Zheng He - Knowledge

1586:. Despite the site being referred to as the "Longjiang Treasure Shipyard" (龍江寶船廠) in the official names, the site is distinct from the actual Longjiang Shipyard, which was located on a different site and produced different types of ships. The Treasure Shipyard, where Zheng He's fleet is believed to have been built in the Ming Dynasty, once consisted of thirteen basins (based on a 1944 map), most of which have now been covered by the construction of buildings in the 20th century. The basins are believed to have been connected to the Yangtze via a series of gates. Three long basins survive, each with wooden structures inside, interpreted to be frames onto which the ships to be built on. The largest basin extends for a length of 421 metres (1,381 ft). While they were long enough to accommodate the largest claimed Zheng He treasure ship, they were not wide enough to fit even a ship half the claimed size. The basin was only 41 metres (135 ft) wide at most, with only a 10 metres (33 ft) width showing evidence of structures. They were also not deep enough, being only 4 metres (13 ft) deep. Other remains of ships in the site indicate that the ships were only slightly larger than the frames that supported them. Moreover, the basin structures were grouped into clusters with large gaps between them, if each cluster was interpreted as a ship framework, then the largest ship would not exceed 75 metres (246 ft) at most, probably less. 1158: 1650: 2325: 2381: 1721: 2337: 663: 2310: 60: 1836: 1461: 2355: 1225: 754:), or "reducing the feudatories", which entailed eliminating all princes by stripping their power and military forces. In August 1399, Zhu Di openly rebelled against his nephew. In 1399, Ma He successfully defended Beiping's city reservoir, Zhenglunba, against the imperial armies. In January 1402, Zhu Di began with his military campaign to capture the imperial capital, Nanjing. Zheng He would be one of his commanders during that campaign. 1077: 986: 2409: 1741: 1057: 1695:, less than a day's march from the walls of the capital. The Mongolians wiped out the Chinese army and captured the emperor. The battle had two salient effects. Firstly, it demonstrated the clear threat posed by the northern nomads. Secondly, the Mongols caused a political crisis in China when they released the emperor after his half-brother had already ascended and declared the new 1207: 1848: 863: 2395: 2423: 1254:

East African coast, no further south than 6 degrees south of the Equator. Each of these maps is positioned at a different orientation to fit with the ocean currents and winds required of a sailing chart, rather than a formal map. The analysis also suggests that Arabic-speaking pilots with a detailed knowledge of the African coast were involved in the cartography.

1602:(福船). The rudderposts cannot be used to infer the actual size of the rudder blades. Church notes that in traditional wooden Chinese ships, rudderposts were necessarily long in order for them to extend from the water level up unto the ship deck, where it was controlled by the tiller. Church compares it with modern wooden junks built in the traditional 674:. Ma received a proper education at Beiping, which he would not have had if he had been placed in the imperial capital of Nanjing as the Hongwu Emperor, the father of Zhu Di, did not trust eunuchs and believed that it was better to keep them illiterate. The Hongwu Emperor purged and exterminated much of the original Ming leadership and gave his 1492:

later and was accepted as fact by one modern writer; rejected by numerous naval experts. There are even some sources that claim some of the treasure ships might have been as long as 183 m (600 ft). The claims that the Chinese treasure ships reached such size is disputed because other 17th century Ming records stated that European

1120:(r. 1426–1435) but, the voyages of the Chinese treasure ship fleets then ended. Xuande believed his father's decision to halt the voyages had been meritorious and thus "there would be no need to make a detailed description of his grandfather's sending Zheng He to the Western Ocean." The voyages "were contrary to the rules stipulated in the 742:. In 1393, the Crown Prince had died, thus the deceased prince's son became the new heir apparent. By the time the emperor died (24 June 1398), the Prince of Qin and the Prince of Jin had perished, which left Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, as the eldest surviving son of the emperor. However, Zhu Di's nephew succeeded the imperial throne as the 562:. John Guy mentions, "When Zheng He, the Muslim eunuch leader of the great expeditions to the 'Western Ocean' (Indian Ocean) in the early fifteenth century, embarked on his voyages, it was from the Divine Woman that he sought protection, as well as at the tombs of the Muslim saints on Lingshan Hill, above the city of Quanzhou." 1250:) written in 1621 and published in 1628 but traced back to Zheng He's and earlier voyages. It was originally a strip map 20.5 cm by 560 cm that could be rolled up, but was divided into 40 pages which vary in scale from 7 miles/inch in the Nanjing area to 215 miles/inch in parts of the African coast. 823:

ordered the Directorate of Ceremonial to send a letter to Zheng He to reprimand him for a transgression. Earlier, an official petitioned the emperor to reward workmen who had built temples in Nanjing. The Xuande Emperor responded negatively to the official for charging the costs to the court instead

