465:Burnouf, M. Eugène (1833), 6325:A History of Zoroastrianism 6171:the Project Gutenberg EBook 5698:. Heinemann. Archived from 5519:(in Arabic). Islamweb. 2020 4115:Warum ich ein Schicksal bin 4002: 3957: 3930: 3920: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3701: 3629:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 3573: 3560:Rockefeller Memorial Chapel 3309:corpus once existed at the 2968:the claims made and adding 2770: 2714: 2700: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2595: 2589: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2521: 2513: 2507: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2335: 2302:which ruled by Bashtaasib ( 2262: 2252: 2244: 2104: 2023: 1983: 1962: 1939: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1848: 1807:. Sarianidi considered the 1706: 1692: 1686: 1671: 1663: 1631: 1343:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 1339:Proto-Indo-Iranian language 1217: 1201: 1162: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1094: 1084: 1072: 1066: 1054: 1045: 1029: 1020: 1008: 999: 990: 984: 978: 972: 962: 942: 936: 930: 905: 884: 822: 797: 713:. Variously described as a 630:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 610:Persecution of Zoroastrians 10: 8137: 6643:Cambridge University Press 6627:Freiburger Islamstudien 15 6469:, Paris: Imprimatur Royale 6436:Buck, Christopher (1998), 3934:, meaning "good religion". 3918:Known by its adherents as 3706:following the conquest of 2676:Depiction of Zoroaster in 2527:. The cardinal concept of 2341:) to the Magian religion. 2235: 2122: 2108: 2084:Jesuit missionary to China 2075:identified Zoroaster with 2057: 2002: 1619: 1092:The interpretation of the 976:. Subject then to whether 911: 890: 872: 838: 36: 32:Zoroaster (disambiguation) 29: 8086:Iranian religious leaders 8042: 8021: 7958: 7902: 7876: 7815: 7701: 7665: 7654: 7610: 7552: 7472: 7371:, London: Faber and Faber 7369:A Comparison of Religions 7247:, Oxford: George Ronald, 7224:, John Wiley & Sons, 7101:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002), 7074:10.1017/S0041977X00040386 6915:Markwart, Joseph (1930), 6871:10.1017/S0362502800004995 6770:10.1017/S0041977X00026069 6725:Columbia University Press 6527:, Duke University Press, 6291:Bahram, Zartusht (2010), 5649:Gladisch, August (1859), 5488:"Stories Of The Prophets" 5442:(in Arabic). islamqa.info 4064:xxxvi.9) or "284 years" ( 3527:'s large-scale tone-poem 3253:) of fire from the star ( 2706:(Avestan; Middle Persian 2437:Zoroaster appears in the 1987:, ascribe his death to a 1606:European Research Council 1404:who recorded Zaratas the 693:, more commonly known as 186: 169: 140: 123: 108: 88: 83: 67: 60: 48: 7744:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 7273:Werba, Chlodwig (1982), 7265:(Conference Proceedings) 7201:10.1163/156852708X310536 7005:, McGill-Queen's Press, 6987:, The Complete Works of 6941:The Treasure of the Magi 6804:Kriwaczek, Paul (2002), 6680:Humbach, Helmut (1991), 6612:Gnoli, Gherardo (2003), 6498:Effendi, Shoghi (1944), 6474:Effendi, Shoghi (1991), 6203: 5945:Cf. Agathias 2.23–5 and 5281:. www.zoroastrian.org.uk 4938:University of Washington 4543:MacKenvie, D.N. (1971). 3672: 3647:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo 3500:(1885), the philosopher 1615: 1234:(often with the variant 1224:The name is attested in 1033:, 'old'; Middle Persian 758:Eastern Iranian language 707:Ancient Iranian religion 383:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 8106:Simple living advocates 7930:Three Persian religions 7404:Encyclopædia Britannica 7375:Prophets Outside Israel 7345:Zaehner, Robert Charles 7328:Widengren, Geo (1961), 7306:West, Martin Litchfield 7283:West, Martin Litchfield 7128:10.1163/156853673X00079 6929:Zum Namengut des Avesta 6798:10.2143/IA.27.0.2002124 6355:Oxford University Press 6327:, vol. 3, Leiden: 6207:(in Persian). Iroon.com 6188:New York Public Library 6155:Nietzsche/Ludovici 1911 5660:2027/hvd.32044085119394 5388:Stories of the Prophets 3634:List of unsolved deaths 3531:Also sprach Zarathustra 3300:Almost all Zoroastrian 2693:attributed to Zoroaster 2605:Natural History (Pliny) 2232:Muslim scholastic views 1832: 1309: 946:) is thought to be the 772:(perhaps in modern-day 112:Unknown, traditionally 92:Unknown, traditionally 6840:, Writers Club Press, 6519:Fischer, Michael M. J. 5694:Jones, W.H.S. (1963). 5434:"هل زاردشت كان نبيا ؟" 4179:, pp. 3, 189–191. 