Zirid dynasty - Knowledge

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was built after the suppression of the rebellion of the Zanāta Abū Yazīd in 336/947. The second, with the remains of a mosque, was built by Zīrī's son Buluggīn (Ar. Buluqqīn, the founder of the Zīrid dynasty, r. 362–73/972–83) after his appointment in 362/972 as Fāṭimid viceroy of Ifrīqiya. After the departure of Buluggīn's son al-Manṣūr to take up residence at al-Qayrawān in 381/991, Ashīr remained the Zīrid capital of the central Maghrib until the foundation of the Qalʿa (Fortress) of the Banū Ḥammād in 398/1007, when it became the second city of the Ḥammādids. In ruins between 440/1048–9 and 455/1063 following a dynastic quarrel, it was repopulated as a market town before its desertion sometime after al-Idrīsī wrote in the mid-sixth/twelfth century.

2524: 1968:, the Fatimid caliph's former palace-city just outside the walls of Kairouan, where his successors continued to reside until the mid-11th century. Buluggin spent much of his time in the west, however. From 974 onward he entrusted the governance of Ifriqiya to Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, a secretary with whom he replaced the Fatimid-appointed secretary, Ziyadat Allah. In 974 or 977–978 (364 or 367 AH), he founded another capital and palace complex in Ashir, next to his father's foundation, which he favoured over Kairouan. Ashir continued to be the capital of the Zirids in the central Maghreb, while Kairouan was the capital of Ifriqiya. 2011:(r. 984–996). After his departure to the west in 979, Bulugin had not returned to Kairouan and during this time his appointee, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, had amassed considerable power and influence in Ifriqiya. As a result, al-Mansur became involved in a confrontation with Abd Allah starting in 987. Later Zirid sources portray Abd Allah as a rebel who was aided by the Fatimid Caliphs, because the latter now preferred him over al-Mansur and wished to impose a new arrangement in Ifriqiya. In the end, al-Mansur ordered the successful assassination of Abd Allah and his son. In 989–990 he also suppressed a revolt by the 2354:, millet and chickpea were grown. The breeding of horses and sheep flourished and fishing provided plentiful food. The Mediterranean was also an important part of the economy, even though it was, for a time, abandoned after the departure of the Fatimids, when the priority of the Zirid Emirs turned to territorial and internal conflicts. Their maritime policy enabled them to establish trade links, in particular for the importation of the timber necessary for their fleet, and enabled them to begin an alliance and very close ties with the Kalbid Emirs of Sicily. They did, however, face blockade attempts by the Venetians and 46: 2380: 1572: 2150:, whose rule they considered flawed and unjust. The request also contained a pledge to recognize al-Mu'izz as their ruler. Al-Mu'izz, eager to expand his influence after the fragmentation of Zirid North Africa, accepted and sent his son, 'Abdallah, to the island with a large army. Al-Akhal, who had been in negotiations with the Byzantines, requested help from them. A Byzantine army intervened and defeated the Zirid army on the island, but it then withdrew to Calabria, allowing 'Abdallah to finish off al-Akhal. Al-Akhal was besieged in 4060: 2223:(r. 1062-1088) began to intervene in Ifriqiya around this time, having his sovereignty recognized in Sfax, Tunis, and Kairouan. Tamim organized a coalition with some of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes and succeeded in inflicting a heavy defeat on al-Nasir at the Battle of Sabiba in 1065. The war between the Zirids and Hammadids continued until 1077, when a truce was negotiated, sealed by a marriage between Tamim and one of al-Nasir's daughters. In 1074 Tamim sent a naval expedition to 390: 2440: 4192:

weathered the Banu Hilal invasions much better than their Zirid counterparts to the east and sometimes even allied with the new Arab tribes. Al-Nasir exploited the partial collapse of Zirid rule in Ifriqiya to have his own authority recognized in many of the main cities there, including Sfax, Kairouan, and Tunis. Pressures from the Banu Hilal tribes eventually forced al-Nasir's successor, al-Mansur (r. 1088-1105), to move the capital to

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outbuildings of this town are very extensive countryside and mountains inhabited by several tribes of the Berbers. The chief wealth of the inhabitants consists of herds of cattle and sheep grazing in the mountains. Algiers supplies so much honey that it forms an export object, and the quantity of butter, figs and other commodities is so great that it is exported to Kairouan and elsewhere".

2296:, arrived off the coast. Al-Hasan decided to abandon the city, leaving it to be occupied, which effectively ended the Zirid dynasty's rule. Al-Hasan fled to the citadel of al-Mu'allaqa near Carthage and stayed there for a several months. He planned to flee to the Fatimid court in Egypt but the Norman fleet blocked his way, so instead he headed west, making for the 1198: 6426: 2015:, the traditional source of the Fatimid army, under the leadership of a pretender named Abu'l-Faraj. Following these challenges, al-Mansur was finally able to reunify the Zirid realm, but he was obliged to move his principal residence from 'Ashir to al-Mansuriyya (Kairouan) in 991, leaving his brother Yattufat to govern 'Ashir. 2463:(who served the Fatimids), is one of the oldest palaces in the Maghreb to have been discovered and excavated. As independent rulers, however, the Zirids of Ifriqiya seem to have built few structures on a grand scale and there are few surviving major monuments from this period. They reportedly built a new palace at 2070:, in 1008, and in 1015 he rebelled against Badis and declared himself independent altogether, while also recognizing the Abbasids instead of the Fatimids as caliphs. Badis besieged Hammad's capital and nearly subdued him, but died in 1016 shortly before this could be accomplished. His son and successor, 2170:

The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49, or sometime between 1041 and 1051. The recognition of the Abbasids was nominal, as the Abbasids themselves were in political decline and could not impose direct authority in the region. In retaliation against the Zirids,

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It consisted of two palatial citadels on the separate sites called Yashīr and Bénia (Banya). The first was founded in 324/936 by Zīrī b. Manād, the Talkāta ally of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Qāʾim (r. 322–34/934–45), to secure the central Maghrib against the Zanāta allies of Córdoba; a substantial palace

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of 14 April 1052. Nevertheless, the Zirids were decisively defeated and were forced to retreat, opening the road to Kairouan for the Hilalian Arab cavalry. The resulting anarchy devastated the previously flourishing agriculture, and the coastal towns assumed a new importance as conduits for maritime

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The Hammadid state reached its apogee under the reign of al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas (r. 1062-1088) during which it was briefly the most important state in the Maghreb. The Hammadid capital attracted scholars and artists from Kairouan, growing its cultural and economic importance. The Hammadids initially

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as a title to nobility, a theme that was taken the by court historians of the period. Management of the area by later Zirid rulers was neglectful as the agricultural economy declined, prompting an increase in banditry among the rural population. The relationship between the Zirids and their Fatimid

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who ruled in the name of the Fatimids. The Zirids gradually established their autonomy in Ifriqiya through military conquest until officially breaking with the Fatimids in the mid-11th century. The rule of the Zirid emirs opened the way to a period in North African history where political power was

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Leur rôle était double et double leur domaine, avec ses deux capitales d'Achir, donjon du territoire héréditaire, et Kairouan, centre de l'administration. Ce domaine était trop grand: il se brisa. Les parents, auxquels les nouveaux maitres de l'Ifriqya avaient confié la tâche de continuer la lutte

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manuscript copied in 1020 by 'Ali ibn Ahmad al-Warraq for Fatima, the nursemaid of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis. It is one of many Qur'an manuscripts that were donated to the Great Mosque of Kairouan and it is one of the most important surviving Islamic manuscripts commissioned by a female patron in North

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The Hammadids, for their part, built an entirely new fortified capital at Qal'at Bani Hammad, founded in 1007. Although abandoned and destroyed in the 12th century, the city has been studied by modern archeologists and is one of the best-preserved medieval Islamic capitals in the world. The Zirid

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of the city, Abu 'Abdallah ibn Abi Zamanin, to take control of the new kingdom instead of one Zawi's sons. Under the reign of Habus (1019–1038), the Taifa of Granada was consolidated and evolved into one of the most important political forces of al-Andalus during this period. During the reign of

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Hammad ibn Buluggin, the son of Buluggin and uncle of Badis ibn al-Mansur, was appointed governor of 'Ashir in 997 and given a great deal of autonomy, even going so far as to build a new capital for himself, known as the Qal'a Bani Hammad. The split between Hammad and his nephew came when Badis

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of the Zirids, vassals of the Fatimids, had to be white since we have seen that they adopted black, the colour of the Abbasids, after having broken with Cairo." Michael Brett points out that the Zirid prince Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis renounced his alleigence to the Fatimids by chaning his colors from

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is believed to have been part of the spoils taken during the sack. In 1083 Mahdia was besieged by a chief of the Banu Hilal, Malik ibn 'Alawi. Unable to take the city, Malik instead turned to Kairouan and captured that city, but Tamim marched out with his entire army and defeated the Banu Hilal

2204:(Gabès), the Zirid governor, al-Mu'izz ibn Muhammad ibn Walmiya remained loyal until 1062 when, outraged by the expulsion of his two brothers from Mahdia by al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, he declared his independence and placed himself under the protection of Mu'nis ibn Yahya, a chief of Banu Hilal. 2365:

visited and described the city of Algiers in the Zirid era: "The city of Algiers is built on a gulf and surrounded by a wall. It contains a large number of bazaars and a few sources of good water near the sea. It is from these sources that the inhabitants draw the water they drink. In the

2275:(r. 1116-1121). 'Ali continued to recognize the Fatimids, receiving another embassy from Cairo in 1118. He imposed his authority on Tunis, but failed to recapture Gabès from its local ruler, Rafi' ibn Jami', whose counterattack he then had to repel from Mahdia. He was succeeded by his son 2061:

and sought outside help from the Fatimids and even from the Umayyads of Cordoba, but after his death in 1009 the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full

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With al-Mansur's succession, the rule of the Zirid was now being passed on through the son of Buluggin and his descendants. This alienated the other sons of Ziri ibn Manad, who now found themselves excluded from power. In 999 many of these brothers launched a rebellion in 'Ashir against

2094:(r. 1016–1062) was particularly prosperous and marked the height of their power in Ifriqiya. In the eleventh century, when the question of Berber origin became a concern, the dynasty of al-Mu'izz started, as part of the Zirids' propaganda, to emphasize its supposed links to the 4182:

declared his son as heir and attempted to designate a part of Hammad's territory as a new principality to be governed by the crown prince. Hammad refused to let this happen and responded by ordering the name of the Fatimid caliph to be replaced with the Abbasid caliph in the

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forces, at which point he also brought Kairouan back under Zirid control. He went on to capture Gabès in 1097 and Sfax in 1100. Gabès, however, soon declared itself independent again under the leadership of the Banu Jami', a family from the Riyahi branch of the Banu Hilal.

