Zinc oxide - Knowledge

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production of ceramics. ZnO affects the melting point and optical properties of the glazes, enamels, and ceramic formulations. Zinc oxide as a low expansion, secondary flux improves the elasticity of glazes by reducing the change in viscosity as a function of temperature and helps prevent crazing and shivering. By substituting ZnO for BaO and PbO, the heat capacity is decreased and the thermal conductivity is increased. Zinc in small amounts improves the development of glossy and brilliant surfaces. However, in moderate to high amounts, it produces matte and crystalline surfaces. With regard to color, zinc has a complicated influence.

1508: 348: 197: 1973:, the latter providing the basic environment. Certain additives, such as polyethylene glycol or polyethylenimine, can improve the aspect ratio of the ZnO nanowires. Doping of the ZnO nanowires has been achieved by adding other metal nitrates to the growth solution. The morphology of the resulting nanostructures can be tuned by changing the parameters relating to the precursor composition (such as the zinc concentration and pH) or to the thermal treatment (such as the temperature and heating rate). 844: 919: 1324:: zinc white is essentially permanent in sunlight, it is not blackened by sulfur-bearing air, it is non-toxic and more economical. Because zinc white is so "clean" it is valuable for making tints with other colors, but it makes a rather brittle dry film when unmixed with other colors. For example, during the late 1890s and early 1900s, some artists used zinc white as a ground for their oil paintings. These paintings developed cracks over time. 1500: 1866: 2569: 2557: 1820:

particles are transported into a cooling duct and collected in a bag house. This indirect method was popularized by Edme Jean LeClaire of Paris in 1844 and therefore is commonly known as the French process. Its product normally consists of agglomerated zinc oxide particles with an average size of 0.1 to a few micrometers. By weight, most of the world's zinc oxide is manufactured via French process.

34: 2718: 1157: 1444: 922: 924: 2454:~10 Ω·cm). ZnO:Al coatings are used for energy-saving or heat-protecting windows. The coating lets the visible part of the spectrum in but either reflects the infrared (IR) radiation back into the room (energy saving) or does not let the IR radiation into the room (heat protection), depending on which side of the window has the coating. 2596:, which has a similar band gap (~3.4 eV at room temperature). Compared to GaN, ZnO has a larger exciton binding energy (~60 meV, 2.4 times of the room-temperature thermal energy), which results in bright room-temperature emission from ZnO. ZnO can be combined with GaN for LED-applications. For instance, a 1288:) as early as 200 BC by a cementation process where copper was reacted with zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is thought to have been produced by heating zinc ore in a shaft furnace. This liberated metallic zinc as a vapor, which then ascended the flue and condensed as the oxide. This process was described by 1772:

Current limitations to p-doping limit electronic and optoelectronic applications of ZnO, which usually require junctions of n-type and p-type material. Known p-type dopants include group-I elements Li, Na, K; group-V elements N, P and As; as well as copper and silver. However, many of these form deep

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is typically the origin of n-type character, but the subject remains controversial. An alternative explanation has been proposed, based on theoretical calculations, that unintentional substitutional hydrogen impurities are responsible. Controllable n-type doping is easily achieved by substituting Zn

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Many sunscreens use nanoparticles of zinc oxide (along with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide) because such small particles do not scatter light and therefore do not appear white. The nanoparticles are not absorbed into the skin more than regular-sized zinc oxide particles are and are only absorbed

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Ceramic industry consumes a significant amount of zinc oxide, in particular in ceramic glaze and frit compositions. The relatively high heat capacity, thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of ZnO coupled with a comparatively low coefficient of expansion are desirable properties in the

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of ZnO. Because of the polar Zn−O bonds, zinc and oxygen planes are electrically charged. To maintain electrical neutrality, those planes reconstruct at atomic level in most relative materials, but not in ZnO – its surfaces are atomically flat, stable and exhibit no reconstruction. However, studies

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In the indirect or French process, metallic zinc is melted in a graphite crucible and vaporized at temperatures above 907 °C (typically around 1000 °C). Zinc vapor reacts with the oxygen in the air to give ZnO, accompanied by a drop in its temperature and bright luminescence. Zinc oxide

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Paints containing zinc oxide powder have long been utilized as anticorrosive coatings for metals. They are especially effective for galvanized iron. Iron is difficult to protect because its reactivity with organic coatings leads to brittleness and lack of adhesion. Zinc oxide paints retain their

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reported producing an electricity generating device (called flexible charge pump generator) delivering alternating current by stretching and releasing zinc oxide nanowires. This mini-generator creates an oscillating voltage up to 45 millivolts, converting close to seven percent of the applied

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layer and ZnO nanostructures provide better light outcoupling. Other properties of ZnO favorable for electronic applications include its stability to high-energy radiation and its ability to be patterned by wet chemical etching. Radiation resistance makes ZnO a suitable candidate for space

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From the 12th to the 16th century, zinc and zinc oxide were recognized and produced in India using a primitive form of the direct synthesis process. From India, zinc manufacturing moved to China in the 17th century. In 1743, the first European zinc smelter was established in

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because it is cheap, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly. ZnO has a higher theoretical capacity (978 mAh g) than many other transition metal oxides such as CoO (715 mAh g), NiO (718 mAh g) and CuO (674 mAh g). ZnO is also used as an electrode in supercapacitors.

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What are the active Ingredients in Sunscreen – Physical Ingredients:"The physical compounds titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect, scatter, and absorb both UVA and UVB rays." A table lists them as providing extensive physical protection against UVA and

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Zinc oxide itself is non-toxic; it is hazardous, however, to inhale high concentrations of zinc oxide fumes, such as those generated when zinc or zinc alloys are melted and oxidized at high temperature. This problem occurs while melting alloys containing

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The main usage of zinc oxide (zinc white) was in paints and as an additive to ointments. Zinc white was accepted as a pigment in oil paintings by 1834 but it did not mix well with oil. This problem was solved by optimizing the synthesis of ZnO. In 1845,

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The applications of zinc oxide powder are numerous, and the principal ones are summarized below. Most applications exploit the reactivity of the oxide as a precursor to other zinc compounds. For material science applications, zinc oxide has high

2367:. It is also used in coatings for paper. Chinese white is a special grade of zinc white used in artists' pigments. The use of zinc white as a pigment in oil painting started in the middle of 18th century. It has partly replaced the poisonous 1919:

Ordinary white powdered zinc oxide can be produced in the laboratory by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate with a zinc anode. Zinc hydroxide and hydrogen gas are produced. The zinc hydroxide upon heating decomposes to zinc oxide:

2025:, high thermal conductivity, binding, antibacterial and UV-protection properties. Consequently, it is added into materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesive, sealants, 4522:

Elen K, Van den Rul H, Hardy A, Van Bael MK, D'Haen J, Peeters R, et al. (February 2009). "Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods: a statistical determination of the significant parameters in view of reducing the diameter".

1532:. The wurtzite structure is most stable at ambient conditions and thus most common. The zincblende form can be stabilized by growing ZnO on substrates with cubic lattice structure. In both cases, the zinc and oxide centers are 2634:(TTFT) can be produced with ZnO. As field-effect transistors, they do not need a p–n junction, thus avoiding the p-type doping problem of ZnO. Some of the field-effect transistors even use ZnO nanorods as conducting channels. 5251:

Harper, D. Scott; Mueller, Laura J.; Fine, James B.; Gordon, Jeffrey; Laster, Larry L. (June 1990). "Clinical Efficacy of a Dentifrice and Oral Rinse Containing Sanguinaria Extract and Zinc Chloride During 6 Months of Use".

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to produce zinc vapor, which is then oxidized as in the indirect process. Because of the lower purity of the source material, the final product is also of lower quality in the direct process as compared to the indirect one.

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ZnO is added to cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to ZnO and is observed for other materials, such as

1606:(ZnO) with the corresponding radii of 0.074 nm for Zn and 0.140 nm for O. This property accounts for the preferential formation of wurtzite rather than zinc blende structure, as well as the strong 852: 1727:. Due to this large band gap, there have been efforts to create visibly transparent solar cells utilising ZnO as a light absorbing layer. However, these solar cells have so far proven highly inefficient. 6048:

Moustaghfir A, Tomasella E, Rivaton A, Mailhot B, Jacquet M, Gardette JL, Cellier J (2004). "Sputtered zinc oxide coatings: structural study and application to the photoprotection of the polycarbonate".

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in basic environments. Pre-seeding substrates with ZnO creates sites for homogeneous nucleation of ZnO crystal during the synthesis. Common pre-seeding methods include in-situ thermal decomposition of

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in Paris was producing the oil paint on a large scale; by 1850, zinc white was being manufactured throughout Europe. The success of zinc white paint was due to its advantages over the traditional

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In sunscreen formulations that combined zinc oxide with small-molecule UV absorbers, UV light caused photodegradation of the small-molecule asorbers and toxicity in embryonic zebrafish assays.

824: 1366:, changing from white to yellow when heated in air and reverting to white on cooling. This color change is caused by a small loss of oxygen to the environment at high temperatures to form the 5216:

Steenberghe, Daniel Van; Avontroodt, Pieter; Peeters, Wouter; Pauwels, Martine; Coucke, Wim; Lijnen, An; Quirynen, Marc (September 2001). "Effect of Different Mouthrinses on Morning Breath".

5982:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information (2006). Retrieved 17 October 2009. JPL scientists developed UV-protective sunglasses using dyes and "zinc oxide, which absorbs ultraviolet light" 2714:

mechanical energy into electricity. Researchers used wires with lengths of 0.2–0.3 mm and diameters of three to five micrometers, but the device could be scaled down to smaller size.

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to provide a large surface area for interaction with gasses. The sensors are made selective for specific gasses by doping or surface-attaching materials such as catalytic noble metals.

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doping of ZnO remains difficult. This problem originates from low solubility of p-type dopants and their compensation by abundant n-type impurities. This problem is observed with

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using wurtzoid structures explained the origin of surface flatness and the absence of reconstruction at ZnO wurtzite surfaces in addition to the origin of charges on ZnO planes.

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Numerous specialised methods exist for producing ZnO for scientific studies and niche applications. These methods can be classified by the resulting ZnO form (bulk, thin film,

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of ZnO, growth from the melt is problematic. Growth by gas transport is difficult to control, leaving the hydrothermal method as a preference. Thin films can be produced by

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Battez AH, González R, Viesca JL, Fernández JE, Fernández JD, Machado A, Chou R, Riba J (2008). "CuO, ZrO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as antiwear additive in oil lubricants".

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Sirelkhatim, Amna; Mahmud, Shahrom; Seeni, Azman; Kaus, Noor Haida Mohamad; Ann, Ling Chuo; Bakhori, Siti Khadijah Mohd; Hasan, Habsah; Mohamad, Dasmawati (July 2015).

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of ZnO strongly varies with temperature and has a maximum of ~2000 cm/(V·s) at 80 K. Data on hole mobility are scarce with values in the range 5–30 cm/(V·s).

1961:, tetrapods, nanobelts, nanoflowers, nanoparticles, etc. Nanostructures can be obtained with most above-mentioned techniques, at certain conditions, and also with the 925: 2196:

gases and volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the mouth. Along with zinc oxide or zinc salts, these products also commonly contain other active ingredients, such as

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Bakin A, El-Shaer A, Mofor AC, Al-Suleiman M, Schlenker E, Waag A (2007). "ZnMgO-ZnO quantum wells embedded in ZnO nanopillars: Towards realisation of nano-LEDs".

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Early humans probably used zinc compounds in processed and unprocessed forms, as paint or medicinal ointment; however, their composition is uncertain. The use of

2592:(LEDs). Moreover, ultrafast nonlinearities and photoconductive functions have been reported in ZnO. Some optoelectronic applications of ZnO overlap with that of 933: 4636:

Greene LE, Law M, Tan DH, Montano M, Goldberger J, Somorjai G, Yang P (July 2005). "General route to vertical ZnO nanowire arrays using textured ZnO seeds".

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Nomura K, Ohta H, Ueda K, Kamiya T, Hirano M, Hosono H (May 2003). "Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor".

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Hua G (2008). "Fabrication of ZnO nanowire arrays by cycle growth in surfactantless aqueous solution and their applications on dye-sensitized solar cells".

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Ohgaki T, Ohashi N, Sugimura S, Ryoken H, Sakaguchi I, Adachi Y, Haneda H (2008). "Positive Hall coefficients obtained from contact misplacement on evident

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because the melting point of brass is close to the boiling point of zinc. Inhalation of zinc oxide, which may occur when welding galvanized (zinc-plated)

7475: 3461: 2461:(PEN), can be protected by applying zinc oxide coating. The coating reduces the diffusion of oxygen through PEN. Zinc oxide layers can also be used on 1645:

Among the tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors, it has been stated that ZnO has the highest piezoelectric tensor, or at least one comparable to that of

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Greene LE, Law M, Goldberger J, Kim F, Johnson JC, Zhang Y, et al. (July 2003). "Low-temperature wafer-scale production of ZnO nanowire arrays".