4114: 3659: 3543: 3529: 3497:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 3479: 2851:relies excessively on 2791:In classical antiquity 2753: 2694: 2553:), existence (that is 2502: 2419: 2402:, from left to right: 2191: 1945: 1842: 1334: 1266:Friedrich Carl Andreas 1124:) should have Avestan 866: 764:by scholars after the 348:Zoroastrian literature 8101:Prophets in Ahmadiyya 8076:Founders of religions 8034:Fire temples in India 7702:Scripture and worship 7175:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7107:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7103:"Zoroaster, the name" 6908:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6446:Baháʼí Studies Review 6370:Boyce, Mary (1996) , 6342:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6301:Bailey, Harold Walter 6283:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6184:"Edward Clark Potter" 3564:University of Chicago 3541: 3466: 3311:Library of Alexandria 2732: 2675: 2547:), creation (that is 2492: 2395: 2180: 2123:Further information: 2115:Names of God in Islam 2064:Second Temple Judaism 1936: 1840: 1815:to the west from the 1498:, or his predecessor 1349:Classical scholarship 1317: 1205:, and in modern (New 854:(Fragment 32) and in 635:Zoroastrian cosmology 585:Zoroastrians in India 341:Scripture and worship 8029:Fire temples in Iran 7816:Accounts and legends 7393:Encyclopædia Iranica 7330:Mani and Manichaeism 7159:Zoroaster's religion 7143:Zoroaster's religion 6958:Mungello, David Emil 6950:Early Zoroastrianism 6740:Encyclopædia Iranica 6684:, Heidelberg: Winter 6486:on 20 September 2020 6422:, Psychology Press, 6336:Beck, Roger (2003), 6121:. Michaelhaldane.com 5735:, vol. I, pp. 58–59. 5430:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 3696:his conquest of Iran 3667:Jean-Philippe Rameau 3570:, Plato and others. 3523:The German composer 3512:Beyond Good and Evil 3494:In his seminal work 3476:, Part 1, Section 23 3458:who asserted in his 3420:improve this article 3369:Oracles of Hystaspes 3185:wrote a text titled 3024:improve this article 2691:pseudoepigraphically 2495:The School of Athens 2443:Manifestation of God 2148:Encyclopædia Iranica 1825:Encyclopedia Iranica 1537:Old Avestan language 1517:Behistun Inscription 1446:Ammianus Marcellinus 691:Zarathushtra Spitama 590:Zoroastrians in Iran 456:Accounts and legends 55:Zarathushtra Spitama 30:For other uses, see 7903:History and culture 7749:Udvada Atash Behram 6989:Friedrich Nietzsche 6937:Moulton, James Hope 5882:, pp. 144–145. 5461:Ibn Kathir (2018). 5110:, pp. 107–110. 4724:, pp. 245–265. 4673:. ISD LLC. p. 3961:, cognate with the 3548:Edward Clark Potter 3502:Friedrich Nietzsche 3356:On Virtue of Stones 3332:Nag Hammadi library 3183:Heraclides Ponticus 2774:in hand and with a 2433:In the Bahá'í Faith 2381:Ahmadiyya Community 2207:Iram of the Pillars 2095:Hermes Trismegistus 2019:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1539:of the Zoroastrian 1452:'s conquest of the 1450:Alexander the Great 1049:, 'angry, furious'. 739:Abrahamic religions 654:Religion portal 506:History and culture 76:Fire Temple of Yazd 7833:Book of Arda Viraf 7767:Cypress of Kashmar 7419:Works by Zoroaster 7216:Stausberg, Michael 7183:Stausberg, Michael 7167:Stausberg, Michael 7151:Stausberg, Michael 7135:Stausberg, Michael 6331:, pp. 491–565 6250:on 11 January 2014 6006:Lucian of Samosata 5970:Life of Pythagoras 5373:, Penguin Books UK 5369:Hinnel, J (1997), 5157:, pp. 182–183 5019:, pp. 190–191 4654:, pp. 285–292 4569:on 3 December 2012 4425:, pp. 133–135 3773:Spitāma Zaraθuštra 3765:Zaraθuštra Spitāma 3712:Seleucus I Nicator 3652:Zoroaster and the 3544: 3361:Peri lithon timion 3280:Lucian of Samosata 3191:natural philosophy 3076:The Greeks—in the 2953:possibly contains 2754: 2734:Indian Zoroastrian 2695: 2503: 2420: 2220:, who believed in 2197:and the archangel 2157:Arthur Christensen 2073:Athanasius Kircher 2005:Cypress of Kashmar 1999:Cypress of Kashmar 1946: 1843: 1568:tripartite society 1474:Modern scholarship 1335: 1226:Classical Armenian 812:Name and etymology 799:Yasna Haptanghaiti 473:Book of Arda Viraf 403:Cypress of Kashmar 8096:People from Balkh 8058: 8057: 7570: 7569: 7466:Ancient Near East 7360:978-0-8196-0280-0 7321:978-0-19-960503-3 7298:978-0-85773-156-2 7231:978-1-4443-3135-6 7116:Novum Testamentum 7012:978-0-7735-1144-6 6829:978-0-226-48200-2 6555:978-1-78074-308-0 6429:978-0-415-23902-8 6274:Ashouri, Daryoush 6098:. Dictionary.com. 5754:Diogenes Laertius 5702:on 1 January 2017 5591:, pp. 44–45. 5579:, pp. 43–45. 5334:iranicaonline.org 5086:, pp. 59–60. 5031:, pp. 36–37. 4934:Silk Road Seattle 4880:978-1-884964-98-5 4865:Adams, Douglas Q. 4736:, pp. 32–33. 4618:, pp. 89–109 4516:, pp. 40–42. 4504:, pp. 43–53. 4410:, pp. 60–61. 