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The Zirid period was a time of great economic prosperity. The departure of the Fatimids to Cairo, far from ending this prosperity, saw its amplification under the Zirid and Hammadid rulers. Referring to the government of the Zirid emir al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the historian

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Badis appointed Hammad ibn Buluggin as governor of 'Ashir and the western Zirid territories in 997. He gave Hammad a great deal of autonomy, allowing him to campaign against the Zanata and control any new territories he conquered. Hammad constructed his own capital, the

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continued to govern on behalf of the Fatimids but the island descended into political disarray during the 11th century, inciting the Zirids to intervene on the island. In 1025 (or 1021), al-Mu'izz ibn Badis sent a fleet of 400 ships to the island in response to the

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was captured in 1135 and Tripoli was captured in 1146. In 1148, the Normans captured Sfax, Gabès, and Mahdia. In Mahdia, the population was weakened by years of famine and the bulk of the Zirid army was away on another campaign when the Norman fleet, commanded by

4089:(r. 1002–1008), seeking able military commanders, granted Zawi and his followers permission to come to Cordoba, where they subsequently became an important part of al-Muzaffar's army. The Caliphate of Córdoba fragmented after 1008, a period known as the 2563:

and was commissioned by al-Mu῾izz ibn Badis in the first half of the 11th century (though later restored). It is one of the most significant works of art from the Zirid period, notable for its elaborately carved woodwork featuring arabesque motifs and a

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to the Maghreb. The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya. The Zirids attempted to stop their advance towards Ifriqiya, they sent 30,000 Sanhaja cavalry to meet the 3,000 Arab cavalry of Banu Hilal in the

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Zirid art is also known for its decorated manuscripts. This art form flourished in Kairouan under Zirid rule and manuscripts from this city were exported throughout the Islamic world. One important example is the so-called "Nurse's Qur'an" (Arabic:

4196:(Béjaïa or Bougie), a city founded earlier by al-Nasir. Hammadid rule was eventually ended by the Almohads, led by 'Abd al-Mu'min, who captured Bijaya in 1152. Soon after, 'Abd al-Mu'min's son captured Constantine, where the last Hammadid ruler, 5260:

contre les Zenâta, se déclarèrent indépendants dans les provinces qu'ils défendaient. Dès lors la Berbérie fâtimite compta deux royaumes çanhâjiens: à l'Est, le royaume des BeniZirî de Kairouan, à l'Ouest le royaume des Beni Hammâd de la Qal'a.

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attempted to conquer Granada but was soundly defeated by the Zirids. In 1019 or 1020 Zawi left al-Andalus and returned to Ifriqiya, resuming his ambitions within the Zirid state there. His fate is not known for certain: according to

4188:(Friday sermon) in mosques, a clear departure from Zirid political allegiances. A closely-fought war ended with Hammad and al-Mu'izz ibn Badis concluding a peace agreement which allowed Hammad to retain his effective independence. 2107:, and the Fatimids encouraged the defection of Tripolitania from the Zirids, but nevertheless the relationship remained close. In the 1040s, the Zirids broke away completely by adopting Sunni Islam and recognizing the Abbasids of 2507:

branch in Granada was also responsible for turning it into one of the major cities of al-Andalus. Among the surviving remains of the Zirid period in Granada today are a section of its original city walls, an extensive system of

4104:, but by this point Zawi and other factions were seeking political fortunes elsewhere in al-Andalus. The new caliph granted Zawi and his faction the province of Ilbira (Elvira) to settle in 1013. After moving the capital from 2403: 4376: 2312:

in Algiers. When 'Abd al-Mu'min captured Algiers in 1151, he freed al-Hasan, who accompanied him back to Marrakesh. Later, when 'Abd al-Mu'min conquered Mahdia in 1160, placing all of Ifriqiya under Almohad rule,

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kingdom of Granada. Arab sources consider him to be the founder of the present-day city of Granada, a designation also repeated by some modern historians like Helen Rodgers, Stephen Cavendish, and Brian Catlos.

2215:(r. 1062-1108), who spent much of his reign attempting to restore Zirid power in the region. In 1063 he repelled a siege of Mahdia by the independent ruler of Sfax while also capturing the important port of 4131:

he died of the plague years later, while Abdallah ibn Buluggin's memoirs claim he was poisoned not long after arriving in North Africa, but neither gives the date of his death. In Granada, Zawi's nephew

2074:(r. 1016–1062), defeated Hammad in 1017, which forced the negotiation of a peace agreement between them. Hammad resumed his recognition of the Fatimids as caliphs but remained independent, forging a new 4463: 2622:(bunûd) and on the edging of ceremonial clothing. Flags and robes of honour do not appear to have been made in Ifrïqiya; they were gifts from the caliph." He added: "Let us recall that the official 2154:

and killed in 1038. 'Abdallah was subsequently forced to withdraw from the island, either due to the ever-divided Sicilians turning against him or due to another Byzantine invasion in 1038, led by

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eventually forced al-Mu'izz ibn Badis to abandon Kairouan in 1057 and move his capital to Mahdia, while the Banu Hilal largely roamed and pillaged the interior of the former Zirid territories.

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The Zirid period of Ifriqiya is considered a high point in its history, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing, especially in their capital,

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reports: "It never seen by the Berbers of that country a kingdom more vast and more flourishing than his own." The northern regions produced wheat in large quantities, while the region of

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in Sicily; however, the Zirid emir rethought his involvement in Sicily and decided to withdraw, abandoning what they had briefly held. In 1087, the Zirid capital, Mahdia, was sacked by the

1125: 2140: 7264: 1774:, broke away from the main branch after various internal disputes and took control of the territories of the central Maghreb after 1015. The main branch of the Zirids, also called the 1797:

The Zirids of Granada surrendered to the Almoravids in 1090, but the Badicides and the Hammadids remained independent during this time. Sometime between 1041 and 1051 the Zirid ruler

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The Zirids were also patrons of the arts. Important examples of woodwork commissioned for mosques have survived from this period. Buluggin ibn Ziri commissioned the production of a

2413:) about the history of Qayrawan. Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the Zirid ruler, was also himself an author and wrote an important treatise on the arts of the book, covering subjects such as 5050:

Pellat, Charles (1991). "Midrār". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

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was with him. 'Abd al-Mu'min appointed him governor of Mahdia, where he remained, residing in the suburb of Zawila, until 'Abd al-Mu'min's death in 1163. The new Almohad caliph,

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The Zirid dynasty was responsible for various constructions and renovations throughout the Maghreb. Zirid and Hammadid architecture in North Africa was closely linked to

6429:, in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332 348: 334: 320: 306: 281: 6246:

Oman, G.; Christides, V.; Bosworth, C.E. (1960–2007). "Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Oman, G.; Christides, V.; Bosworth, C.E. (1960–2007). "Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

2308:. He obtained permission from Yahya ibn al-'Aziz, the Hammadid ruler, to cross his territory, but after entering Hammadid territory he was detained and placed under 2078:

state which controlled a large part of present-day Algeria thereafter. Qal'at Bani Hammad was retained as the Hammadid capital, while 'Ashir became its second city.

4085:(also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi's immigration to al-Andalus, believing his reputation as a troublemaker. However, his son and successor, 7673: 2467:, the former Fatimid capital near Kairouan, but it has not been uncovered by modern archeologists, except for some fragments of carved stucco decoration. At the 772: 2543:

in Fez. The minbar, whose original fragments are now preserved in a museum, bears an inscription that dates it to the year 980, around the time of Buluggin's

7222: 2158:. Another Kalbid amir, al-Hasan al-Samsam, was elected to govern Sicily, but Muslim rule there disintegrated into various petty factions leading up to the 2208:(Sfax) was declared independent by the Zirid governor, Mansur al-Barghawati, who was murdered and succeeded by his cousin Hammu ibn Malil al-Barghawati. 2387: 837: 7357: 4566: 7475: 4402: 2259:(r. 1108-1116), formally recognized the Fatimid caliphs again and received an emissary from Cairo in 1111. He captured an important fortress near 1019: 912: 5119: 2452: 2200:

dynasty that governed the city thereafter, alternately recognizing the Hammadids or the Zirids as overlords depending on the circumstances. In

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According to Historian Hady Roger Idris, the colour of the flags is unknown, but he stressed : "The name of the Fatimids appeared on the

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was restored by Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis in the 11th century. From this restoration some brightly-painted wooden ceilings have survived, featuring

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Brett, Michael (1975). "The Fatimid revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in North Africa". In Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.).

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After the rebellion of Buluggin's brothers failed in 999, Zawi ibn Ziri sought to move to al-Andalus, which was under Umayyad control. The

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Bush, Olga (2013). "Granada art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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After 1015, the Hammadid branch ruled in the central Maghreb while the descendants of Badis ibn al-Mansur continued to rule in Ifriqiya:

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Sarr-Marroco, Bilal (2021). "The Founding of Madinat Gharnata by the Banu Ziri (5th/11th Century)". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).