614:, Prince of Liang. In 1381, Ma Hajji, Zheng He's father, died in the fighting between the Ming armies and Mongol forces. Dreyer states that Zheng He's father died at 39 while resisting the Ming conquest, while Levathes states that Zheng He's father died at 37, but it is unclear if he was helping the 1932:

edict and was isolated from European technological advancements. Modern historians point out that Chinese maritime commerce did not totally stop after Zheng He, that Chinese ships continued to participate in Southeast Asian commerce until the 19th century, and that active Chinese trading with India

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was incomplete and even erroneous, and other official publications omitted them completely. Although some have seen that as a conspiracy seeking to eliminate memories of the voyages, it is likely that the records were dispersed throughout several departments and the expeditions, unauthorized by and

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treasure ships were used only by the Emperor and imperial bureaucrats to travel along the Yangtze for court business, including reviewing Zheng He's expedition fleet. The Yangtze river, with its calmer waters, may have been navigable by these treasure ships. Zheng He, a court eunuch, would not have

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of 1627. The first ships to attain 126 m (413 ft) long were 19th century steamers with iron hulls. Many scholars consider it unlikely that any of Zheng He's ships were 135 m (450 ft) in length and have proposed much shorter lengths, as low as 60–75 m (200–250 ft). Zhao

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Investigation into folios 19V to 20R of the Mao Kun Map, which cover the Indian Ocean including South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and East Africa, suggests that the map is a composite of four maps, one for Sri Lanka, one for South India one for the Maldives and one for around 400 km of the

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27 February 1424 entry reports that Shi Jisun had sent Qiu Yancheng as envoy to petition the approval of the succession from his father Shi Jinqing, who was the Pacification Commissioner of Palembang, and was given permission from the Yongle Emperor. When Zheng He returned from Palembang, he found

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on 11 February 1404, the Yongle Emperor conferred the surname "Zheng" to Ma He, because he had distinguished himself defending the city reservoir against imperial forces in 1399. Another reason was that the eunuch commander also distinguished himself during the 1402 campaign to capture the capital,

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and the expanding Sino-Arab trade during the 14th century had gradually expanded Chinese knowledge of the world since "universal" maps previously displaying only China and its surrounding seas began to expand farther and farther southwest, with much more accurate depictions of the extent of Arabia

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professor of Chinese history, commented that most treatments of Zheng He present him wrongly, "offer counterfactual arguments," and "emphasize China's missed opportunity" by focusing on failures, instead of accomplishments. In contrast, Glahn asserts that "Zheng He reshaped Asia" because maritime

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from the north. The relocation of the capital to Beijing in the north exacerbated this threat dramatically. At considerable expense, China launched annual military expeditions from Beijing to weaken the Mongolians. The expenditures necessary for the land campaigns directly competed with the funds

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Traditional and popular accounts of Zheng He's voyages have described a great fleet of gigantic ships far larger than any other wooden ships in history. The most grandiose claims for Zheng He's 1405 fleet are entirely based on a calculation derived from an account that was written three centuries

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The fleet did not engage in conquest or colonization; though it included troops, their purpose was to demonstrate the Middle Kingdom's strength. However, a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger" and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign

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terminated the undertaking of further treasure voyages. On 24 February 1425, he appointed Zheng He as the defender of Nanjing and ordered him to continue his command over the treasure fleet for the city's defense. On 25 March 1428, the Xuande Emperor ordered Zheng He and others to take over the

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and measure around 10 to 11 metres (33 to 36 ft) in length. Zhou Shide (1962) claimed that the first rudderpost recovered was proof of the enormous dimensions of the ships based on his calculations on how big the rudderblade would be. However Church (2010) points out that Zhou was using

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with a Chinese symbol for each point, together with a sailing time or distance, which takes account of the local currents and winds. Sometimes depth soundings are also provided. It also shows bays, estuaries, capes and islands, ports and mountains along the coast, important landmarks such as

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of immense water spaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising in the sky, and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away hidden in a blue transparency of light vapors, while our sails, loftily unfurled like clouds day and night, continued their course as a star,

651:) since 1380. It was near the northern frontier with hostile Mongol tribes. Ma spent his early life as a soldier on the northern frontier. and often participated in Zhu Di's military campaigns against the Mongols. On 2 March 1390, Ma accompanied the prince when he commanded 726:

in circumference, cheeks and a forehead that was high, a small nose, glaring eyes, teeth that were white and well-shaped as shells, and a voice that was as loud as a bell. It is also recorded that he had great knowledge about warfare and was well-accustomed to battle.