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Millot M, Tena-Zaera R, Munoz-Sanjose V, Broto JM, Gonzalez J (2010). "Anharmonic effects in ZnO optical phonons probed by Raman spectroscopy".

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Torres-Torres, C.; Castro-Chacón, J. H.; Castañeda, L.; Rojo, R. Rangel; Torres-Martínez, R.; Tamayo-Rivera, L.; Khomenko, A. V. (2011-08-15).

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Oh BY, Jeong MC, Moon TH, Lee W, Myoung JM, Hwang JY, Seo DS (2006). "Transparent conductive Al-doped ZnO films for liquid crystal displays".

5683: 1638:. The high heat capacity and heat conductivity, low thermal expansion and high melting temperature of ZnO are beneficial for ceramics. The E2 1547:(reflection of a crystal relative to any given point does not transform it into itself). This and other lattice symmetry properties result in 8208: 6690: 387: 6098:

Robinson, Victor S. (1978) "Process for desulfurization using particulate zinc oxide shapes of high surface area and improved strength"

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in outdoor applications. The coating protects polycarbonate from solar radiation, and decreases its oxidation rate and photo-yellowing.

1339:. High-quality ZnO produced by the "French process" was added to photocopying paper as a filler. This application was soon displaced by 8270: 2164:

It is also a component in tape (called "zinc oxide tape") used by athletes as a bandage to prevent soft tissue damage during workouts.

1208:. It is a white powder which is insoluble in water. ZnO is used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, 2702:

in ZnO have been shown capable of fabricating "self-powered nanosystems" with everyday mechanical stress from wind or body movements.

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is also used for the same purpose. Some prepackaged foods also include trace amounts of ZnO even if it is not intended as a nutrient.

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A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of zinc salts, from which

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Lee JH, Chung YW, Hon MH, Leu C (2009-05-07). "Density-controlled growth and field emission property of aligned ZnO nanorod arrays".

3641:(1998). "Setting reaction and resultant structure of zinc phosphate cement in various orthophosphoric acid cement-forming liquids". 7672: 4278:

Schulz D, Ganschow S, Klimm D, Struve K (2008). "Inductively heated Bridgman method for the growth of zinc oxide single crystals".

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Guedri-Knani L, Gardette JL, Jacquet M, Rivaton A (2004). "Photoprotection of poly(ethylene-naphthalate) by zinc oxide coating".

2623:(ITO). One application which has begun to be commercially available is the use of ZnO as the front contact for solar cells or of 7135: 5979: 5697:

Mitchnick MA, Fairhurst D, Pinnell SR (January 1999). "Microfine zinc oxide (Z-cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent".

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Zhou Y, Wu W, Hu G, Wu H, Cui S (2008). "Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorod arrays with the addition of polyethyleneimine".

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Posternak M, Resta R, Baldereschi A (October 1994). "Ab initio study of piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization in ZnO".

1719:, and high-temperature and high-power operation. The band gap of ZnO can further be tuned to ~3–4 eV by its alloying with 6544:

Heo YW, Tien LC, Kwon Y, Norton DP, Pearton SJ, Kang BS, Ren F (2004). "Depletion-mode ZnO nanowire field-effect transistor".

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Zhou, Xin; Lee, Songyi; Xu, Zhaochao; Yoon, Juyoung (2015). "Recent Progress on the Development of Chemosensors for Gases".

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Abdulsattar MA (2015). "Capped ZnO (3, 0) nanotubes as building blocks of bare and H passivated wurtzite ZnO nanocrystals".

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In form of a thin film ZnO has been demonstrated in miniaturised high frequency thin film resonators, sensors and filters.

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Saito M (1993). "Antibacterial, Deodorizing, and UV Absorbing Materials Obtained with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Coated Fabrics".

2588:(3.37 eV or 375 nm at room temperature). Therefore, its most common potential applications are in laser diodes and 2004:

methods to deposit ZnO thin films. Pre-seeding can be performed in conjunction with top down patterning methods such as

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Koyama, Miki; Ichimura, Masaya (2019). "Fabrication of ZnO/NiO transparent solar cells by electrochemical deposition".

3677: 3262: 6840:"Microwave assisted synthesis of rGO/ZnO composites for non-enzymatic glucose sensing and supercapacitor applications" 1165: 8201: 7257: 5883: 2608:

The pointed tips of ZnO nanorods result in a strong enhancement of an electric field. Therefore, they can be used as

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Lu JG, Chang P, Fan Z (2006). "Quasi-one-dimensional metal oxide materials—Synthesis, properties and applications".

11327: 11317: 8484: 5061:"Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature" 4055:"Growth and characterization of Ga-doped ZnO layers on a-plane sapphire substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy" 3380: 1521: 1455:; related materials are used in dentistry. A major component of zinc phosphate cement produced by this reaction is 1965:. The synthesis is typically carried out at temperatures of about 90 °C, in an equimolar aqueous solution of 1869:

The red and green colors of these synthetic ZnO crystals result from different concentrations of oxygen vacancies.

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Moezzi A, McDonagh AM, Cortie MB (2012). "Review: Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications".

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properties, especially in bulk. The nonlinearity of ZnO nanoparticles can be fine-tuned according to their size.

1305: 6172:"Light-controlling, flexible and transparent ethanol gas sensor based on ZnO nanoparticles for wearable devices" 5732: 5187: 8186: 2008:

and nanosphere lithography to designate nucleation sites prior to growth. Aligned ZnO nanowires can be used in

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Li YB, Bando Y, Golberg D (2004). "ZnO nanoneedles with tip surface perturbations: Excellent field emitters".

2666:, which reduces the detected electrical resistance through the device, in a manner similar to the widely used 1440:, ZnO forms cement-like products best described as zinc hydroxy chlorides. This cement was used in dentistry. 11297: 11292: 11277: 1705: 505: 5750:

Agren MS (2009). "Percutaneous absorption of zinc from zinc oxide applied topically to intact skin in man".

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Ryu YR, Lee TS, White HW (2003). "Properties of arsenic-doped p-type ZnO grown by hybrid beam deposition".

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Large single crystals (many cubic centimeters) can be grown by the gas transport (vapor-phase deposition),

1769:. Measurement of p-type in "intrinsically" n-type material is complicated by the inhomogeneity of samples. 1559: 1482:, heating with carbon converts the oxide into zinc vapor at a much lower temperature (around 950 °C). 884: 586: 295: 192: 20: 7309:

Bakin A, Waag A (29 March 2011). "ZnO Epitaxial Growth". In Bhattacharya P, Fornari R, Kamimura H (eds.).

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General Information of Zinc from the National Institute of Health, WHO, and International Zinc Association

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reactions to remove organic pollutants from the environment. It is also used to replace catalysts used in

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Sun, Yu-Feng; Liu, Shao-Bo; Meng, Fan-Li; Liu, Jin-Yun; Jin, Zhen; Kong, Ling-Tao; Liu, Jin-Huai (2012).

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Xu S, Wang ZL (2011). "One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties".

2838: 2577: 2247:. It is the broadest spectrum UVA and UVB absorber that is approved for use as a sunscreen by the U.S. 1897: 1742: 1525: 1478:

ZnO decomposes into zinc vapor and oxygen at around 1975 °C with a standard oxygen pressure. In a

1228:, probably zinc oxide, as a salve for eyes and open wounds is mentioned in the Indian medical text the 1057: 1044: 6839: 6712:

Qin Y, Wang X, Wang ZL (February 2008). "Microfibre-nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging".

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Cui J, Zeng Q, Gibson UJ (2006-04-15). "Synthesis and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO nanowires".

2251:(FDA), and is completely photostable. When used as an ingredient in sunscreen, zinc oxide blocks both 1232:, thought to date from 500 BC or before. Zinc oxide ointment is also mentioned by the Greek physician 4759:"The nucleotide sequence of the tetracycline resistance determinant tetM from Ureaplasma urealyticum" 3562:

Nicholson JW (1998). "The chemistry of cements formed between zinc oxide and aqueous zinc chloride".

2868: 2655: 2488: 2231:, the release of Zn ions, and a general disturbance of the bacterial cell membrane by nanoparticles. 2009: 2005: 2001: 1889: 204: 7552: 7521: 4429: 2527:, which can poison the catalyst. At temperatures between about 230–430 °C (446–806 °F), H 8382: 6263: 3405: 2458: 2197: 343: 6698: 5151: 11332: 9924: 8660: 8444: 7658: 7081: 7026: 6932: 6763: 4137:

Wagner P, Helbig R (1974). "Halleffekt und anisotropie der beweglichkeit der elektronen in ZnO".

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of rubber. ZnO additives also protect rubber from fungi (see medical applications) and UV light.

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Bakin A (2010). "ZnO – GaN Hybrid Heterostructures as Potential Cost Efficient LED Technology".

3125:Özgür Ü, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, Reshchikov M, Doğan S, Avrutin VC, Cho SJ, Morkoç AH (2005). 2227:. The mechanism of ZnO's antibacterial effect has been variously described as the generation of 11282: 10495: 10481: 9669: 9567: 8326: 8265: 7547: 7516: 7183:"Zinc oxide-induced changes to sunscreen ingredient efficacy and toxicity under UV irradiation" 7082:"A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications" 7027:"Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: A review" 6933:"A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications" 6264:"Ultrafast nonlinear optical response of photoconductive ZnO films with fluorine nanoparticles" 5426:

Li Q, Chen SL, Jiang WC (2007). "Durability of nano ZnO antibacterial cotton fabric to sweat".

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of ~3.3 eV at room temperature. Advantages associated with a wide band gap include higher

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Cortelli, José Roberto; Barbosa, Mônica Dourado Silva; Westphal, Miriam Ardigó (August 2008).

4372:"Synthesis, microstructure and photoluminescence of well-aligned ZnO nanorods on Si substrate" 3611: 3221: 2997:

Wide bandgap semiconductors: fundamental properties and modern photonic and electronic devices

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Nanostructures of ZnO can be synthesized into a variety of morphologies, including nanowires,

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applications, which require a large electromechanical coupling. Therefore, ZnO in the form of

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with group-III elements such as Al, Ga, In or by substituting oxygen with group-VII elements

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reactions that would ordinarily require costly or inconvenient reaction conditions with low

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is precipitated. The solid precipitate is then calcined at temperatures around 800 °C.

11045: 10815: 10781: 10579: 10296: 10111: 9873: 9856: 9499: 9448: 8609: 8592: 8558: 8477: 8351: 8280: 7741: 7446: 7388: 7341: 7289: 7194: 7093: 7038: 6944: 6794: 6721: 6635: 6553: 6502: 6467: 6432: 6397: 6275: 6236: 6183: 6126: 5501: 5300: 5012:"Zinc oxide tape: a useful dressing for the recalcitrant finger-tip and soft-tissue injury" 4723: 4688: 4645: 4532: 4496: 4383: 4326: 4287: 4249: 4181: 4146: 4103: 4062: 4019: 3976: 3929: 3886: 3841: 3806: 3753: 3571: 3367: 3334: 3138: 2863: 2833: 2046: 1811:

For industrial use, ZnO is produced at levels of 10 tons per year by three main processes:

1758: 1731: 1698: 1567: 1529: 1507: 536: 304: 154: 4809: 2619:. The components Zn and Al are much cheaper and less toxic compared to the generally used 810: 70: 8: 11272: 11152: 11062: 10908: 10523: 10453: 10397: 10198: 10170: 10094: 10077: 10060: 10026: 9975: 9907: 9839: 9703: 9635: 9601: 9550: 9414: 9256: 9246: 9206: 9009: 8985: 8842: 8762: 8745: 8711: 8575: 8311: 8301: 7637: 7624: 4609:

Wu WY (2009). "Effects of Seed Layer Characteristics on the Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires".

4415:(2011). "One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties". 2823: 2734: 2474: 1909: 1828:

The direct or American process starts with diverse contaminated zinc composites, such as

1685:. Those properties make ZnO valuable for a variety of emerging applications: transparent 1634:. Its elastic constants are smaller than those of relevant III-V semiconductors, such as 1620: 1544: 1092: 60: 7450: 7392: 7353: 7345: 7293: 7198: 7097: 7042: 6948: 6798: 6725: 6639: 6557: 6506: 6471: 6436: 6401: 6381:

Kucheyev SO, Williams JS, Jagadish C, Zou J, Evans C, Nelson AJ, Hamza AV (2003-03-31).

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Gupta, Mrinal; Mahajan, Vikram K.; Mehta, Karaninder S.; Chauhan, Pushpinder S. (2014).

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Janisch R (2005). "Transition metal-doped TiO 2 and ZnO—present status of the field".