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conquered the central Maghreb and Ifriqiya by 1160, ending the Hammadid dynasty in turn and finally unifying the whole of the Maghreb.

4167:. The Taifa of Granada was eventually conquered by the Almoravids of North Africa in 1090, putting an end to the independent kingdom. 2023:(r. 996–1016), Buluggin's grandson, marking the first serious break in the unity of the Zirids. The rebels were defeated in battle by 1987:

territory, from which he brought back a large number of slaves to Ifriqiya. In 978 the Fatimids also granted Buluggin overlordship of

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Garnier, Sébastien (2020). "Libya until 1500". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press.

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west and by 980 he had conquered Fez and most of the western Maghreb (present-day Morocco), which had previously been retaken by the

1510: 45: 6038:

Valérian, Dominique (2021). "Khurāsān, Banū". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2039:, the former enemies of the Fatimids and Zirids. He and his followers eventually founded an independent kingdom in al-Andalus, the 6885:

García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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Tibi, Amin (1960–2007). "Zāwī b. Zīrī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

6382: 4294: 2196:, the shaykhs of the city elected Abd al-Haqq ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Khurasan (r. 1059-1095) as local ruler. He founded the local 932: 5517:

Lewicki, T. (1960–2007). "Mag̲h̲rāwa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

2145: 7412: 7295: 7253: 7084: 7057: 7027: 6948: 6919: 6155: 5917: 5888: 5834: 5807: 5740: 5476: 5440: 5361: 5334: 5283: 5154: 5090: 5055: 4873: 4739:

Rizzitano, U. (1960–2007). "Kalbids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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in the Great Mosque of Kairouan is believed to date from al-Mu'izz ibn Badis's restoration of the building. It is the oldest

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independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other. The Zirids finally lost Tripoli to them in 1022.

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Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1 January 1992).

1890:(roughly north-eastern Algeria today) on behalf of the Fatimids, guarding the western frontier of the Fatimid Caliphate. 7491: 6936: 6290: 1929:

of Fez and the "Caliph" Ibn Wasul of Sijilmasa in cages in a humiliating manner. After this success, Ziri was also given

907: 830: 7398: 5976:"Reviewed work: Die Beduinen in der Vorgeschichte Tunesiens. Die « Invasion » der Banū Hilāl, Gerald Schuster" 5650: 5140: 4097: 2475:, was added to the entrance of the prayer hall in 991 and is attributed to the patronage of Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin. The 1530: 6068:

Talbi, M. (1960–2007). "Ḳābis". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Sebag, P. (1960–2007). "Tūnis". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Brett, Michael (2009). "Ashīr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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and an unusually decorated exterior façade, has also been attributed to the Zirid period (probably 10th century) by

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Different historical sources give different dates for the occurrence of this decision, ranging from 1041 and 1051.

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During the 1130s and 1140s the Normans of Sicily began to capture cities and islands along the coast of Ifriqiya.

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between 1010 and 1013. By the end of the siege they succeeded in installing their own puppet caliph in Córdoba,

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trade and bases for piracy against Christian shipping, as well as being the last holdout of the Zirids. The

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and enslaved many of its inhabitants. The next year (1075) another Zirid raid resulted in the capture of

1999:. In 984 Buluggin died in Sijilmasa from an illness and his successor decided to abandon Morocco in 985. 1597: 1387: 1178: 1146: 1106: 369: 6427:

L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily

3902: 2591: 2139:. In 1036, the Muslim population of the island request aid from al-Mu'izz to overthrow the Kalbid emir 825: 871: 7678: 7429: 7389: 5127: 2544: 2540: 1972: 1961: 1481: 6614: 1913:. After playing this valuable role, he expanded 'Ashir with a new palace circa 947. In 959 he aided 4086: 2590:

Africa. Its folios are now kept in several museums and collections around the world, including the

2476: 1217: 7245:

Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

2135:(in southern Italy) from the Muslims, but the fleet was lost in a powerful storm off the coast of 1813:

tribe to the Maghreb, dealing a serious blow to Zirid power in Ifriqiya. In the 12th century, the

7421: 2483:

of scrolling vegetal motifs. Under Al-Mu’izz the Zirids also built the Sidi Abu Marwan mosque in

2398: 2192:

As a result of the Zirid withdrawal, various local principalities emerged in different areas. In

1258: 1132: 1028: 854: 842: 617: 529: 525: 5324: 2434: 2036: 1976: 553: 7663: 3895: 3723: 3571: 3478: 3347: 3062: 2676: 2670: 2653: 2422: 2379: 2212: 2091: 2071: 2008: 1798: 1662: 1638: 1284: 1048: 922: 849: 6145: 5878: 5730: 5682: 5637: 4490: 7243: 7019:

Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad

5432:

Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad

5351: 5273: 4517: 4265: 4197: 4101: 3842: 3598: 3435: 2067: 2027:, Badis' uncle, and most of the brothers were killed. The only remaining brother of stature, 779: 470: 7306: 7201: 6528: 1964:

was preparing for his departure to Egypt. On 20 December 972, Buluggin took up residence in

2488: 2448: 2240: 2049:

After 1001 Tripolitania broke away under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a

1770:

in 1013, after the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Another branch of the Zirids, the

1747: 897: 588: 8: 6728: 4138: 4090: 3200: 3156: 2659: 2414: 2321:, subsequently ordered him to come back to Marrakesh, but al-Hasan died along the way in 2058: 2024: 2020: 1965: 1850: 1540: 1309: 1234: 796: 577: 545: 4163:

in battle in 1039, gaining some territory in turn to the west. In 1056 they annexed the

4148: 7549: 7393: 6626: 6624: 6602: 5995: 5235: 5131: 4133: 3183: 2464: 2181: 1187: 1101: 1009: 992: 808: 764: 439: 378: 327: 85: 7460: 7372: 7100:

Robinson, Cynthia (1992). "Arts of the Taifa Kingdoms". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

6398: 6396: 4465:

L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698-1518)

4164: 2496: 2271:, bringing back many captives. He was assassinated in 1116 and succeeded by his son, ' 7633: 7585: 7573: 7555: 7447: 7408: 7333: 7312: 7291: 7270: 7249: 7228: 7207: 7107: 7080: 7053: 7023: 6996: 6971: 6944: 6915: 6890: 6675: 6650: 6590: 6358: 6296: 6251: 6151: 6073: 6043: 6018: 5991: 5913: 5884: 5830: 5803: 5736: 5690: 5660: 5547: 5522: 5497: 5472: 5436: 5409: 5357: 5330: 5279: 5227: 5150: 5086: 5051: 5035: 4927: 4869: 4771: 4744: 4691: 4662: 4620: 4572: 4523: 4496: 4469: 4439: 4382: 4354: 4271: 2919: 2647: 2297: 2293: 2095: 1945: 1925:

in present-day Morocco. On their return home to the Fatimid capital they paraded the

1914: 1875: 1861: 1826: 1825:, surrendered Mahdia to the Normans in 1148, thus ending independent Zirid rule. The 1806: 1794:, the dynasty who governed the island on behalf of the Fatimids, fell into disorder. 1731: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1416: 1406: 1369: 1349: 1339: 803: 720: 712: 632: 561: 443: 313: 286: 190: 145: 67: 60: 6621: 5135: 4302: 1933:

to govern on behalf of the Fatimids. He was eventually killed in battle against the

7683: 7627: 7609: 7597: 7567: 7543: 7525: 7513: 7507: 7381: 6393: 5987: 4346: 4176: 4160: 4123: 4054: 2946: 2812: 2599: 2301: 2232: 2128: 2075: 2040: 1956:. Buluggin's position was confirmed on 2 October 972 at Sardaniya, a place outside 1771: 1767: 1716: 1243: 1001: 744: 656: 598: 495: 299: 103: 20: 7266:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

4200:, had fled. Yahya was given a pension and allowed to retire in Marrakesh and then 927: 7615: 7603: 7531: 7377: 7327: 7285: 7047: 6909: 6557: 5466: 4765: 4156: 4144: 3615: 3450: 3420: 3330: 3297: 2682: 2358:, who sought to reduce their wood supply and thus their dominance in the region. 2318: 2256: 2220: 2155: 1653: 1629: 1463: 1453: 1444: 1208: 1077: 917: 876: 864: 791: 784: 728: 664: 640: 422: 115: 111: 107: 4059: 7591: 7385: 6176: 6164: 5645: 5641: 5255:

L'architecture musulmane d'occident: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile

5123: 5004: 2765: 2639: 2515:

hill, and the former minaret of a mosque (now part of the Church of San José).

2468: 2460: 1996: 1883: 1724: 1695: 1587: 1426: 1270: 859: 816: 736: 537: 516: 414: 1821:

of Sicily along the coast further weakened Zirid power. The last Zirid ruler,

7657: 7621: 7579: 6894: 6594: 5664: 5633: 5231: 4358: 4334: 3764: 3024: 2688: 2619: 2500: 2355: 2272: 2197: 2028: 1865: 1759: 1576: 987: 4350: 7347:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn, eds. (2001).

