296:. She visited the church site on several occasions including 15 April 1968, another week later near the end of April, and on 1 June 1968. Despite reports of regular appearances of the Virgin Mary, Nelson did not see anything that could be identified clearly as such. Instead she only saw a few "intermittent flashes of light" and later, a glow of ambiguous shape shining through palm trees. "But", she admitted, "the source of the light was a mystery, for the streetlights had been disconnected all around the church for several days."
325:
sourcing for the most popular photo is unclear, and some skeptics have mentioned inconsistencies such as the bright sunlight on the onlookers heads, while the sky looks black, or the apparition seeming translucent despite other photographs and witness testimony describing it as opaque and very bright. In
Cynthia Nelson's report, she noted that many photos and pictures of the apparition were being sold in the marketplace, which could add a financial incentive for forgery.
982:
2488:
40:
308:
Professor
Michael P. Carroll similarly suggests that the "lights of uncertain origin" were interpreted as Mary due to the societal stresses on Egyptian society at the time, coupled with an association of the Virgin Mary with the Zeitoun area. Carroll notes that Muslims seeing the Virgin would not be
288:
Estimates of the number of observers of the event vary greatly. Thousands were said to have flocked to the Church soon after the first announced occurrences of the phenomenon. Christian author
Francis Johnston claims the apparitions were seen by a total of millions of people. Primary sources used by
279:
television. Investigations performed by the police could find no apparent explanation. No device was found within a radius of fifteen miles capable of projecting the image, and many photos were taken of the alleged apparition by independent photographers. With no alternative explanation and approval
320:
propose a possible cause of the lights themselves in
Tectonic Strain Theory, the idea that the occurrence of earthquakes causes the appearance of strange lights. Zeitoun did see some tectonic activity prior to the events of 1968–1971; therefore, the source of the lights could have been a by-product
249:
to investigate the matter, directed by Bishop
Gregorios, bishop of postgraduate studies, Coptic culture and scientific research. On 4 May Pope Kyrillos VI issued an official statement confirming the apparitions. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Tourism also issued a validation of the sightings, and
304:
was the result of having abandoned faith in favor of human-made ideas and belief systems". Sociologists Robert
Bartholomew and Erich Goode offer the Zeitoun apparitions as a prominent case of mass hysteria: "It appears that the Marian observers were predisposed by religious background and social
221:
bus mechanics, who claimed to witness a woman dressed in white on the roof of Saint Mary's Coptic Church. One thought she was a nun about to attempt suicide by leaping from the roof, and called for police. Intrigued by the mechanics yelling "don't jump!", a crowd gathered at the site. The police
324:
Photos of the event are numerous, though sometimes inconsistent. Most of the photos are blurry or of poor quality, though some do seem to show the Virgin Mary regardless. One of them is either an illustration over a less detailed photo, or a complete illustration, depending on the source. The
229:
One week later, on 9 April, the phenomenon reoccurred, again lasting for only a few minutes. After that time apparitions became more frequent, sometimes two or three times a week, for several years, ending in 1971. According to Coptic tradition, Zeitoun is near one of the locations where the
321:
of this seismic activity. Appearances of the lights only at night would be possible as such lights might not be visible during daytime; however, Tectonic Strain Theory has yet to provide a mechanism for how tectonic events could cause these lights.
333:
On 12 May 2018, the Coptic Church celebrated the golden
Jubilee of the event. A large number of priests and Christians from all over Egypt attended the celebration. Sub-celebrations have been held from 10 May to 13 May.
289:
Johnston put 250,000 as the upper limit for a single night, though the difficulty in estimating crowd size in the dark means the number of people in the crowd may have been significantly larger or smaller.
299:
Some authors suggest that the sightings must be considered in context. The appearances happened during a period of crisis in
Egyptian history and echoed "a widespread feeling that the defeat of Egypt in
487:
222:
attempted to disperse them, saying that the sighting was just a reflection of the light from the street lamps. However, a church custodian suggested the figure was the
2462:
789:
1703:
876:
Articles "Caire III - Caire X", in: Laurentin, René / Sbalchiero, Patrick (eds.)(2007): Dictionnaire des "apparitions" de la Vierge Marie. Fayard.