4098:meaning "various" 4000: 3955: 3769:Also attested as 3762: 3483:E. T. A. Hoffmann 3452: 3451: 3444: 3392:In the modern era 3315:Galen of Pergamon 3086:Diogenes Laertius 3078:Hellenistic sense 3074: 3073: 3066: 3056: 3055: 3048: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2955:original research 2936: 2935: 2928: 2910: 2833: 2344:The 12th-century 2321:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 1937:The rings of the 1679:17 regional names 1531:Scholars such as 1492: 650–600 BC 1454:Achaemenid Empire 1375:Diogenes Laërtius 1250:Movses Khorenatsi 1198:Early New Persian 1102:) in the Avestan 688: 687: 214: 213: 130:Two unnamed wives 117: 547–522 BC 97: 624–599 BC 16:(Redirected from 8128: 8081:Iranian prophets 8048: 8047: 8013:in United States 7754:Adur Burzen-Mihr 7660: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7560: 7559: 7464:Timeline of the 7458: 7451: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7414:Internet Archive 7372: 7363: 7340: 7324: 7301: 7278: 7269: 7257: 7239:Taherzadeh, Adib 7234: 7211: 7178: 7162: 7146: 7130: 7110: 7097: 7084: 7056: 7043: 7015: 6995: 6976: 6953: 6944: 6932: 6923: 6911: 6898: 6850: 6832: 6809: 6800: 6780: 6752: 6743: 6727: 6715: 6685: 6676: 6656: 6630: 6621: 6608: 6599: 6571: 6558: 6537: 6514: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6470: 6461: 6459: 6453:, archived from 6442: 6432: 6409: 6386: 6366: 6357: 6345: 6332: 6329:Brill Publishers 6319: 6296: 6287: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6246:. Archived from 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6180: 6174: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6028: 6022: 6013: 6003: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5962: 5956: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5892:Livingstone 2002 5889: 5883: 5880:Livingstone 2002 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5785: 5776: 5770: 5761: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5723:, vol. I, p. 58. 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5539:"Zoroastrianism" 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5193:, pp. 19–20 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5078: 5072: 5071:, pp. 2–26. 5063: 5057: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5029:Gershevitch 1964 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5007:, pp. 17–18 5002: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930:"Zoroastrianism" 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4811:, pp. 25–26 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4772:Western Response 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4664: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4562:. Archived from 4551: 4540: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4426: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4242:, pp. 25–35 4237: 4222: 4221:, pp. 15–16 4216: 4195: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4146: 4140: 4119: 4117: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4005: 3999:romanized: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3975:), referring to 3960: 3954:romanized: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3761:romanized: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3704: 3683: 3664: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3534: 3477: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3404: 3396: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3329: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3156: 3069: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970:inline citations 2946: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2868: 2844: 2836: 2825: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2773: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2687: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2598: 2592: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2340: 2265: 2255: 2249: 2224:coincident with 2189: 2155:The orientalist 2111:101 Names of God 2028: 1986: 1976: 1965: 1944: 1929: 1921: 1913: 1905: 1899: 1891: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1851: 1763:(1086–1153), an 1734:Diodorus Siculus 1711: 1695: 1689: 1676: 1668: 1644: 1639:(Middle Persian 1634: 1557: 1554: 1493: 1490: 1443: 1399: 1396: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1273: 1263: 1257: 1239: 1233: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1189: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1122:dental consonant 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1075: 1069: 1057: 1048: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1011: 