2309: 2248: 2054: 1988: 1918: 1751: 1735: 888: 341: 141: 5799:

Narrating Muslim Sicily: War and Peace in the Medieval Mediterranean World

5322: 2057:

dynasty, which endured until 1147. Fulful fought a protracted war against

389: 7519: 4096:. Zawi initially played a role, along with other Berber factions, in the 2456: 2418: 2383: 2335: 2244: 2176: 2136: 1872: 1802: 949: 939: 648: 133: 5999: 5975: 5757: 2512: 2443:

Remains of the palace at 'Ashir, the residence founded by Ziri ibn Manad

2439: 7537: 7444:

Dynasties Intertwined: The Zirids of Ifriqiya and the Normans of Sicily

5239: 5215: 4515: 4128: 2635:

The following list includes the Zirid rulers who ruled in the Maghreb:

2362: 2172: 2032: 1984: 1879: 1868: 1810: 1763: 508: 129: 5275:

North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present

4267:

North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present

4152: 7639: 4074: 2586: 2480: 2343: 2305: 1922: 1906: 1902: 1359: 704: 672: 490: 456: 7224:

Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

5353:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

4519:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

4218: 4082: 2549: 2531:

added to the Great Mosque of Kairouan during the reign of al-Mu'izz

2264: 2260: 2228: 2224: 2132: 2087: 2050: 2031:, led the remaining rebels westwards and sought new opportunity in 1957: 1949: 1779: 1778:, occupied only Ifriqiya between 1048 and 1148. They were based in 1755: 1688: 688: 680: 603: 593: 159: 7076:

Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker

4767:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4658:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4221:, a courtier, poet and historian, secretary to al-Muizz ibn Badis. 2650:, 972–984 (as viceroy of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Maghreb) 2201: 7495: 4184: 4063:

Map of the Taifa of Granada in the first half of the 11th century

2559: 2508: 2492: 2351: 2322: 2151: 2123: 2108: 2100: 1909:, when he helped break Abu Yazid's siege of the Fatimid capital, 1898: 1887: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1818: 1791: 1739: 1734:

the Zirids extended their control westwards and briefly occupied

1684: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1550: 500: 406: 163: 149: 7346: 6630: 6402: 6182: 6170: 5323:

Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates (2 February 2012).

5010: 4201: 4155:

into a vassal state for several years, before they defeated the

2002: 1893:

With Fatimid support Ziri founded his own capital and palace at

4193: 4151:

in 1038, annexing much of that kingdom's territory and turning

2623: 2615: 2536: 2484: 2394:

and commissioned by a nursemaid serving a Zirid sultan in 1020.

2347: 2342:

was a major hub of olive production and the cultivation of the

2288: 2216: 2119: 2012: 1934: 1930: 1910: 1901:, in 936. He proved his worth as a key ally in 945, during the 1809:. In retaliation, the Fatimids instigated the migration of the 1787: 1783: 1743: 461: 451: 91: 6670:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Maqsura".

4655:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Zirids and Hammadids".

2165: 1917:

on a Fatimid military expedition which successfully conquered

7290:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 589–636. 4789: 4787: 4709: 4707: 4568:

Excavations at Surt (Medinat Al-Sultan) Between 1977 and 1981

4492:

L'Algérie au passé lointain: de Carthage à la régence d'Alger

4114: 4069: 2565: 2391: 2268: 2193: 2112: 2111:

as rightful Caliphs, a move which was popular with the urban

1992: 1941: 1894: 944: 252: 137: 125: 79: 7106:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 49–52. 6863: 6861: 6353:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Zirid".

5082:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

4617:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

4516:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 March 2014).

7167: 7165: 7073:

Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012).

6245: 5926: 5848: 5846: 5491: 5292: 2611: 2339: 2236: 2205: 1926: 1758:(in present-day Libya). One member of the dynastic family, 1703: 171: 6316: 6229: 6227: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 4949: 4947: 4799: 4784: 4704: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 1860:. In the 10th century this tribe served as vassals of the 1702:

and the eponymous founder of the dynasty, the Zirids were

6858: 6214: 6212: 5560: 4833: 4831: 7430:

Historical map showing location of Zirid Kingdom c. 1000

7162: 6461: 6459: 5910:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600

5843: 5826:

Ibn Hamdis the Sicilian: Eulogist for a Falling Homeland

5370: 1786:

on the coast. The Zirids of Ifriqiya also intervened in

7490: 7359:

La berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes: Xe-XIIe siècles

7152: 7150: 7135: 7125: 7123: 6729:"Bifolium from the "Nurse's Qur'an" (Mushaf al-Hadina)" 6510: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6224: 5912:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. 5599: 5350:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014).

5182: 5180: 5178: 5163: 4944: 4894: 4882: 4843: 4536: 2471:

in Tunis an elegantly-designed ribbed dome, called the

6672:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6566: 6545:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 108–109. 6355:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6289:

Sénac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (10 October 2012).

6269: 6267: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6125: 6091: 6089: 5589: 5587: 5304: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4814: 2162:

of the island in the second half of the 11th century.

1886:(r. 935–971) was installed as governor of the central 6846: 6834: 6822: 6456: 5349: 2263:

called Iqlibiya and his fleet launched raids against

1742:

after 980, but encountered resistance from the local

7365:(in French). Paris: Librarie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 7177: 7147: 7120: 7072: 6483: 6471: 6444: 6432: 5858: 5572: 5382: 5175: 4994: 4403:"Qantara - Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)" 2580: 2007:

After Buluggin's death, he was succeeded by his son

1952:, spawning a dynasty whose rulers held the title of 1667: 1643: 6408: 6264: 6188: 6113: 6101: 6086: 5710: 5584: 5316: 5192: 5099: 5060: 5016: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4959: 4811: 2350:. Other crops such as sugar cane, saffron, cotton, 7371: 5216:"Le Palais de Zīrī à Achîr (Dixième Siècle J. C.)" 4378:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: des origines à 1830 7329:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 6967:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain 5908:. In Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.). 4263: 4043: 2227:where they ravaged the Italian coasts, plundered 1801:renounced the Fatimid Caliphs and recognized the 7655: 6907: 6669: 6352: 6147:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily 5464: 4971: 4865:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 4147:the Zirids of Granada defeated an attack by the 19:For the related dynasty that ruled Granada, see 5676: 5674: 5252: 4435:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 4081:ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the time, 2455:. The Zirid palace at 'Ashir (near present-day 2404:Kitab al-Jam' wa 'l-bayan fi akhbar al-Qayrawan 1995:), allowing him to appoint his own governor in 1750:. To the east, Zirid control was extended over 7674:States and territories established in the 970s 7203:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 6943:. Routledge. pp. 490, 505 (see note 18). 6934: 6759:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 6631:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 6403:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 6183:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 6171:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 5877:El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane, eds. (2011). 5876: 5011:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 4738: 4661:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 35–36. 2346:was an important part of the local economy in 2211:Al-Mui'zz ibn Badis was succeeded by his son, 7476: 6884: 6555: 6292:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle 6288: 4688:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle 4681: 4509: 2003:Buluggin's successors and the first divisions 1605: 1154: 7045: 6649:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5671: 5516: 5408:. University of Miami Press. pp. 8–14. 2704:Pedigree of Zirid dynasty and its offshoots 2408: 2401:was a Zirid chronicler and prince. He wrote 1837: 6970:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 200–201. 6914:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–15. 6908:Rodgers, Helen; Cavendish, Stephen (2021). 6880: 6878: 6876: 6317:"Islamic art from museums around the world" 5749: 5471:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–15. 5465:Rodgers, Helen; Cavendish, Stephen (2021). 4682:Sénac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (2012). 4431: 4335:"L'invasion hilālienne et ses conséquences" 4289: 4287: 2166:Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia 1871:state that challenged the authority of the 1856:tribe, originating from the area of modern 1782:until 1057, when they moved the capital to 7483: 7469: 7399:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6067: 6012: 5651:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5257:. Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 64. 5141:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4770:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. 1612: 1598: 1161: 1147: 44: 7407:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 513–516. 7311:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 7206:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7199: 7171: 7022:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 29. 6990: 6556:Marçais, Georges; Golvin, Lucien (1960). 6233: 5932: 5802:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 32–33. 5659:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–138. 5612: 5435:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 27. 5298: 5278:. University of Texas Press. p. 84. 5169: 5149:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 688–689. 4953: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4849: 4805: 4793: 4713: 4571:. Department of Antiquities. p. 17. 4564: 4549: 4468:(in French). La Découverte. p. 158. 4270:. University of Texas Press. p. 84. 4257: 2171:the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the 1940:When the Fatimids moved their capital to 7099: 6873: 6295:(in French). Armand Colin. p. 150. 6063: 6061: 6059: 6037: 5973: 5943: 5941: 5880:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 4861: 4763: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4654: 4375:Julien, Charles-André (1 January 1994). 4370: 4368: 4284: 4058: 2522: 2438: 2378: 2219:(Sousse). Meanwhile, the Hammadid ruler 6941:The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia 6911:City of Illusions: A History of Granada 6723: 6721: 6719: 6693: 6691: 6578: 6540: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 5795: 5541: 5468:City of Illusions: A History of Granada 5403: 5078: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4461: 4204:(Salé), where he died in 1161 or 1162. 2630: 7656: 7349:Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250 7220: 7041: 7039: 7015: 6993:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6984: 6963: 6572: 6465: 6450: 6387:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6248:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6070:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6031: 6015:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5954:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5906:"Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts" 5822: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5623: 5621: 5519:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5494:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5428: 5399: 5397: 5271: 5213: 4906: 4741:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4374: 4112:(Granada) that year, Zawi founded the 2491:, including the construction of a new 1948:(r. 971–984) was appointed viceroy of 50:Maximum extent of Zirid control c. 980 7464: 7355: 7304: 7283: 7262: 7241: 7183: 7156: 7141: 7129: 6867: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6642: 6534: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6477: 6438: 6414: 6380: 6376: 6374: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6239: 6218: 6203: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6056: 6006: 5947: 5938: 5903: 5864: 5852: 5728: 5716: 5680: 5627: 5593: 5578: 5566: 5535: 5510: 5388: 5376: 5310: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5186: 5117: 5066: 4965: 4921: 4888: 4837: 4719: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4560: 4558: 4495:(in French). Harmattan. p. 165. 4488: 4365: 4332: 4264:Phillip C. Naylor (15 January 2015). 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3762: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3721: 3719: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3684: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3613: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3446: 3433: 3431: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3345: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3116: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2917: 2869: 2823: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2568:inscription dedicated to al-Mu'izz. 2557:in the Islamic world to be preserved 2081: 1707:held by Berber dynasties such as the 7441: 7369: 7325: 7103:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 7093: 6928: 6901: 6805:"Calligraphy - The David Collection" 6716: 6688: 6663: 6646:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 6584: 6549: 6335: 5485: 5105: 5022: 4998: 4822: 4457: 4455: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4048: 2435:Taifa of Granada § Architecture 2410:كتاب الجمع والبيان في أخبار القيروان 2282: 1691:(eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148. 7036: 6636: 6543:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 5948:Idris, Hady Roger (24 April 2012), 5897: 5776: 5618: 5449: 5394: 4684:"Zirides, Badisides, et Hammadides" 4585: 4462:Meynier, Gilbert (1 January 2010). 4170: 2573: 2409: 1657: 1633: 1126:List of people on stamps of Algeria 13: 7435: 6752: 6562:(in French). Imprimerie La Rapide. 6371: 6279: 5204: 4764:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). 4633: 4555: 14: 7695: 6699:"Qantara - Maqsūra of al-Mu 'izz" 6643:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). 5755: 4489:Simon, Jacques (1 January 2011). 4452: 4395: 4381:(in French). Payot. p. 295. 4339:Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 4317: 2642:, d. 971 CE (as Fatimid governor) 2627:Fatimid white to Abbasid black. 2105:1016 Ismaili massacre in Ifriqiya 1817:combined with the attacks of the 1746:who gave their allegiance to the 7066: 7009: 6957: 6935:Carvajal López, José C. (2020). 6797: 6772: 6746: 6522: 5992:10.1163/057053909X12475581297885 4868:. Scarecrow Press. p. 149. 4295:"Zirid Dynasty | Muslim dynasty" 1790:during the 11th century, as the 1581: 1570: 1197: 388: 346: 332: 318: 304: 279: 7287:The Cambridge History of Africa 6780:"The so-called 'Nanny's Quran'" 6420: 6309: 6137: 5967: 5870: 5816: 5722: 5422: 5343: 5326:Dictionary of African Biography 5265: 5246: 5111: 5072: 5044: 5028: 4855: 4757: 4675: 4619:. Routledge. pp. 141–142. 4237: 2428: 2279:in 1121, the last Zirid ruler. 2090:(Kairouan). The early reign of 7049:A Companion to Islamic Granada 6733:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4482: 4425: 4214:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 4122:In 1018 the Umayyad pretender 4044:Offshoots of the Zirid dynasty 1113:List of wars involving Algeria 1: 6887:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 6587:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 6040:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 5729:Brett, Michael (3 May 2019). 5544:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4924:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4225: 4108:to the hilltop settlement of 2453:Norman architecture in Sicily 2374: 7446:. Cornell University Press. 6939:. In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). 5687:Libya: Encyclopedia of Islam 4250: 2487:. A major remodeling of the 7: 7263:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 7227:. Oxford University Press. 6674:. Oxford University Press. 6381:Talbi, M. (24 April 2012). 6357:. Oxford University Press. 5272:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). 4690:(in French). Armand Colin. 4207: 2581: 2547:to this region. The wooden 2255:Tamim's son and successor, 2037:Umayyads Caliphs of Cordoba 1698:, a military leader of the 1668: 1644: 1107:Military history of Algeria 10: 7700: 7356:Idris, Hady Roger (1962). 7193: 6531:. Xavier Delestre. Édisud. 6150:. McFarland. p. 176. 5628:Idris, Hady Roger (1971). 5085:. Routledge. p. 103. 4438:. J. Currey. p. 172. 4333:Idris, Hady Roger (1968). 