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or was just caught in the onslaught of battle. Wenming, the oldest son, buried their father outside Kunming. In his capacity as Admiral, Zheng He had an epitaph engraved in honour of his father, composed by the Minister of Rites Li Zhigang on 1 June 1405, which was

1803:(r. 1459–1477) later dispatched Tun Perpatih Putih as his envoy to China, carrying a letter from the sultan to the Ming emperor. The letter requested the hand of an imperial daughter in marriage. Malay (but not Chinese) annals record that in 1459, a princess named 1001:. That fact, along with the use of a more-than-abundant number of crew members who were regular military personnel, leads some to speculate that the expeditions may have been geared at least partially at spreading China's power through expansion. During the 828:, the nature of the emperor's words indicated that Zheng He's behaviour in the situation was the last straw, but there is too little information about what had happened earlier. Nevertheless, the Xuande Emperor would eventually come to trust Zheng He. 1138:

Some far-off countries pay their tribute to me at much expense and through great difficulties, all of which are by no means my own wish. Messages should be forwarded to them to reduce their tribute so as to avoid high and unnecessary expenses on both

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In 1402, Zhu Di's armies defeated the imperial forces and marched into Nanjing on 13 July 1402. Zhu Di accepted the elevation to emperor four days later. After ascending the throne as the Yongle Emperor, Zhu Di promoted Ma He as the Grand Director

891:, designed them to establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over the Indian Ocean trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin, and extend the empire's tributary system. It has also been inferred from passages in the 1699:. Not until 1457 and the restoration of the former emperor would political stability return. Upon his return to power, China abandoned the strategy of annual land expeditions and instead embarked upon a massive and expensive expansion of the 647:. Zhu Di was 11 years older than Ma. Enslaved as a eunuch servant, Ma He eventually gained the confidence of Zhu Di, who, as his benefactor, gained the allegiance and loyalty of the young eunuch. The prince had been governing Beiping (modern 908:

was appointed as second in command. Preparations were thorough and wide-ranging, including the use of so many linguists that a foreign language institute was established at Nanjing. Zheng He's first voyage departed 11 July 1405, from

1109:, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa. From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from 30 states, who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court. 1147:. Upon Zheng He's death and his faction's fall from power, his successors sought to minimize him in official accounts, along with continuing attempts to destroy all records related to the Jianwen Emperor or the manhunt to find him. 1157: 635:

saw Ma He on a road and approached him to inquire about the location of the Mongol pretender. Ma He responded defiantly by saying that the Mongol pretender had jumped into a lake. Then the general took him prisoner. He was

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Edward L. Dreyer claims that Luo Maodeng's novel is unsuitable as historical evidence. The novel contains a number of fantasy element; for example the ships were "constructed with divine help by the immortal Lu Ban".

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named for him. Like her namesake, she serves as a goodwill ambassador for China, becoming the first Chinese Navy ship to visit the United States in 1989 and completing a circumnavigation of the globe in 2012.

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Pereira, Clifford J. (2012). "Zheng He and the African Horizon: An Investigative Study into the Chinese Geography of Early Fifteenth-Century Eastern Africa". In Sien, Chia Lin; Church, Sally K. (eds.).

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In the decades after the last voyage, Imperial officials minimized the importance of Zheng He and his expeditions throughout the many regnal and dynastic histories they compiled. The information in the

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compilers seem to have combined the accounts, remarking that Shi Jisun's succession was approved in 1424 and that a new seal was delivered in 1425, suggesting that only one seal was destroyed by fire.

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was seen shining at the masthead, and as soon as that miraculous light appeared the danger was appeased, so that even in the peril of capsizing one felt reassured and that there was no cause for fear.

692:, having indeed been manifested in previous times, has been abundantly revealed in the present generation. In the midst of the rushing waters it happened that, when there was a hurricane, suddenly a 2592:

Unnamed official who served as a Department Director under the Ministry of Works, who had departed for Nanjing to supervise the renovation of government buildings and to reward the skilled workers.

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but sent sailors there on his last voyage. He played an important part in developing relations between China and Islamic countries. Zheng He also visited Muslim shrines of Islamic holy men in the

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However, missions from Southeastern Asia continued to arrive for decades. Depending on local conditions, they could reach such frequency that the court found it necessary to restrict them. The

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They further violated longstanding Confucian principles. They were only made possible by (and therefore continued to represent) a triumph of the Ming's eunuch faction over the administration's

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that the Yongle Emperor had died during his absence. On 7 September 1424, Zhu Gaozhi had inherited the throne as the Hongxi Emperor after the death of the Yongle Emperor on 12 August 1424.