6367: 6010: 5993: 5710: 4783: 4758: 4158: 4075: 4054: 3654: 1292:

in the 1st century AD. Zinc oxide has also been recovered from zinc mines at Zawar in

11180: 11124: 10992: 10950: 10922: 10894: 10866: 10798: 10764: 10747: 10705: 10607: 10593: 10509: 10383: 10355: 10313: 10156: 9890: 9788: 9686: 9618: 9584: 9465: 9383: 9266: 9220: 9216: 9089: 8959: 8898: 8829: 8643: 8079: 7579:"Oxide nanowire arrays for light-emitting diodes and piezoelectric energy harvesters" 7569: 7495: 7408: 7367: 7314: 7253: 7220: 7109: 7062: 7054: 7007: 6999: 6960: 6913: 6859: 6820: 6737: 6671: 6653: 6604: 6596: 6518: 6301: 6293: 6209: 6152: 5911: 5889: 5879: 5842: 5811: 5806: 5789: 5767: 5714: 5665: 5584: 5566: 5527: 5408: 5367: 5326: 5269: 5233: 5133: 5092: 5077: 5041: 4983: 4944: 4906: 4788: 4661: 4622: 4591: 4560: 4548: 4446: 4352: 4123: 4035: 3949: 3902: 3779: 3715: 3673: 3617: 3542: 3507: 3481: 3435: 3354: 3288: 3258: 3233: 3225: 3197: 3001: 2771: 2572:

Flexible gas sensor based on ZnO nanorods and its internal structure. ITO stands for

2260: 2185: 2103: 1794: 1776: 1712: 1674: 1139: 1086: 580: 513: 7604: 7466: 6530: 6340: 5823: 5474: 5128: 5111: 4743: 3996: 3591: 11138: 11006: 10936: 10649: 10537: 10467: 10439: 10411: 10282: 10254: 10240: 9482: 9343: 9326: 9296: 9226: 9119: 9109: 9049: 8894: 8855: 8816: 8420: 8331: 7989: 7870: 7590: 7557: 7526: 7487: 7454: 7425: 7396: 7357: 7349: 7297: 7210: 7202: 7181:

Ginzburg AL, Blackburn RS, Santillan C, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Hutchison JE (2021).

7101: 7046: 6991: 6952: 6903: 6895: 6855: 6851: 6810: 6802: 6749: 6729: 6661: 6643: 6588: 6561: 6510: 6475: 6440: 6405: 6363: 6328: 6283: 6244: 6199: 6191: 6142: 6134: 6081: 6058: 6054: 6034: 6030: 6005: 5801: 5759: 5706: 5655: 5645: 5574: 5558: 5547:"Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism" 5517: 5509: 5462: 5435: 5398: 5357: 5316: 5308: 5261: 5225: 5123: 5082: 5072: 5031: 5023: 4896: 4886: 4837: 4778: 4770: 4731: 4696: 4653: 4618: 4583: 4540: 4504: 4469: 4434: 4391: 4370:

Miao L, Ieda Y, Tanemura S, Cao YG, Tanemura M, Hayashi Y, Toh S, Kaneko K (2007).

4342: 4334: 4299: 4295: 4257: 4235:"Size-dependent enhancement of nonlinear optical properties in nanocolloids of ZnO" 4206:

René Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Mirsad Kapetanovic, David F. Peelo, Anton Janssen.

4189: 4154: 4111: 4070: 4027: 3984: 3937: 3894: 3857: 3849: 3814: 3769: 3761: 3650: 3579: 3530: 3473: 3342: 3174: 3146: 3098: 3044: 2807: 2763: 2691: 2651: 2647: 2620: 2573: 2524: 2504: 2480: 2364: 2326: 2264: 2213: 2030: 2022: 1716: 1654: 1607: 1548: 1378: 1197: 622: 547: 488: 410: 6884:"Heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis for selective organic transformations" 3178: 268: 11312: 11251: 11247: 11166: 10964: 10677: 10621: 10551: 10341: 10226: 10184: 9822: 9805: 9754: 9431: 9316: 9306: 9196: 9176: 9079: 9039: 8920: 8868: 8803: 8541: 8470: 8440: 8346: 8063: 7941: 7050: 4816: 4700: 4220: 4207: 2755: 2585: 2316: 2276: 2072: 1985: 1720: 1552: 1537: 1452: 1229: 1209: 223: 8216: 6085: 4232: 3988: 3169:

De Liedekerke M (2006). "2.3. Zinc Oxide (Zinc White): Pigments, Inorganic, 1".

2670:

semiconductor gas sensors. It is formed into nanostructures such as thin films,

2041:

Between 50% and 60% of ZnO use is in the rubber industry. Zinc oxide along with

1773:

acceptors and do not produce significant p-type conduction at room temperature.

11020: 10565: 10425: 10327: 10212: 9992: 9533: 9186: 9166: 8933: 8524: 8372: 7997: 7977: 7920: 7894: 7837: 7769: 7681: 7619: 7530: 7429: 7206: 7105: 6956: 6409: 6332: 5966: 5466: 5346:"Contemporary perspective on the use of fluoride products in caries prevention" 5229: 4412: 4396: 4371: 3941: 3818: 3102: 2747: 2663: 2300: 2209: 1885: 1854: 1850: 1787: 1639: 1363: 1148: 1120: 7630: 7561: 7276:Özgür Ü, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, Reshchikov M, Doğan S, et al. (2005). 6100: 5562: 5265: 4841: 4735: 4438: 3898: 3583: 3346: 3062: 2920: 1627:

of the semiconductor due to oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials is n-type.

1351:

Pure ZnO is a white powder. However, in nature, it occurs as the rare mineral

1021: 1003: 983: 11266: 10635: 9353: 9069: 9059: 8907: 8881: 8402: 7953: 7915: 7862: 7813: 7805: 7793: 7785: 7595: 7578: 7159: 7113: 7058: 7025:

Lee, Kian Mun; Lai, Chin Wei; Ngai, Koh Sing; Juan, Joon Ching (2016-01-01).

7003: 6979: 6964: 6917: 6863: 6657: 6600: 6297: 5893: 5570: 2858: 2853: 2783: 2767: 2667: 2516: 2462: 2411: 2320: 2181: 2127: 1988:

substrates have been grown using aqueous zinc salts such as zinc nitrate and

1865: 1806: 1724: 1437: 1433: 1135: 1116: 677: 477: 467: 185: 6781:

Zheng X, Shen G, Wang C, Li Y, Dunphy D, Hasan T, et al. (April 2017).

6514: 5650: 5362: 5345: 4774: 10836: 10499: 10485: 10369: 9928: 9286: 9280: 9236: 9019: 8972: 8946: 8698: 8410: 8387: 8377: 8367: 8147: 8111: 8095: 8051: 8023: 7965: 7907: 7902: 7845: 7821: 7777: 7761: 7644: 7499: 7491: 7458: 7371: 7224: 7066: 7011: 6824: 6741: 6675: 6608: 6522: 6305: 6248: 6213: 6156: 5815: 5669: 5588: 5531: 5412: 5403: 5386: 5371: 5330: 5237: 5137: 5096: 4910: 4665: 4595: 4587: 4552: 4356: 4039: 3783: 3485: 3477: 2759: 2671: 2643: 2602: 2384: 2334: 2102:

Zinc oxide is widely used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including

2096: 2042: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1966: 1682: 1390: 1336: 1112: 805: 643: 6113:

Liu XY, Shan CX, Zhu H, Li BH, Jiang MM, Yu SF, Shen DZ (September 2015).

5771: 5718: 5490:"Enhancement of antibacterial properties of Ag nanorods by electric field" 5273: 5045: 4891: 4792: 4115: 3906: 1630:

ZnO is a relatively soft material with approximate hardness of 4.5 on the

946: 11235: 10202: 9673: 9571: 8448: 8392: 8235: 8035: 7829: 7311:

Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology 6 Volume Encyclopaedia

6288: 4010:

Janotti A, Van de Walle CG (January 2007). "Hydrogen multicentre bonds".

2568: 2561: 2512: 2484: 2451: 2268: 2244: 2131: 2123: 2115: 1693:, energy-saving or heat-protecting windows, and electronics as thin-film 1571: 1425: 1409:

Solid zinc oxide will also dissolve in alkalis to give soluble zincates:

1289: 1255: 1251: 1233: 959: 594: 6883: 6838:

Sreejesh, M.; Dhanush, S.; Rossignol, F.; Nagaraja, H. S. (2017-04-15).

6806: 6733: 5633: 5027: 3384: 3230:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

2395:

Micronized and nano-scale zinc oxide provides strong protection against

1642:

in ZnO exhibits an unusually long lifetime of 133 ps at 10 K.

1424:

ZnO reacts slowly with fatty acids in oils to produce the corresponding

932: 174: 48:

Zinc white, calamine, philosopher's wool, Chinese white, flowers of zinc

11230: 11100: 10912: 10819: 10583: 9945: 9911: 9724: 9656: 9260: 8397: 8341: 8336: 8321: 8316: 8260: 7749: 6908: 6899: 6648: 6624:"Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Their Gas Sensing Properties: A Review" 6261: 3862: 2675: 2631: 2387:

and others. It is also a main ingredient of mineral makeup (CI 77947).

2368: 2346: 2205: 2189: 2177: 2158: 2150: 2146: 1905: 1837: 1694: 1653:. This property makes it a technologically important material for many 1631: 1603: 1382: 1321: 1309: 1270: 939: 429: 205: 145: 7301: 6995: 6592: 6565: 6479: 6444: 6195: 6138: 5763: 5660: 5439: 4657: 4508: 4261: 4233:

Irimpan L, Krishnan Deepthy BA, Nampoori VPN, Radhakrishnan P (2008).

4193: 3853: 3150: 2372: 11205: 11156: 11066: 10982: 10709: 10597: 10527: 10457: 10401: 10387: 10317: 10174: 10160: 10115: 9877: 9860: 9826: 9503: 9452: 9435: 9310: 9250: 9210: 9200: 9160: 9043: 9033: 9013: 8924: 8794: 8664: 8296: 8217: 7249: 5195: 4031: 3638: 3325:

Craddock PT (2009). "The origins and inspirations of zinc smelting".

2616: 2435: 2407: 2360: 2304: 2271:. Zinc from zinc oxide is, however, slightly absorbed into the skin. 2240: 2173: 2154: 1686: 1658: 1499: 1356: 1332: 315: 5112:"Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach" 2219:. Powdered zinc oxide has deodorizing and antibacterial properties. 1673:

Favourable properties of zinc oxide include good transparency, high

1536:, the most characteristic geometry for Zn(II). ZnO converts to the 1147:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

11225: 11215: 11210: 11049: 10996: 10954: 10926: 10898: 10870: 10853: 10785: 10734: 10695: 10667: 10653: 10541: 10471: 10443: 10415: 10300: 10272: 10258: 10098: 10081: 10064: 10030: 9996: 9979: 9843: 9707: 9639: 9605: 9469: 9418: 9377: 9367: 9270: 9240: 9150: 9133: 9103: 9093: 8989: 8963: 8937: 8911: 8846: 8613: 8579: 8562: 8511: 8306: 8275: 5215: 4940:

Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 3: Plants, Potions and Poisons

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Sanchez-Pescador R, Brown JT, Roberts M, Urdea MS (February 1988).

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Ong, Chin Boon; Ng, Law Yong; Mohammad, Abdul Wahab (2018-01-01).

6980:"Roles of Cocatalysts in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis" 6931:

Ong, Chin Boon; Ng, Law Yong; Mohammad, Abdul Wahab (2018-01-01).

6047: 6024: 5908:

Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics

5289:"Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles-an antimicrobial study" 3831: 3711:

Zinc Oxide: From Fundamental Properties Towards Novel Applications

2918: 2601:

applications. ZnO is the most promising candidate in the field of

2556: 1051:

TWA 5 mg/m (fume) TWA 15 mg/m (total dust) TWA 5 mg/m (resp dust)

898: 93: 11220: 11184: 11128: 11083: 11010: 10940: 10802: 10768: 10751: 10681: 10625: 10611: 10555: 10513: 10359: 10345: 10188: 10132: 10047: 10013: 9962: 9775: 9741: 9554: 9520: 9486: 9387: 9347: 9300: 9073: 9063: 9053: 8885: 8859: 8820: 8766: 8749: 8732: 8452: 7650: 4756: 2746:

ZnO, both in macro- and nano- scales, is used as an electrode in

2695: 2439: 2418:, following research by scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( 2415: 2352: 2288: 2216: 2201: 2142: 2092: 1977: 1958: 1456: 1352: 1301: 1266: 1213: 940: 457: 255: 7180: 6978:

Yang, Jinhui; Wang, Donge; Han, Hongxian; Li, Can (2013-08-20).

6837: 11142: 10968: 10569: 10429: 10331: 10286: 10244: 10230: 10216: 9894: 9792: 9690: 9622: 9588: 9330: 9320: 9290: 9230: 9180: 9123: 9113: 9083: 9023: 8976: 8950: 8872: 8833: 8807: 8715: 8681: 8596: 8545: 7132:

Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews

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Look D (2001). "Recent advances in ZnO materials and devices".

5910:, Vol. 1. L. Feller (ed.). Cambridge University Press, London. 4208:"Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems" 3252: 2699: 2520: 2495:

into radioactive Zn under irradiation by the reactor neutrons.