1398:
624:
870:
Youssef G. Kamell/ John P. Jackson/ Rebecca S. Jackson (1996): A Lady of Light
Appears in Egypt. The story of Zeitoun. St. Mark's Avenue Press.
589:
449:
873:
Père
Francois Brune (2004): La Vièrge de l'Egypte. L'incroyable apparition de Marie à des millions d'Egyptiens. Editions Le jardin des Livres.
1513:
604:
814:
2533:
931:
640:"Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LIV. Zeitoun (Egypt) Apparitions of the Virgin Mary as Tectonic Strain-Induced Luminosities"
565:
399:
511:
686:
343:
121:
49:
17:
292:
The only secular, English-language account of the events was provided by Cynthia Nelson, a professor of anthropology at
2139:
738:
861:
542:
293:
2523:
1991:
1886:
1846:
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268:. As the apparition appeared over a Coptic church, the Vatican left the investigation to the Coptic authorities.
901:
1976:
1966:
1936:
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815:"البابا تواضروس يترأس احتفالات مرور 50 عاما على ذكرى ظهور السيدة العذراء بالزيتون | المصري اليوم"
1876:
1856:
1756:
1731:
1726:
557:
Marian apparitions in cultural contexts: applying Jungian concepts to mass visions of the Virgin Mary
264:, resulting in the arrival of an envoy on 28 April who also saw the apparitions and sent a report to
2442:
2019:
1911:
1841:
1796:
1523:
1312:
1103:
990:
1403:
280:
from religious and political officials, the Egyptian government accepted the apparitions as true.
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8:
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1478:
1408:
1380:
1375:
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1136:
27:
Marian apparition that occurred in Zeitoun, a district of Cairo, Egypt, beginning in 1968
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272:
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at Zeitoun was recorded on the evening of 2 April 1968. The phenomenon was seen by two
111:
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2014:
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86:
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1239:
1163:
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971:
651:
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488:"Episode 14: Our Lady of Zeitoun; The Marian Apparition of Cairo, Egypt (1968-70)"
389:
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expectation to interpreting the light displays as related to the Virgin Mary."
226:, which greatly excited the crowd. The event itself ended after a few minutes.
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68:
886:
663:
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1603:
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896:
739:"Parasociology: Marian Apparitions at El-Zeitoun and Social Psi (part 5)"
687:"Parasociology: Marian Apparitions at El-Zeitoun and Social Psi (Part 3)"
301:
261:
231:
223:
149:
45:
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394:. Internet Archive. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press.
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97:
39:
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2124:
2049:
1688:
1302:
1088:
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605:"Mass Delusions and Hysterias: Highlights from the Past Millennium"
428:
ST. MARY'S TRANSFIGURATIONS (The Coptic Orthodox Church of Zeitun)
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1608:
1493:
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1297:
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also witnessed the apparitions and sent a detailed report to the
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2006:
1658:
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1083:
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205:, during a period of about 3 years beginning on 2 April 1968.
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Official site of Saint Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (English)
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The apparitions were also allegedly witnessed by President
237:
The patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,
153:
2163:
275:, and images photographed by newspaper photographers and
253:
391:
The cult of the Virgin Mary : psychological origins
553:
638:Derr, John S.; Persinger, Michael A. (2016-08-31).
902:Our Lady of Zeitoun on The Miracle Hunter website
844:Our Lord's Mother visits Egypt in 1968 & 1969
415:"The Apparitions Of The Blessed Holy Virgin Mary"
2505:
425:
939:
512:LaFave, Peter. "When Mary Returned to Egypt",
925:
637:
443:
441:
439:
437:
846:. Publisher Dar el Alam el Arabi. Available
790:"Our Lady of Zeitoun: 50 years of blessings"
623:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
160:while in praying position over a bell tower
932:
918:
588:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
554:Musso, Valeria Céspedes (3 October 2018).