792:) during his sea voyages. Over the next three decades he conducted seven of the voyages on behalf of the emperor, trading and collecting tribute in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. 5306:

Church, Sally K.; Gebhardt, John C.; Little, Terry H. (2012). "A Naval Architectural Analysis of the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships". In Sien, Chia Lin; Church, Sally K. (eds.).

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One theory is that Admiral Zheng He died in 1433, during or shortly after his seventh voyage. Another is that Zheng He continued to serve as the defender of Nanjing, and died in 1435.

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in Southeast Asia, Zheng He became a figure of folk veneration. Even some of his crew members who happened to stay in some port sometimes did so as well, such as "Poontaokong" on

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Although unmentioned in the official dynastic histories, Zheng He probably died during the treasure fleet's last voyage. Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty since he was

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restored large-scale maritime trade from China in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans and reached as far as the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. When his fleet first arrived at

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Eventually, he gained the confidence and trust of the prince. Ma was also known as "Sanbao" during his service in the household of the Prince of Yan, a reference to the Buddhist

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upon the administration. The Daxuexi Alley Mosque in Xi'an has a stele dating to January 1523, inscribed with Zheng He's fourth maritime voyage to Tianfang, Arabian Peninsula.

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had the privilege in rank to command the largest of the ships, seaworthy or not. The main ships of Zheng He's fleet were instead six-masted 2000-liao ships. That would give

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County, Fujian Province as well before they left on their last voyage. At the renovated temple, they raised a stele, "A Record of Tianfei Showing Her Presence and Power" (

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argue that the Zheng He voyages ended for practical reasons that did not reflect the technological level of China. Although the Ming dynasty prohibited shipping with the

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or Hang Liu was sent from China to marry the sultan. She came with 500 high-ranking young men and a few hundred handmaidens as her entourage. They eventually settled in

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Zheng He led seven expeditions to the "Western" or Indian Ocean. Zheng He brought back to China many trophies and envoys from more than thirty kingdoms, including King

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calculations based on modern steel propeller-driven ships, not wooden ships; as well as the fact that Zhou's hypothetical rudder shape was based on the flat-bottomed

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Wake, Christopher (December 1997). "The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries".

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State-sponsored Ming naval efforts declined dramatically after Zheng's voyages. Starting in the early 15th century, China experienced increasing pressure from the

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Rivers, P.J. (2012). "A Nautical Perspective on Cheng Ho, Admiral of the Western Oceans Concerning the Ming Voyages". In Sien, Chia Lin; Church, Sally K. (eds.).

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in 1416, gives very detailed accounts of his observations of people's customs and lives in the ports that they visited. He referred to the expatriate Chinese as "

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commemorating Zheng He's voyages to secure the maritime routes, usher urbanization and assist in creating a common prosperity throughout continents and cultures.

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Despite the official neglect, the adventures of the fleet captured the imagination of some Chinese with some writing novelizations of the voyages, such as the

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The 2003–2004 excavation also recovered two complete wooden rudderposts from the Treasure Shipyard, in addition to another recovered in 1957. They are made of

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is taken to be 3.2 m. It is known that the measure unit during the Ming era was not unified: A measurement of East and West Pagoda in Quanzhou resulted in a

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Following Zheng He's arrival, the sultan and the sultana of Malacca visited China at the head of over 540 of their subjects, bearing ample tribute. Sultan

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Zhigang claimed that he has solved the debate of the size difference, and stated that Zheng He's largest ship was about 70 m (230 ft) in length.

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peoples with China's military might. He ruthlessly suppressed pirates, who had long plagued Chinese and Southeast Asian waters. For example, he defeated

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appointed Zheng He to command over a seventh and final expedition into the "Western Ocean" (Indian Ocean). In 1431, Zheng He was bestowed with the title

511:). According to legend, Zheng's largest ships were almost twice as long as any wooden ship ever recorded, and carried hundreds of sailors on four decks. 1606:("green eyebrow", 綠眉毛) style, which also have rudderposts that are 11 metres (36 ft) long, but are only 31 metres (102 ft) in overall length. 5872: 993:

While Zheng He's fleet was unprecedented, the routes were not. His fleet followed long-established, well-mapped routes of trade between China and the

6287: 3565: 6348: 2200:, which were confirmed to belong to Zheng He's fleet. The types of the seven sunken ships were Shachuan (沙船), Fuchuan (福船), and Zhanzuochuan (戰座船). 1768:. The temples of the cult, called after either of his names, Cheng Hoon or Sam Po, are peculiar to overseas Chinese except for a single temple in 2013:, an interstellar society of commercial traders in human space are named the Qeng Ho, after the admiral. The expeditions featured prominently in 5258:

Ray, Haraprasad (1987). "An Analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages into the Indian Ocean During Early Ming Dynasty and Their Raison d'Etre".