2443: 2224: 2111: 1751: 1429: 1328: 1285: 1204: 890: 420: 125: 7437:

Klingshirn C (2007). "ZnO: From basics towards applications".

6783:"Bio-inspired Murray materials for mass transfer and activity" 1240:

suggested treating ulcerating cancers with zinc oxide, as did

11170: 11024: 9537: 8528: 8493: 6226: 6115:"Ultraviolet Lasers Realized via Electrostatic Doping Method" 5945: 3088: 3067:

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)

2803: 2799: 2758:

applications. As a photocatalyst, ZnO reacts when exposed to

2751: 2532: 2380: 2356: 2267:, are considered to be nonirritating, nonallergenic, and non- 2161:, zinc and castor oil cream, commonly used to treat infants. 1981: 1293: 1277: 1237: 279: 105: 83: 33: 5991: 4521: 3707: 2717: 331: 10373: 9809: 9758: 9397: 9190: 9170: 8647: 8630: 6380: 6072:

Cowan RL (2001). "BWR water chemistry?a delicate balance".

2843: 2468: 2431:

flexibility and adherence on such surfaces for many years.

2396: 2263:. Zinc oxide and the other most common physical sunscreen, 2252: 2119: 1766: 1386: 1281: 1201: 1074: 447: 417: 234: 8271:

Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)

5544: 5385:

Rošin-Grget K, Peroš K, Sutej I, Bašić K (November 2013).

5384: 4089: 2503:

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as a pretreatment step to remove

1443: 1335:. In the 1970s, the second largest application of ZnO was 1296:, dating from the second half of the first millennium BC. 10639: 9357: 8462: 5696: 4315:"Growth of ZnO nanowires on nonwoven polyethylene fibers" 4312: 4277: 3876: 3253:

Winchester DJ, Winchester DP, Hudis CA, Norton L (2005).

2593: 2589: 2419: 2400: 2256: 2087:

and is used in calamine lotion. Historically the mineral

1832:

or smelter by-products. The zinc precursors are reduced (

1762: 1661:

has been one of the most studied resonator materials for

1650: 1646: 1635: 1129: 1106: 482:

2,360 °C (4,280 °F; 2,630 K) (decomposes)

472:

1,974 °C (3,585 °F; 2,247 K) (decomposes)

5638:

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

5603:"Critical Wavelength & Broad Spectrum UV Protection" 5286: 4872: 4221:"Introduction to Electrical Power and Power Electronics" 3432:

Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design

2993: 1359:

and other impurities that confer a yellow to red color.

872: 8017: 6691:"Piezoelectric Nanowires Turn Fabric Into Power Source" 5250: 5109: 3616:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 70, 143. 7695: 4573: 3497: 3495: 1594:~ 1.60 is close to the ideal value for hexagonal cell 1451:

ZnO also forms cement-like material when treated with

1327:

In recent times, most zinc oxide has been used in the

7278:"A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices" 5794:

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine

3127:"A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices" 3071:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2925:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2728: 2605:

to produce an electronically pumped UV laser source.

2325:

Zinc oxide is added to many food products, including

1558:

The hexagonal structure has a point group 6 mm (

6882:

Lang, Xianjun; Chen, Xiaodong; Zhao, Jincai (2014).

6492: 5790:"Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review" 4831: 3708:

Klingshirn CF, Waag A, Hoffmann A, Geurts J (2010).

1668: 19:"Chinese white" redirects here. For other uses, see 7134:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from 4827: 4825: 4635: 4369: 4052: 4009: 3613:

Materials in Dentistry: Principles and Applications

3492: 2615:Aluminium-doped ZnO layers are used as transparent 876: 7416:Heo YW (2004). "ZnO nanowire growth and devices". 7275: 5927:Vincent van Gogh, 'Wheatfield with Cypresses, 1889 4313:Baruah S, Thanachayanont C, Dutta J (April 2008). 3962: 3124: 1715:, ability to sustain large electric fields, lower 1250:. It is used as an ingredient in products such as 6543: 3529: 3525: 3523: 1540:motif at relatively high pressures about 10 GPa. 11264: 6169: 4822: 3047:. Chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2015-11-17. 267: 6780: 6170:Zheng ZQ, Yao JD, Wang B, Yang GW (June 2015). 3697:. Vol. 17B, 22, 41B. Springer, Heidelberg. 2487:64) is used in corrosion prevention in nuclear 2180:as an anti-bacterial agent proposed to prevent 1884:, or melt growth. However, because of the high 1436:. When mixed with a strong aqueous solution of 1276:The Romans produced considerable quantities of 921: 894: 69: 8342:Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole) 7024: 6457: 6422: 5699:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 5487: 4713: 3919: 3636: 3520: 3501: 3171:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1737:character, even in the absence of intentional 8478: 8202: 7666: 7509:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 7418:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 7079: 6977: 6930: 6621: 6578: 6383:"Ion-beam-produced structural defects in ZnO" 5906:Kuhn, H. (1986) "Zinc White", pp. 169–186 in 5152:"SmartMouth Clinical DDS Activated Mouthwash" 4868: 4866: 4486: 3232:. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112. 3168: 1836:) by heating with a source of carbon such as 1216:, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically. 7334:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 6881: 6112: 5994:"ZnO – nanostructures, defects, and devices" 5634:"Physical sunscreens: on the comeback trail" 5494:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 5293:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 5287:Padmavathy N, Vijayaraghavan R (July 2008). 5009: 4376:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 4319:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 4136: 3746:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 3605: 3603: 3601: 2491:. The depletion is necessary, because Zn is 1619:ZnO is a wide-band gap semiconductor of the 1543:Hexagonal and zincblende polymorphs have no 964:1,436 °C (2,617 °F; 1,709 K) 7641:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) 7330:"Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures" 7327: 6711: 5992:Schmidtmende L, MacManusdriscoll J (2007). 5967:US Environment Protection Agency: Sunscreen 5787: 5425: 4171: 4003: 3796: 3742:"Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures" 3739: 2994:Takahashi K, Yoshikawa A, Sandhu A (2007). 2029:manufacturing, pigments, foods, batteries, 809: 8485: 8471: 8209: 8195: 7673: 7659: 7506: 7473: 7436: 6572: 4863: 4459: 4139:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 4053:Kato H, Sano M, Miyamoto K, Yao T (2002). 3670:Metal Oxides: Chemistry & Applications 3459: 3276: 3274: 3255:Breast Cancer (Atlas of Clinical Oncology) 3164: 3162: 3160: 346: 195: 153: 7594: 7551: 7520: 7476:"ZnO: material, physics and applications" 7361: 7308: 7214: 6907: 6814: 6665: 6647: 6615: 6287: 6203: 6146: 6009: 5873: 5841:(2d ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 5836: 5805: 5659: 5649: 5578: 5521: 5402: 5361: 5320: 5127: 5086: 5076: 5035: 4900: 4890: 4782: 4428: 4395: 4346: 4273: 4271: 4074: 3861: 3773: 3609: 3598: 3561: 3462:"ZnO: material, physics and applications" 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 2707:Center for Nanostructure Characterization 2646:for detecting airborne compounds such as 2414:for use in space and for protection when 1602:materials, the bonding in ZnO is largely 1551:of the hexagonal and zincblende ZnO, and 303: 8322:4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Enzacamene) 8266:Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP) 7154: 7152: 7086:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6937:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5387:"The cariostatic mechanisms of fluoride" 5343: 4936: 4859:. New York: The New Jersey Zinc Company. 3963:Look DC, Hemsky JW, Sizelove JR (1999). 3956: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3695:Landolt-Bornstein, New Series, Group III 3324: 3284:Breast Cancer: Cause – Prevention – Cure 3219: 3191: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 2919:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2716: 2567: 2555: 2469:Corrosion prevention in nuclear reactors 2071:Zinc oxide as a mixture with about 0.5% 1864: 1614: 1506: 1498: 1442: 7625:International Chemical Safety Card 0208 7378: 4875:"Zinc Therapy in Dermatology: A Review" 4611:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 3692: 3280: 3271: 3215: 3213: 3157: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2936: 2934: 2564:and the corresponding device structure. 2295:is formed, which has applications as a 1860: 1844: 1385:in water, but it will dissolve in most 342: 173: 11265: 8411:Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M / Eversorb M) 8245:Chemical agents unless otherwise noted 7631:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 7576: 7537: 6877: 6875: 6873: 5488:Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (February 2009). 4975: 4804: 4802: 4410: 4268: 3965:"Residual Native Shallow Donor in ZnO" 3667: 3661: 3429: 3416: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2733:ZnO is a promising anode material for 2658:. ZnO is a semiconductor that becomes 1494: 1374:O, where at 800 °C, x = 0.00007. 1346: 186: 8466: 8383:Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL) 8190: 7654: 7245:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 7149: 6318: 6071: 5985: 5783: 5781: 5749: 5452: 5058: 5010:Hughes G, McLean NR (December 1988). 4982:. Pharmaceutical Press. p. 206. 4943:. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 309. 4925:"Section 13.2.2 Barrier Preparations" 4854: 3728: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3192:Craddock PT (1998). "Zinc in India". 3109: 2351:Zinc oxide (zinc white) is used as a 2282: 2149:ointments. It is often combined with 2000:of ZnO nanoparticles, and the use of 1952: 1793:Zinc oxide is noted for its strongly 374:Key: XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 133: 113: 7381:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6688: 6353: 5686:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5631: 3210: 3077: 3050: 2931: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2642:Zinc oxide is used in semiconductor 2498: 1976:Aligned ZnO nanowires on pre-seeded 1520:Zinc oxide crystallizes in two main 8327:Octyl methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate) 7415: 7328:Baruah S, Dutta J (February 2009). 6870: 6356:Materials Science and Engineering B 5938: 5878:. London: John Murray. p. 40. 5059:Lynch, Richard J.M. (August 2011). 4923:British National Formulary (2008). 4848: 4799: 4678: 3922:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 3740:Baruah S, Dutta J (February 2009). 2982: 2905: 2685: 2329:, as a source of zinc, a necessary 2279:of the skin but not into the body. 2052: 1814: 258: 242: 13: 8312:Ethylhexyl triazone (Uvinul T 150) 7680: 5788:Burnett ME, Wang SQ (April 2011). 5778: 5428:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4608: 4474:10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.09.024 3448: 3287:. Tekline Publishing. p. 83. 3222:"Mining and Metallurgy, chapter 4" 2729:Li-ion battery and supercapacitors 2560:Photograph of an operating ZnO UV 2036: 1786:, are the active material in most 1663:thin-film bulk acoustic resonators 917: 14: 11344: 7613: 5733:"What to Look for in a Sunscreen" 4937:Williams, Cheryll (1 July 2012). 4879:Dermatology Research and Practice 3799:Superlattices and Microstructures 2886: 2741: 2371:and was used by painters such as 2122:. It is used in products such as 2066: 1894:metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy 1823: 1669:Electrical and optical properties 7242:Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). 7234: 7174: 7158: 7120: 7073: 7018: 6971: 6924: 6831: 6774: 6756: 6705: 6682: 6537: 6486: 6451: 6416: 6374: 6347: 6312: 6255: 6220: 6163: 6106: 6092: 6065: 6041: 5839:Introduction to Dental Materials 5807:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x 5078:10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00049.x 4623:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03022.x 2806:, can result in a malady called 2310: 2167: 1155: 990:240 mg/kg (intraperitoneal, rat) 842: 32: 7168:The Wooden Periodic Table Table 6051:Surface and Coatings Technology 6027:Surface and Coatings Technology 6018: 5973: 5960: 5941:"The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup" 5932: 5929:, pigment analysis at ColourLex 5920: 5900: 5867: 5855: 5830: 5743: 5725: 5690: 5676: 5625: 5595: 5538: 5481: 5446: 5419: 5378: 5337: 5280: 5244: 5209: 5180: 5162: 5144: 5129:10.1590/S1806-83242008000500007 5103: 5052: 5003: 4969: 4930: 4917: 4750: 4707: 4672: 4629: 4602: 4567: 4515: 4480: 4453: 4404: 4363: 4306: 4226: 4213: 4200: 4165: 4130: 4094:-type ZnO films and crystals". 4083: 4046: 3913: 3870: 3825: 3790: 3701: 3686: 3630: 3555: 3398: 3373: 3361: 3318: 3301: 3246: 3185: 3038: 2711:Georgia Institute of Technology 2479:Zinc oxide depleted in Zn (the 2446:is transparent and conductive ( 2406:, and are consequently used in 2015: 1306:Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau 1304:, United Kingdom. Around 1782, 1151:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 16:White powder insoluble in water 6856:10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.12.140 6059:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.109 6035:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.039 5455:Journal of Industrial Textiles 5016:Archives of Emergency Medicine 4808:Ambica Dhatu Private Limited. 4300:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.11.050 3502:Wiberg E, Holleman AF (2001). 3196:. 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The lattice constants are 1515: 1067:Fume: TWA 5 mg/m ST 10 mg/m 21:China white (disambiguation) 7: 11308:Nonlinear optical materials 8408:Hybrid (chemical/physical): 7474:Klingshirn C (April 2007). 7401:10.1088/0953-8984/17/27/R01 7241: 6086:10.1680/nuen.40.4.245.39338 4462:Materials Research Bulletin 3989:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2552 3714:. Springer. pp. 9–10. 3460:Klingshirn C (April 2007). 3032: 3020: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2899: 2816: 2535:by the following reaction: 2425: 2091:is a mixture of the oxides 2061: 972:or concentration (LD, LC): 10: 11349: 8695:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide 8492: 8438: 8388:Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB) 8302:4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 7583:Pure and Applied Chemistry 7531:10.1016/j.mser.2006.04.002 7430:10.1016/j.mser.2004.09.001 7282:Journal of Applied Physics 7268: 7207:10.1007/s43630-021-00101-2 7106:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.020 6957:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.020 6697:. CondéNet. Archived from 6460:Journal of Applied Physics 6410:10.1103/physrevb.67.094115 6333:10.1109/JPROC.2009.2037444 5876:The Secret Lives of Colour 5467:10.1177/152808379302300205 5230:10.1902/jop.2000.72.9.1183 4979:Non-prescription Medicines 4815:December 19, 2019, at the 4489:Journal of Applied Physics 4397:10.1016/j.stam.2007.02.012 4242:Journal of Applied Physics 3819:10.1016/j.spmi.2015.07.015 3672:. 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Retrieved 10 March 2009 3347:10.1007/s10853-008-2942-1 3000:. Springer. p. 357. 2777: 2006:electron beam lithography 2002:physical vapor deposition 1963:vapor–liquid–solid method 1890:chemical vapor deposition 1621:II-VI semiconductor group 1355:, which usually contains 1312:pigment with zinc oxide. 1145: 1098: 1032: 968: 823: 818: 792: 670: 573: 403: 383: 358: 53: 45: 40: 31: 8337:Padimate O (Escalol 507) 8261:Avobenzone (Parsol 1789) 8018:Organozinc(II) compounds 7596:10.1351/PAC-CON-11-08-17 7288:(4): 041301–041301–103. 3942:10.7567/1347-4065/ab532a 3137:(4): 041301–041301–103. 2459:polyethylene naphthalate 2359:and is more opaque than 2198:cetylpyridinium chloride 1916:, spray pyrolysis, etc. 1782:ZnO discs, acting as a 1560:Hermann–Mauguin notation 1397:ZnO + 2 HCl → ZnCl 885:Precautionary statements 11328:Wurtzite structure type 11318:Piezoelectric materials 9925:Praseodymium(III) oxide 8661:Manganese(II,III) oxide 8445:Sun protective clothing 7696:Organozinc(I) compounds 7439:Physica Status Solidi B 7187:Photochem Photobiol Sci 6546:Applied Physics Letters 6515:10.1126/science.1083212 6466:(12): 124505–124505–4. 6425:Applied Physics Letters 6321:Proceedings of the IEEE 6229:Physica Status Solidi C 5651:10.4103/0378-6323.31890 5363:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.162 5116:Brazilian Oral Research 4857:Zinc Oxide Rediscovered 4174:Applied Physics Letters 3969:Physical Review Letters 3834:Applied Physics Letters 3693:Rossler U, ed. (1999). 3584:10.1023/A:1004327018497 3311:Encyclopædia Britannica 3257:. PMPH USA. p. 3. 3173:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2829:Zinc oxide nanoparticle 2625:liquid crystal displays 2363:, but less opaque than 2229:reactive oxygen species 2033:, and fire retardants. 1914:atomic layer deposition 1902:pulsed laser deposition 1691:liquid crystal displays 992:7950 mg/kg (rat, oral) 632: = 3.2495 Å, 525:Magnetic susceptibility 10496:Protactinium(IV) oxide 10482:Praseodymium(IV) oxide 9670:Einsteinium(III) oxide 9568:Californium(III) oxide 8986:Water (hydrogen oxide) 8501:Mixed oxidation states 7577:Xu S, Wang ZL (2011). 7492:10.1002/cphc.200700002 7459:10.1002/pssb.200743072 6844:Ceramics International 6249:10.1002/pssc.200673557 5862:Quaker cereals content 5404:10.5644/ama2006-124.85 5350:British Dental Journal 4763:Nucleic Acids Research 4588:10.1002/anie.200351461 4248:(3): 033105–033105–7. 