4174: 4052: 2592:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2432: 2369: 2328: 2247:, and Jenkins-Madina, the 2099:overlords varied - 20,000 1832: 1766:, eventually founding the 18: 7503: 7269:. Yale University Press. 7200:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 7016:Catlos, Brian A. (2014). 6964:Catlos, Brian A. (2018). 6559:La Grande Mosquée de Sfax 6541:Marçais, Georges (1954). 6144:Brown, Gordon S. (2015). 5974:Schuster, Gerald (2009). 5796:Granara, William (2019). 5429:Catlos, Brian A. (2014). 4522:. Routledge. p. 36. 4087:'Abd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar 3952: 3950: 3832: 3830: 3822: 3820: 3790: 3788: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3364: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3090: 3088: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2541:Mosque of the Andalusians 1960:where the Fatimid caliph 1838:Origins and establishment 1679:dynasty from what is now 1120:Postal history of Algeria 1059:Insurgency in the Maghreb 882:Sétif and Guelma massacre 258: 248: 244: 234: 224: 220: 212: 208: 196: 184: 180: 170: 155: 121: 99: 75: 55: 43: 38: 28: 7351:. Yale University Press. 5823:Granara, William (201). 5404:Handler, Andrew (1974). 5253:Georges Marçais (1955). 5120:"Ṣabra or al-Manṣūriyya" 4862:Ilahiane, Hsain (2006). 4565:Fehérvári, Géza (2002). 4230: 2477:Great Mosque of Kairouan 2141:Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Akḥal 1754:after 978 and as far as 1738:and much of present-day 1683:which ruled the central 7425:Encyclopædia Britannica 7305:Brett, Michael (2017). 7242:Baadj, Amar S. (2015). 5986:(4/5). Brill: 487–492. 5883:. UNESCO. p. 407. 5689:. Library of Congress. 5214:Golvin, Lucien (1966). 4351:10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452 4299:Encyclopædia Britannica 4083:Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur 2399:Abd al-Aziz ibn Shaddad 2053:leader who founded the 1762:, revolted and fled to 1133:History of North Africa 933:Independence referendum 872:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 66:Nominal vassal of the 7669:1152 disestablishments 7221:Arnold, Felix (2017). 5829:. Simon and Schuster. 5762:Libya: A Country Study 5732:The Fatimids and Egypt 5329:. OUP USA. p. 9. 5079:Kennedy, Hugh (2014). 4615:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 4064: 2654:al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 2532: 2518: 2451:, but also influenced 2444: 2395: 2009:Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 1979:in 973. He also led a 1882:of the Zirid dynasty, 1285:Byzantine North Africa 415:Iberomaurusian Culture 236:• Disestablished 16:Sanhaja Berber dynasty 7079:. Brill. p. 47. 7052:. Brill. p. 93. 5764:. Library of Congress 5406:The Zirids of Granada 4062: 2527:Detail of the wooden 2526: 2442: 2382: 2221:al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas 1981:successful expedition 1687:from 972 to 1014 and 1281:2nd Roman (Byzantine) 1039:High Council of State 819:(19th–20th centuries) 780:Emirate of Beni Abbas 767:(16th–19th centuries) 471:Archeology of Algeria 100:Common languages 7326:Halm, Heinz (1996). 6755:"Page from a Qur'an" 5904:Hrbek, Ivan (1975). 5681:Brill, E.J. (1987). 4102:Sulayman al-Musta'in 2631:List of Zirid rulers 2489:Great Mosque of Sfax 2449:Fatimid architecture 2390:”, executed in fine 2361:The Arab chronicler 2187:Banu Hilal invasions 1971:Buluggin soon led a 1748:Caliphate of Cordoba 1551:Parliamentary system 1248:12th C.–146 BC 589:Early African Church 570:Prefecture of Africa 554:Kingdom of the Aurès 59:Vassal state of the 7442:King, Matt (2022). 7370:Tibi, Amin (2002). 6870:, pp. 831–833. 6703:www.qantara-med.org 6633:, pp. 274–275. 6405:, pp. 285–286. 5569:, p. 128, 142. 5379:, pp. 624–626. 4407:www.qantara-med.org 4305:on 29 February 2020 4136:was invited by the 2677:Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz 2671:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2660:Badis ibn al-Mansur 2545:military expedition 2459:), built in 934 by 2213:Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz 2103:were killed in the 2092:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2072:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2059:Badis ibn al-Mansur 2025:Hammad ibn Buluggin 2021:Badis ibn al-Mansur 1977:Umayyads of Cordoba 1966:Sabra al-Mansuriyya 1944:in 972, Ziri's son 1799:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 1541:Tunisian revolution 797:Barbary Slave Trade 578:Exarchate of Africa 546:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 226:• Established 7308:The Fatimid Empire 6937:"Material culture" 6784:www.bardomuseum.tn 5855:, p. 174-175. 5118:Talbi, M. (1995). 4077:(r. 976–1009) and 4065: 2533: 2445: 2396: 2182:Battle of Haydaran 2082:Apogee in Ifriqiya 2068:Qal'at Bani Hammad 1815:Hilalian invasions 1588:History portal 1501:Kingdom of Tunisia 1102:Outline of Algeria 1010:Algerian Civil War 809:Second Barbary War 765:Regency of Algiers 328:Khurasanid dynasty 7649: 7648: 7492:Islamic dynasties 7414:978-90-04-12756-2 7297:978-0-521-21592-3 7255:978-90-04-29857-6 7086:978-90-04-23424-6 7059:978-90-04-42581-1 7029:978-0-374-71205-1 6950:978-1-317-23354-1 6921:978-0-19-764406-5 6519:, pp. 87–88. 6507:, pp. 86–87. 6157:978-0-7864-5127-2 5935:, p. 68, 76. 5919:978-0-521-20981-6 5890:978-92-3-104153-2 5836:978-1-78607-847-6 5809:978-1-78673-613-0 5742:978-0-429-76474-5 5478:978-0-19-764406-5 5442:978-0-374-71205-1 5363:978-1-134-25986-1 5336:978-0-19-538207-5 5313:, pp. 57–58. 5301:, p. 67, 75. 5285:978-0-292-76190-2 5156:978-90-04-09834-3 5092:978-1-317-87041-8 5056:978-90-04-08112-3 4891:, p. 54, 63. 4875:978-0-8108-6490-0 4716:, pp. 69–70. 4697:978-2-200-28342-1 4578:978-1-900971-00-3 4529:978-1-134-25986-1 4277:978-0-292-76190-2 4134:Habbus ibn Maksan 4049:Zirids of Granada 4041: 4040: 4037: 4036: 3906: 3890: 3851: 3773: 3732: 3717: 3624: 3607: 3580: 3487: 3459: 3444: 3429: 3356: 3339: 3306: 3209: 3192: 3165: 3071: 3033: 2928: 2774: 2648:Buluggin ibn Ziri 2579: 2294:George of Antioch 2283:End of Zirid rule 1946:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1862:Fatimid Caliphate 1827:Almohad Caliphate 1807:Abbasid Caliphate 1732:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1721:Marinid Sultanate 1713:Almohad Caliphate 1709:Almoravid dynasty 1700:Fatimid Caliphate 1666: 1642: 1622: 1621: 1577:Africa portal 1562: 1561: 1472: 1471: 1435: 1434: 1378: 1377: 1321: 1320: 1225: 1224: 1171: 1170: 1083:COVID-19 pandemic 804:First Barbary War 773:Ottoman governors 633:Umayyad Caliphate 562:Kingdom of Altava 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 314:Kingdom of Africa 292: 291: 287:Fatimid Caliphate 203:Al-Hassan ibn Ali 198:• 1121–1148 191:Buluggin ibn Ziri 146:Roman Catholicism 68:Abbasid Caliphate 61:Fatimid Caliphate 7691: 7679:Berber dynasties 7485: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7418: 7394:Heinrichs, W. P. 7375: 7366: 7364: 7352: 7343: 7322: 7301: 7280: 7259: 7238: 7217: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7160: 7154: 7145: 7144:, p. 42-43. 7139: 7133: 7127: 7118: 7117: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6753:Rammah, Mourad. 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6725: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6619: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6350: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6286: 6277: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6222: 6221:, p. 32-33. 6216: 6207: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134:, p. 31-32. 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6065: 6054: 6053: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5793: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5756:Berry, LaVerle. 5753: 5747: 5746: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5625: 5616: 5610: 5597: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5462: 5447: 5446: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5132:Heinrichs, W. P. 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5048: 5042: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4840:, p. 56-57. 4835: 4826: 4820: 4809: 4808:, p. 69-70. 4803: 4797: 4796:, p. 68-69. 4791: 4782: 4781: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4736: 4717: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4652: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4583: 4582: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4534: 4533: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4409:. Archived from 4399: 4393: 4392: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4330: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4301:. Archived from 4291: 4282: 4281: 4261: 4244: 4241: 4177:Hammadid dynasty 4171:Hammadid dynasty 4149:Taifa of Almeria 4098:siege of Córdoba 4055:Taifa of Granada 3901: 3898:ibn Abi al-Futuh 3888: 3849: 3771: 3730: 3715: 3622: 3605: 3578: 3485: 3457: 3442: 3427: 3354: 3337: 3304: 3207: 3190: 3163: 3069: 3031: 2947:Hammadid dynasty 2926: 2772: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2695:al-Hasan ibn Ali 2600:David Collection 2584: 2582:Mushaf al-Hadina 2578:romanized: 2577: 2575: 2412: 2411: 2319:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 2149: 1991:(in present-day 1915:Jawhar al-Siqili 1897:, south-east of 1842:The Zirids were 1768:Taifa of Granada 1717:Zayyanid dynasty 1671: 1661: 1659: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1614: 1607: 1600: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1558: 1487: 1486: 1450: 1449: 1393: 1392: 1336: 1335: 1317: 1312: 1303: 1298: 1265:146 BC–435 1262: 1240: 1239: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1191: 1173: 1172: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1128: 1115: 1066:2010s to present 981:1965 coup d'état 965:Contemporary era 831:French governors 749: 741: 733: 725: 717: 709: 701: 693: 685: 677: 669: 661: 653: 645: 637: 629: 599:Fossatum Africae 582: 574: 566: 558: 550: 542: 534: 521: 513: 505: 496:Ancient Carthage 427: 419: 411: 392: 382: 364: 363: 350: 349: 336: 335: 322: 321: 308: 307: 300:Hammadid dynasty 296: 295: 283: 282: 276: 275: 260: 259: 48: 26: 25: 21:Taifa of Granada 7699: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7645: 7499: 7489: 7454: 7438: 7436:Further reading 7415: 7386:Bosworth, C. E. 7362: 7340: 7319: 7298: 7277: 7256: 7235: 7214: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6906: 6902: 6883: 6874: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6809:www.davidmus.dk 6803: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6727: 6726: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6622: 6610: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6554: 6550: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6394: 6383:"Ibn S̲h̲addād" 6379: 6372: 6365: 6351: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6225: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6066: 6057: 6050: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6011: 6007: 5972: 5968: 5959: 5957: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5794: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5679: 5672: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5600: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5463: 5450: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5251: 5247: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5124:Bosworth, C. E. 