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in Sumatra to confer an official seal and letter of appointment upon Shi Jisun, who was placed in the office of Pacification Commissioner. The

1411:, a contemporary of Zheng He, was also an eyewitness of ships in Southeast Asia, claiming to have seen five-masted junks weighing about 2,000 1279: 4592: 5596: 4436: 1270:

rocks. Of 300 named places outside China, more than 80% can be confidently located. There are also fifty observations of stellar altitude.

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Zheng's voyages were long neglected in official Chinese histories but have become well known in China and abroad since the publication of

6240: 5855: 5222:. Vol. 4, Physics and physical technology. Part III, Civil engineering and nautics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 5524: 558:, the patron goddess of sailors and seafarers, was the dominant faith to which he adhered, reflecting the goddess's central role to the 4462: 3645: 3538: 3390: 1769: 4894: 1538:

would be equal to 1.5–1.6 m, this means the Dutch ship would be 45–48 m long and the cannon would be 3–3.2 m long. Taking 1.6 m for 1

2324: 6232: 6343: 5535: 4934: 2224: 1431: 5399:[A New Research on the Scale of Zheng He's Treasure Ship – From the Scale of Quanzhou East-West Pagoda]. 1116:(r. 1424–1425), stopped the voyages during his short reign. Zheng He made one more voyage during the reign of Hongxi's son, the 3891: 581:. His great-grandfather Bayan may have been stationed at a Mongol garrison in Yunnan. Zheng He's grandfather carried the title 2354: 2185:

near Calicut, in western India. However, his sword and other personal possessions were interred in a Muslim tomb inscribed in

1953:, was eventually lifted entirely. However, the ban on maritime shipping forced countless numbers of people into smuggling and 1811:. It is believed that a significant number of them married into the local populace, creating the descendants now known as the 1687:

necessary to continue naval expeditions. Further, in 1449, Mongolian cavalry ambushed a land expedition personally led by the

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17 September 1425 entry reports that Zhang Funama delivered a seal, because the old seal was destroyed in a fire. The later

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27 February 1424 entry reports that Zheng He was sent to deliver the seal because the old seal was destroyed in a fire. The

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Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing has been repaired and a small museum built next to it, but his body was buried at sea off the

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records imperial edicts forbade Java, Champa, and Siam from sending their envoys more often than once every three years.

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On the ships were navigators, explorers, sailors, doctors, workers, and soldiers, along with the translator and diarist

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There is little attempt to provide an accurate 2-D representation; instead, the sailing instructions are given using a

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The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Environmental Narrative from the Fifteenth to the Twenty-First Century

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sent a 20-year diplomatic mission led by Zhu Ying and Kang Tai along the coast of Asia, which reached as far as the

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of the monks themselves, but he realized that Zheng He and his associates had instigated the official. According to

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dynasty. He had an older brother and four sisters. The Liujiagang and Changle inscriptions suggest that devotion to

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Chang, Kuei-Sheng (July–September 1974). "The Maritime Scene in China at the Dawn of Great European Discoveries".

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butt. Christopher Wake estimated a burthen of 1300 tons. The ship of Conti may have been a Burmese or Indonesian

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Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook the expeditions.

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Chinese in the Ming dynasty and rebuilt by another Filipino Chinese after the original was destroyed during the

6030: 5953: 566: 391: 299: 166: 6143: 5569: 3946: 6413: 6408: 6138: 3646:"The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an" 3391:"The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an" 523: 405: 368: 240: 180: 5002: 1064:(1402) predates Zheng's voyages and suggests that he had quite detailed geographical information on much of 782:

In the new administration, Zheng He served in the highest posts as Grand Director and later as Chief Envoy (

6428: 6373: 5514: 3624: 2466: 2139: 1485: 1464: 1445:, 69.34 metres (227 ft 6 in) long, which was launched in 1765, and the 68.88-metre (226 ft) 5833: 5186:. Translated by Feng, Ch'eng Chun. Introduction, notes and appendices by J.V.G. Mills. White Lotus Press. 2964:

Zheng He's art of collaboration: Understanding the legendary Chinese admiral from a management perspective

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The oldest and most important Chinese temple in Malacca is the 17th-century Cheng Hoon Teng, dedicated to

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Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

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believed to contain his clothes and headgear. In 1985, the tomb was rebuilt following a Muslim style.