1002: 993: 987: 981: 975: 965: 959: 945: 939: 933: 920: 914: 913: 908: 899: 893: 892: 887: 881: 875: 874: 869: 861:First Alcibiades 853: 841: 840: 835: 825: 802: 680: 673: 666: 652: 651: 388:Adur Burzen-Mihr 239: 216: 215: 118: 115: 98: 95: 72: 46: 45: 21: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8116:Unsolved deaths 8091:Miracle workers 8061: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8038: 8017: 7954: 7898: 7872: 7843:Story of Sanjan 7811: 7697: 7666:Divine entities 7661: 7652: 7606: 7601: 7571: 7566: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7468: 7462: 7427: 7384: 7379: 7361: 7322: 7299: 7255: 7232: 7013: 6974: 6919:(Orientalia 50) 6855:Mair, Victor H. 6848: 6830: 6786:Iranica Antiqua 6674: 6653: 6556: 6535: 6512: 6489: 6487: 6457: 6440: 6430: 6407: 6384: 6268: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6227:"Pages 9–12 of" 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6083:Isis and Osiris 6080: 6076: 6072:Pliny, VII, XV. 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5988: 5984: 5963: 5959: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5764: 5750:Isis and Osiris 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5613:Taherzadeh 1976 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5543:www.alislam.org 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5401: 5397: 5382: 5378: 5367: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4599: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4549: 4541: 4532: 4528:, pp. 7ff. 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480:, p. I.18. 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4429: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4370: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4337:, pp. 3–4. 4333: 4329: 4321: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4285: 4284:, pp. 314. 4280: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4225: 4217: 4198: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4149: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3928:-worship", and 3917: 3913: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3826: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3768: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3602:Religion portal 3600: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3525:Richard Strauss 3521: 3478: 3472: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3417: 3405: 3394: 3307:pseudepigraphic 3214:Natural History 3209:Pliny the Elder 3070: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3021: 3009: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2959: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2857:primary sources 2845: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2681: 2670: 2487: 2435: 2390: 2377: 2240: 2234: 2190: 2187: 2172:ancient Persian 2143: 2121: 2109:Main articles: 2107: 2070: 2058:Main articles: 2056: 2054:In Christianity 2051: 2007: 2001: 1966:(priest of the 1835: 1728:located him in 1665:Farvardin Yasht 1637:Airyanem Vaējah 1624: 1622:Airyanem Vaejah 1618: 1602:British Library 1581:Iranian Plateau 1555: 1529: 1500:Cyrus the Great 1491: 1485: 1476: 1456:in 330 BC. The 1434: 1408:to have taught 1397: 1391:Pliny the Elder 1351: 1312: 1276:Rüdiger Schmitt 1252:. The spelling 1209:), the name is 1081:Younger Avestan 888:with the Greek 830:transcription, 820:, was probably 814: 789:Sassanid Empire 785:Cyrus the Great 684: 646: 641: 640: 639: 624: 616: 615: 614: 579: 571: 570: 569: 528: 527: 507: 499: 498: 497: 483:Story of Sanjan 457: 449: 448: 447: 342: 334: 333: 332: 297: 296:Divine entities 289: 288: 287: 247: 199:Prophet in the 198: 182: 165: 136: 116: 104: 99: 96: 79: 63: 56: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8134: 8124: 8123: 8121:Zoroastrianism 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8056: 8055: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7848:Chinvat Bridge 7845: 7840: 7838:Book of Jamasp 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7792:Khordeh Avesta 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7734:Airyaman ishya 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7673:Amesha Spentas 7669: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7611:Primary topics 7608: 7607: 7604:Zoroastrianism 7600: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7461: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7416: 7407: 7396: 7383: 7382:External links 7380: 7378: 7377: 7364: 7359: 7341: 7325: 7320: 7314:, OUP Oxford, 7302: 7297: 7291:, I.B.Tauris, 7279: 7270: 7258: 7253: 7235: 7230: 7212: 7195:(5): 