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5049: 5045: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4945: 4934: 4920: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4737: 4720: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4653: 4634: 4627: 4613: 4586: 4579: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4537: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4413:on 3 March 2016 4401: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4373: 4366: 4345:(43): 353–369. 4331: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4210: 4179: 4173: 4165:Taifa of Malaga 4145:Badis Ibn Habus 4057: 4051: 4046: 4000: 3900: 3897: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3848: 3845:ibn Abd al-Aziz 3844: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3729: 3725: 3714: 3710: 3621: 3617: 3604: 3600: 3577: 3573: 3484: 3480: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3353: 3349: 3336: 3332: 3319: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3185: 3162: 3158: 3068: 3064: 3030: 3026: 3015: 2925: 2921: 2771: 2767: 2683:Yahya ibn Tamim 2633: 2521: 2497:Georges Marçais 2437: 2431: 2377: 2372: 2331: 2285: 2257:Yahya ibn Tamim 2239:. According to 2168: 2160:Norman conquest 2156:George Maniakes 2143: 2096:Himyarite kings 2084: 2005: 1876:Abbasid caliphs 1840: 1835: 1694:Descendants of 1618: 1582: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1535:1987–2011 1515:1957–1987 1505:1956–1957 1495:1881–1956 1484: 1474: 1473: 1468:1705–1881 1458:1574–1705 1447: 1437: 1436: 1431:1229–1574 1421:1160–1229 1411:1148–1160 1390: 1380: 1379: 1333: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1256: 1237: 1227: 1226: 1211: 1189: 1182: 1167: 1138: 1137: 1124: 1122: 1111: 1109: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1063: 997: 967: 957: 956: 955: 954: 877:Operation Torch 865:Cheikh Bouamama 850:Emir Abdelkader 826:French conquest 813: 792:Barbary pirates 785:Emirate of Kuku 761: 753: 752: 747: 739: 731: 723: 715: 707: 699: 691: 683: 675: 667: 659: 651: 643: 635: 627: 620: 610: 609: 608: 580: 572: 564: 556: 548: 540: 533:(146 BC–590 AD) 532: 519: 511: 503: 486: 476: 475: 466: 425: 423:Capsian culture 417: 409: 407:Aterian Culture 402: 380: 373: 347: 333: 319: 305: 280: 237: 227: 199: 187: 186:• 973–984 108:Maghrebi Arabic 94: 90: 88: 84: 82: 70: 65: 63: 51: 34: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7697: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7624:(1666–present) 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7419: 7413: 7390:van Donzel, E. 7378:Bearman, P. J. 7367: 7353: 7344: 7338: 7323: 7317: 7302: 7296: 7281: 7275: 7260: 7254: 7239: 7233: 7218: 7212: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7176: 7172:Abun-Nasr 1987 7161: 7146: 7134: 7119: 7112: 7092: 7085: 7065: 7058: 7035: 7028: 7008: 7001: 6983: 6976: 6956: 6949: 6927: 6920: 6900: 6872: 6857: 6855:, p. 184. 6845: 6843:, p. 599. 6833: 6831:, p. 510. 6821: 6796: 6771: 6745: 6715: 6687: 6680: 6662: 6655: 6635: 6620: 6611:|journal= 6577: 6575:, p. 125. 6565: 6548: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6482: 6470: 6468:, p. 123. 6455: 6443: 6441:, p. 100. 6431: 6419: 6407: 6392: 6370: 6363: 6334: 6308: 6301: 6278: 6263: 6256: 6238: 6234:Abun-Nasr 1987 6223: 6208: 6187: 6185:, p. 302. 6175: 6173:, p. 210. 6163: 6156: 6136: 6124: 6112: 6100: 6085: 6078: 6055: 6048: 6030: 6023: 6005: 5966: 5937: 5933:Abun-Nasr 1987 5925: 5918: 5896: 5889: 5869: 5867:, p. 175. 5857: 5842: 5835: 5815: 5808: 5775: 5748: 5741: 5721: 5709: 5695: 5670: 5617: 5613:Abun-Nasr 1987 5598: 5583: 5581:, p. 174. 5571: 5559: 5552: 5534: 5527: 5509: 5502: 5484: 5477: 5448: 5441: 5421: 5414: 5393: 5391:, p. 626. 5381: 5369: 5362: 5342: 5335: 5315: 5303: 5299:Abun-Nasr 1987 5291: 5284: 5264: 5245: 5220:Ars Orientalis 5203: 5191: 5189:, p. 624. 5174: 5170:Abun-Nasr 1987 5162: 5155: 5128:van Donzel, E. 5110: 5108:, p. 418. 5098: 5091: 5071: 5059: 5043: 5027: 5025:, p. 399. 5015: 5013:, p. 188. 5003: 4970: 4958: 4954:Abun-Nasr 1987 4943: 4932: 4905: 4901:Abun-Nasr 1987 4893: 4881: 4874: 4854: 4850:Abun-Nasr 1987 4842: 4827: 4825:, p. 514. 4810: 4806:Abun-Nasr 1987 4798: 4794:Abun-Nasr 1987 4783: 4776: 4756: 4749: 4718: 4714:Abun-Nasr 1987 4703: 4696: 4674: 4667: 4632: 4625: 4584: 4577: 4554: 4550:Abun-Nasr 1987 4535: 4528: 4508: 4501: 4481: 4474: 4451: 4444: 4424: 4394: 4387: 4364: 4316: 4283: 4276: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4206: 4175:Main article: 4172: 4169: 4106:Madinat Ilbira 4053:Main article: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3903:Fatimid vizier 3893: 3891: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3720: 3718: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3447: 3445: 3432: 3430: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2706: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2640:Ziri ibn Manad 2632: 2629: 2520: 2517: 2473:Qubbat al-Bahw 2469:Zaytuna Mosque 2461:Ziri ibn Manad 2430: 2427: 2384:Surat Al-An'am 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2330: 2327: 2284: 2281: 2167: 2164: 2083: 2080: 2004: 2001: 1973:new expedition 1884:Ziri ibn Manad 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1744:Zenata Berbers 1725:Hafsid dynasty 1696:Ziri ibn Manad 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1511:Bourguiba rule 1507: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491:French Tunisia 1485: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1401:973–1148 1399: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1117: 1104: 1098: 1096:Related topics 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1078:Hirak Movement 1075: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1006: 996: 995: 990: 984: 983: 978: 972: 968: 963: 962: 959: 958: 953: 952: 947: 942: 936: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 894: 885: 884: 879: 874: 868: 867: 862: 860:Mokrani Revolt 857: 855:Fatma N'Soumer 852: 846: 845: 840: 834: 833: 828: 822: 817:French Algeria 812: 811: 806: 800: 799: 794: 788: 787: 782: 776: 775: 769: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 748:(1235–1556 AD) 742: 740:(1229–1574 AD) 734: 732:(1215–1465 AD) 726: 724:(1121–1269 AD) 718: 716:(1040–1147 AD) 710: 708:(1014–1152 AD) 702: 694: 686: 678: 670: 662: 654: 646: 638: 630: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 584: 583: 575: 567: 559: 551: 543: 538:Vandal Kingdom 535: 522: 517:Jugurthine War 514: 506: 498: 493: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 465: 464: 459: 454: 448: 447: 446: 428: 420: 412: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 385: 384: 375: 374: 367: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 344: 338: 337: 330: 324: 323: 316: 310: 309: 302: 293: 290: 289: 284: 272: 271: 266: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 205: 200: 197: 194: 193: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 157: 153: 152: 123: 119: 118: 101: 97: 96: 77: 73: 72: 71:(c. 1048–1148) 57: 53: 52: 49: 41: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7696: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7664:Zirid dynasty 7662: 7661: 7659: 7652: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7455: 7453:9781501763472 7449: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422:Zirid Dynasty 7420: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7382:Bianquis, Th. 7379: 7374: 7368: 7361: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7339:90-04-10056-3 7335: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7320: 7318:9781474421522 7314: 7310: 7309: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7276:9780300218701 7272: 7268: 7267: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7234:9780190624552 7230: 7226: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7186:, p. 46. 7185: 7180: 7174:, p. 70. 7173: 7168: 7166: 7159:, p. 43. 7158: 7153: 7151: 7143: 7138: 7132:, p. 44. 7131: 7126: 7124: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7096: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7042: 7040: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7004: 7002:9789004161214 6998: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6977:9780465055876 6973: 6969: 6968: 6960: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6683: 6681:9780195309911 6677: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6632: 6627: 6625: 6616: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6561: 6560: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6495:, p. 87. 6494: 6489: 6487: 6480:, p. 86. 6479: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6453:, p. 53. 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6417:, p. 83. 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6364:9780195309911 6360: 6356: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6323:. 18 May 2020 6322: 6318: 6312: 6304: 6302:9782200283421 6298: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6283: 6276:, p. 35. 6275: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6257:9789004161214 6253: 6249: 6242: 6236:, p. 92. 6235: 6230: 6228: 6220: 6215: 6213: 6206:, p. 32. 6205: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6122:, p. 31. 6121: 6116: 6110:, p. 39. 6109: 6104: 6098:, p. 38. 6097: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6079:9789004161214 6075: 6071: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6049:9789004161658 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6024:9789004161214 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5929: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5735:. Routledge. 5734: 5733: 5725: 5719:, p. 12. 5718: 5713: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638:Ménage, V. L. 5635: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5615:, p. 69. 5614: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5596:, p. 40. 5595: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5555: 5553:9789004161658 5549: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5528:9789004161214 5524: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5503:9789004161214 5499: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5356:. Routledge. 5355: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5208: 5201:, p. 85. 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5172:, p. 75. 5171: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5069:, p. 75. 5068: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5040:9780292766655 5037: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4968:, p. 54. 4967: 4962: 4956:, p. 66. 4955: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4935: 4933:9789004161658 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4903:, p. 19. 4902: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4858: 4852:, p. 64. 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4777:9780748696482 4773: 4769: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4750:9789004161214 4746: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4668:9780748696482 4664: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4626:9781317870418 4622: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4559: 4552:, p. 67. 