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Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi (A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships).

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treasure ship would be 70.4 m (230.97 ft) long and 28.8 m (94.49 ft) wide, or 22

27: 6097: 6040: 4526:"Events – November 20, 2012: The Chinese Admiral Zheng He: Uses and Abuses of an Historical Figure" 3859: 3823:

The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order

2365: 2022: 1397:. Six more expeditions took place from 1407 to 1433, with fleets thought to be of comparable size. 738:, which ended with the emperor's apparent death and the ascension of Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, as the 20: 6443: 6358: 5519: 4589: 2242:, China). The show became a finalist of the amusement industry prestigious Brass Rings Awards by 2035:

as Zheng He. He is also mentioned in part of the main storyline of the first-person shooter game

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both described multi-masted ships carrying 500 to 1,000 passengers in their translated accounts.

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history in the 15th century was essentially the Zheng He story and the effects of his voyages.

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popularized the idea that after Zheng He's voyages China turned away from the seas due to the

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credited Zheng He for playing an important role in the development of Islam in Indonesia. The

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and Africa. Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored seven naval expeditions. The

6333: 5102:(1938). "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century". 4833: 4556: 4234: 4183: 3826: 3596:

Tamura, Eileen H.; Linda K. Mention; Noren W. Lush; Francis K. C. Tsui; Warren Cohen (1997).

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The young eunuch eventually became a trusted adviser to the prince and assisted him when the

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Ma He was sent to serve in the household of Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, who later became the

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oriented east: India in the upper left, Sri Lanka upper right, and Africa along the bottom.

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Chan, Hok-lam (1998). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435".

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The Misunderstood Journey: Zheng He's Voyages to the West and Marco Polo's Visit to China

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One explanation for the seemingly-inefficient size of the colossal ships was that the 44

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Sculpture in Zheng He Park, Kunyang, featuring a young Zheng He with his father Ma Hajji

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Seven epic voyages of Zheng He in Ming China, 1405–1433: facts, fiction and fabrication

5383: 5275: 5237: 5171: 5119: 5025: 4989: 2163: 1919: 1860: 1720: 1667: 1284: 1258: 1144: 897:

that the initial voyages were launched as part of the emperor's attempt to capture his

693: 574: 335: 327: 6148: 3438: 2121:

for her blessings, Zheng He and his colleagues rebuilt the Tianfei Palace in Nanshan,

354: 6179: 5902: 5488: 5469: 5450: 5387: 5350: 5330: 5311: 5292: 5279: 5244: 5223: 5187: 5140: 5133: 5085: 5066: 5048: 5029: 4800: 4773: 4748: 4738: 4689: 4662: 4562: 4508: 4456: 4331: 4240: 4215: 4056: 4046: 3863: 3830: 3701: 3603: 3595: 3515: 3485: 3071: 2772: 2736: 2711: 2091: 2045: 1793: 1688: 1676: 1511:(丈) used in the conversions was mistaken. The length of a Dutch ship recorded in the 1197: 1006: 994: 979: 678:

sons more military authority, especially those in the north, like the Prince of Yan.

662: 262: 254: 6194: 4861:"China-Sri Lanka: Trade and Diplomatic Relations including the voyages for Cheng Ho" 3758:"Book Review of Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433" 2071:, Zheng He is a 'great admiral' unit that grants bonuses to trade and naval combat. 6249: 5928: 5923: 5744: 5574: 5375: 5267: 5163: 5154:

Lewis, Archibald (December 1973), "Maritime Skills in the Indian Ocean 1368–1500",

5111: 5099: 5017: 4981: 4641: 3653: 3398: 2451: 2428: 2400: 2155: 1817: 1765: 1761: 1725: 1658: 1121: 1102: 888: 775: 735: 515: 478: 428: 203: 6210: 4555:

Jin, Shaoqing (2005). Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province (ed.).

6066: 5429: 5038: 4596: 4040: 3509: 3184: 2068: 2014: 1899: 1708: 1696: 898: 893: 743: 731: 620: 519: 5495:. Published by the China Heritage Project of The Australian National University. 5239:

Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture

844: 841: 6081: 5918: 5379: 5271: 5063:

Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 BC – 1900 AD

4533: 4330:. Adelaide: Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University. pp. 32–49. 2824: 2414: 2197: 2151: 2118: 2107: 2094: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1923: 1435: 1131: 1113: 1098: 1002: 933: 884: 880: 832: 820: 808: 739: 644: 640:

between the ages of 10 and 14, and placed in the service of the Prince of Yan.