434:
430:, Cairo: Dar Memphis Press, pp. 16–18
193:that was reported to have occurred in the
383:
381:
379:
736:
684:
387:
234:stayed during their flight into Egypt.
14:
2506:
447:
376:
241:appointed a committee of high-ranking
913:
760:
758:
732:
730:
283:
602:
527:
525:
523:
344:Church of the Virgin Mary (Zeitoun)
24:
836:
766:"Illuminating Our Lady of Zeitoun"
755:
727:
448:Nelson, Cynthia (September 1973).
25:
2545:
880:
520:
328:
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980:
536:. Augustine Publishing Co., 1980
294:the American University in Cairo
38:
2534:Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus
807:
782:
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678:
631:
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505:
480:
419:
408:
13:
1:
1514:Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius
369:
208:
737:Ouellet, Eric (2013-04-25).
685:Ouellet, Eric (2011-10-31).
492:Sacred Heart Catholic Church
388:Carroll, Michael P. (1986).
213:The first apparition of the
7:
941:Saints in the Coptic church
892:Zeitoun Memorial Foundation
856:. Augustine Publishing Co.
644:Perceptual and Motor Skills
337:
258:Society of the Sacred Heart
10:
2550:
978:
250:began printing pamphlets.
2481:
2418:
2355:
2158:
2005:
1702:
1389:
1356:
1288:
1210:
1162:
1117:
989:
947:
852:Francis Johnston (1980).
656:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.123
466:10.1017/S0084255900019951
426:Bishop Grigorius (1968),
302:the 1967 Arab-Israeli war
164:
145:
135:
122:Church of the Virgin Mary
117:
107:
92:
82:
74:
60:
37:
32:
1524:Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly
311:Mary is revered in Islam
156:on her head, holding an
44:An alleged photo of the
2493:Christianity portal
2150:Yousab el-Abah of Girga
1554:Hor, Besoy, and Daydara
1539:George Bishop of Assiut
1449:Basilides and Potamiana
450:"The Virgin of Zeitoun"
177:, also known simply as
2524:Coptic Orthodox Church
2347:Theodora of Alexandria
2342:Theodorus of Tabennese
2252:Macarius of Alexandria
2172:Abdel Messih El-Makari
2105:Narcissus of Jerusalem
2065:Gregory of Neocaesarea
2025:Alexander of Jerusalem
1230:James, son of Alphaeus
854:When Millions Saw Mary
534:When Millions Saw Mary
364:Coptic Orthodox Church
2433:Clement of Alexandria
1459:Chrysanthus and Daria
1235:James, son of Zebedee
50:Church of Virgin Mary
2468:Maximus and Domatius
2327:Samuel the Confessor
2120:Paphnutius of Thebes
2115:Paphnutius of Scetis
2055:Gregory of Nazianzus
2050:Eusebius of Caesarea
2045:Epiphanius of Cyprus
1674:Theodore Stratelates
1669:Theodora and Didymus
1504:Elias and companions
1323:Priscilla and Aquila
1313:Phoebe the Deaconess
514:The Christian Review
318:Michael A. Persinger
2463:Three Holy Children
2277:Pachomius the Great
2237:Isidore of Pelusium
2095:Karas of California
2070:Ignatius of Antioch
1479:Cyprian and Justina
1424:Alexandrian Martyrs
1399:21 Martyrs of Libya
897:Zeitoun Web Gallery
842:Pearl Zaki (1977).
603:N4CM (2017-02-01).
532:Johnston, Francis.
175:Our Lady of Zeitoun
98:Canonically granted
33:Our Lady of Zeitoun
18:Zeitoun apparitions
2519:Marian apparitions
2182:Abraham of Farshut
2145:Severian of Gabala
2140:Serapion of Thmuis
2130:Porphyrius of Gaza
2125:Polycarp of Smyrna
2080:James of Jerusalem
2040:Cyril of Jerusalem
711:"zeitun200212.jpg"
560:. Abingdon, Oxon.
359:Our Lady of Fatima
354:Our Lady of Assiut
349:Our Lady of Warraq
284:Skeptical response
273:Gamal Abdel Nasser
152:dressed in white,
112:Oriental Orthodoxy
2501:
2500:
2438:Didymus the Blind
2257:Macarius of Egypt
2197:Anthony the Great
2187:Abraham of Scetis
2100:Mikhaeil of Asyut
2090:John of Jerusalem
2035:Basil of Caesarea
2015:Abadiu of Antinoe
1584:Marina the Martyr
1544:George El Mozahem
1474:Cosmas and Damian
1348:Seventy disciples
1127:Mary, Our Lady of
567:978-0-429-94124-5
516:, 21 January 2016
401:978-0-691-09420-5
316:John S. Derr and
191:Marian apparition
187:Our Lady of Light
172:
171:
87:Marian apparition
16:(Redirected from
2541:
2491:
2490:
2458:Simon the Tanner
2332:Sisoes the Great
2232:Isaac of Nineveh
2110:Nicholas of Myra
2075:Jacob of Nisibis
2060:Gregory of Nyssa
2020:Abraam of Faiyum
1519:Felix and Regula
1164:Seven Archangels
1109:John the Baptist
984:
934:
927:
920:
911:
910:
830:
829:
827:
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817:. Archived from
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102:Pope Kyrillos VI
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2351:
2307:Paul the Simple
2267:Moses the Black
2262:Marina the Monk
2177:Abib and Apollo
2154:
2001:
1698:
1589:Maspero Martyrs
1569:John of Senhout
1385:
1352:
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1206:
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864:also available
839:
837:Further reading
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2514:1968 in Africa
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2302:Paul of Tammah
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2297:Paul of Thebes
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2272:Nilus of Sinai
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2247:John the Dwarf
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1576:
1574:Kosheh martyrs
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1564:Isaac of Dafra
1561:
1559:Imbaba Martyrs
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1484:Cyrus and John
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1308:Mary Magdalene
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2448:Habib Girgis
2420:Other saints
2227:Mother Irini
1992:Macarius III
1887:Alexander II
1847:Theodosius I
1837:Dioscorus II
1812:Theophilus I
1797:Athanasius I
1151:
906:
853:
843:
823:. Retrieved
819:the original
809:
798:. Retrieved
796:. 2018-05-23
793:
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773:. Retrieved
769:
746:. Retrieved
742:
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694:. Retrieved
690:
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608:. Retrieved
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496:. Retrieved
494:. 2020-01-08
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197:district of
186:
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178:
174:
173:
158:olive branch
130:Cairo, Egypt
108:Venerated in
96:4 May 1968,
78:2 April 1968
69:Cairo, Egypt
1977:Gabriel VII
1967:Macarius II
1937:Michael III
1842:Timothy III
1822:Dioscorus I
1792:Alexander I
1762:Demetrius I
1619:Nag Hammadi
1358:Evangelists
1225:Bartholomew
460:(9): 5–11.
232:Holy Family
224:Virgin Mary
215:Virgin Mary
150:Virgin Mary
46:Virgin Mary
2508:Categories
2443:Euphrosyne
2385:Paphnutius
2357:Anchorites
2217:Horsiesius
1947:Cosmas III
1927:Michael II
1892:Theodore I
1872:Benjamin I
1867:Andronicus
1862:Anastasius
1827:Timothy II
1752:Agrippinus
1634:Philotheos
1529:Gallicanus
1464:Chiaffredo
1419:Abaskhiron
949:Patriarchs
825:2018-05-12
800:2021-04-26
775:2021-04-02
748:2020-11-12
720:2021-04-26
696:2020-11-12
610:2020-11-02
576:1043954342
498:2021-04-02
370:References
209:Apparition
185:or rarely
179:El-Zeitoun
146:Attributes
48:above the
2380:Onuphrius
2312:Petronius
2222:Hospitius
2207:Bashnouna
1972:Matthew I
1957:Zacharias
1942:Gabriel I
1932:Cosmas II
1917:Simeon II
1897:Michael I
1832:Peter III
1807:Timothy I
1772:Dionysius
1742:Markianos
1629:Philomena
1509:Epimachus
1469:Colluthus
1454:Catherine
1444:Bashnouna
1434:Apollonia
1290:Disciples
1197:Sarathiel
1119:Theotokos
1074:Zechariah
1064:Zephaniah
584:cite book
474:0084-2559
454:Worldview
313:as well.
165:Feast day
136:Patronage
2453:Candidus
2400:Shenouda
2292:Patapios
2212:Hilarion
1997:Cyril VI
1982:John XIV
1962:Cyril II
1922:Joseph I
1882:Simeon I
1852:Peter IV
1802:Peter II
1767:Heraclas
1747:Celadion
1689:Wadamoun
1684:Veronica
1664:Theoclia
1499:Dorothea
1328:Silvanus
1318:Philemon
1303:Barnabas
1255:Matthias
1212:Apostles
1192:Zedekiel
1089:Jeremiah
1059:Habakkuk
991:Prophets
770:Skeptoid
672:24153311
619:cite web
338:See also
277:Egyptian
93:Approval
61:Location
2428:Ambrose
2410:Zosimas
2287:Parsoma
2007:Bishops
1987:Cyril V
1952:Abraham
1907:Mark II
1902:John IV
1877:Agathon
1817:Cyril I
1787:Peter I
1777:Theonas
1737:Eumenes
1722:Avilius
1717:Anianus
1609:Mohrael
1594:Maurice
1494:Demiana
1439:Barbara
1429:Arianus
1414:Abanoub
1391:Martyrs
1366:Matthew
1338:Timothy
1333:Stephen
1298:Apollos
1250:Matthew
1202:Ananiel
1182:Raphael
1177:Gabriel
1172:Michael
1152:Zeitoun
1137:Belarus
1099:Ezekiel
1079:Malachi
1039:Obadiah
957:Abraham
664:2648309
262:Vatican
256:of the
247:bishops
243:priests
195:Zeitoun
168:2 April
126:Zeitoun
65:Zeitoun
2473:Verena
2405:Thomas
2395:Pijimi
2375:Misael
2322:Poemen
2317:Pishoy
1857:Damian
1757:Julian
1732:Justus
1727:Kedron
1712:Mark I
1659:Thecla
1624:Otimus
1599:Memnon
1579:Malati
1549:Gereon
1534:George
1409:Abāmūn
1404:Abāmūn
1280:Thomas
1270:Philip
1220:Andrew
1187:Suriel
1147:Warraq
1142:Poland
1132:Assiut
1104:Daniel
1094:Baruch
1084:Isaiah
1069:Haggai
1009:Samuel
972:Joseph
866:online
860:
848:online
794:Watani
670:
662:
574:
564:
541:
472:
398:
219:Muslim
183:Zeitun
118:Shrine
2365:Karas
2282:Pambo
2202:Awgin
2160:Monks
1912:James
1704:Popes
1694:Wanas
1679:Varus
1644:Sarah
1614:Moura
1604:Menas
1489:Dasya
1343:Titus
1275:Simon
1265:Peter
1049:Nahum
1044:Jonah
1029:Micah
1019:Hosea
1014:David
999:Moses
967:Jacob
962:Isaac
668:S2CID
203:Egypt
199:Cairo
140:Egypt
2390:Paul
2370:Mary
2192:Amun
2164:nuns
2162:and
1639:Rais
1381:John
1376:Luke
1371:Mark
1260:Paul
1245:Jude
1240:John
1054:Noah
1034:Joel
1024:Amos
858:ISBN
660:PMID
625:link
590:link
572:OCLC
562:ISBN
539:ISBN
470:ISSN
396:ISBN
254:Nuns
245:and
154:dove
83:Type
75:Date
1004:Job
652:doi
462:doi
124:,
100:by
52:in
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627:)
613:.
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501:.
476:.
464::
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20:)
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