3478:10.1002/cphc.200700002 3035:, pp. 5.2, 5.42, 6.163 2722: 2630:Transparent thin-film 2581: 2565: 2255:(320–400 nm) and 2239:Zinc oxide is used in 2172:Zinc oxide is used in 1882:hydrothermal synthesis 1870: 1834:carbothermal reduction 1512: 1511:A zincblende unit cell 1504: 1448: 928: 11246:Oxides are sorted by 11097:Technetium(VII) oxide 10833:Protactinium(V) oxide 9942:Promethium(III) oxide 9721:Gadolinium(III) oxide 9653:Dysprosium(III) oxide 9277:Protactinium monoxide 8729:Terbium(III,IV) oxide 8276:Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX) 6787:Nature Communications 6701:on February 15, 2008. 6101:U.S. patent 4,128,619 5391:Acta Medica Academica 4976:Nathan, Alan (2010). 4775:10.1093/nar/16.3.1216 4116:10.1557/JMR.2008.0300 3637:Park CK, Silsbee MR, 3610:Ferracane JL (2001). 3539:Butterworth-Heinemann 3533:, Earnshaw A (1997). 2869:Zinc–zinc oxide cycle 2720: 2590:light emitting diodes 2571: 2559: 2523:compounds prior to a 2404:ultraviolet radiation 1868: 1699:light-emitting diodes 1615:Mechanical properties 1590:= 5.2 Å; their ratio 1510: 1502: 1480:carbothermic reaction 1446: 1247:The Canon of Medicine 927: 661:Coordination geometry 636: = 5.2069 Å 11298:II-VI semiconductors 11293:Corrosion inhibitors 11278:Amphoteric compounds 11046:Dichlorine heptoxide 10816:Phosphorus pentoxide 10782:Dinitrogen pentoxide 10580:Technetium(IV) oxide 10297:Dinitrogen tetroxide 10112:Ytterbium(III) oxide 9874:Neodymium(III) oxide 9857:Manganese(III) oxide 9500:Berkelium(III) oxide 9449:Americium(III) oxide 8610:Dichlorine pentoxide 8593:Cobalt(II,III) oxide 8559:Chlorine perchlorate 8352:Trolamine salicylate 8281:Menthyl anthranilate 6770:. November 10, 2008. 6289:10.1364/OE.19.016346 6053:. 180–181: 642–645. 5837:van Noort R (2002). 4810:Applications of ZnO. 4061:. 237–239: 538–543. 3220:Craddock PT (2008). 2834:Gallium(III) nitride 2047:sulfur vulcanization 1861:Laboratory synthesis 1845:Wet chemical process 1598:= 1.633. As in most 1568:Schoenflies notation 1413:ZnO + 2 NaOH + H 1004:median concentration 910:(fire diamond) 741:-350.46±0.27 kJ mol 537:Thermal conductivity 11323:Sunscreening agents 11153:Ruthenium tetroxide 11063:Manganese heptoxide 10909:Molybdenum trioxide 10524:Ruthenium(IV) oxide 10454:Plutonium(IV) oxide 10398:Neptunium(IV) oxide 10199:Californium dioxide 10171:Berkelium(IV) oxide 10095:Vanadium(III) oxide 10078:Tungsten(III) oxide 10061:Titanium(III) oxide 10027:Thallium(III) oxide 9976:Samarium(III) oxide 9908:Phosphorus trioxide 9840:Lutetium(III) oxide 9704:Europium(III) oxide 9636:Dinitrogen trioxide 9602:Chromium(III) oxide 9551:Caesium sesquioxide 9415:Actinium(III) oxide 9257:Phosphorus monoxide 9247:Palladium(II) oxide 9207:Manganese(II) oxide 9010:Aluminium(II) oxide 8843:Dichlorine monoxide 8763:Triuranium octoxide 8746:Tribromine octoxide 8712:Silver(I,III) oxide 8576:Chloryl perchlorate 8218:Sunscreening agents 7451:2007PSSBR.244.3027K 7393:2005JPCM...17R.657J 7346:2009STAdM..10a3001B 7294:2005JAP....98d1301O 7199:2021PhPhS..20.1273G 7098:2018RSERv..81..536O 7043:2016WatRe..88..428L 6949:2018RSERv..81..536O 6807:10.1038/ncomms14921 6799:2017NatCo...814921Z 6734:10.1038/nature06601 6726:2008Natur.451..809Q 6640:2012Senso..12.2610S 6558:2004ApPhL..85.2274H 6507:2003Sci...300.1269N 6472:2006JAP....99l4505O 6437:2004ApPhL..84.3603L 6402:2003PhRvB..67i4115K 6280:2011OExpr..1916346T 6274:(17): 16346–16355. 6241:2007PSSCR...4..158B 6188:2015NatSR...511070Z 6131:2015NatSR...513641L 5874:St Clair K (2016). 5506:2009STAdM..10a5003A 5305:2008STAdM...9c5004P 5028:10.1136/emj.5.4.223 4892:10.1155/2014/709152 4728:2009ApPhA..97..403L 4693:2008MatL...62.4109H 4650:2005NanoL...5.1231G 4537:2009Nanot..20e5608E 4501:2006JAP....99hM113C 4388:2007STAdM...8..443M 4331:2008STAdM...9b5009B 4292:2008JCrGr.310.1832S 4254:2008JAP...103c3105I 4186:2003ApPhL..83...87R 4151:1974JPCS...35..327W 4108:2008JMatR..23.2293O 4067:2002JCrGr.237..538K 4024:2007NatMa...6...44J 3981:1999PhRvL..82.2552L 3934:2019JaJAP..58l8003K 3891:1994PhRvB..5010715D 3885:(15): 10715–10721. 3846:2010ApPhL..96o2103M 3811:2015SuMi...85..813A 3758:2009STAdM..10a3001B 3576:1998JMatS..33.2251N 3504:Inorganic Chemistry 3339:2009JMatS..44.2181C 3281:Harding FJ (2007). 3143:2005JAP....98d1301O 2979:, pp. 4.138, 10.251 2824:Depleted zinc oxide 2735:lithium-ion battery 2475:Depleted zinc oxide 1495:Physical properties 1347:Chemical properties 1331:industry to resist 1308:proposed replacing 1254:and creams against 489:Solubility in water 28: 11303:Inorganic pigments 11118:+8 oxidation state 11080:Rhenium(VII) oxide 11039:+7 oxidation state 10979:Tellurium trioxide 10888:+6 oxidation state 10850:Tantalum pentoxide 10731:Antimony pentoxide 10724:+5 oxidation state 10692:Vanadium(IV) oxide 10664:Tungsten(IV) oxide 10269:Chromium(IV) oxide 10150:+4 oxidation state 10129:Yttrium(III) oxide 10044:Thulium(III) oxide 10010:Terbium(III) oxide 9959:Rhodium(III) oxide 9772:Holmium(III) oxide 9738:Gallium(III) oxide 9517:Bismuth(III) oxide 9408:+3 oxidation state 9374:Vanadium(II) oxide 9364:Titanium(II) oxide 9157:Germanium monoxide 9147:Europium(II) oxide 9130:Dinitrogen dioxide 9100:Chromium(II) oxide 9030:Berkelium monoxide 9003:+2 oxidation state 8791:Aluminium(I) oxide 8784:+1 oxidation state 8678:Mellitic anhydride 8627:Iron(II,III) oxide 8508:Antimony tetroxide 8373:Benzophenones 1–12 7645:Zinc white pigment 7620:Zincite properties 6900:10.1039/C3CS60188A 6649:10.3390/s120302610 6176:Scientific Reports 6119:Scientific Reports 6029:. 180–181: 71–75. 5737:The New York Times 5551:Nano-Micro Letters 5122:(suppl 1): 44–54. 5071:(Suppl 3): 46–54. 4468:(8–9): 2113–2118. 4286:(7–9): 1832–1835. 3668:Fierro JL (2006). 3412:. webexhibits.org. 2943:, pp. 12.85, 12.89 2874:ZnO nanostructures 2849:Zinc oxide eugenol 2723: 2664:reducing compounds 2582: 2566: 2531:S is converted to 2457:Plastics, such as 2293:zinc oxide eugenol 2283:Dental restoration 2108:contact dermatitis 1953:ZnO nanostructures 1871: 1713:breakdown voltages 1555:of hexagonal ZnO. 1545:inversion symmetry 1513: 1505: 1503:Wurtzite structure 1486:ZnO + C → Zn 1449: 1368:non-stoichiometric 1318:Edme-Jean Leclaire 1236:(1st century AD). 1194:inorganic compound 1178:Infobox references 1099:Related compounds 1077:(Immediate danger) 1010:2500 mg/m (mouse) 929: 770:Enthalpy of fusion 714:43.65±0.40 J·Kmol 26: 11288:Ceramic materials 11258: 11257: 11181:Hassium tetroxide 11125:Iridium tetroxide 10993:Tungsten trioxide 10951:Selenium trioxide 10923:Polonium trioxide 10895:Chromium trioxide 10867:Vanadium(V) oxide 10799:Niobium pentoxide 10765:Bismuth pentoxide 10748:Arsenic pentoxide 10706:Zirconium dioxide 10608:Terbium(IV) oxide 10594:Tellurium dioxide 10510:Rhodium(IV) oxide 10384:Manganese dioxide 10356:Hafnium(IV) oxide 10314:Germanium dioxide 10157:Americium dioxide 9891:Nickel(III) oxide 9789:Indium(III) oxide 9687:Erbium(III) oxide 9619:Cobalt(III) oxide 9585:Cerium(III) oxide 9466:Antimony trioxide 9384:Yttrium(II) oxide 9267:Polonium monoxide 9217:Mercury(II) oxide 9090:Chlorine monoxide 8960:Thallium(I) oxide 8830:Dicarbon monoxide 8644:Lead(II,IV) oxide 8460: 8459: 8225:or other agencies 8184: 8183: 8143: 8142: 7730: 7729: 7589:(12): 2171–2198. 7546:(11): 1013–1098. 7387:(27): R657–R689. 7320:978-0-444-53143-8 7302:10.1063/1.1992666 7248:(97th ed.). 7193:(10): 1273–1285. 6996:10.1021/ar300227e 6593:10.1021/cr500567r 6587:(15): 7944–8000. 6566:10.1063/1.1794351 6501:(5623): 1269–72. 6480:10.1063/1.2206417 6445:10.1063/1.1738174 6390:Physical Review B 6196:10.1038/srep11070 6139:10.1038/srep13641 5848:978-0-7234-3215-9 5764:10.1159/000247982 5440:10.1002/app.24866 4989:978-0-85369-886-9 4950:978-1-925078-07-7 4855:Brown HE (1957). 4836:. 185–186: 1–22. 4716:Applied Physics A 4687:(25): 4109–4111. 4681:Materials Letters 4658:10.1021/nl050788p 4617:(11): 2718–2723. 4576:Angewandte Chemie 4509:10.1063/1.2169411 4423:(11): 1013–1098. 4262:10.1063/1.2838178 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Patel. 4194:10.1063/1.1590423 3975:(12): 2552–2555. 3879:Physical Review B 3854:10.1063/1.3387843 3721:978-3-642-10576-0 3623:978-0-7817-2733-4 3548:978-0-08-037941-8 3513:978-0-12-352651-9 3441:978-0-8247-8340-2 3430:Porter F (1991). 3294:978-0-9554221-0-2 3239:978-0-19-518731-1 3203:978-0-86159-124-4 3151:10.1063/1.1992666 3007:978-3-540-47234-6 2902:, pp. 4.95, 12.80 2662:by adsorption of 2499:Methane reforming 2327:breakfast cereals 2261:ultraviolet light 2245:ultraviolet light 2110:, itching due to 2104:atopic dermatitis 1898:electrodeposition 1795:nonlinear optical 1777:Electron mobility 1675:electron mobility 1377:Zinc oxide is an 1186:Chemical compound 1184: 1183: 1140:Mercury(II) oxide 1087:Safety data sheet 867:Hazard statements 748:Gibbs free energy 581:Crystal structure 514:Electron mobility 494:0.0004% (17.8°C) 327:CompTox Dashboard 95:Interactive image 11340: 11139:Osmium tetroxide 11007:Uranium trioxide 10937:Rhenium trioxide 10650:Titanium dioxide 10538:Selenium dioxide 10468:Polonium dioxide 10440:Platinum dioxide 10412:Nitrogen dioxide 10283:Curium(IV) oxide 10255:Chlorine dioxide 10241:Cerium(IV) oxide 9483:Arsenic trioxide 9344:Thorium monoxide 9327:Disulfur dioxide 9297:Silicon monoxide 9227:Nickel(II) oxide 9120:Copper(II) oxide 9110:Cobalt(II) oxide 9050:Bromine monoxide 8895:Mercury(I) oxide 8856:Gallium(I) oxide 8817:Caesium monoxide 8487: 8480: 8473: 8464: 8463: 8421:Titanium dioxide 8226: 8221:approved by the 8211: 8204: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8165: 8157: 8156: 8015: 8014: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7880: 7879: 7693: 7692: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7608: 7598: 7573: 7555: 7534: 7524: 7503: 7470: 7445:(9): 3027–3073. 7433: 7412: 7375: 7365: 7324: 7305: 7263: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138:on 16 April 2014 7124: 7118: 7117: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6990:(8): 1900–1909. 6975: 6969: 6968: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6879: 6868: 6867: 6850:(6): 4895–4903. 6835: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6720:(7180): 809–13. 6709: 6703: 6702: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6651: 6634:(3): 2610–2631. 6619: 6613: 6612: 6581:Chemical Reviews 6576: 6570: 6569: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6387: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6362:(1–3): 383–387. 6351: 6345: 6344: 6327:(7): 1281–1287. 6316: 6310: 6309: 6291: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5871: 5865: 5864:. quakeroats.com 5859: 5853: 5852: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5809: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5739:. June 10, 2009. 5729: 5723: 5722: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5653: 5632:More BD (2007). 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5613:on 15 April 2018 5609:. Archived from 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5224:(9): 1183–1191. 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5194:. Archived from 5184: 5178: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5080: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4957:on 20 April 2023 4953:. Archived from 4934: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4894: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4829: 4820: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4432: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4239: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4102:(9): 2293–2295. 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4032:10.1038/nmat1795 4012:Nature Materials 4007: 4001: 4000: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3596: 3595: 3570:(9): 2251–2254. 3559: 3553: 3552: 3537:(2nd ed.). 3527: 3518: 3517: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3457: 3446: 3445: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3383:. Archived from 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3333:(9): 2181–2191. 3322: 3316: 3315: 3314:. 10 March 2009. 3305: 3299: 3298: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3166: 3155: 3154: 3122: 3107: 3106: 3097:(3–4): 422–428. 3086: 3075: 3074: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2916: 2903: 2897: 2864:Zinc–air battery 2808:metal fume fever 2764:photodegradation 2692:piezoelectricity 2686:Piezoelectricity 2652:nitrogen dioxide 2648:hydrogen sulfide 2621:indium tin oxide 2574:indium tin oxide 2525:methane reformer 2505:hydrogen sulfide 2365:titanium dioxide 2287:When mixed with 2265:titanium dioxide 2192:by reducing the 2053:Ceramic industry 2023:refractive index 1815:Indirect process 1743:Nonstoichiometry 1717:electronic noise 1608:piezoelectricity 1549:piezoelectricity 1379:amphoteric oxide 1210:food supplements 1207: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1022:lowest published 949: 942: 935: 920: 900: 896: 892: 878: 874: 846: 813: 784: 759: 737: 710: 686: 671:Thermochemistry 623:Lattice constant 548:Refractive index 531:−27.2·10 cm/mol 423: 411:Chemical formula 351: 350: 335: 333: 307: 271: 260: 246: 224:Gmelin Reference 207: 199: 188: 177: 157: 137: 117: 97: 73: 36: 29: 25: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11254: 11252:Category:Oxides 11248:oxidation state 11240: 11194: 11190: 11176: 11167:Xenon tetroxide 11162: 11148: 11134: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11092: 11088: 11075: 11071: 11058: 11054: 11034: 11030: 11016: 11002: 10988: 10974: 10965:Sulfur trioxide 10960: 10946: 10932: 10918: 10904: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10862: 10858: 10845: 10841: 10828: 10824: 10811: 10807: 10794: 10790: 10777: 10773: 10760: 10756: 10743: 10739: 10719: 10715: 10701: 10687: 10678:Uranium dioxide 10673: 10659: 10645: 10631: 10622:Thorium dioxide 10617: 10603: 10589: 10575: 10561: 10552:Silicon dioxide 10547: 10533: 10519: 10505: 10491: 10477: 10463: 10449: 10435: 10421: 10407: 10393: 10379: 10365: 10351: 10342:Iridium dioxide 10337: 10323: 10309: 10305: 10292: 10278: 10264: 10250: 10236: 10227:Carbon trioxide 10222: 10208: 10194: 10185:Bromine dioxide 10180: 10166: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10124: 10120: 10107: 10103: 10090: 10086: 10073: 10069: 10056: 10052: 10039: 10035: 10022: 10018: 10005: 10001: 9988: 9984: 9971: 9967: 9954: 9950: 9937: 9933: 9920: 9916: 9903: 9899: 9886: 9882: 9869: 9865: 9852: 9848: 9835: 9831: 9823:Lanthanum oxide 9818: 9814: 9806:Iron(III) oxide 9801: 9797: 9784: 9780: 9767: 9763: 9755:Gold(III) oxide 9750: 9746: 9733: 9729: 9716: 9712: 9699: 9695: 9682: 9678: 9665: 9661: 9648: 9644: 9631: 9627: 9614: 9610: 9597: 9593: 9580: 9576: 9563: 9559: 9546: 9542: 9529: 9525: 9512: 9508: 9495: 9491: 9478: 9474: 9461: 9457: 9444: 9440: 9432:Aluminium oxide 9427: 9423: 9403: 9339: 9335: 9317:Sulfur monoxide 9307:Strontium oxide 9197:Magnesium oxide 9177:Iodine monoxide 9142: 9138: 9080:Carbon monoxide 9040:Beryllium oxide 8998: 8994: 8981: 8968: 8955: 8942: 8929: 8921:Potassium oxide 8916: 8903: 8890: 8877: 8869:Iodine(I) oxide 8864: 8851: 8838: 8825: 8812: 8804:Copper(I) oxide 8799: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8758: 8754: 8741: 8737: 8724: 8720: 8707: 8703: 8690: 8686: 8673: 8669: 8656: 8652: 8639: 8635: 8622: 8618: 8605: 8601: 8588: 8584: 8571: 8567: 8554: 8550: 8542:Carbon suboxide 8537: 8533: 8520: 8516: 8496: 8491: 8461: 8456: 8455: 8441:Photoprotection 8432: 8361:UVA+UVB filters 8356: 8285: 8249: 8241:UVB: 315–290 nm 8227: 8220: 8215: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7911: 7898: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7789: 7781: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7684: 7679: 7616: 7611: 7553:10.1.1.654.3359 7522:10.1.1.125.7559 7321: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7237: 7232: 7179: 7175: 7157: 7150: 7141: 7139: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7078: 7074: 7023: 7019: 6976: 6972: 6929: 6925: 6880: 6871: 6836: 6832: 6779: 6775: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6710: 6706: 6687: 6683: 6620: 6616: 6577: 6573: 6542: 6538: 6491: 6487: 6456: 6452: 6421: 6417: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6352: 6348: 6317: 6313: 6260: 6256: 6225: 6221: 6168: 6164: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6070: 6066: 6046: 6042: 6023: 6019: 5998:Materials Today 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5905: 5901: 5886: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5835: 5831: 5786: 5779: 5748: 5744: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5695: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5543: 5539: 5486: 5482: 5451: 5447: 5424: 5420: 5383: 5379: 5342: 5338: 5285: 5281: 5249: 5245: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5108: 5104: 5057: 5053: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4871: 4864: 4853: 4849: 4830: 4823: 4817:Wayback Machine 4807: 4800: 4755: 4751: 4712: 4708: 4677: 4673: 4634: 4630: 4607: 4603: 4572: 4568: 4520: 4516: 4485: 4481: 4458: 4454: 4430:10.1.1.654.3359 4409: 4405: 4368: 4364: 4311: 4307: 4276: 4269: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223:. 2012. p. 247. 4218: 4214: 4210:. 2014. p. 316. 4205: 4201: 4170: 4166: 4135: 4131: 4088: 4084: 4051: 4047: 4008: 4004: 3961: 3957: 3918: 3914: 3875: 3871: 3830: 3826: 3795: 3791: 3738: 3729: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3666: 3662: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3608: 3599: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3500: 3493: 3458: 3449: 3442: 3428: 3417: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3323: 3319: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3190: 3186: 3167: 3158: 3123: 3110: 3087: 3078: 3061: 3060: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2992: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2917: 2906: 2898: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2819: 2780: 2762:and is used in 2756:green chemistry 2750:, mainly as an 2744: 2731: 2688: 2640: 2586:direct band gap 2554: 2546: 2542: 2530: 2510: 2501: 2477: 2471: 2428: 2393: 2349: 2343: 2323: 2317:Zinc deficiency 2313: 2285: 2277:outermost layer 2237: 2170: 2082: 2078: 2073:iron(III) oxide 2069: 2064: 2055: 2045:is used in the 2039: 2037:Rubber industry 2018: 1986:gallium nitride 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1863: 1847: 1826: 1817: 1809: 1803: 1788:surge arresters 1721:magnesium oxide 1671: 1655:piezoelectrical 1617: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1553:pyroelectricity 1518: 1497: 1489: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1453:phosphoric acid 1420: 1416: 1404: 1400: 1381:. It is nearly 1373: 1349: 1230:Charaka Samhita 1222: 1200: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: ?) 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1138: 1132: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1048: 1025: 1019: 1007: 1001: 991: 987: 981: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 937: 930: 926: 918: 887: 869: 855: 839: 802: 785: 782: 776: 772: 760: 754: 750: 738: 735: 729: 725: 722: 721:Std enthalpy of 711: 708: 701: 698: 687: 680: 663: 651: 637: 625: 613: 605: 597: 583: 568: 564: 558: 556: 528: 491: 416: 413: 399: 396: 391: 390: 379: 376: 375: 372: 366: 365: 354: 336: 329: 310: 290: 274: 261: 249: 226: 217: 180: 160: 140: 120: 100: 87: 76: 63: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11346: 11336: 11335: 11333:Zinc compounds 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11256: 11255: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11188: 11178: 11174: 11164: 11160: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11132: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11028: 11021:Xenon trioxide 11018: 11014: 11004: 11000: 10990: 10986: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10944: 10934: 10930: 10920: 10916: 10906: 10902: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10713: 10703: 10699: 10689: 10685: 10675: 10671: 10661: 10657: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10629: 10619: 10615: 10605: 10601: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10573: 10566:Sulfur dioxide 10563: 10559: 10549: 10545: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10489: 10479: 10475: 10465: 10461: 10451: 10447: 10437: 10433: 10426:Osmium dioxide 10423: 10419: 10409: 10405: 10395: 10391: 10381: 10377: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10349: 10339: 10335: 10328:Iodine dioxide 10325: 10321: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10276: 10266: 10262: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10234: 10224: 10220: 10213:Carbon dioxide 10210: 10206: 10196: 10192: 10182: 10178: 10168: 10164: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9993:Scandium oxide 9990: 9986: 9982: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9534:Boron trioxide 9531: 9527: 9523: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9391: 9381: 9371: 9361: 9351: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9324: 9314: 9304: 9294: 9284: 9274: 9264: 9254: 9244: 9234: 9224: 9214: 9204: 9194: 9187:Lead(II) oxide 9184: 9174: 9167:Iron(II) oxide 9164: 9154: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9127: 9117: 9107: 9097: 9087: 9077: 9067: 9057: 9047: 9037: 9027: 9017: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8979: 8970: 8966: 8957: 8953: 8944: 8940: 8934:Rubidium oxide 8931: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8905: 8901: 8892: 8888: 8879: 8875: 8866: 8862: 8853: 8849: 8840: 8836: 8827: 8823: 8814: 8810: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8525:Boron suboxide 8522: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8413: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8239: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8214: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8191: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8162: 8153: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8019: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7697: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7682:Zinc compounds 7678: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7614:External links 7612: 7610: 7609: 7574: 7535: 7515:(1–3): 49–91. 7504: 7486:(6): 782–803. 7471: 7434: 7413: 7376: 7325: 7319: 7306: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7258: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7173: 7148: 7119: 7072: 7031:Water Research 7017: 6970: 6923: 6894:(1): 473–486. 6888:Chem. Soc. Rev 6869: 6830: 6773: 6755: 6704: 6681: 6614: 6571: 6536: 6485: 6450: 6415: 6373: 6346: 6311: 6268:Optics Express 6254: 6235:(1): 158–161. 6219: 6162: 6105: 6091: 6080:(4): 245–252. 6074:Nuclear Energy 6064: 6040: 6017: 5984: 5972: 5959: 5931: 5919: 5916:978-0521303743 5899: 5884: 5866: 5854: 5847: 5829: 5777: 5742: 5724: 5689: 5675: 5624: 5594: 5557:(3): 219–242. 5537: 5480: 5461:(2): 150–164. 5445: 5418: 5377: 5336: 5279: 5260:(6): 352–358. 5243: 5208: 5179: 5161: 5156:smartmouth.com 5143: 5102: 5051: 5002: 4988: 4968: 4949: 4929: 4916: 4862: 4847: 4821: 4798: 4749: 4722:(2): 403–408. 4706: 4671: 4628: 4601: 4582:(26): 3031–4. 4566: 4525:Nanotechnology 4514: 4479: 4452: 4403: 4382:(6): 443–447. 4362: 4305: 4267: 4225: 4212: 4199: 4164: 4145:(3): 327–335. 4129: 4082: 4045: 4002: 3955: 3912: 3869: 3840:(15): 152103. 3824: 3789: 3727: 3720: 3700: 3685: 3679:978-0824723712 3678: 3660: 3649:(1): 141–150. 3629: 3622: 3597: 3554: 3547: 3519: 3512: 3491: 3472:(6): 782–803. 3447: 3440: 3415: 3397: 3372: 3360: 3317: 3300: 3293: 3270: 3264:978-1550092721 3263: 3245: 3238: 3209: 3202: 3184: 3156: 3108: 3076: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3006: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2930: 2904: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2779: 2776: 2748:photocatalysis 2743: 2742:Photocatalysis 2740: 2730: 2727: 2687: 2684: 2639: 2636: 2610:field emitters 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2528: 2508: 2500: 2497: 2473:Main article: 2470: 2467: 2427: 2424: 2392: 2389: 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2312: 2309: 2284: 2281: 2236: 2233: 2210:essential oils 2169: 2166: 2128:barrier creams 2080: 2076: 2068: 2067:Skin treatment 2065: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2038: 2035: 2017: 2014: 1996:crystallites, 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1886:vapor pressure 1862: 1859: 1855:zinc hydroxide 1851:zinc carbonate 1846: 1843: 1825: 1824:Direct process 1822: 1816: 1813: 1802: 1799: 1670: 1667: 1640:optical phonon 1616: 1613: 1579: 1575: 1563: 1517: 1514: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1371: 1348: 1345: 1221: 1218: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1154: 1153: 1149:standard state 1146: 1143: 1142: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121:Zinc telluride 1110: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 999: 997: 994: 993: 988: 979: 977: 974: 973: 966: 965: 962: 956: 955: 945: 938: 931: 916: 915: 914: 913: 911: 902: 901: 888: 883: 880: 879: 870: 865: 862: 861: 856: 851: 848: 847: 840: 835: 832: 831: 821: 820: 816: 815: 803: 798: 795: 794: 790: 789: 786: 780: 774: 768: 765: 764: 763:-320.5 kJ mol 761: 752: 746: 743: 742: 739: 733: 727: 719: 716: 715: 712: 706: 695: 692: 691: 688: 676: 673: 672: 668: 667: 664: 659: 656: 655: 652: 642: 639: 638: 628: 626: 621: 618: 617: 611: 603: 598: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 566: 562: 559: 554: 546: 543: 542: 539: 533: 532: 529: 523: 520: 519: 516: 510: 509: 502: 496: 495: 492: 487: 484: 483: 480: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 426: 425: 414: 409: 406: 405: 401: 400: 398: 397: 394: 386: 385: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 373: 370: 369: 361: 360: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 339: 337: 325: 322: 321: 318: 312: 311: 309: 308: 300: 298: 292: 291: 289: 288: 284: 282: 276: 275: 273: 272: 264: 262: 254: 251: 250: 248: 247: 239: 237: 231: 230: 227: 222: 219: 218: 216: 215: 211: 209: 201: 200: 190: 182: 181: 179: 178: 170: 168: 162: 161: 159: 158: 150: 148: 142: 141: 139: 138: 130: 128: 122: 121: 119: 118: 110: 108: 102: 101: 99: 98: 90: 88: 81: 78: 77: 75: 74: 66: 64: 59: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11345: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11283:Antipruritics 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11261: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11197: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11012: 11008: 11005: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10872: 10868: 10865: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10821: 10817: 10814: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10487: 10483: 10480: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10389: 10385: 10382: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10190: 10186: 10183: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10015: 10011: 10008: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9354:Tin(II) oxide 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9070:Calcium oxide 9068: 9065: 9061: 9060:Cadmium oxide 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8913: 8909: 8908:Nitrous oxide 8906: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8882:Lithium oxide 8880: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8481: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8403:Sulisobenzone 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8238:A: 400–315 nm 8237: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8224: 8219: 8212: 8207: 8205: 8200: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8177: 8146: 8145: 8137: 8130: 8128: 8110: 8108: 8094: 8092: 8078: 8076: 8062: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8034: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8010: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7964: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7540:Nano Research 7536: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7424:(1–2): 1–47. 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7340:(1): 013001. 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7261: 7259:9781498754293 7255: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7235:Cited sources 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6768:Science Daily 6765: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6396:(9): 094115. 6395: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5885:9781473630819 5881: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5752:Dermatologica 5746: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5500:(1): 015003. 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5397:(2): 179–88. 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299:(3): 035004. 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5198:on 2020-11-20 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4769:(3): 1216–7. 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4644:(7): 1231–6. 4643: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531:(5): 055608. 4530: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495:(8): 08M113. 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4325:(2): 025009. 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3752:(1): 013001. 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3434:. CRC Press. 3433: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3387:on 2021-04-02 3386: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2859:Zinc smelting 2857: 2855: 2854:Zinc peroxide 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:food additive 2775: 2773: 2769: 2768:photochemical 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2736: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705:In 2008, the 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:nanoparticles 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2603:random lasers 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584:ZnO has wide 2579: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:hydrogenation 2514: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2463:polycarbonate 2460: 2455: 2453: 2450:~90%, lowest 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2321:Zinc toxicity 2318: 2311:Food additive 2308: 2306: 2302: 2301:prosthodontic 2298: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176:products and 2175: 2168:Antibacterial 2165: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:diaper rashes 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2074: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1939: 1938: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1807:Zinc smelting 1798: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1730:Most ZnO has 1728: 1726: 1725:cadmium oxide 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1623:. The native 1622: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586:= 3.25 Å and 1585: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1509: 1501: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1438:zinc chloride 1435: 1431: 1427: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1364:thermochromic 1360: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280:(an alloy of 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:diaper rashes 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136:Cadmium oxide 1134: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117:Zinc selenide 1114: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1060:(Recommended) 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047:(Permissible) 1046: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1005: 996: 995: 989: 985: 976: 975: 971: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 950: 943: 936: 912: 909: 908: 904: 903: 889: 886: 882: 881: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 850: 849: 845: 841: 838: 834: 833: 829: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 804: 801: 797: 796: 793:Pharmacology 791: 787: 779: 771: 767: 766: 762: 757: 749: 745: 744: 740: 732: 724: 718: 717: 713: 705: 700: 694: 693: 689: 684: 679: 678:Heat capacity 675: 674: 669: 665: 662: 658: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:Formula units 641: 640: 635: 631: 627: 624: 620: 619: 616: 609: 602: 599: 596: 592: 591: 588: 585: 582: 578: 577: 572: 560: 553: 549: 545: 544: 541:0.6 W/(cm·K) 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 518:180 cm/(V·s) 517: 515: 512: 511: 507: 503: 501: 498: 497: 493: 490: 486: 485: 481: 479: 478:Boiling point 476: 475: 471: 469: 468:Melting point 466: 465: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 437: 433: 431: 428: 427: 422: 419: 415: 412: 408: 407: 402: 393: 392: 389: 382: 371:InChI=1S/O.Zn 368: 367: 364: 357: 349: 345: 344:DTXSID7035016 341: 340: 338: 328: 324: 323: 319: 317: 314: 313: 306: 302: 301: 299: 297: 294: 293: 286: 285: 283: 281: 278: 277: 270: 266: 265: 263: 257: 253: 252: 245: 241: 240: 238: 236: 233: 232: 228: 225: 221: 220: 213: 212: 210: 208: 203: 202: 198: 194: 191: 189: 187:ECHA InfoCard 184: 183: 176: 172: 171: 169: 167: 164: 163: 156: 152: 151: 149: 147: 144: 143: 136: 135:ChEMBL3988900 132: 131: 129: 127: 124: 123: 116: 112: 111: 109: 107: 104: 103: 96: 92: 91: 89: 85: 80: 79: 72: 68: 67: 65: 62: 58: 57: 52: 44: 39: 35: 30: 22: 11260: 10370:Lead dioxide 9393: 9287:Radium oxide 9237:Nitric oxide 9020:Barium oxide 8973:Sodium oxide 8947:Silver oxide 8425: 8415: 8407: 8378:Dioxybenzone 8244: 7857: 7647:at ColourLex 7636: 7586: 7582: 7543: 7539: 7512: 7508: 7483: 7480:ChemPhysChem 7479: 7442: 7438: 7421: 7417: 7384: 7380: 7337: 7333: 7313:. Elsevier. 7310: 7285: 7281: 7243: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7167: 7140:. Retrieved 7136:the original 7131: 7128:"Zinc oxide" 7122: 7089: 7085: 7075: 7034: 7030: 7020: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6891: 6887: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6699:the original 6694: 6684: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6552:(12): 2274. 6549: 6545: 6539: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6431:(18): 3603. 6428: 6424: 6418: 6393: 6389: 6376: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6094: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6050: 6043: 6026: 6020: 6004:(5): 40–48. 6001: 5997: 5987: 5975: 5962: 5950:. Retrieved 5944: 5934: 5922: 5907: 5902: 5875: 5869: 5857: 5838: 5832: 5800:(2): 58–67. 5797: 5793: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5705:(1): 85–90. 5702: 5698: 5692: 5678: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5615:. 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Retrieved 4955:the original 4939: 4932: 4919: 4882: 4878: 4856: 4850: 4833: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4641: 4638:Nano Letters 4637: 4631: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4283: 4279: 4245: 4241: 4228: 4215: 4202: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4058: 4048: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3749: 3745: 3710: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3669: 3663: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3612: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3534: 3531:Greenwood NN 3506:. Elsevier. 3503: 3469: 3466:ChemPhysChem 3465: 3431: 3409: 3400: 3389:. Retrieved 3385:the original 3381:"Zinc White" 3375: 3363: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3310: 3303: 3283: 3254: 3248: 3229: 3193: 3187: 3170: 3134: 3130: 3094: 3090: 3066: 3063:"Zinc oxide" 3040: 3028: 3016: 2996: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2812: 2796: 2794:substances. 2781: 2760:UV radiation 2745: 2732: 2724: 2706: 2704: 2689: 2641: 2629: 2614: 2607: 2583: 2576:and PET for 2502: 2481:zinc isotope 2478: 2456: 2448:transparency 2433: 2429: 2394: 2350: 2335:Zinc sulfate 2324: 2286: 2273: 2238: 2221: 2171: 2163: 2138:cream, anti- 2101: 2097:hemimorphite 2083:) is called 2070: 2056: 2043:stearic acid 2040: 2019: 2016:Applications 1998:spin coating 1994:zinc acetate 1990:zinc acetate 1975: 1967:zinc nitrate 1956: 1918: 1879: 1872: 1848: 1827: 1818: 1810: 1792: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1756: 1732: 1729: 1703: 1683:luminescence 1672: 1644: 1629: 1618: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1557: 1542: 1524:, hexagonal 1519: 1477: 1450: 1426:carboxylates 1423: 1408: 1391:hydrochloric 1376: 1361: 1350: 1337:photocopying 1326: 1314: 1298: 1275: 1262:cream, anti- 1245: 1225: 1223: 1189: 1188: 1113:Zinc sulfide 1066: 1034: 969: 906: 858: 825: 777: 755: 730: 703: 690:40.3 J·Kmol 682: 666:Tetrahedral 647: 633: 629: 614: 607: 600: 551: 442:White solid 280:RTECS number 54:Identifiers 46:Other names 11236:Oxypnictide 10636:Tin dioxide 8449:Sun tanning 8393:Octocrylene 8290:UVB filters 8254:UVA filters 7092:: 536–551. 7037:: 428–448. 6943:: 536–551. 6909:10220/19472 5952:January 25, 5939:Bouchez C. 5758:(1): 36–9. 5684:"Sunscreen" 5644:(2): 80–5. 5434:: 412–416. 4018:(1): 44–7. 3863:10902/23620 3805:: 813–819. 2790:'s list of 2676:nanopillars 2644:gas sensors 2638:Gas sensors 2632:transistors 2562:laser diode 2552:Electronics 2543:S + ZnO → H 2513:natural gas 2493:transformed 2485:atomic mass 2452:resistivity 2391:UV absorber 2297:restorative 2269:comedogenic 2178:toothpastes 2153:to form an 2124:baby powder 2116:diaper rash 1912:synthesis, 1695:transistors 1600:group II-VI 1572:space group 1570:), and the 1534:tetrahedral 1290:Dioscorides 1273:ointments. 1252:baby powder 1234:Dioscorides 984:median dose 970:Lethal dose 960:Flash point 853:Signal word 800:ATCvet code 595:Space group 439:Appearance 404:Properties 193:100.013.839 115:CHEBI:36560 27:Zinc oxide 11273:Zinc oxide 11267:Categories 11231:Superoxide 9394:Zinc oxide 8439:See also: 8426:Zinc oxide 8317:Homosalate 7638:Zinc oxide 7142:2009-08-03 6695:Wired News 5661:1807/47877 5607:mycpss.com 5202:2021-01-06 5192:drzinx.com 5170:"Oxyfresh" 4885:: 709152. 3391:2020-12-18 3045:Zinc oxide 3023:, p. 4.145 2967:, p. 12.80 2955:, p. 4.131 2881:References 2617:electrodes 2515:following 2412:sunglasses 2408:sunscreens 2369:lead white 2347:Zinc white 2315:See also: 2243:to absorb 2206:hinokitiol 2190:bad breath 2159:astringent 2151:castor oil 2147:antiseptic 1928:O → Zn(OH) 1906:sputtering 1838:anthracite 1805:See also: 1801:Production 1687:electrodes 1632:Mohs scale 1530:zincblende 1528:and cubic 1428:, such as 1417:O → Na 1389:, such as 1322:white lead 1310:lead white 1271:antiseptic 1226:pushpanjan 1190:Zinc oxide 837:Pictograms 788:70 kJ/mol 574:Structure 430:Molar mass 305:SOI2LOH54Z 146:ChemSpider 82:3D model ( 61:CAS Number 11206:Oxocarbon 8416:Physical: 8297:Amiloxate 7570:137014543 7548:CiteSeerX 7517:CiteSeerX 7409:118610509 7250:CRC Press 7114:1364-0321 7059:0043-1354 7004:0001-4842 6965:1364-0321 6918:0306-0012 6864:0272-8842 6793:: 14921. 6658:1424-8220 6601:0009-2665 6298:1094-4087 6182:: 11070. 6125:: 13641. 5894:936144129 5571:2311-6706 5188:"Dr ZinX" 4561:206056816 4447:137014543 4425:CiteSeerX 4180:(1): 87. 4124:137944281 3950:209935734 3355:135523239 3226:Oleson JP 2680:nanowires 2668:tin oxide 2436:aluminium 2361:lithopone 2305:dentistry 2275:into the 2241:sunscreen 2235:Sunscreen 2174:mouthwash 2155:emollient 2130:to treat 1944:→ ZnO + H 1830:zinc ores 1757:Reliable 1659:thin film 1516:Structure 1383:insoluble 1357:manganese 1333:corrosion 1196:with the 1093:ICSC 0208 1081:500 mg/m 828:labelling 723:formation 697:Std molar 565:=2.013, n 462:5.6 g/cm 452:Odorless 316:UN number 287:ZH4810000 214:215-222-5 206:EC Number 71:1314-13-2 11226:Peroxide 11216:Oxyanion 11211:Suboxide 8307:Cinoxate 8064:Zn(CH(CH 7742:Zn(acac) 7735:Zinc(II) 7605:18770461 7500:17429819 7467:97461963 7372:27877250 7225:34647278 7067:26519627 7012:23530781 6825:28382972 6742:18273015 6676:22736968 6609:25651137 6531:20791905 6523:12764192 6341:20442190 6306:21934998 6214:26076705 6157:26324054 5824:29173997 5816:21392107 5670:17456911 5617:15 April 5589:30464967 5532:27877266 5475:97726945 5413:24308397 5372:23429124 5331:27878001 5238:11577950 5138:19838550 5097:21762155 4911:25120566 4813:Archived 4744:97205678 4666:16178216 4596:12851963 4553:19417355 4417:Nano Res 4357:27877984 4040:17143265 3997:53476471 3784:27877250 3592:94700819 3486:17429819 3308:"Zinc". 3073:(NIOSH). 2927:(NIOSH). 2817:See also 2511:S) from 2426:Coatings 2377:Van Gogh 2331:nutrient 2217:extracts 2194:volatile 2143:shampoos 2140:dandruff 2136:calamine 2089:calamine 2085:calamine 2062:Medicine 2031:ferrites 2027:concrete 1971:hexamine 1959:nanorods 1924:Zn + 2 H 1875:nanowire 1784:varistor 1748:chlorine 1709:band gap 1679:band gap 1538:rocksalt 1526:wurtzite 1434:stearate 1341:titanium 1267:shampoos 1264:dandruff 1260:calamine 1242:Avicenna 907:NFPA 704 819:Hazards 814:) 806:QA07XA91 587:Wurtzite 527:(χ) 504:3.2 eV ( 500:Band gap 166:DrugBank 11221:Ozonide 11199:Related 8453:Sunburn 8080:Zn(C(CH 7689:Zinc(I) 7447:Bibcode 7389:Bibcode 7363:5109597 7342:Bibcode 7290:Bibcode 7269:Reviews 7216:8550398 7195:Bibcode 7094:Bibcode 7039:Bibcode 6945:Bibcode 6816:5384213 6795:Bibcode 6750:4411796 6722:Bibcode 6667:3376589 6636:Bibcode 6628:Sensors 6554:Bibcode 6503:Bibcode 6495:Science 6468:Bibcode 6433:Bibcode 6398:Bibcode 6276:Bibcode 6237:Bibcode 6205:4468465 6184:Bibcode 6148:4555170 6127:Bibcode 5772:2307275 5719:9922017 5580:6223899 5523:5109610 5502:Bibcode 5322:5099658 5301:Bibcode 5274:2195152 5088:9374993 5046:3233136 5037:1285538 4995:8 March 4961:8 March 4902:4120804 4793:3344217 4724:Bibcode 4689:Bibcode 4646:Bibcode 4533:Bibcode 4497:Bibcode 4413:Wang ZL 4384:Bibcode 4348:5099741 4327:Bibcode 4288:Bibcode 4250:Bibcode 4182:Bibcode 4147:Bibcode 4104:Bibcode 4063:Bibcode 4020:Bibcode 3977:Bibcode 3930:Bibcode 3907:9975171 3887:Bibcode 3842:Bibcode 3807:Bibcode 3775:5109597 3754:Bibcode 3572:Bibcode 3335:Bibcode 3228:(ed.). 3139:Bibcode 2921:"#0675" 2709:at the 2698:fibers 2696:textile 2660:n-doped 2547:O + ZnS 2519:of any 2440:gallium 2416:welding 2373:Böcklin 2353:pigment 2341:Pigment 2289:eugenol 2202:xylitol 2093:zincite 1978:silicon 1910:sol–gel 1677:, wide 1578:mc or C 1488:(Vapor) 1457:hopeite 1447:Hopeite 1353:zincite 1302:Bristol 1244:in his 1220:History 1214:zincite 1198:formula 1171:what is 1169: ( 1130:cations 859:Warning 808: ( 751:(Δ 699:entropy 569:=2.029 458:Density 424: 256:PubChem 175:DB09321 11313:Oxides 8494:Oxides 8451:, and 8223:US FDA 7895:Zn(OH) 7872:Zn(ClO 7794:Zn(ClO 7778:Zn(CN) 7603: 7568: 7550: 7519: 7498: 7465: 7407: 7370: 7360: 7317: 7256: 7223: 7213: 7160:Gray T 7112: 7065: 7057: 7010: 7002: 6963: 6916: 6862: 6823: 6813: 6748: 6740: 6714:Nature 6674: 6664: 6656: 6607: 6599: 6529: 6521: 6339: 6304: 6296: 6212: 6202: 6155: 6145: 5914: 5892: 5882: 5845: 5822: 5814: 5770: 5717: 5668: 5587: 5577: 5569: 5530: 5520: 5473: 5411: 5370: 5329: 5319: 5272: 5236: 5136: 5095: 5085: 5044: 5034: 4986: 4947: 4909: 4899: 4791: 4784:334766 4781: 4742: 4664: 4594: 4559: 4551: 4445: 4427: 4411:Xu S, 4355: 4345: 4122: 4038: 3995: 3948: 3928:(12). 3905: 3782: 3772: 3718: 3676: 3639:Roy DM 3620: 3590: 3545: 3510: 3484: 3438: 3353: 3291: 3261: 3236: 3200: 3033:Haynes 3021:Haynes 3004: 2977:Haynes 2965:Haynes 2953:Haynes 2941:Haynes 2900:Haynes 2778:Safety 2772:yields 2700:coated 2654:, and 2521:sulfur 2444:indium 2357:paints 2225:silver 2186:tartar 2182:plaque 2145:, and 2112:eczema 1984:, and 1940:Zn(OH) 1759:p-type 1752:iodine 1739:doping 1706:direct 1625:doping 1562:) or C 1430:oleate 1393:acid: 1329:rubber 1286:copper 1269:, and 1192:is an 1166:verify 1163: 1128:Other 1107:anions 1105:Other 1089:(SDS) 506:direct 388:SMILES 244:C12570 229:13738 126:ChEMBL 41:Names 8132:ZnICH 8052:Zn(CH 8024:Zn(CH 7846:Zn(NO 7838:ZnMoO 7806:ZnCrO 7601:S2CID 7566:S2CID 7463:S2CID 7405:S2CID 6746:S2CID 6527:S2CID 6386:(PDF) 6337:S2CID 5946:WebMD 5820:S2CID 5471:S2CID 4740:S2CID 4557:S2CID 4443:S2CID 4238:(PDF) 4120:S2CID 3993:S2CID 3946:S2CID 3588:S2CID 3351:S2CID 3224:. 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