555: 501: 486: 224: 5205:[Ship and Guns: An Existing European Impression of the Ming Dynasty]. 5021: 1835: 1815:. Owing to this supposed lineage, the Peranakan still use special honorifics: 1460: 1187:

traversing those savage waves as if we were treading a public thoroughfare....

59: 6322: 6281: 6102: 6061: 5973: 5698: 5686: 5447:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1

5396: 5227: 5202: 5135:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433

4752: 4060: 3256: 2361: 2270: 2182: 1583: 1493: 1151: 1088:

into the Atlantic Ocean in 1420. The ship also is illustrated above the text.

1081: 961: 905: 570: 551: 5473: 5115: 3097: 2234:

dedicated a special multimedia show "Zheng He is coming" for amusement park

2097:, in Nanjing after the fleet returned from its first western voyage in 1407. 6107: 6076: 5968: 5963: 5887: 5863: 5003:"Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships" 3658: 3403: 2790: 2754: 2514: 2502: 2437: 2386: 2235: 2058: 2004: 1634: 1061: 1040: 1014: 875: 703:

Admiral Zheng He and his associates (Changle inscription) about witnessing

671: 603: 588: 578: 474: 435: 344: 210: 146: 92: 69: 4732: 3439:"Huangming zuxun and Zheng He's Voyages to the Western Oceans (A Summary)" 500:

across Asia under the commission of the Yongle Emperor and the succeeding

6117: 5756: 5750: 5710: 3629: 3240: 2167: 1949:

that long preceded Zheng He and the ban, so obviously disregarded by the

1903: 1749: 1617:

A tomb was built for Zheng He at the southern slope of Cattle Head Hill,

1446: 1439: 1420: 1404: 1237: 1217: 1201: 1085: 998: 675: 615: 611: 547: 3928:, Vol. III, ch. 8, 25. National Palace Museum (Peiping), 1930. Cited in 3484:(4th ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 44. 3156: 3066:

Translation by Duyvendak (1939; 1949). Cited in Needham, Joseph (1959).

1703:. In that environment, funding for naval expeditions was simply absent. 1523:

is taken to be 3.2 m, the Dutch ship would be 96 m long. Also the Dutch

1224: 6056: 5958: 5897: 5634: 5175: 5123: 4796:

History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800

2484: 1808: 1804: 1753: 1578:

From 2003 to 2004, the Treasure Shipyard was excavated in northwestern

1400: 1338:, about 103 m (338 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide. 718: 271: 4993: 4710:"Zheng He's Voyages of Discovery – UCLA center for Chinese Study" 1984:

On his travels, Zheng He built mosques and also spread the worship of

1534:(6.4 m) long. Comparative study by Hu Xiaowei (2018) concluded that 1 1355:, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide. 985: 6184: 5994: 5943: 4642:"The Rise of the West – or Not? A Revision to Socio-economic History" 3125: 3081: 2808: 2496: 2283: 2223:) and is devoted to the memory of Zheng He's first voyage. Initially 2040: 2036: 2032: 1891: 1840: 1812: 1773: 1524: 1468: 1394: 1372:, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide. 1242: 1182: 1094: 1069: 1065: 941: 913:

and consisted of a fleet of 317 ships holding almost 28,000 crewmen.

796: 637: 292: 65: 5570:

Newsletter, in Chinese, on academic research on the Zheng He voyages

5167: 2090:; 'Palace of the Celestial Wife'), a temple in honor of the 2003:

In modern times, interest in Zheng He has revived substantially. In

631:

Zheng He was captured by the Ming armies in Yunnan in 1381. General

6004: 5948: 5821: 5815: 5692: 5680: 5646: 5640: 5184:

Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores (1433)

4985: 4328:

Shipwreck ASIA: Thematic Studies in East Asian Maritime Archaeology

2525: 2475: 2190: 2175: 2171: 1876: 1872: 1852: 1724:

The Ông Bổn Temple, built to venerate Zheng He, or Bổn Đầu Công in

1661:, and later taken to China in the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415). 1622: 1076: 848:), using his informal name Sanbao and the title of Grand Director. 656: 632: 313: 4134:

Ling, Xue (12 July 2022). Li, Ma; Limin, Wu; Xiuling, Pei (eds.).

3002: 2986: 2970: 2924: 1933:

and East Africa continued long after the time of Zheng. Moreover,

6163: 6158: 6014: 5809: 5791: 5785: 5704: 3968: 2490: 2460: 2346: 2316: 2122: 2054: 1868: 1864: 1789: 1729: 1618: 1579: 1497: 1321:, about 127 metres (417 feet) long and 52 metres (171 feet) wide. 1036: 1018: 969: 965: 945: 867: 816:

at Nanjing. He completed the construction of the temple in 1431.