561–600, 7179: 7163: 7147: 7131: 7122:(3): 233–240, 7111: 7098: 7085: 7057: 7044: 7033:10.2307/625011 7027:(1): 111–116, 7016: 7011: 6996: 6977: 6972: 6954: 6945: 6933: 6924: 6912: 6899: 6851: 6846: 6833: 6828: 6814:Lincoln, Bruce 6810: 6801: 6781: 6764:(2): 245–265, 6753: 6744: 6728: 6716: 6705:10.2307/592499 6686: 6677: 6672: 6657: 6651: 6631: 6622: 6609: 6600: 6589:10.1086/371754 6572: 6559: 6554: 6542:Foltz, Richard 6538: 6533: 6515: 6510: 6495: 6471: 6462: 6460:on 24 May 2013 6433: 6428: 6410: 6405: 6387: 6382: 6367: 6358: 6346: 6333: 6320: 6297: 6295:, London: Lulu 6288: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6235: 6218: 6193: 6175: 6159: 6147: 6132: 6110: 6101: 6087: 6074: 6065: 6063:Pliny, VII, I. 6056: 6054:, p. 234. 6044: 6042:, p. 526. 6029: 6027:, p. 495. 6014: 5998: 5982: 5957: 5938: 5936:, p. 523. 5923: 5921:, p. 522. 5911: 5896: 5894:, p. 147. 5884: 5872: 5870:, p. 111. 5860: 5858:, p. 493. 5841: 5829: 5827:, p. 491. 5814: 5800: 5777: 5775:, p. 525. 5762: 5737: 5733:Stausberg 2002 5725: 5721:Stausberg 2002 5713: 5686: 5677: 5675:, p. 409. 5673:Blackburn 2005 5665: 5653:, p. IV, 5641: 5639:, p. 405. 5637:Blackburn 1994 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5589:Widengren 1961 5581: 5577:Widengren 1961 5569: 5560: 5556:Widengren 1961 5548: 5530: 5504: 5478: 5453: 5421: 5409:islamawareness 5395: 5376: 5361: 5358:. p. 421. 5346: 5320: 5308: 5292: 5270: 5268:, pp. 192 5258: 5246: 5244:, pp. 188 5231: 5219: 5217:, pp. 187 5207: 5195: 5183: 5181:, pp. 184 5171: 5169:, pp. 183 5159: 5147: 5136: 5124: 5120:Sarianidi 1987 5112: 5100: 5088: 5073: 5058: 5051: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4990: 4963: 4951: 4921: 4917:Stausberg 2008 4909: 4897: 4895:, pp. 1–7 4885: 4879: 4861:Mallory, J. P. 4852: 4840: 4825: 4823:, p. 162. 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4683: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4597: 4580: 4558: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4502:Mayrhofer 1977 4491: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4427: 4423:Schlerath 1977 4412: 4400: 4398:, pp. 1–3 4385: 4383:, pp. 4–8 4368: 4353: 4339: 4327: 4308: 4293: 4282:Tavernier 2007 4274: 4259: 4244: 4223: 4196: 4181: 4166: 4147: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4100: 4091: 4089:, p. 501. 4078: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 3981: 3936: 3911: 3860: 3785: 3777:. The epiphet 3743: 3726: 3722: 1000 BC 3702:Anno Graecorum 3677: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3665:, an opera by 3656: 3650: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3616:History portal 3605: 3591: 3575: 3572: 3520: 3517: 3474:Religio Medici 3470: 3461:Religio Medici 3450: 3449: 3408: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384:and the other 3351:Apotelesmatika 3302:pseudepigrapha 3296: 3292: 3103:Neopythagorean 3072: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3012: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2848: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2750:Hvare-khshaeta 2669: 2666: 2486: 2483: 2475:Shoghi Effendi 2434: 2431: 2389: 2388:In Manichaeism 2386: 2376: 2375:Ahmadiyya view 2373: 2349:al-Shahrastani 2346:heresiographer 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2185: 2159:in his book '' 2106: 2103: 2087:Joachim Bouvet 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2015:King Vishtaspa 2003:Main article: 2000: 1997: 1834: 1831: 1782: 1693:zaraθuštrotema 1617: 1614: 1592:Victor H. Mair 1588:9th century BC 1528: 1525: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1433: 1430: 1398: 6300 BC 1350: 1347: 1311: 1308: 1090: 1089: 1077: 1063:Vedic Sanskrit 1059: 1050: 952:Middle Persian 902:BMAC substrate 842:), as used in 813: 810: 711:Zoroastrianism 686: 685: 683: 682: 675: 668: 660: 657: 656: 643: 642: 638: 637: 632: 626: 625: 623:Related topics 622: 621: 618: 617: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 562: 557: 556: 555: 550: 540: 535: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 496: 495: 490: 488:Chinvat Bridge 485: 480: 478:Book of Jamasp 475: 470: 465: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 440: 435: 433:Khordeh Avesta 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 373:Airyaman ishya 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 303:Amesha Spentas 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 248: 246:Primary topics 245: 244: 241: 240: 232: 231: 229:Zoroastrianism 225: 224: 212: 211: 196:Zoroastrianism 188: 187:Known for 184: 183: 181: 180: 177: 173: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 144: 142: 138: 137: 135: 134: 131: 127: 125: 121: 120: 110: 106: 105: 100: 90: 86: 85: 81: 80: 73: 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 54: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8133: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8053: 8052: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7976:in Azerbaijan 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762:Adur Gushnasp 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7563: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7376: 7370: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7259: 7256: 7254:0-85398-270-8 7250: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973:0-8248-1219-0 6969: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6847:0-595-23199-3 6843: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6732:Kellens, Jean 6729: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6675: 6673:81-85091-46-3 6669: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6652:0-521-56256-2 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6534:0-8223-8551-1 6530: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511:0-87743-020-9 6507: 6503: 6502: 6501:God Passes By 6496: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406:90-04-06506-7 6402: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6383:90-04-10474-7 6379: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6157:, p. 133 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6120: 6114: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5994:On the Months 5991: 5986: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5603:, p. 21. 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5564: 5558:, p. 76. 5557: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5466: 5465: 5457: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5316:Mungello 1989 5312: 5305: 5304:Mungello 1989 5301: 5300:Mungello 1989 5296: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5144:Malandra 2005 5140: 5133: 5128: 5122:, p. 54. 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5054: 5052:1-85506-828-1 5048: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5005:Nigosian 1993 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4961:, p. 34. 4960: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4919:, p. 572 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4809:Shahbazi 1977 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4734:Shahbazi 1977 4730: 4723: 4722:Kingsley 1990 4718: 4712:, p. 261 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4686: 4684:9781910589465 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4642:, p. 260 4641: 4636: 4630:, p. 441 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4565: 4561: 4559:0-19-713559-5 4555: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526:Markwart 1930 4522: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4468:, p. 13. 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4255:Malandra 2005 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240:Shahbazi 1977 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4219:Nigosian 1993 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4194:, p. 61. 4193: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4145:, p. 26. 4144: 4143:Shahbazi 1977 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4088: 4087:Hornby (1983) 4082: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3945: 3940: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3864: 3856: 3789: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3714:(312/311 BC). 3713: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3692:his accession 3689: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3654:Mount Savalan 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3588:Poetry portal 3583: 3578: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3456:Thomas Browne 3446: 3443: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3409:This section 3407: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3345:Asteroskopita 3340: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:On the Months 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3119:Mediterranean 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3065: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3013:This section 3011: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2981: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2951:This section 2949: 2940: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2919: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2877: – 2876: 2872: 2871:Find sources: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2849:This section 2847: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2382: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2250:, collective 2248: 2247: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Amesha Spenta 2184: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079:. The French 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Al-Mutawakkil 2027: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1911: 1910:Amesha Spenta 1904: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1839: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:Eznik of Kolb 1238: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1001: 995: 992: 986: 985:*Zarantuštra- 982:derives from 980: 974: 973:*Zarantuštra- 969: 964: 958: 953: 949: 944: 938: 932: 926: 924: 919: 907: 903: 898: 886: 880: 868: 863: 862: 857: 852: 851: 845: 834: 829: 824: 819: 809: 806: 801: 800: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 661: 659: 658: 655: 650: 645: 644: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 620: 619: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 575: 574: 566: 563: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 503: 502: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 453: 452: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Adur Gushnasp 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 338: 337: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 293: 292: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 243: 242: 238: 234: 233: 230: 227: 226: 222: 218: 217: 210: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 178: 175: 174: 172: 168: 161: 158: 155: 153:Hvare Chithra 152: 149: 146: 145: 143: 139: 132: 129: 128: 126: 122: 111: 107: 103: 91: 87: 82: 77: 71: 66: 59: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8049: 7853:Frashokereti 7807:Atash Behram 7797:The Revayats 7758:Adur Farnbag 7739:Fire Temples 7729:Yenghe hatam 7724:Ahuna Vairya 7693:Angra Mainyu 7622: 7402: 7391: 7374: 7368: 7349: 7329: 7310: 7287: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7243: 7220: 7192: 7186: 7174: 7158: 7154: 7142: 7138: 7119: 7115: 7106: 7096:(2): 127–135 7093: 7089: 7068:(1): 25–35, 7065: 7061: 7052: 7048: 7024: 7020: 7001: 6993:T. N. Foulis 6984: 6962: 6949: 6940: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6907: 6862: 6858: 6837: 6818: 6805: 6789: 6785: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6739: 6723:, New York: 6720: 6696: 6690: 6681: 6662: 6638: 6626: 6617: 6604: 6583:(1): 12–38, 6580: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6545: 6523: 6500: 6488:, retrieved 6484:the original 6479: 6466: 6455:the original 6450: 6444: 6418: 6395: 6372: 6362: 6350: 6341: 6324: 6308: 6304: 6292: 6282: 6266:Bibliography 6252:. Retrieved 6248:the original 6238: 6221: 6209:. Retrieved 6196: 6187: 6178: 6162: 6150: 6143:Ashouri 2003 6123:. Retrieved 6113: 6104: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6047: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5973: 5969: 5960: 5950: 5941: 5914: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5832: 5805:. Retrieved 5790: 5749: 5740: 5728: 5716: 5704:. Retrieved 5700:the original 5689: 5680: 5668: 5650: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5615:, p. 3. 5608: 5601:Zaehner 1972 5596: 5584: 5572: 5563: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5516: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5491: 5486:Ibn Kathir. 5481: 5469:. Retrieved 5463: 5456: 5444:. Retrieved 5439:islamqa.info 5437: 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5408: 5403:Ibn Kathir. 5398: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5337:. Retrieved 5333: 5323: 5311: 5295: 5283:. Retrieved 5273: 5261: 5256:, p. 31 5249: 5222: 5210: 5205:, p. 24 5198: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5139: 5134:, p. 1. 5127: 5115: 5108:Khlopin 1992 5103: 5098:, p. 8. 5091: 5080: 5076: 5065: 5061: 5042: 5036: 5024: 5012: 4981:. Retrieved 4977:Khan Academy 4975: 4966: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4940:. 7 May 2002 4933: 4924: 4912: 4907:, p. 18 4900: 4888: 4869: 4855: 4848:Humbach 1991 4843: 4821:Jackson 1899 4816: 4804: 4799:, p. 68 4792: 4780: 4771: 4765: 4753: 4746:Jackson 1896 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4669: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4590: 4583: 4571:. Retrieved 4564:the original 4545: 4521: 4509: 4485: 4478:Humbach 1991 4473: 4466:Burnouf 1833 4461: 4454:Schmitt 2002 4403: 4342: 4330: 4306:, p. 17 4277: 4270:Kellens 2011 4162:Lincoln 1991 4107: 4103: 4094: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4011: 3994:𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬌𐬱 3984: 3970: 3949:𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀𐬭 3939: 3914: 3863: 3788: 3770: 3746: 3729: 3681: 3638: 3545: 3522: 3510: 3495: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3429: 3418:Please help 3413:verification 3410: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3341: 3339:tractates." 3319: 3299: 3288: 3283: 3271: 3264:Pythagoreans 3261: 3224: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3170: 3154:Peri physeos 3148: 3146: 3123: 3115: 3075: 3060: 3042: 3033: 3022:Please help 3017:verification 3014: 2984: 2975: 2952: 2922: 2913: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2870: 2850: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2812:Please help 2809: 2758:Taq-e Bostan 2755: 2742:Taq-e Bostan 2720: 2696: 2679:Clavis Artis 2677: 2658:("master of 2642:Frashokereti 2613: 2585: 2570: 2561: 2504: 2439:Bahá'í Faith 2436: 2421: 2397: 2378: 2368:Zaradushtiya 2354:Kayumarthiya 2343: 2329: 2319: 2312: 2241: 2226:Zoroastrians 2215: 2192: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2146: 2144: 2141:Angra Mainyu 2071: 2008: 1968:old religion 1958: 1947: 1892:(order) and 1880:Angra Mainyu 1858: 1844: 1823: 1821: 1805:Turkmenistan 1790: 1769:Turkmenistan 1758: 1722: 1684:However, in 1683: 1629: 1625: 1610: 1598:Almut Hintze 1596: 1585: 1530: 1486: 1477: 1435: 1352: 1336: 1332:Franz Cumont 1324:Dura Europos 1318:3rd-century 1223: 1172:𐭦𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭲 1168: 1091: 1058:, 'to drag'. 1013: 996: 991:*Zaratuštra- 963:*Zaratuštra- 948:Indo-Iranian 937:*Zaratuštra- 928:In Avestan, 927: 859: 815: 782: 770:Greater Iran 756:He spoke an 755: 747:Christianity 741:, including 719:wonderworker 698: 694: 690: 689: 493:Frashokereti 438:The Rivayats 393:Adur Farnbag 378:Fire Temples 368:Yenghe hatam 363:Ahuna Vairya 328:Angra Mainyu 257: 201:Baháʼí Faith 150:Urvatat Nara 102:Greater Iran 43: 8008:in Pakistan 7966:Persecution 7925:Khurramites 7638:Persia/Iran 7623:Zarathustra 7618:Ahura Mazda 7090:Die Sprache 6859:Early China 6414:Boyce, Mary 6391:Boyce, Mary 6254:17 December 6211:19 November 6125:19 November 6081:Plutarch's 6052:Sieber 1973 5756:1.6–9, and 5706:28 December 5492:islambasics 5229:, p. 9 5084:Gronke 1993 4838:, p. 6 4787:, p. 9 4760:, p. . 4700:, p. 8 4573:1 September 4514:Bailey 1953 4366:, p. 3 4325:, p. 4 3924:, meaning " 3232:astrothytes 3199:Necessity ( 2875:"Zoroaster" 2682: [ 2668:Iconography 2649:Ahura Mazda 2629:Ahura Mazda 2593:. The word 2537:Ahura Mazda 2471:Bahá'u'lláh 2423:Manichaeism 2286:'s servant 2033:in 247 AH ( 1872:Ahura Mazda 1797:Baluchistan 1761:Shahrastani 1690:59.18, the 1572:Yaz culture 1556: 1700 1402:Aristoxenus 1271:*Zur(a)dušt 1228:sources as 1000:Zarantuštra 966:might be a 805:Old Avestan 774:Afghanistan 699:Zarathustra 523:Khurramites 273:Persia/Iran 258:Zarathustra 253:Ahura Mazda 203:and in the 176:Pourushaspa 162:Pouruchista 147:Isat Vâstra 18:Zarathustra 8065:Categories 7971:in Armenia 7863:Hamistagan 7719:Ashem Vohu 7633:Vohu Manah 6792:: 96–116, 6635:Hale, Mark 6353:, Oxford: 5978:Hippolytus 5909:, para. 7. 5839:, para. 4. 5801:9004052410 5384:Ibn Kathir 5285:6 February 5266:Boyce 1996 5242:Boyce 1996 5215:Boyce 1996 5179:Boyce 1996 5167:Boyce 1996 5155:Boyce 1996 5132:Boyce 1996 5069:Boyce 1996 5017:Boyce 1996 4893:Boyce 1982 4797:Boyce 1982 4758:Boyce 1996 4710:Boyce 1982 4652:Boyce 1996 4640:Boyce 1982 4396:Boyce 2001 4364:Boyce 1996 4335:Boyce 1996 4177:Boyce 1996 4126:References 4056:Bundahishn 3921:Mazdayasna 3694:(336 BC), 3432:March 2017 3386:Areimanius 3327:Zostrianos 3227:Babylonian 3167:Pythagoras 3159:Myth of Er 3111:Pythagoras 3099:Babylonian 3036:March 2017 2978:March 2017 2962:improve it 2916:March 2017 2886:newspapers 2853:references 2815:improve it 2762:Ardashir I 2609:Pythagoras 2596:Mazdayasna 2590:Mazdayasna 2581:Heraclitus 2493:Detail of 2485:Philosophy 2300:Azerbaijan 2292:Ibn Kathir 2049:Influences 1978:, and the 1864:Vohu Manah 1786:Azerbaijan 1773:Atropatene 1716:(medieval 1698:Badakhshan 1657:, or even 1620:See also: 1604:, and the 1564:Bronze Age 1533:Mary Boyce 1527:Early date 1463:Mary Boyce 1440:Bundahishn 1410:Pythagoras 1406:Chaldeaean 1383:Trojan War 1379:Hermodorus 1178:Zardu(x)št 1145:zaraθuštra 1139:zaraθuštra 1105:zaraθuštra 1039:, 'old'): 979:Zaraθuštra 968:zero-grade 931:Zaraθuštra 879:Zōroastris 873:Ζωροάστρις 867:Zōroastrēs 839:Ζωροάστρης 833:Zōroastrēs 823:Zaraθuštra 778:Tajikistan 737:, and the 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