4551: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4502:9782296139640 4498: 4494: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4475:9782707152312 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4445:9780852550939 4441: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4388:9782228887892 4384: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094:of al-Andalus 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4034: 3989: 3987: 3939: 3937: 3904: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3847: 3846: 3817: 3815: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3750: 3749: 3728: 3727: 3713: 3712: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3650: 3642: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3576: 3575: 3548: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3513: 3505: 3503: 3483: 3482: 3481:ibn al-Mu'izz 3475: 3473: 3455: 3454: 3440: 3439: 3425: 3424: 3405: 3403: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3335: 3334: 3302: 3301: 3282: 3279: 3271: 3269: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3205: 3204: 3203:ibn al-Mansur 3197: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3161: 3160: 3133: 3130: 3119: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3055: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3028: 3003: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813:Granada Taifa 2770: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689:Ali ibn Yahya 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 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2030: 2029:Zawi ibn Ziri 2026: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905:rebellion of 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:Zawi ibn Ziri 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1627: 1626:Zirid dynasty 1615: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1578: 1568: 1567: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1428: 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989: 988:Berber Spring 986: 985: 982: 979: 977: 976:FFS rebellion 974: 973: 971: 966: 961: 960: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 934: 931: 929: 928:Évian Accords 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 893: 892: 890: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 821: 820: 818: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 774: 771: 770: 768: 766: 757: 756: 746: 743: 738: 735: 730: 727: 722: 719: 714: 711: 706: 703: 700:(973–1152 AD) 698: 695: 692:(970–1068 AD) 690: 687: 684:(909–1171 AD) 682: 679: 674: 671: 666: 663: 658: 655: 650: 647: 644:(742–1066 AD) 642: 639: 634: 631: 626: 625:Arab conquest 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 579: 576: 571: 568: 563: 560: 555: 552: 547: 544: 539: 536: 531: 527: 523: 518: 515: 510: 507: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 480: 479: 472: 468: 467: 463: 460: 458: 455: 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Retrieved 4303:the original 4298: 4266: 4259: 4239: 4190: 4183: 4180: 4137: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4091: 4078: 4068: 4066: 3878: 3841: 3778:Abu al-Futuh 3763: 3722: 3707: 3614: 3601:ibn Buluggin 3597: 3574:ibn al-Nasir 3570: 3477: 3449: 3438:ibn Muhammad 3434: 3419: 3346: 3329: 3296: 3199: 3191:1019/20-1038 3182: 3159:ibn Buluggin 3155: 3065:ibn Buluggin 3061: 3060: 3032:1013-1019/20 3023: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2918: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2764: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2665: 2634: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2596:Bardo Museum 2574:مصحف الحاضنة 2570: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2505: 2472: 2446: 2429:Architecture 2423:illumination 2402: 2397: 2392:Kufic script 2360: 2332: 2310:house arrest 2286: 2254: 2249:Pisa Griffin 2241:Ettinghausen 2210: 2191: 2169: 2117: 2085: 2064: 2055:Banu Khazrun 2048: 2041: 2017: 2006: 1989:Tripolitania 1970: 1953: 1939: 1892: 1841: 1796: 1775: 1752:Tripolitania 1729: 1693: 1649: 1625: 1623: 1531:Ben Ali rule 1521:Ben Ali coup 1445:Early modern 1396: 1065: 1064: 1049:Black Spring 999: 998: 969: 889:Algerian War 887: 886: 843:Pacification 815: 814: 763: 760:Modern times 696: 676:(800–909 AD) 668:(789–828 AD) 660:(776–909 AD) 652:(771–793 AD) 636:(703–744 AD) 628:(647–709 AD) 581:(585–698 AD) 573:(534–585 AD) 565:(578–708 AD) 557:(484–703 AD) 549:(477–578 AD) 541:(435–534 AD) 520:(111–106 BC) 512:(264–146 BC) 430:Rock art in 342:Banu Khazrun 269:Succeeded by 268: 263: 142:Christianity 7642:(1837–1969) 7636:(1711–1835) 7634:Karamanlids 7630:(1705–1957) 7618:(1549–1659) 7612:(1472–1554) 7606:(1269–1465) 7600:(1235–1556) 7594:(1229–1574) 7588:(1147–1269) 7582:(1059–1158) 7580:Khurasanids 7576:(1040–1147) 7570:(1008–1152) 7550:Sulaymanids 7520:Muhallabids 6573:Arnold 2017 6466:Arnold 2017 6451:Arnold 2017 5655:Volume III: 5646:Schacht, J. 5642:Pellat, Ch. 5630:"Ḥammādids" 5136:Lecomte, G. 4417:27 November 4309:27 November 3880:Abu'l-Hasan 3724:Abd al-Aziz 3186:al-Muzaffar 2716:Zirid State 2697:, 1121–1148 2691:, 1116–1121 2685:, 1108–1116 2679:, 1062–1108 2673:, 1016–1062 2457:Kef Lakhdar 2419:bookbinding 2415:calligraphy 2336:Ibn Khaldun 2177:Banu Sulaym 2144: [ 2137:Pantelleria 2046:, in 1013. 1849:, from the 1645:az-zīriyyūn 1555:2011– 1209:Prehistoric 1188:History of 1073:Arab Spring 950:Oujda Group 940:Pieds-noirs 923:1961 putsch 918:1958 crisis 898:Nationalism 891:(1954–1962) 649:Muhallabids 618:Middle Ages 504:(202–46 BC) 426:(10,000 BC) 418:(20,000 BC) 410:(80,000 BC) 379:History of 264:Preceded by 106:(primary), 95:(1057–1148) 7658:Categories 7574:Almoravids 7564:(973–1148) 7540:(790–1066) 7510:(710–1019) 7403:Volume XI: 7213:0521337674 7184:Baadj 2015 7157:Baadj 2015 7142:Baadj 2015 7130:Baadj 2015 7113:0870996371 6868:Idris 1962 6853:Brett 2017 6841:Idris 1962 6829:Idris 1962 6656:0870996371 6517:Bloom 2020 6505:Bloom 2020 6493:Bloom 2020 6478:Bloom 2020 6439:Bloom 2020 6415:Bloom 2020 6274:Baadj 2015 6219:Baadj 2015 6204:Baadj 2015 6132:Baadj 2015 6120:Baadj 2015 6108:Baadj 2015 6096:Baadj 2015 5950:"Ḥaydarān" 5865:Brett 2017 5853:Brett 2017 5758:"Fatamids" 5717:Baadj 2015 5696:9004082654 5683:"Fatamids" 5594:Baadj 2015 5579:Brett 2017 5567:Brett 2017 5415:0870242164 5389:Brett 1975 5377:Brett 1975 5311:Idris 1962 5199:Brett 2017 5187:Brett 1975 5067:Brett 2017 4966:Brett 2017 4889:Brett 2017 4838:Baadj 2015 4226:References 4129:Ibn Hayyan 4124:al-Murtada 4073:of Caliph 3726:ibn Mansur 3711:ibn Mansur 3333:ibn Habbus 3320:ibn Hammad 3313:ibn Hammad 3300:ibn Hammad 2662:, 996–1016 2598:, and the 2481:arabesques 2433:See also: 2375:Literature 2363:Ibn Hawqal 2300:court of ' 2173:Banu Hilal 2129:Byzantines 2044:of Granada 2035:under the 2033:al-Andalus 1985:Barghawata 1880:progenitor 1811:Banu Hilal 1764:al-Andalus 1296:Prefecture 1218:Prehistory 993:1988 riots 838:Resistance 713:Almoravids 526:Mauretania 509:Punic Wars 400:Prehistory 156:Government 130:Shia Islam 89:(972–1057) 83:(936–1014) 7640:Senussids 7628:Husaynids 7610:Wattasids 7598:Zayyanids 7568:Hammadids 7558:(909–973) 7552:(814–922) 7546:(800–909) 7544:Aghlabids 7534:(788–985) 7528:(777–909) 7526:Rustamids 7522:(771–793) 7516:(757–976) 7514:Midrarids 7332:. Brill. 7248:. Brill. 6995:. Brill. 6895:1873-9830 6889:. Brill. 6613:ignored ( 6603:cite book 6595:1873-9830 6589:. Brill. 6321:Arab News 6250:. Brill. 6072:. Brill. 6042:. Brill. 6017:. Brill. 5665:495469525 5634:Lewis, B. 5546:. Brill. 5521:. Brill. 5496:. Brill. 5232:0571-1371 5226:: 47–76. 5106:Halm 1996 5023:Halm 1996 4999:Tibi 2002 4926:. Brill. 4823:Tibi 2002 4743:. Brill. 4359:0007-9731 4251:Citations 4075:Hisham II 4001:ibn Abbas 3905:1153-1154 3889:1121-1148 3850:1121-1152 3780:ibn Yahya 3772:1116-1121 3767:ibn Yahya 3731:1105-1121 3623:1108-1116 3618:ibn Tamim 3606:1073-1090 3579:1088-1105 3572:Al-Mansur 3486:1062-1108 3470:ibn Badis 3458:1062-1088 3453:ibn Alnas 3443:1055-1062 3436:Buluggin 3428:1054-1055 3355:1016-1062 3350:ibn Badis 3348:Al-Mu'izz 3338:1038-1073 3305:1028-1054 3164:1015-1028 3063:Al-Mansur 2656:, 984–996 2620:standards 2618:(rayât), 2614:(a'làm), 2325:in 1167. 2306:Marrakesh 1962:al-Mu'izz 1923:Sijilmasa 1907:Abu Yazid 1903:Kharijite 1851:sedentary 1776:Badisides 1772:Hammadids 1672:), was a 1669:banū zīrī 1663:romanized 1650:Banu Ziri 1639:romanized 1310:Exarchate 1254:1st Roman 1020:Massacres 970:1960s–80s 745:Ziyyanids 705:Hammadids 689:Maghrawas 673:Aghlabids 657:Rustamids 491:Phoenicia 484:Antiquity 469:Related: 457:Madghacen 122:Religion 7622:'Alawids 7604:Marinids 7586:Almohads 7556:Fatimids 7538:Ifranids 7532:Idrisids 7508:Salihids 7396:(eds.). 7373:"Zīrids" 6000:25651679 5648:(eds.). 5138:(eds.). 4219:Ar-Raqiq 4208:See also 4157:Abbadids 4110:Gharnāṭa 4079:de facto 3882:al-Hasan 3599:Abdallah 3468:Buluggin 3423:ibn Qaid 3311:Muhammad 3208:996-1016 3027:ibn Ziri 3016:ibn Ziri 2922:ibn Ziri 2920:Buluggin 2766:Ziri ibn 2616:pennants 2539:for the 2513:Albaicín 2509:cisterns 2386:of the " 2315:al-Hasan 2277:al-Hasan 2265:Sardinia 2261:Carthage 2229:Nicotera 2225:Calabria 2175:and the 2133:Calabria 2088:Qayrawan 2076:Hammadid 2051:Maghrawa 1958:Kairouan 1950:Ifriqiya 1937:in 971. 1866:Isma'ili 1823:al-Hasan 1780:Kairouan 1756:Ajdabiya 1689:Ifriqiya 1658:بنو زيري 1634:الزيريون 1579:• 1464:Husainid 1388:Medieval 1360:Aghlabid 1259:Province 1244:Carthage 1179:a series 1177:Part of 1015:Timeline 729:Marinids 721:Almohads 681:Fatimids 665:Idrisids 641:Ifranids 604:Gemellae 594:Partenia 370:a series 368:Part of 249:Currency 160:Monarchy 39:972–1148 33:الزيريون 7684:Sanhaja 7616:Sa'dids 7592:Hafsids 7496:Maghreb 7194:Sources 6529:Hippone 5980:Arabica 5956:, Brill 5768:5 March 5702:5 March 5240:4629221 5147:Ned–Sam 4161:Seville 4153:Almeria 3884:ibn Ali 3421:Muhsin 3070:984-996 2927:972-984 2560:in situ 2555:maqsura 2550:maqsura 2529:maqsura 2511:on the 2493:minaret 2370:Culture 2356:Normans 2352:sorghum 2329:Economy 2323:Tamasna 2298:Almohad 2152:Palermo 2124:Kalbids 2109:Baghdad 2101:Shiites 1997:Tripoli 1899:Algiers 1888:Maghreb 1858:Algeria 1854:Talkata 1847:Berbers 1844:Sanhaja 1833:History 1819:Normans 1805:Muslim 1792:Kalbids 1740:Morocco 1685:Maghreb 1681:Algeria 1674:Sanhaja 1665:: 1641:: 1557:present 1454:Ottoman 1417:Almohad 1370:Fatimid 1350:Abbasid 1340:Umayyad 1235:Ancient 1190:Tunisia 737:Hafsids 501:Numidia 444:Ahaggar 440:Tassili 381:Algeria 213:History 164:Emirate 150:Judaism 76:Capital 7562:Zirids 7498:region 7450: 7411: 7392:& 7336: 7315: 7294: 7273: 7252: 7231: 7210: 7110: 7083: 7056: 7026: 6999: 6974: 6947: 6918: 6893: 6678: 6653: 6593: 6361: 6327:18 May 6299: 6254: 6154: 6076: 6046: 6021: 5998: 5916: 5887: 5833: 5806: 5739: 5693: 5663: 5657:H–Iram 5644:& 5550: 5525: 5500: 5475: 5439: 5412: 5360: 5333: 5282: 5238: 5230: 5153: 5134:& 5089: 5054: 5038: 4930: 4872: 4774: 4747: 4694: 4665: 4623: 4575: 4526: 4499: 4472: 4442: 4385: 4357: 4274: 4194:Bijaya 4185:khutba 3184:Habbus 3157:Hammad 3014:Maksen 2773:d. 971 2624:livery 2606:Emblem 2594:, the 2587:Qur'an 2537:minbar 2485:Annaba 2421:, and 2348:Biskra 2245:Grabar 2237:Pisans 2233:Mazara 2206:Sfaqus 2120:Sicily 2013:Kutama 1935:Zanata 1931:Tahart 1911:Mahdia 1895:'Ashir 1878:. The 1788:Sicily 1784:Mahdia 1730:Under 1677:Berber 1654:Arabic 1630:Arabic 1482:Modern 1427:Hafsid 1407:Norman 1271:Vandal 1181:on the 1000:1990s– 945:Harkis 697:Zirids 530:Africa 524:Roman 462:Jedars 452:Roknia 436:Djelfa 372:on the 216: 176: 116:Hebrew 104:Berber 92:Mahdia 80:'Ashir 56:Status 7376:. In 7363:(PDF) 5996:JSTOR 5632:. In 5236:JSTOR 5122:. 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