704: 689: 648: 543: 527: 470: 351: 88: 4321:"Two Ming Dynasty Shipyards in Nanjing and their Infrastructure" 734:'s hostility to his uncle's feudal bases prompted the 1399–1402 6122: 5803: 5727: 5663: 3308: 2534: 2239: 2186: 2159: 1997: 1928: 1907: 1823: 1416: 1263: 1170: 1106: 937: 917: 910: 862: 485:, he later adopted the surname Zheng conferred onto him by the 3539:"The Archaeological Researches into Zheng He's Treasure Ships" 3216: 2106:) or "Tongfan Deed Stele" is located in the Tianfei Palace in 1740: 1056: 659:

surrendered as soon as he realized he had fallen into a trap.

19:"Ma Sanbao" redirects here. For the Tang dynasty general, see 6269: 5797: 5617: 4920: 4897:(in Chinese). National Sun Yat-sen University. Archived from 4658:

Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics

2243: 2143: 2111: 1993: 1958: 1954: 1890:

credits Zheng He with building Chinese Muslim communities in

1883: 1847: 1745: 1267: 974: 957: 953: 949: 716:

Zheng He's appearance as an adult was recorded: he was seven

583: 514:

A favorite of the Yongle Emperor, whom Zheng assisted in the

477:(1368–1644). He is often regarded as the greatest admiral in 373: 359: 4136:"郑和大号宝船到底有多大？ (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?)" 3643: 2150:. The three languages used in the inscription were Chinese, 1863:

community have established temples dedicated to Zheng He in

944:, and silk, and in return, China received such novelties as 5082:

Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming, 1405–1433

4561:. Fujian, China: China Intercontinental Press. p. 58. 4185:

The Archeological Researches into Zheng He's Treasure Ships

4045:. 社会科学文献出版社 (Social Science Literature Press). p. 98. 3854:

Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past

3644:

Faculty of Archaeology; Hagras, Hamada (20 December 2019).

3625:"China, Brunei jointly reviving ancient maritime Silk Road" 2914: 2912: 2708:

The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty

2021:. For the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's voyages in 2005, 1989: 1985: 1965: 1895: 1590: 1455: 1206: 925: 921: 707:'s divine lantern, which represented the natural phenomena 596: 5515:

World History Encyclopedia – The Seven Voyages of Zheng He

4895:"打撈鄭和沉船撈船有宣示主權意義再造鐵達尼傳奇內政部委託國內學術單位進行海洋考古作業初期探勘將花費數億元" 4261: 4079: 3993: 3987:

Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China

3943:"The Seventh and Final Grand Voyage of the Treasure Fleet" 3146: 3144: 1621:. The original tomb was a horseshoe-shaped grave. It is a 1488:

of 500 tons and a displacement tonnage of about 800 tons.

1351:), containing staple for the crew, seven-masted, 28 by 12 5084:. Library of World Biography. New York: Pearson Longman. 4913:"Theme Park, Museum, Zoo Industry News for Professionals" 3332: 3284: 3172: 3035: 3033: 3018: 2966:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 32, 155. 2899: 2897: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 332: 318: 304: 5156:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4874: 4249: 4022: 4020: 3737: 2909: 2469: – stone tablet erected in 1411 in Galle, Sri Lanka 1430:

described in Chinese chronicles, would have been nearly

283: 5865:

Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world

5536:

TIME magazine special feature on Zheng He (August 2001)

3989:. Vol. 40 (Imago Mundi ed.). pp. 96–112. 3141: 3050: 3048: 2945: 2943: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2562:

is thought to vary between 26.5–30 cm / 10.5–12 inches

2539:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1434:

recorded thereafter until the 20th century, surpassing

4285: 4273: 4191: 3906: 3113: 3030: 2894: 2863: 2767:

Fu, Chunjiang; Foo, Choo Yen; Siew, Yaw Hoong (2005).

2623: 1130:), the dynastic foundation documents laid down by the 473:, explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the early 4772:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 171. 4344: 4017: 3320: 3296: 3272: 1639:

Biography of Our Homeland's Great Navigator, Zheng He

1112:

In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the

1021:, there was already a sizable Chinese community. The 655:, which was a great victory, as the Mongol commander 440: 259: 245: 229: 215: 5604: 5499:

Viviano, Frank (July 2005). "China's Great Armada".

5305: 5047:], 广西师范大学出版社 (Guangxi Normal University Press), 4590:

Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, History and Development

4297: 4103: 3804: 3802: 3507: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3228: 3204: 3045: 2940: 2844: 2530: