1210:
4950:
was built after the suppression of the rebellion of the ZanÄta AbĆ« YazÄ«d in 336/947. The second, with the remains of a mosque, was built by ZÄ«rÄ«'s son BuluggÄ«n (Ar. BuluqqÄ«n, the founder of the ZÄ«rid dynasty, r. 362â73/972â83) after his appointment in 362/972 as FÄáčimid viceroy of IfrÄ«qiya. After the departure of BuluggÄ«n's son al-ManáčŁĆ«r to take up residence at al-QayrawÄn in 381/991, AshÄ«r remained the ZÄ«rid capital of the central
Maghrib until the foundation of the QalÊża (Fortress) of the BanĆ« កammÄd in 398/1007, when it became the second city of the កammÄdids. In ruins between 440/1048â9 and 455/1063 following a dynastic quarrel, it was repopulated as a market town before its desertion sometime after al-IdrÄ«sÄ« wrote in the mid-sixth/twelfth century.
2535:
1979:, the Fatimid caliph's former palace-city just outside the walls of Kairouan, where his successors continued to reside until the mid-11th century. Buluggin spent much of his time in the west, however. From 974 onward he entrusted the governance of Ifriqiya to Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, a secretary with whom he replaced the Fatimid-appointed secretary, Ziyadat Allah. In 974 or 977â978 (364 or 367 AH), he founded another capital and palace complex in Ashir, next to his father's foundation, which he favoured over Kairouan. Ashir continued to be the capital of the Zirids in the central Maghreb, while Kairouan was the capital of Ifriqiya.
2022:(r. 984â996). After his departure to the west in 979, Bulugin had not returned to Kairouan and during this time his appointee, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, had amassed considerable power and influence in Ifriqiya. As a result, al-Mansur became involved in a confrontation with Abd Allah starting in 987. Later Zirid sources portray Abd Allah as a rebel who was aided by the Fatimid Caliphs, because the latter now preferred him over al-Mansur and wished to impose a new arrangement in Ifriqiya. In the end, al-Mansur ordered the successful assassination of Abd Allah and his son. In 989â990 he also suppressed a revolt by the
2365:, millet and chickpea were grown. The breeding of horses and sheep flourished and fishing provided plentiful food. The Mediterranean was also an important part of the economy, even though it was, for a time, abandoned after the departure of the Fatimids, when the priority of the Zirid Emirs turned to territorial and internal conflicts. Their maritime policy enabled them to establish trade links, in particular for the importation of the timber necessary for their fleet, and enabled them to begin an alliance and very close ties with the Kalbid Emirs of Sicily. They did, however, face blockade attempts by the Venetians and
57:
2391:
1583:
2161:, whose rule they considered flawed and unjust. The request also contained a pledge to recognize al-Mu'izz as their ruler. Al-Mu'izz, eager to expand his influence after the fragmentation of Zirid North Africa, accepted and sent his son, 'Abdallah, to the island with a large army. Al-Akhal, who had been in negotiations with the Byzantines, requested help from them. A Byzantine army intervened and defeated the Zirid army on the island, but it then withdrew to Calabria, allowing 'Abdallah to finish off al-Akhal. Al-Akhal was besieged in
4071:
2234:(r. 1062-1088) began to intervene in Ifriqiya around this time, having his sovereignty recognized in Sfax, Tunis, and Kairouan. Tamim organized a coalition with some of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes and succeeded in inflicting a heavy defeat on al-Nasir at the Battle of Sabiba in 1065. The war between the Zirids and Hammadids continued until 1077, when a truce was negotiated, sealed by a marriage between Tamim and one of al-Nasir's daughters. In 1074 Tamim sent a naval expedition to
401:
2451:
4203:
weathered the Banu Hilal invasions much better than their Zirid counterparts to the east and sometimes even allied with the new Arab tribes. Al-Nasir exploited the partial collapse of Zirid rule in
Ifriqiya to have his own authority recognized in many of the main cities there, including Sfax, Kairouan, and Tunis. Pressures from the Banu Hilal tribes eventually forced al-Nasir's successor, al-Mansur (r. 1088-1105), to move the capital to
1594:
2377:
outbuildings of this town are very extensive countryside and mountains inhabited by several tribes of the
Berbers. The chief wealth of the inhabitants consists of herds of cattle and sheep grazing in the mountains. Algiers supplies so much honey that it forms an export object, and the quantity of butter, figs and other commodities is so great that it is exported to Kairouan and elsewhere".
2307:, arrived off the coast. Al-Hasan decided to abandon the city, leaving it to be occupied, which effectively ended the Zirid dynasty's rule. Al-Hasan fled to the citadel of al-Mu'allaqa near Carthage and stayed there for a several months. He planned to flee to the Fatimid court in Egypt but the Norman fleet blocked his way, so instead he headed west, making for the
1209:
6437:
2026:, the traditional source of the Fatimid army, under the leadership of a pretender named Abu'l-Faraj. Following these challenges, al-Mansur was finally able to reunify the Zirid realm, but he was obliged to move his principal residence from 'Ashir to al-Mansuriyya (Kairouan) in 991, leaving his brother Yattufat to govern 'Ashir.
2474:(who served the Fatimids), is one of the oldest palaces in the Maghreb to have been discovered and excavated. As independent rulers, however, the Zirids of Ifriqiya seem to have built few structures on a grand scale and there are few surviving major monuments from this period. They reportedly built a new palace at
2081:, in 1008, and in 1015 he rebelled against Badis and declared himself independent altogether, while also recognizing the Abbasids instead of the Fatimids as caliphs. Badis besieged Hammad's capital and nearly subdued him, but died in 1016 shortly before this could be accomplished. His son and successor,
2181:
The Zirids renounced the
Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49, or sometime between 1041 and 1051. The recognition of the Abbasids was nominal, as the Abbasids themselves were in political decline and could not impose direct authority in the region. In retaliation against the Zirids,
4949:
It consisted of two palatial citadels on the separate sites called YashÄ«r and BĂ©nia (Banya). The first was founded in 324/936 by ZÄ«rÄ« b. ManÄd, the TalkÄta ally of the FÄáčimid caliph al-QÄÊŸim (r. 322â34/934â45), to secure the central
Maghrib against the ZanÄta allies of CĂłrdoba; a substantial palace
2195:
of 14 April 1052. Nevertheless, the Zirids were decisively defeated and were forced to retreat, opening the road to
Kairouan for the Hilalian Arab cavalry. The resulting anarchy devastated the previously flourishing agriculture, and the coastal towns assumed a new importance as conduits for maritime
4202:
The
Hammadid state reached its apogee under the reign of al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas (r. 1062-1088) during which it was briefly the most important state in the Maghreb. The Hammadid capital attracted scholars and artists from Kairouan, growing its cultural and economic importance. The Hammadids initially
2109:
as a title to nobility, a theme that was taken the by court historians of the period. Management of the area by later Zirid rulers was neglectful as the agricultural economy declined, prompting an increase in banditry among the rural population. The relationship between the Zirids and their
Fatimid
1717:
who ruled in the name of the
Fatimids. The Zirids gradually established their autonomy in Ifriqiya through military conquest until officially breaking with the Fatimids in the mid-11th century. The rule of the Zirid emirs opened the way to a period in North African history where political power was
5270:
Leur rÎle était double et double leur domaine, avec ses deux capitales d'Achir, donjon du territoire héréditaire, et
Kairouan, centre de l'administration. Ce domaine était trop grand: il se brisa. Les parents, auxquels les nouveaux maitres de l'Ifriqya avaient confié la tùche de continuer la lutte
2600:
manuscript copied in 1020 by 'Ali ibn Ahmad al-Warraq for Fatima, the nursemaid of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis. It is one of many Qur'an manuscripts that were donated to the Great Mosque of Kairouan and it is one of the most important surviving Islamic manuscripts commissioned by a female patron in North
2517:
The Hammadids, for their part, built an entirely new fortified capital at Qal'at Bani Hammad, founded in 1007. Although abandoned and destroyed in the 12th century, the city has been studied by modern archeologists and is one of the best-preserved medieval Islamic capitals in the world. The Zirid
4153:
of the city, Abu 'Abdallah ibn Abi Zamanin, to take control of the new kingdom instead of one Zawi's sons. Under the reign of Habus (1019â1038), the Taifa of Granada was consolidated and evolved into one of the most important political forces of al-Andalus during this period. During the reign of
4192:
Hammad ibn Buluggin, the son of Buluggin and uncle of Badis ibn al-Mansur, was appointed governor of 'Ashir in 997 and given a great deal of autonomy, even going so far as to build a new capital for himself, known as the Qal'a Bani Hammad. The split between Hammad and his nephew came when Badis
2637:
of the Zirids, vassals of the Fatimids, had to be white since we have seen that they adopted black, the colour of the Abbasids, after having broken with Cairo." Michael Brett points out that the Zirid prince Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis renounced his alleigence to the Fatimids by chaning his colors from
2262:
is believed to have been part of the spoils taken during the sack. In 1083 Mahdia was besieged by a chief of the Banu Hilal, Malik ibn 'Alawi. Unable to take the city, Malik instead turned to Kairouan and captured that city, but Tamim marched out with his entire army and defeated the Banu Hilal
2215:(GabĂšs), the Zirid governor, al-Mu'izz ibn Muhammad ibn Walmiya remained loyal until 1062 when, outraged by the expulsion of his two brothers from Mahdia by al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, he declared his independence and placed himself under the protection of Mu'nis ibn Yahya, a chief of Banu Hilal.
2376:
visited and described the city of Algiers in the Zirid era: "The city of Algiers is built on a gulf and surrounded by a wall. It contains a large number of bazaars and a few sources of good water near the sea. It is from these sources that the inhabitants draw the water they drink. In the
2286:(r. 1116-1121). 'Ali continued to recognize the Fatimids, receiving another embassy from Cairo in 1118. He imposed his authority on Tunis, but failed to recapture GabĂšs from its local ruler, Rafi' ibn Jami', whose counterattack he then had to repel from Mahdia. He was succeeded by his son
2072:
and sought outside help from the Fatimids and even from the Umayyads of Cordoba, but after his death in 1009 the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full
2029:
With al-Mansur's succession, the rule of the Zirid was now being passed on through the son of Buluggin and his descendants. This alienated the other sons of Ziri ibn Manad, who now found themselves excluded from power. In 999 many of these brothers launched a rebellion in 'Ashir against
2105:(r. 1016â1062) was particularly prosperous and marked the height of their power in Ifriqiya. In the eleventh century, when the question of Berber origin became a concern, the dynasty of al-Mu'izz started, as part of the Zirids' propaganda, to emphasize its supposed links to the
4193:
declared his son as heir and attempted to designate a part of Hammad's territory as a new principality to be governed by the crown prince. Hammad refused to let this happen and responded by ordering the name of the Fatimid caliph to be replaced with the Abbasid caliph in the
2263:
forces, at which point he also brought Kairouan back under Zirid control. He went on to capture GabĂšs in 1097 and Sfax in 1100. GabĂšs, however, soon declared itself independent again under the leadership of the Banu Jami', a family from the Riyahi branch of the Banu Hilal.
2344:
The Zirid period was a time of great economic prosperity. The departure of the Fatimids to Cairo, far from ending this prosperity, saw its amplification under the Zirid and Hammadid rulers. Referring to the government of the Zirid emir al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the historian
2076:
Badis appointed Hammad ibn Buluggin as governor of 'Ashir and the western Zirid territories in 997. He gave Hammad a great deal of autonomy, allowing him to campaign against the Zanata and control any new territories he conquered. Hammad constructed his own capital, the
2137:
continued to govern on behalf of the Fatimids but the island descended into political disarray during the 11th century, inciting the Zirids to intervene on the island. In 1025 (or 1021), al-Mu'izz ibn Badis sent a fleet of 400 ships to the island in response to the
2302:
was captured in 1135 and Tripoli was captured in 1146. In 1148, the Normans captured Sfax, GabĂšs, and Mahdia. In Mahdia, the population was weakened by years of famine and the bulk of the Zirid army was away on another campaign when the Norman fleet, commanded by
4100:(r. 1002â1008), seeking able military commanders, granted Zawi and his followers permission to come to Cordoba, where they subsequently became an important part of al-Muzaffar's army. The Caliphate of CĂłrdoba fragmented after 1008, a period known as the
2574:
and was commissioned by al-MuáżŸizz ibn Badis in the first half of the 11th century (though later restored). It is one of the most significant works of art from the Zirid period, notable for its elaborately carved woodwork featuring arabesque motifs and a
2190:
to the Maghreb. The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya. The Zirids attempted to stop their advance towards Ifriqiya, they sent 30,000 Sanhaja cavalry to meet the 3,000 Arab cavalry of Banu Hilal in the
2582:
Zirid art is also known for its decorated manuscripts. This art form flourished in Kairouan under Zirid rule and manuscripts from this city were exported throughout the Islamic world. One important example is the so-called "Nurse's Qur'an" (Arabic:
4207:(BĂ©jaĂŻa or Bougie), a city founded earlier by al-Nasir. Hammadid rule was eventually ended by the Almohads, led by 'Abd al-Mu'min, who captured Bijaya in 1152. Soon after, 'Abd al-Mu'min's son captured Constantine, where the last Hammadid ruler,
5271:
contre les Zenùta, se déclarÚrent indépendants dans les provinces qu'ils défendaient. DÚs lors la Berbérie fùtimite compta deux royaumes çanhùjiens: à l'Est, le royaume des BeniZirß de Kairouan, à l'Ouest le royaume des Beni Hammùd de la Qal'a.
4137:
attempted to conquer Granada but was soundly defeated by the Zirids. In 1019 or 1020 Zawi left al-Andalus and returned to Ifriqiya, resuming his ambitions within the Zirid state there. His fate is not known for certain: according to
4199:(Friday sermon) in mosques, a clear departure from Zirid political allegiances. A closely-fought war ended with Hammad and al-Mu'izz ibn Badis concluding a peace agreement which allowed Hammad to retain his effective independence.
2118:, and the Fatimids encouraged the defection of Tripolitania from the Zirids, but nevertheless the relationship remained close. In the 1040s, the Zirids broke away completely by adopting Sunni Islam and recognizing the Abbasids of
2518:
branch in Granada was also responsible for turning it into one of the major cities of al-Andalus. Among the surviving remains of the Zirid period in Granada today are a section of its original city walls, an extensive system of
4115:, but by this point Zawi and other factions were seeking political fortunes elsewhere in al-Andalus. The new caliph granted Zawi and his faction the province of Ilbira (Elvira) to settle in 1013. After moving the capital from
2414:
4387:
2323:
in Algiers. When 'Abd al-Mu'min captured Algiers in 1151, he freed al-Hasan, who accompanied him back to Marrakesh. Later, when 'Abd al-Mu'min conquered Mahdia in 1160, placing all of Ifriqiya under Almohad rule,
4129:
kingdom of Granada. Arab sources consider him to be the founder of the present-day city of Granada, a designation also repeated by some modern historians like Helen Rodgers, Stephen Cavendish, and Brian Catlos.
2226:(r. 1062-1108), who spent much of his reign attempting to restore Zirid power in the region. In 1063 he repelled a siege of Mahdia by the independent ruler of Sfax while also capturing the important port of
4142:
he died of the plague years later, while Abdallah ibn Buluggin's memoirs claim he was poisoned not long after arriving in North Africa, but neither gives the date of his death. In Granada, Zawi's nephew
2085:(r. 1016â1062), defeated Hammad in 1017, which forced the negotiation of a peace agreement between them. Hammad resumed his recognition of the Fatimids as caliphs but remained independent, forging a new
4474:
2633:(bunûd) and on the edging of ceremonial clothing. Flags and robes of honour do not appear to have been made in Ifrïqiya; they were gifts from the caliph." He added: "Let us recall that the official
2165:
and killed in 1038. 'Abdallah was subsequently forced to withdraw from the island, either due to the ever-divided Sicilians turning against him or due to another Byzantine invasion in 1038, led by
6790:
2200:
eventually forced al-Mu'izz ibn Badis to abandon Kairouan in 1057 and move his capital to Mahdia, while the Banu Hilal largely roamed and pillaged the interior of the former Zirid territories.
2097:
The Zirid period of Ifriqiya is considered a high point in its history, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing, especially in their capital,
2349:
reports: "It never seen by the Berbers of that country a kingdom more vast and more flourishing than his own." The northern regions produced wheat in large quantities, while the region of
2246:
in Sicily; however, the Zirid emir rethought his involvement in Sicily and decided to withdraw, abandoning what they had briefly held. In 1087, the Zirid capital, Mahdia, was sacked by the
1136:
2151:
7275:
1785:, broke away from the main branch after various internal disputes and took control of the territories of the central Maghreb after 1015. The main branch of the Zirids, also called the
1808:
The Zirids of Granada surrendered to the Almoravids in 1090, but the Badicides and the Hammadids remained independent during this time. Sometime between 1041 and 1051 the Zirid ruler
2546:
The Zirids were also patrons of the arts. Important examples of woodwork commissioned for mosques have survived from this period. Buluggin ibn Ziri commissioned the production of a
2424:) about the history of Qayrawan. Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the Zirid ruler, was also himself an author and wrote an important treatise on the arts of the book, covering subjects such as
5061:
Pellat, Charles (1991). "MidrÄr". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: MahkâMid. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2328:
was with him. 'Abd al-Mu'min appointed him governor of Mahdia, where he remained, residing in the suburb of Zawila, until 'Abd al-Mu'min's death in 1163. The new Almohad caliph,
7493:
2458:
The Zirid dynasty was responsible for various constructions and renovations throughout the Maghreb. Zirid and Hammadid architecture in North Africa was closely linked to
6440:, in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332
359:
345:
331:
317:
292:
6257:
Oman, G.; Christides, V.; Bosworth, C.E. (1960â2007). "áčŹarÄbulus al-GÌČhÌČarb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
5503:
Oman, G.; Christides, V.; Bosworth, C.E. (1960â2007). "áčŹarÄbulus al-GÌČhÌČarb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2319:. He obtained permission from Yahya ibn al-'Aziz, the Hammadid ruler, to cross his territory, but after entering Hammadid territory he was detained and placed under
2089:
state which controlled a large part of present-day Algeria thereafter. Qal'at Bani Hammad was retained as the Hammadid capital, while 'Ashir became its second city.
4096:(also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi's immigration to al-Andalus, believing his reputation as a troublemaker. However, his son and successor,
7684:
2478:, the former Fatimid capital near Kairouan, but it has not been uncovered by modern archeologists, except for some fragments of carved stucco decoration. At the
783:
2554:
in Fez. The minbar, whose original fragments are now preserved in a museum, bears an inscription that dates it to the year 980, around the time of Buluggin's
7233:
2169:. Another Kalbid amir, al-Hasan al-Samsam, was elected to govern Sicily, but Muslim rule there disintegrated into various petty factions leading up to the
2219:(Sfax) was declared independent by the Zirid governor, Mansur al-Barghawati, who was murdered and succeeded by his cousin Hammu ibn Malil al-Barghawati.
2398:
848:
7368:
4577:
7486:
4413:
2270:(r. 1108-1116), formally recognized the Fatimid caliphs again and received an emissary from Cairo in 1111. He captured an important fortress near
1030:
923:
5130:
2463:
2211:
dynasty that governed the city thereafter, alternately recognizing the Hammadids or the Zirids as overlords depending on the circumstances. In
2621:
According to Historian Hady Roger Idris, the colour of the flags is unknown, but he stressed : "The name of the Fatimids appeared on the
2490:
was restored by Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis in the 11th century. From this restoration some brightly-painted wooden ceilings have survived, featuring
1064:
1511:
7479:
7295:
Brett, Michael (1975). "The Fatimid revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in North Africa". In Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.).
4078:
After the rebellion of Buluggin's brothers failed in 999, Zawi ibn Ziri sought to move to al-Andalus, which was under Umayyad control. The
1622:
1171:
1130:
1069:
6596:
Bush, Olga (2013). "Granada art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; KrÀmer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2677:
After 1015, the Hammadid branch ruled in the central Maghreb while the descendants of Badis ibn al-Mansur continued to rule in Ifriqiya:
986:
913:
7057:
Sarr-Marroco, Bilal (2021). "The Founding of Madinat Gharnata by the Banu Ziri (5th/11th Century)". In Boloix-Gallardo, BĂĄrbara (ed.).
1840:
conquered the central Maghreb and Ifriqiya by 1160, ending the Hammadid dynasty in turn and finally unifying the whole of the Maghreb.
4178:. The Taifa of Granada was eventually conquered by the Almoravids of North Africa in 1090, putting an end to the independent kingdom.
2034:(r. 996â1016), Buluggin's grandson, marking the first serious break in the unity of the Zirids. The rebels were defeated in battle by
1998:
territory, from which he brought back a large number of slaves to Ifriqiya. In 978 the Fatimids also granted Buluggin overlordship of
5553:
Garnier, Sébastien (2020). "Libya until 1500". In Fleet, Kate; KrÀmer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
5045:
Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press.
1986:
west and by 980 he had conquered Fez and most of the western Maghreb (present-day Morocco), which had previously been retaken by the
1521:
56:
6049:
ValĂ©rian, Dominique (2021). "KhurÄsÄn, BanĆ«". In Fleet, Kate; KrĂ€mer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2050:, the former enemies of the Fatimids and Zirids. He and his followers eventually founded an independent kingdom in al-Andalus, the
6896:
GarcĂa-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; KrĂ€mer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1054:
494:
7085:
7002:
Tibi, Amin (1960â2007). "ZÄwÄ« b. ZÄ«rÄ«". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
6393:
4305:
2207:, the shaykhs of the city elected Abd al-Haqq ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Khurasan (r. 1059-1095) as local ruler. He founded the local
943:
5528:
Lewicki, T. (1960â2007). "MagÌČhÌČrÄwa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2156:
7423:
7306:
7264:
7095:
7068:
7038:
6959:
6930:
6166:
5928:
5899:
5845:
5818:
5751:
5487:
5451:
5372:
5345:
5294:
5165:
5101:
5066:
4884:
4750:
Rizzitano, U. (1960â2007). "Kalbids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
4706:
4587:
4538:
4286:
2564:
in the Great Mosque of Kairouan is believed to date from al-Mu'izz ibn Badis's restoration of the building. It is the oldest
2073:
independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other. The Zirids finally lost Tripoli to them in 1022.
5960:
1291:
5640:
1501:
4443:
Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1 January 1992).
1901:(roughly north-eastern Algeria today) on behalf of the Fatimids, guarding the western frontier of the Fatimid Caliphate.
7502:
6947:
6301:
1940:
of Fez and the "Caliph" Ibn Wasul of Sijilmasa in cages in a humiliating manner. After this success, Ziri was also given
918:
841:
7409:
5987:"Reviewed work: Die Beduinen in der Vorgeschichte Tunesiens. Die « Invasion » der BanĆ« HilÄl, Gerald Schuster"
5661:
5151:
4108:
2486:, was added to the entrance of the prayer hall in 991 and is attributed to the patronage of Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin. The
1541:
6079:
Talbi, M. (1960â2007). "ážČÄbis". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
6024:
Sebag, P. (1960â2007). "TĆ«nis". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
5808:
1025:
975:
5835:
4933:
Brett, Michael (2009). "Ashīr". In Fleet, Kate; KrÀmer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
7462:
7348:
7327:
7285:
7243:
7011:
6986:
6976:
6690:
6373:
6311:
6266:
6088:
6058:
6033:
5562:
5537:
5512:
5091:
5050:
4942:
4786:
4759:
4677:
4635:
4511:
4484:
4454:
4397:
2170:
2115:
7112:
6655:
2506:
and an unusually decorated exterior façade, has also been attributed to the Zirid period (probably 10th century) by
6815:
4874:
2534:
1615:
1341:
1164:
635:
442:
410:
7028:
5441:
4254:
Different historical sources give different dates for the occurrence of this decision, ranging from 1041 and 1051.
2298:
During the 1130s and 1140s the Normans of Sicily began to capture cities and islands along the coast of Ifriqiya.
7679:
6765:
3890:
2705:
2325:
2287:
1833:
1306:
1083:
1049:
580:
213:
4111:
between 1010 and 1013. By the end of the siege they succeeded in installing their own puppet caliph in CĂłrdoba,
1531:
991:
7222:
7122:
6665:
5705:
5424:
4224:
1991:
1123:
1044:
4694:
4444:
6709:
4667:
2606:
2197:
1825:
446:
2196:
trade and bases for piracy against Christian shipping, as well as being the last holdout of the Zirids. The
1264:
1093:
892:
5916:
4421:
3719:
2242:
and enslaved many of its inhabitants. The next year (1075) another Zirid raid resulted in the capture of
2010:. In 984 Buluggin died in Sijilmasa from an illness and his successor decided to abandon Morocco in 985.
1608:
1398:
1189:
1157:
1117:
380:
6438:
L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily
3913:
2602:
2150:. In 1036, the Muslim population of the island request aid from al-Mu'izz to overthrow the Kalbid emir
836:
882:
7689:
7440:
7400:
5138:
2555:
2551:
1983:
1972:
1492:
6625:
1924:. After playing this valuable role, he expanded 'Ashir with a new palace circa 947. In 959 he aided
4097:
2601:
Africa. Its folios are now kept in several museums and collections around the world, including the
2487:
1228:
7256:
Saladin, the Almohads and the BanĆ« GhÄniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)
2146:(in southern Italy) from the Muslims, but the fleet was lost in a powerful storm off the coast of
1824:
tribe to the Maghreb, dealing a serious blow to Zirid power in Ifriqiya. In the 12th century, the
7432:
2494:
of scrolling vegetal motifs. Under Al-Muâizz the Zirids also built the Sidi Abu Marwan mosque in
2409:
2203:
As a result of the Zirid withdrawal, various local principalities emerged in different areas. In
1269:
1143:
1039:
865:
853:
628:
540:
536:
5335:
2445:
2047:
1987:
564:
7674:
3906:
3734:
3582:
3489:
3358:
3073:
2687:
2681:
2664:
2433:
2390:
2223:
2102:
2082:
2019:
1809:
1673:
1649:
1295:
1059:
933:
860:
17:
6156:
5889:
5741:
5693:
5648:
4501:
7254:
7030:
Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad
5443:
Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad
5362:
5284:
4528:
4276:
4208:
4112:
3853:
3609:
3446:
2078:
2038:, Badis' uncle, and most of the brothers were killed. The only remaining brother of stature,
790:
481:
7317:
7212:
6539:
1975:
was preparing for his departure to Egypt. On 20 December 972, Buluggin took up residence in
2499:
2459:
2251:
2060:
After 1001 Tripolitania broke away under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a
1781:
in 1013, after the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Another branch of the Zirids, the
1758:
908:
599:
8:
6739:
4149:
4101:
3211:
3167:
2670:
2425:
2332:, subsequently ordered him to come back to Marrakesh, but al-Hasan died along the way in
2069:
2035:
2031:
1976:
1861:
1551:
1320:
1245:
807:
588:
556:
4174:
in battle in 1039, gaining some territory in turn to the west. In 1056 they annexed the
4159:
7560:
7404:
6637:
6635:
6613:
6006:
5246:
5142:
4144:
3194:
2475:
2192:
1198:
1112:
1020:
1003:
819:
775:
450:
389:
338:
96:
7471:
7383:
7111:
Robinson, Cynthia (1992). "Arts of the Taifa Kingdoms". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
6409:
6407:
4476:
L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698-1518)
4175:
2507:
2282:, bringing back many captives. He was assassinated in 1116 and succeeded by his son, '
7644:
7596:
7584:
7566:
7458:
7419:
7344:
7323:
7302:
7281:
7260:
7239:
7218:
7118:
7091:
7064:
7034:
7007:
6982:
6955:
6926:
6901:
6686:
6661:
6601:
6369:
6307:
6262:
6162:
6084:
6054:
6029:
6002:
5924:
5895:
5841:
5814:
5747:
5701:
5671:
5558:
5533:
5508:
5483:
5447:
5420:
5368:
5341:
5290:
5238:
5161:
5097:
5062:
5046:
4938:
4880:
4782:
4755:
4702:
4673:
4631:
4583:
4534:
4507:
4480:
4450:
4393:
4365:
4282:
2930:
2658:
2308:
2304:
2106:
1956:
1936:
in present-day Morocco. On their return home to the Fatimid capital they paraded the
1925:
1886:
1872:
1837:
1836:, surrendered Mahdia to the Normans in 1148, thus ending independent Zirid rule. The
1817:
1805:, the dynasty who governed the island on behalf of the Fatimids, fell into disorder.
1742:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1427:
1417:
1380:
1360:
1350:
814:
731:
723:
643:
572:
454:
324:
297:
201:
156:
78:
71:
6632:
5146:
4313:
1944:
to govern on behalf of the Fatimids. He was eventually killed in battle against the
7694:
7638:
7620:
7608:
7578:
7554:
7536:
7524:
7518:
7392:
6404:
5998:
4357:
4187:
4171:
4134:
4065:
2957:
2823:
2610:
2312:
2243:
2139:
2086:
2051:
1967:. Buluggin's position was confirmed on 2 October 972 at Sardaniya, a place outside
1782:
1778:
1727:
1254:
1012:
755:
667:
609:
506:
310:
114:
31:
7277:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
4211:, had fled. Yahya was given a pension and allowed to retire in Marrakesh and then
938:
7626:
7614:
7542:
7388:
7338:
7296:
7058:
6920:
6568:
5477:
4776:
4167:
4155:
3626:
3461:
3431:
3341:
3308:
2693:
2369:, who sought to reduce their wood supply and thus their dominance in the region.
2329:
2267:
2231:
2166:
1664:
1640:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1219:
1088:
928:
887:
875:
802:
795:
739:
675:
651:
433:
126:
122:
118:
4070:
7602:
7396:
6187:
6175:
5656:
5652:
5266:
L'architecture musulmane d'occident: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile
5134:
5015:
2776:
2650:
2526:
hill, and the former minaret of a mosque (now part of the Church of San José).
2479:
2471:
2007:
1894:
1735:
1706:
1598:
1437:
1281:
870:
827:
747:
548:
527:
425:
1832:
of Sicily along the coast further weakened Zirid power. The last Zirid ruler,
7668:
7632:
7590:
6905:
6605:
5675:
5644:
5242:
4369:
4345:
3775:
3035:
2699:
2630:
2511:
2366:
2283:
2208:
2039:
1876:
1770:
1587:
998:
4361:
7358:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn, eds. (2001).
2320:
2259:
2065:
1999:
1929:
1762:
1746:
899:
352:
152:
5810:
Narrating Muslim Sicily: War and Peace in the Medieval Mediterranean World
5333:
2068:
dynasty, which endured until 1147. Fulful fought a protracted war against
400:
7530:
4107:. Zawi initially played a role, along with other Berber factions, in the
2467:
2429:
2394:
2346:
2255:
2187:
2147:
1883:
1813:
960:
950:
659:
144:
6010:
5986:
5768:
2523:
2454:
Remains of the palace at 'Ashir, the residence founded by Ziri ibn Manad
2450:
7548:
7455:
Dynasties Intertwined: The Zirids of Ifriqiya and the Normans of Sicily
5250:
5226:
4526:
4139:
2646:
The following list includes the Zirid rulers who ruled in the Maghreb:
2373:
2183:
2043:
1995:
1890:
1879:
1821:
1774:
519:
140:
5286:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
4278:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
4163:
7650:
4085:
2597:
2491:
2354:
2316:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1370:
715:
683:
501:
467:
7235:
Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History
5364:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
4530:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
4229:
4093:
2560:
2542:
added to the Great Mosque of Kairouan during the reign of al-Mu'izz
2275:
2271:
2239:
2235:
2143:
2098:
2061:
2042:, led the remaining rebels westwards and sought new opportunity in
1968:
1960:
1790:
1789:, occupied only Ifriqiya between 1048 and 1148. They were based in
1766:
1699:
699:
691:
614:
604:
170:
7087:
Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker
4778:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
4669:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
4232:, a courtier, poet and historian, secretary to al-Muizz ibn Badis.
2661:, 972â984 (as viceroy of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Maghreb)
2212:
7506:
4195:
4074:
Map of the Taifa of Granada in the first half of the 11th century
2570:
2519:
2503:
2362:
2333:
2162:
2134:
2119:
2111:
1920:, when he helped break Abu Yazid's siege of the Fatimid capital,
1909:
1898:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1829:
1802:
1750:
1745:
the Zirids extended their control westwards and briefly occupied
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1561:
511:
417:
174:
160:
7357:
6641:
6413:
6193:
6181:
5334:
Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates (2 February 2012).
5021:
4212:
4166:
into a vassal state for several years, before they defeated the
2013:
1904:
With Fatimid support Ziri founded his own capital and palace at
4204:
4162:
in 1038, annexing much of that kingdom's territory and turning
2634:
2626:
2547:
2495:
2405:
and commissioned by a nursemaid serving a Zirid sultan in 1020.
2358:
2353:
was a major hub of olive production and the cultivation of the
2299:
2227:
2130:
2023:
1945:
1941:
1921:
1912:, in 936. He proved his worth as a key ally in 945, during the
1820:. In retaliation, the Fatimids instigated the migration of the
1798:
1794:
1754:
472:
462:
102:
6681:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Maqsura".
4666:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Zirids and Hammadids".
2176:
1928:
on a Fatimid military expedition which successfully conquered
7301:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 589â636.
4800:
4798:
4720:
4718:
4579:
Excavations at Surt (Medinat Al-Sultan) Between 1977 and 1981
4503:
L'Algérie au passé lointain: de Carthage à la régence d'Alger
4125:
4080:
2576:
2402:
2279:
2204:
2123:
2122:
as rightful Caliphs, a move which was popular with the urban
2003:
1952:
1905:
955:
263:
148:
136:
90:
7117:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 49â52.
6874:
6872:
6364:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Zirid".
5093:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
4628:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
4527:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 March 2014).
7178:
7176:
7084:
Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012).
6256:
5937:
5859:
5857:
5502:
5303:
2622:
2350:
2247:
2216:
1937:
1769:(in present-day Libya). One member of the dynastic family,
1714:
182:
6327:
6240:
6238:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
4960:
4958:
4810:
4795:
4715:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
1871:. In the 10th century this tribe served as vassals of the
1713:
and the eponymous founder of the dynasty, the Zirids were
6869:
6225:
6223:
5571:
4844:
4842:
7441:
Historical map showing location of Zirid Kingdom c. 1000
7173:
6472:
6470:
5921:
The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600
5854:
5837:
Ibn Hamdis the Sicilian: Eulogist for a Falling Homeland
5381:
1797:
on the coast. The Zirids of Ifriqiya also intervened in
7501:
7370:
La berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes: Xe-XIIe siÚcles
7163:
7161:
7146:
7136:
7134:
6740:"Bifolium from the "Nurse's Qur'an" (Mushaf al-Hadina)"
6521:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6235:
5923:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
5610:
5361:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014).
5193:
5191:
5189:
5174:
4955:
4905:
4893:
4854:
4547:
2482:
in Tunis an elegantly-designed ribbed dome, called the
6683:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
6577:
6556:. Paris: Arts et mĂ©tiers graphiques. pp. 108â109.
6366:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
6300:
SĂ©nac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (10 October 2012).
6280:
6278:
6220:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6136:
6102:
6100:
5600:
5598:
5315:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4825:
2173:
of the island in the second half of the 11th century.
1897:(r. 935â971) was installed as governor of the central
6857:
6845:
6833:
6467:
5360:
2274:
called Iqlibiya and his fleet launched raids against
1753:
after 980, but encountered resistance from the local
7376:(in French). Paris: Librarie d'Amérique et d'Orient.
7188:
7158:
7131:
7083:
6494:
6482:
6455:
6443:
5869:
5583:
5393:
5186:
5005:
4414:"Qantara - Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)"
2591:
2018:
After Buluggin's death, he was succeeded by his son
1963:, spawning a dynasty whose rulers held the title of
1678:
1654:
6419:
6275:
6199:
6124:
6112:
6097:
5721:
5595:
5327:
5203:
5110:
5071:
5027:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4970:
4822:
2361:. Other crops such as sugar cane, saffron, cotton,
7382:
5227:"Le Palais de Zīrī à Achßr (DixiÚme SiÚcle J. C.)"
4389:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: des origines Ă 1830
7340:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
6978:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain
5919:. In Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.).
4274:
4054:
2238:where they ravaged the Italian coasts, plundered
1812:renounced the Fatimid Caliphs and recognized the
7666:
6918:
6680:
6363:
6158:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily
5475:
4982:
4876:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)
4158:the Zirids of Granada defeated an attack by the
30:For the related dynasty that ruled Granada, see
5687:
5685:
5263:
4446:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
4092:ruler of the Caliphate of CĂłrdoba at the time,
2466:. The Zirid palace at 'Ashir (near present-day
2415:Kitab al-Jam' wa 'l-bayan fi akhbar al-Qayrawan
2006:), allowing him to appoint his own governor in
1761:. To the east, Zirid control was extended over
7685:States and territories established in the 970s
7214:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
6954:. Routledge. pp. 490, 505 (see note 18).
6945:
6770:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers
6642:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
6414:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
6194:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
6182:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
5888:El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane, eds. (2011).
5887:
5022:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4749:
4672:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 35â36.
2357:was an important part of the local economy in
2222:Al-Mui'zz ibn Badis was succeeded by his son,
7487:
6895:
6566:
6303:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siÚcle
6299:
4699:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siÚcle
4692:
4520:
2014:Buluggin's successors and the first divisions
1616:
1165:
7056:
6660:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5682:
5527:
5419:. University of Miami Press. pp. 8â14.
2715:Pedigree of Zirid dynasty and its offshoots
2419:
2412:was a Zirid chronicler and prince. He wrote
1848:
6981:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 200â201.
6925:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11â15.
6919:Rodgers, Helen; Cavendish, Stephen (2021).
6891:
6889:
6887:
6328:"Islamic art from museums around the world"
5760:
5482:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11â15.
5476:Rodgers, Helen; Cavendish, Stephen (2021).
4693:SĂ©nac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (2012).
4442:
4346:"L'invasion hilÄlienne et ses consĂ©quences"
4300:
4298:
2177:Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia
1882:state that challenged the authority of the
1867:tribe, originating from the area of modern
1793:until 1057, when they moved the capital to
7494:
7480:
7410:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6078:
6023:
5662:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5268:. Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 64.
5152:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4781:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 17.
1623:
1609:
1172:
1158:
55:
7418:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 513â516.
7322:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
7217:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7210:
7182:
7033:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 29.
7001:
6567:Marçais, Georges; Golvin, Lucien (1960).
6244:
5943:
5813:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 32â33.
5670:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137â138.
5623:
5446:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 27.
5309:
5289:. University of Texas Press. p. 84.
5180:
5160:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 688â689.
4964:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4860:
4816:
4804:
4724:
4582:. Department of Antiquities. p. 17.
4575:
4560:
4479:(in French). La DĂ©couverte. p. 158.
4281:. University of Texas Press. p. 84.
4268:
2182:the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the
1951:When the Fatimids moved their capital to
7110:
6884:
6306:(in French). Armand Colin. p. 150.
6074:
6072:
6070:
6048:
5984:
5954:
5952:
5891:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
4872:
4774:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4665:
4386:Julien, Charles-André (1 January 1994).
4381:
4379:
4295:
4069:
2533:
2449:
2389:
2230:(Sousse). Meanwhile, the Hammadid ruler
6952:The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia
6922:City of Illusions: A History of Granada
6734:
6732:
6730:
6704:
6702:
6589:
6551:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
5806:
5552:
5479:City of Illusions: A History of Granada
5414:
5089:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4472:
4215:(Salé), where he died in 1161 or 1162.
2641:
14:
7667:
7360:Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250
7231:
7052:
7050:
7026:
7004:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6995:
6974:
6583:
6476:
6461:
6398:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6259:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6081:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6042:
6026:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5965:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5917:"Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts"
5833:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5634:
5632:
5530:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5505:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5439:
5410:
5408:
5282:
5224:
4917:
4752:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4385:
4123:(Granada) that year, Zawi founded the
2502:, including the construction of a new
1959:(r. 971â984) was appointed viceroy of
61:Maximum extent of Zirid control c. 980
7475:
7366:
7315:
7294:
7273:
7252:
7194:
7167:
7152:
7140:
6878:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6653:
6545:
6527:
6515:
6503:
6488:
6449:
6425:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6295:
6293:
6284:
6250:
6229:
6214:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6067:
6017:
5958:
5949:
5914:
5875:
5863:
5739:
5727:
5691:
5638:
5604:
5589:
5577:
5546:
5521:
5399:
5387:
5321:
5220:
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5209:
5197:
5128:
5077:
4976:
4932:
4899:
4848:
4730:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4571:
4569:
4506:(in French). Harmattan. p. 165.
4499:
4376:
4343:
4275:Phillip C. Naylor (15 January 2015).
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
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4009:
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2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2579:inscription dedicated to al-Mu'izz.
2568:in the Islamic world to be preserved
2092:
1718:held by Berber dynasties such as the
7452:
7380:
7336:
7114:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
7104:
6939:
6912:
6816:"Calligraphy - The David Collection"
6727:
6699:
6674:
6657:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
6595:
6560:
6346:
5496:
5116:
5033:
5009:
4833:
4468:
4466:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4059:
2446:Taifa of Granada § Architecture
2421:ÙŰȘۧۚ ۧÙŰŹÙ
Űč ÙۧÙŰšÙŰ§Ù ÙÙ ŰŁŰźŰšŰ§Ű± ۧÙÙÙ۱ÙۧÙ
2293:
1702:(eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148.
7047:
6647:
6554:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
5959:Idris, Hady Roger (24 April 2012),
5908:
5787:
5629:
5460:
5405:
4695:"Zirides, Badisides, et Hammadides"
4596:
4473:Meynier, Gilbert (1 January 2010).
4181:
2584:
2420:
1668:
1644:
1137:List of people on stamps of Algeria
24:
7446:
6763:
6573:(in French). Imprimerie La Rapide.
6382:
6290:
5215:
4775:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996).
4644:
4566:
25:
7706:
6710:"Qantara - Maqsƫra of al-Mu 'izz"
6654:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992).
5766:
4500:Simon, Jacques (1 January 2011).
4463:
4406:
4392:(in French). Payot. p. 295.
4350:Cahiers de civilisation médiévale
4328:
2653:, d. 971 CE (as Fatimid governor)
2638:Fatimid white to Abbasid black.
2116:1016 Ismaili massacre in Ifriqiya
1828:combined with the attacks of the
1757:who gave their allegiance to the
7077:
7020:
6968:
6946:Carvajal López, José C. (2020).
6808:
6783:
6757:
6533:
6003:10.1163/057053909X12475581297885
4879:. Scarecrow Press. p. 149.
4306:"Zirid Dynasty | Muslim dynasty"
1801:during the 11th century, as the
1592:
1581:
1208:
399:
357:
343:
329:
315:
290:
7298:The Cambridge History of Africa
6791:"The so-called 'Nanny's Quran'"
6431:
6320:
6148:
5978:
5881:
5827:
5733:
5433:
5354:
5337:Dictionary of African Biography
5276:
5257:
5122:
5083:
5055:
5039:
4866:
4768:
4686:
4630:. Routledge. pp. 141â142.
4248:
2439:
2290:in 1121, the last Zirid ruler.
2101:(Kairouan). The early reign of
7060:A Companion to Islamic Granada
6744:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
4493:
4436:
4225:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
4133:In 1018 the Umayyad pretender
4055:Offshoots of the Zirid dynasty
1124:List of wars involving Algeria
13:
1:
6898:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
6598:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
6051:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
5740:Brett, Michael (3 May 2019).
5555:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
4935:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
4236:
4119:to the hilltop settlement of
2464:Norman architecture in Sicily
2385:
7457:. Cornell University Press.
6950:. In Fierro, Maribel (ed.).
5698:Libya: Encyclopedia of Islam
4261:
2498:. A major remodeling of the
7:
7274:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
7238:. Oxford University Press.
6685:. Oxford University Press.
6392:Talbi, M. (24 April 2012).
6368:. Oxford University Press.
5283:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015).
4701:(in French). Armand Colin.
4218:
2592:
2558:to this region. The wooden
2266:Tamim's son and successor,
2048:Umayyads Caliphs of Cordoba
1709:, a military leader of the
1679:
1655:
1118:Military history of Algeria
10:
7711:
7367:Idris, Hady Roger (1962).
7204:
6542:. Xavier Delestre. Ădisud.
6161:. McFarland. p. 176.
5639:Idris, Hady Roger (1971).
5096:. Routledge. p. 103.
4449:. J. Currey. p. 172.
4344:Idris, Hady Roger (1968).
4185:
4063:
2603:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2443:
2380:
2339:
2258:, and Jenkins-Madina, the
2110:overlords varied - 20,000
1843:
1777:, eventually founding the
29:
7514:
7280:. Yale University Press.
7211:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
7027:Catlos, Brian A. (2014).
6975:Catlos, Brian A. (2018).
6570:La Grande Mosquée de Sfax
6552:Marçais, Georges (1954).
6155:Brown, Gordon S. (2015).
5985:Schuster, Gerald (2009).
5807:Granara, William (2019).
5440:Catlos, Brian A. (2014).
4533:. Routledge. p. 36.
4098:'Abd al-Malik al-Muáșaffar
3963:
3961:
3843:
3841:
3833:
3831:
3801:
3799:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3375:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3101:
3099:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2552:Mosque of the Andalusians
1971:where the Fatimid caliph
1849:Origins and establishment
1690:dynasty from what is now
1131:Postal history of Algeria
1070:Insurgency in the Maghreb
893:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
269:
259:
255:
245:
235:
231:
223:
219:
207:
195:
191:
181:
166:
132:
110:
86:
66:
54:
49:
39:
7362:. Yale University Press.
5834:Granara, William (201).
5415:Handler, Andrew (1974).
5264:Georges Marçais (1955).
5131:"áčąabra or al-ManáčŁĆ«riyya"
4873:Ilahiane, Hsain (2006).
4576:Fehérvåri, Géza (2002).
4241:
2488:Great Mosque of Kairouan
2152:Aáž„mad ibn YĆ«suf al-Akáž„al
1765:after 978 and as far as
1749:and much of present-day
1694:which ruled the central
7436:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7316:Brett, Michael (2017).
7253:Baadj, Amar S. (2015).
5997:(4/5). Brill: 487â492.
5894:. UNESCO. p. 407.
5700:. Library of Congress.
5225:Golvin, Lucien (1966).
4362:10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452
4310:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4094:Ibn Abi ÊżAmir al-Mansur
2410:Abd al-Aziz ibn Shaddad
2064:leader who founded the
1773:, revolted and fled to
1144:History of North Africa
944:Independence referendum
883:Attack on Mers-el-KĂ©bir
77:Nominal vassal of the
7680:1152 disestablishments
7232:Arnold, Felix (2017).
5840:. Simon and Schuster.
5773:Libya: A Country Study
5743:The Fatimids and Egypt
5340:. OUP USA. p. 9.
5090:Kennedy, Hugh (2014).
4626:Kennedy, Hugh (1996).
4075:
2665:al-Mansur ibn Buluggin
2543:
2529:
2462:, but also influenced
2455:
2406:
2020:Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin
1990:in 973. He also led a
1893:of the Zirid dynasty,
1296:Byzantine North Africa
426:Iberomaurusian Culture
247:âą Disestablished
27:Sanhaja Berber dynasty
7090:. Brill. p. 47.
7063:. Brill. p. 93.
5775:. Library of Congress
5417:The Zirids of Granada
4073:
2538:Detail of the wooden
2537:
2453:
2393:
2232:al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas
1992:successful expedition
1698:from 972 to 1014 and
1292:2nd Roman (Byzantine)
1050:High Council of State
830:(19thâ20th centuries)
791:Emirate of Beni Abbas
778:(16thâ19th centuries)
482:Archeology of Algeria
111:Common languages
7337:Halm, Heinz (1996).
6766:"Page from a Qur'an"
5915:Hrbek, Ivan (1975).
5692:Brill, E.J. (1987).
4113:Sulayman al-Musta'in
2642:List of Zirid rulers
2500:Great Mosque of Sfax
2460:Fatimid architecture
2401:â, executed in fine
2372:The Arab chronicler
2198:Banu Hilal invasions
1982:Buluggin soon led a
1759:Caliphate of Cordoba
1562:Parliamentary system
1259:12th C.–146 BC
600:Early African Church
581:Prefecture of Africa
565:Kingdom of the AurĂšs
70:Vassal state of the
7453:King, Matt (2022).
7381:Tibi, Amin (2002).
6881:, pp. 831â833.
6714:www.qantara-med.org
6644:, pp. 274â275.
6416:, pp. 285â286.
5580:, p. 128, 142.
5390:, pp. 624â626.
4418:www.qantara-med.org
4316:on 29 February 2020
4147:was invited by the
2688:Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz
2682:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
2671:Badis ibn al-Mansur
2556:military expedition
2470:), built in 934 by
2224:Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz
2114:were killed in the
2103:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
2083:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
2070:Badis ibn al-Mansur
2036:Hammad ibn Buluggin
2032:Badis ibn al-Mansur
1988:Umayyads of Cordoba
1977:Sabra al-Mansuriyya
1955:in 972, Ziri's son
1810:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
1552:Tunisian revolution
808:Barbary Slave Trade
589:Exarchate of Africa
557:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
237:âą Established
7319:The Fatimid Empire
6948:"Material culture"
6795:www.bardomuseum.tn
5866:, p. 174-175.
5129:Talbi, M. (1995).
4088:(r. 976â1009) and
4076:
2544:
2456:
2407:
2193:Battle of Haydaran
2093:Apogee in Ifriqiya
2079:Qal'at Bani Hammad
1826:Hilalian invasions
1599:History portal
1512:Kingdom of Tunisia
1113:Outline of Algeria
1021:Algerian Civil War
820:Second Barbary War
776:Regency of Algiers
339:Khurasanid dynasty
7660:
7659:
7503:Islamic dynasties
7425:978-90-04-12756-2
7308:978-0-521-21592-3
7266:978-90-04-29857-6
7097:978-90-04-23424-6
7070:978-90-04-42581-1
7040:978-0-374-71205-1
6961:978-1-317-23354-1
6932:978-0-19-764406-5
6530:, pp. 87â88.
6518:, pp. 86â87.
6168:978-0-7864-5127-2
5946:, p. 68, 76.
5930:978-0-521-20981-6
5901:978-92-3-104153-2
5847:978-1-78607-847-6
5820:978-1-78673-613-0
5753:978-0-429-76474-5
5489:978-0-19-764406-5
5453:978-0-374-71205-1
5374:978-1-134-25986-1
5347:978-0-19-538207-5
5324:, pp. 57â58.
5312:, p. 67, 75.
5296:978-0-292-76190-2
5167:978-90-04-09834-3
5103:978-1-317-87041-8
5067:978-90-04-08112-3
4902:, p. 54, 63.
4886:978-0-8108-6490-0
4727:, pp. 69â70.
4708:978-2-200-28342-1
4589:978-1-900971-00-3
4540:978-1-134-25986-1
4288:978-0-292-76190-2
4145:Habbus ibn Maksan
4060:Zirids of Granada
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
3917:
3901:
3862:
3784:
3743:
3728:
3635:
3618:
3591:
3498:
3470:
3455:
3440:
3367:
3350:
3317:
3220:
3203:
3176:
3082:
3044:
2939:
2785:
2659:Buluggin ibn Ziri
2590:
2305:George of Antioch
2294:End of Zirid rule
1957:Buluggin ibn Ziri
1873:Fatimid Caliphate
1838:Almohad Caliphate
1818:Abbasid Caliphate
1743:Buluggin ibn Ziri
1732:Marinid Sultanate
1724:Almohad Caliphate
1720:Almoravid dynasty
1711:Fatimid Caliphate
1677:
1653:
1633:
1632:
1588:Africa portal
1573:
1572:
1483:
1482:
1446:
1445:
1389:
1388:
1332:
1331:
1236:
1235:
1182:
1181:
1094:COVID-19 pandemic
815:First Barbary War
784:Ottoman governors
644:Umayyad Caliphate
573:Kingdom of Altava
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
325:Kingdom of Africa
303:
302:
298:Fatimid Caliphate
214:Al-Hassan ibn Ali
209:âą 1121â1148
202:Buluggin ibn Ziri
157:Roman Catholicism
79:Abbasid Caliphate
72:Fatimid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
7702:
7690:Berber dynasties
7496:
7489:
7482:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7429:
7405:Heinrichs, W. P.
7386:
7377:
7375:
7363:
7354:
7333:
7312:
7291:
7270:
7249:
7228:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7171:
7165:
7156:
7155:, p. 42-43.
7150:
7144:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7054:
7045:
7044:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6893:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6764:Rammah, Mourad.
6761:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6736:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6706:
6697:
6696:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6630:
6629:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6609:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6389:
6380:
6379:
6361:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6297:
6288:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6233:
6232:, p. 32-33.
6227:
6218:
6212:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6152:
6146:
6145:, p. 31-32.
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6095:
6094:
6076:
6065:
6064:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5956:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5804:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5767:Berry, LaVerle.
5764:
5758:
5757:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5636:
5627:
5621:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5473:
5458:
5457:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5412:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5222:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5143:Heinrichs, W. P.
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5059:
5053:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4930:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4851:, p. 56-57.
4846:
4837:
4831:
4820:
4819:, p. 69-70.
4814:
4808:
4807:, p. 68-69.
4802:
4793:
4792:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4747:
4728:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4663:
4642:
4641:
4623:
4594:
4593:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4545:
4544:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4420:. Archived from
4410:
4404:
4403:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4341:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4312:. Archived from
4302:
4293:
4292:
4272:
4255:
4252:
4188:Hammadid dynasty
4182:Hammadid dynasty
4160:Taifa of Almeria
4109:siege of CĂłrdoba
4066:Taifa of Granada
3912:
3909:ibn Abi al-Futuh
3899:
3860:
3782:
3741:
3726:
3633:
3616:
3589:
3496:
3468:
3453:
3438:
3365:
3348:
3315:
3218:
3201:
3174:
3080:
3042:
2958:Hammadid dynasty
2937:
2783:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2706:al-Hasan ibn Ali
2611:David Collection
2595:
2593:Mushaf al-Hadina
2589:romanized:
2588:
2586:
2423:
2422:
2330:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf
2160:
2002:(in present-day
1926:Jawhar al-Siqili
1908:, south-east of
1853:The Zirids were
1779:Taifa of Granada
1728:Zayyanid dynasty
1682:
1672:
1670:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1498:
1497:
1461:
1460:
1404:
1403:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1276:146 BC–435
1273:
1251:
1250:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1202:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1139:
1126:
1077:2010s to present
992:1965 coup d'Ă©tat
976:Contemporary era
842:French governors
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
610:Fossatum Africae
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
532:
524:
516:
507:Ancient Carthage
438:
430:
422:
403:
393:
375:
374:
361:
360:
347:
346:
333:
332:
319:
318:
311:Hammadid dynasty
307:
306:
294:
293:
287:
286:
271:
270:
59:
37:
36:
32:Taifa of Granada
21:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7656:
7510:
7500:
7465:
7449:
7447:Further reading
7426:
7397:Bosworth, C. E.
7373:
7351:
7330:
7309:
7288:
7267:
7246:
7225:
7207:
7202:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7174:
7166:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7109:
7105:
7098:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6973:
6969:
6962:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6917:
6913:
6894:
6885:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6824:
6822:
6820:www.davidmus.dk
6814:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6797:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6762:
6758:
6748:
6746:
6738:
6737:
6728:
6718:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6633:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6610:
6594:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6565:
6561:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6526:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6475:
6468:
6460:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6424:
6420:
6412:
6405:
6394:"Ibn SÌČhÌČaddÄd"
6390:
6383:
6376:
6362:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6221:
6213:
6200:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6077:
6068:
6061:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6022:
6018:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5968:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5805:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5690:
5683:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5611:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5474:
5461:
5454:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5413:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5281:
5277:
5262:
5258:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5135:Bosworth, C. E.
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5060:
5056:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5008:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4956:
4945:
4931:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4748:
4731:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4664:
4645:
4638:
4624:
4597:
4590:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4548:
4541:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4424:on 3 March 2016
4412:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4384:
4377:
4356:(43): 353â369.
4342:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4221:
4190:
4184:
4176:Taifa of Malaga
4156:Badis Ibn Habus
4068:
4062:
4057:
4011:
3911:
3908:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3859:
3856:ibn Abd al-Aziz
3855:
3790:
3781:
3777:
3740:
3736:
3725:
3721:
3632:
3628:
3615:
3611:
3588:
3584:
3495:
3491:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3452:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3196:
3173:
3169:
3079:
3075:
3041:
3037:
3026:
2936:
2932:
2782:
2778:
2694:Yahya ibn Tamim
2644:
2532:
2508:Georges Marçais
2448:
2442:
2388:
2383:
2342:
2296:
2268:Yahya ibn Tamim
2250:. According to
2179:
2171:Norman conquest
2167:George Maniakes
2154:
2107:Himyarite kings
2095:
2016:
1887:Abbasid caliphs
1851:
1846:
1705:Descendants of
1629:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1546:1987–2011
1526:1957–1987
1516:1956–1957
1506:1881–1956
1495:
1485:
1484:
1479:1705–1881
1469:1574–1705
1458:
1448:
1447:
1442:1229–1574
1432:1160–1229
1422:1148–1160
1401:
1391:
1390:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1267:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1222:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1120:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1074:
1008:
978:
968:
967:
966:
965:
888:Operation Torch
876:Cheikh Bouamama
861:Emir Abdelkader
837:French conquest
824:
803:Barbary pirates
796:Emirate of Kuku
772:
764:
763:
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
631:
621:
620:
619:
591:
583:
575:
567:
559:
551:
544:(146 BCâ590 AD)
543:
530:
522:
514:
497:
487:
486:
477:
436:
434:Capsian culture
428:
420:
418:Aterian Culture
413:
391:
384:
358:
344:
330:
316:
291:
248:
238:
210:
198:
197:âą 973â984
119:Maghrebi Arabic
105:
101:
99:
95:
93:
81:
76:
74:
62:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7708:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7635:(1666âpresent)
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7463:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7430:
7424:
7401:van Donzel, E.
7389:Bearman, P. J.
7378:
7364:
7355:
7349:
7334:
7328:
7313:
7307:
7292:
7286:
7271:
7265:
7250:
7244:
7229:
7223:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7187:
7183:Abun-Nasr 1987
7172:
7157:
7145:
7130:
7123:
7103:
7096:
7076:
7069:
7046:
7039:
7019:
7012:
6994:
6987:
6967:
6960:
6938:
6931:
6911:
6883:
6868:
6866:, p. 184.
6856:
6854:, p. 599.
6844:
6842:, p. 510.
6832:
6807:
6782:
6756:
6726:
6698:
6691:
6673:
6666:
6646:
6631:
6622:|journal=
6588:
6586:, p. 125.
6576:
6559:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6493:
6481:
6479:, p. 123.
6466:
6454:
6452:, p. 100.
6442:
6430:
6418:
6403:
6381:
6374:
6345:
6319:
6312:
6289:
6274:
6267:
6249:
6245:Abun-Nasr 1987
6234:
6219:
6198:
6196:, p. 302.
6186:
6184:, p. 210.
6174:
6167:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6096:
6089:
6066:
6059:
6041:
6034:
6016:
5977:
5948:
5944:Abun-Nasr 1987
5936:
5929:
5907:
5900:
5880:
5878:, p. 175.
5868:
5853:
5846:
5826:
5819:
5786:
5759:
5752:
5732:
5720:
5706:
5681:
5628:
5624:Abun-Nasr 1987
5609:
5594:
5592:, p. 174.
5582:
5570:
5563:
5545:
5538:
5520:
5513:
5495:
5488:
5459:
5452:
5432:
5425:
5404:
5402:, p. 626.
5392:
5380:
5373:
5353:
5346:
5326:
5314:
5310:Abun-Nasr 1987
5302:
5295:
5275:
5256:
5231:Ars Orientalis
5214:
5202:
5200:, p. 624.
5185:
5181:Abun-Nasr 1987
5173:
5166:
5139:van Donzel, E.
5121:
5119:, p. 418.
5109:
5102:
5082:
5070:
5054:
5038:
5036:, p. 399.
5026:
5024:, p. 188.
5014:
4981:
4969:
4965:Abun-Nasr 1987
4954:
4943:
4916:
4912:Abun-Nasr 1987
4904:
4892:
4885:
4865:
4861:Abun-Nasr 1987
4853:
4838:
4836:, p. 514.
4821:
4817:Abun-Nasr 1987
4809:
4805:Abun-Nasr 1987
4794:
4787:
4767:
4760:
4729:
4725:Abun-Nasr 1987
4714:
4707:
4685:
4678:
4643:
4636:
4595:
4588:
4565:
4561:Abun-Nasr 1987
4546:
4539:
4519:
4512:
4492:
4485:
4462:
4455:
4435:
4405:
4398:
4375:
4327:
4294:
4287:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4186:Main article:
4183:
4180:
4117:Madinat Ilbira
4064:Main article:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:Fatimid vizier
3904:
3902:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3731:
3729:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3456:
3443:
3441:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2651:Ziri ibn Manad
2643:
2640:
2531:
2528:
2484:Qubbat al-Bahw
2480:Zaytuna Mosque
2472:Ziri ibn Manad
2441:
2438:
2395:Surat Al-An'am
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2341:
2338:
2295:
2292:
2178:
2175:
2094:
2091:
2015:
2012:
1984:new expedition
1895:Ziri ibn Manad
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1755:Zenata Berbers
1736:Hafsid dynasty
1707:Ziri ibn Manad
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:Bourguiba rule
1518:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:French Tunisia
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:973–1148
1410:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1107:Related topics
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1089:Hirak Movement
1086:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1017:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
994:
989:
983:
979:
974:
973:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
953:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
896:
895:
890:
885:
879:
878:
873:
871:Mokrani Revolt
868:
866:Fatma N'Soumer
863:
857:
856:
851:
845:
844:
839:
833:
828:French Algeria
823:
822:
817:
811:
810:
805:
799:
798:
793:
787:
786:
780:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
759:(1235â1556 AD)
753:
751:(1229â1574 AD)
745:
743:(1215â1465 AD)
737:
735:(1121â1269 AD)
729:
727:(1040â1147 AD)
721:
719:(1014â1152 AD)
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
632:
627:
626:
623:
622:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
595:
594:
586:
578:
570:
562:
554:
549:Vandal Kingdom
546:
533:
528:Jugurthine War
525:
517:
509:
504:
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
476:
475:
470:
465:
459:
458:
457:
439:
431:
423:
414:
409:
408:
405:
404:
396:
395:
386:
385:
378:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
355:
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
313:
304:
301:
300:
295:
283:
282:
277:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
168:
164:
163:
134:
130:
129:
112:
108:
107:
88:
84:
83:
82:(c. 1048â1148)
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7707:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7675:Zirid dynasty
7673:
7672:
7670:
7663:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7466:
7464:9781501763472
7460:
7456:
7451:
7450:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:Zirid Dynasty
7431:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7393:Bianquis, Th.
7390:
7385:
7379:
7372:
7371:
7365:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7350:90-04-10056-3
7346:
7342:
7341:
7335:
7331:
7329:9781474421522
7325:
7321:
7320:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7293:
7289:
7287:9780300218701
7283:
7279:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7251:
7247:
7245:9780190624552
7241:
7237:
7236:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7197:, p. 46.
7196:
7191:
7185:, p. 70.
7184:
7179:
7177:
7170:, p. 43.
7169:
7164:
7162:
7154:
7149:
7143:, p. 44.
7142:
7137:
7135:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7107:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7080:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7053:
7051:
7042:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7013:9789004161214
7009:
7005:
6998:
6990:
6988:9780465055876
6984:
6980:
6979:
6971:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6880:
6875:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6692:9780195309911
6688:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6627:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6572:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6529:
6524:
6517:
6512:
6506:, p. 87.
6505:
6500:
6498:
6491:, p. 86.
6490:
6485:
6478:
6473:
6471:
6464:, p. 53.
6463:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6428:, p. 83.
6427:
6422:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6377:
6375:9780195309911
6371:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6334:. 18 May 2020
6333:
6329:
6323:
6315:
6313:9782200283421
6309:
6305:
6304:
6296:
6294:
6287:, p. 35.
6286:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6268:9789004161214
6264:
6260:
6253:
6247:, p. 92.
6246:
6241:
6239:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6217:, p. 32.
6216:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6190:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6144:
6139:
6133:, p. 31.
6132:
6127:
6121:, p. 39.
6120:
6115:
6109:, p. 38.
6108:
6103:
6101:
6092:
6090:9789004161214
6086:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6062:
6060:9789004161658
6056:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6035:9789004161214
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5849:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5749:
5746:. Routledge.
5745:
5744:
5736:
5730:, p. 12.
5729:
5724:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5686:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5649:MĂ©nage, V. L.
5646:
5642:
5635:
5633:
5626:, p. 69.
5625:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5607:, p. 40.
5606:
5601:
5599:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5566:
5564:9789004161658
5560:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5539:9789004161214
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5514:9789004161214
5510:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5376:
5370:
5367:. Routledge.
5366:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5272:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5219:
5212:, p. 85.
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5183:, p. 75.
5182:
5177:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5080:, p. 75.
5079:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5051:9780292766655
5048:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4979:, p. 54.
4978:
4973:
4967:, p. 66.
4966:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4944:9789004161658
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4914:, p. 19.
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4863:, p. 64.
4862:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4788:9780748696482
4784:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4761:9789004161214
4757:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4679:9780748696482
4675:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4637:9781317870418
4633:
4629:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4570:
4563:, p. 67.
4562:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4513:9782296139640
4509:
4505:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4486:9782707152312
4482:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4456:9780852550939
4452:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4401:
4399:9782228887892
4395:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4105:of al-Andalus
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4045:
4000:
3998:
3950:
3948:
3915:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3887:
3885:
3858:
3857:
3828:
3826:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3739:
3738:
3724:
3723:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3661:
3653:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3587:
3586:
3559:
3556:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3494:
3493:
3492:ibn al-Mu'izz
3486:
3484:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3436:
3435:
3416:
3414:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3313:
3312:
3293:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3214:ibn al-Mansur
3208:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3172:
3171:
3144:
3141:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3014:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:Granada Taifa
2781:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:Ali ibn Yahya
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2512:Lucien Golvin
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:al-Mansuriyya
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2399:Nurseâs Quran
2396:
2392:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:Abd al-Mu'min
2310:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:Ali ibn Yahya
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Banu Khurasan
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:reconquering
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2126:of Kairouan.
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:Zawi ibn Ziri
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:rebellion of
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:Zawi ibn Ziri
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1637:Zirid dynasty
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1385:909–973
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:800–909
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:750–800
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:698–750
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:Early Islamic
1338:
1337:
1327:590–698
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:534–590
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:534–698
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:435–534
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Peace Charter
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Civil Concord
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Berber Spring
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
987:FFS rebellion
985:
984:
982:
977:
972:
971:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
940:
939:Ăvian Accords
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
903:
901:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
831:
829:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
781:
779:
777:
768:
767:
757:
754:
749:
746:
741:
738:
733:
730:
725:
722:
717:
714:
711:(973â1152 AD)
709:
706:
703:(970â1068 AD)
701:
698:
695:(909â1171 AD)
693:
690:
685:
682:
677:
674:
669:
666:
661:
658:
655:(742â1066 AD)
653:
650:
645:
642:
637:
636:Arab conquest
634:
633:
630:
625:
624:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
590:
587:
582:
579:
574:
571:
566:
563:
558:
555:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
529:
526:
521:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
491:
490:
483:
479:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
416:
415:
412:
407:
406:
402:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
382:
377:
376:
356:
354:
351:
350:
342:
340:
337:
336:
328:
326:
323:
322:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
299:
296:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
244:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
123:African Latin
120:
116:
113:
109:
104:
98:
97:al-Mansuriyya
92:
89:
85:
80:
75:(972âc. 1048)
73:
69:
65:
58:
53:
48:
41:Zirid dynasty
38:
33:
19:
7662:
7572:
7454:
7435:
7415:
7408:
7369:
7359:
7339:
7318:
7297:
7276:
7255:
7234:
7213:
7190:
7148:
7113:
7106:
7086:
7079:
7059:
7029:
7022:
7003:
6997:
6977:
6970:
6951:
6941:
6921:
6914:
6897:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6825:19 September
6823:. Retrieved
6819:
6810:
6800:19 September
6798:. Retrieved
6794:
6785:
6775:19 September
6773:. Retrieved
6769:
6759:
6749:19 September
6747:. Retrieved
6743:
6719:19 September
6717:. Retrieved
6713:
6682:
6676:
6656:
6649:
6597:
6591:
6579:
6569:
6562:
6553:
6547:
6535:
6523:
6511:
6484:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6421:
6397:
6365:
6336:. Retrieved
6331:
6322:
6302:
6258:
6252:
6189:
6177:
6157:
6150:
6138:
6126:
6114:
6080:
6050:
6044:
6025:
6019:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5971:26 September
5969:, retrieved
5964:
5939:
5920:
5910:
5890:
5883:
5871:
5836:
5829:
5809:
5777:. Retrieved
5772:
5762:
5742:
5735:
5723:
5711:. Retrieved
5697:
5667:
5660:
5585:
5573:
5554:
5548:
5529:
5523:
5504:
5498:
5478:
5442:
5435:
5416:
5395:
5383:
5363:
5356:
5336:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5285:
5278:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5234:
5230:
5205:
5176:
5157:
5156:Volume VIII:
5150:
5124:
5112:
5092:
5085:
5073:
5057:
5041:
5029:
5017:
4972:
4948:
4934:
4907:
4895:
4875:
4868:
4856:
4812:
4777:
4770:
4751:
4698:
4688:
4668:
4627:
4578:
4529:
4522:
4502:
4495:
4475:
4445:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:the original
4417:
4408:
4388:
4353:
4349:
4318:. Retrieved
4314:the original
4309:
4277:
4270:
4250:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4148:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4102:
4089:
4079:
4077:
3889:
3852:
3789:Abu al-Futuh
3774:
3733:
3718:
3625:
3612:ibn Buluggin
3608:
3585:ibn al-Nasir
3581:
3488:
3460:
3449:ibn Muhammad
3445:
3430:
3357:
3340:
3307:
3210:
3202:1019/20-1038
3193:
3170:ibn Buluggin
3166:
3076:ibn Buluggin
3072:
3071:
3043:1013-1019/20
3034:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2929:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2775:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2676:
2645:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2607:Bardo Museum
2585:Ù
Ű”ŰÙ Ű§ÙŰۧ۶ÙŰ©
2581:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2516:
2483:
2457:
2440:Architecture
2434:illumination
2413:
2408:
2403:Kufic script
2371:
2343:
2321:house arrest
2297:
2265:
2260:Pisa Griffin
2252:Ettinghausen
2221:
2202:
2180:
2128:
2096:
2075:
2066:Banu Khazrun
2059:
2052:
2028:
2017:
2000:Tripolitania
1981:
1964:
1950:
1903:
1852:
1807:
1786:
1763:Tripolitania
1740:
1704:
1660:
1636:
1634:
1542:Ben Ali rule
1532:Ben Ali coup
1456:Early modern
1407:
1076:
1075:
1060:Black Spring
1010:
1009:
980:
900:Algerian War
898:
897:
854:Pacification
826:
825:
774:
771:Modern times
707:
687:(800â909 AD)
679:(789â828 AD)
671:(776â909 AD)
663:(771â793 AD)
647:(703â744 AD)
639:(647â709 AD)
592:(585â698 AD)
584:(534â585 AD)
576:(578â708 AD)
568:(484â703 AD)
560:(477â578 AD)
552:(435â534 AD)
531:(111â106 BC)
523:(264â146 BC)
441:Rock art in
353:Banu Khazrun
280:Succeeded by
279:
274:
153:Christianity
7653:(1837â1969)
7647:(1711â1835)
7645:Karamanlids
7641:(1705â1957)
7629:(1549â1659)
7623:(1472â1554)
7617:(1269â1465)
7611:(1235â1556)
7605:(1229â1574)
7599:(1147â1269)
7593:(1059â1158)
7591:Khurasanids
7587:(1040â1147)
7581:(1008â1152)
7561:Sulaymanids
7531:Muhallabids
6584:Arnold 2017
6477:Arnold 2017
6462:Arnold 2017
5666:Volume III:
5657:Schacht, J.
5653:Pellat, Ch.
5641:"កammÄdids"
5147:Lecomte, G.
4428:27 November
4320:27 November
3891:Abu'l-Hasan
3735:Abd al-Aziz
3197:al-Muzaffar
2727:Zirid State
2708:, 1121â1148
2702:, 1116â1121
2696:, 1108â1116
2690:, 1062â1108
2684:, 1016â1062
2468:Kef Lakhdar
2430:bookbinding
2426:calligraphy
2347:Ibn Khaldun
2188:Banu Sulaym
2155: [
2148:Pantelleria
2057:, in 1013.
1860:, from the
1656:az-zīriyyƫn
1566:2011–
1220:Prehistoric
1199:History of
1084:Arab Spring
961:Oujda Group
951:Pieds-noirs
934:1961 putsch
929:1958 crisis
909:Nationalism
902:(1954â1962)
660:Muhallabids
629:Middle Ages
515:(202â46 BC)
437:(10,000 BC)
429:(20,000 BC)
421:(80,000 BC)
390:History of
275:Preceded by
117:(primary),
106:(1057â1148)
7669:Categories
7585:Almoravids
7575:(973â1148)
7551:(790â1066)
7521:(710â1019)
7414:Volume XI:
7224:0521337674
7195:Baadj 2015
7168:Baadj 2015
7153:Baadj 2015
7141:Baadj 2015
7124:0870996371
6879:Idris 1962
6864:Brett 2017
6852:Idris 1962
6840:Idris 1962
6667:0870996371
6528:Bloom 2020
6516:Bloom 2020
6504:Bloom 2020
6489:Bloom 2020
6450:Bloom 2020
6426:Bloom 2020
6285:Baadj 2015
6230:Baadj 2015
6215:Baadj 2015
6143:Baadj 2015
6131:Baadj 2015
6119:Baadj 2015
6107:Baadj 2015
5961:"កaydarÄn"
5876:Brett 2017
5864:Brett 2017
5769:"Fatamids"
5728:Baadj 2015
5707:9004082654
5694:"Fatamids"
5605:Baadj 2015
5590:Brett 2017
5578:Brett 2017
5426:0870242164
5400:Brett 1975
5388:Brett 1975
5322:Idris 1962
5210:Brett 2017
5198:Brett 1975
5078:Brett 2017
4977:Brett 2017
4900:Brett 2017
4849:Baadj 2015
4237:References
4140:Ibn Hayyan
4135:al-Murtada
4084:of Caliph
3737:ibn Mansur
3722:ibn Mansur
3344:ibn Habbus
3331:ibn Hammad
3324:ibn Hammad
3311:ibn Hammad
2673:, 996â1016
2609:, and the
2492:arabesques
2444:See also:
2386:Literature
2374:Ibn Hawqal
2311:court of '
2184:Banu Hilal
2140:Byzantines
2055:of Granada
2046:under the
2044:al-Andalus
1996:Barghawata
1891:progenitor
1822:Banu Hilal
1775:al-Andalus
1307:Prefecture
1229:Prehistory
1004:1988 riots
849:Resistance
724:Almoravids
537:Mauretania
520:Punic Wars
411:Prehistory
167:Government
141:Shia Islam
100:(972â1057)
94:(936â1014)
7651:Senussids
7639:Husaynids
7621:Wattasids
7609:Zayyanids
7579:Hammadids
7569:(909â973)
7563:(814â922)
7557:(800â909)
7555:Aghlabids
7545:(788â985)
7539:(777â909)
7537:Rustamids
7533:(771â793)
7527:(757â976)
7525:Midrarids
7343:. Brill.
7259:. Brill.
7006:. Brill.
6906:1873-9830
6900:. Brill.
6624:ignored (
6614:cite book
6606:1873-9830
6600:. Brill.
6332:Arab News
6261:. Brill.
6083:. Brill.
6053:. Brill.
6028:. Brill.
5676:495469525
5645:Lewis, B.
5557:. Brill.
5532:. Brill.
5507:. Brill.
5243:0571-1371
5237:: 47â76.
5117:Halm 1996
5034:Halm 1996
5010:Tibi 2002
4937:. Brill.
4834:Tibi 2002
4754:. Brill.
4370:0007-9731
4262:Citations
4086:Hisham II
4012:ibn Abbas
3916:1153-1154
3900:1121-1148
3861:1121-1152
3791:ibn Yahya
3783:1116-1121
3778:ibn Yahya
3742:1105-1121
3634:1108-1116
3629:ibn Tamim
3617:1073-1090
3590:1088-1105
3583:Al-Mansur
3497:1062-1108
3481:ibn Badis
3469:1062-1088
3464:ibn Alnas
3454:1055-1062
3447:Buluggin
3439:1054-1055
3366:1016-1062
3361:ibn Badis
3359:Al-Mu'izz
3349:1038-1073
3316:1028-1054
3175:1015-1028
3074:Al-Mansur
2667:, 984â996
2631:standards
2629:(rayĂąt),
2625:(a'lĂ m),
2336:in 1167.
2317:Marrakesh
1973:al-Mu'izz
1934:Sijilmasa
1918:Abu Yazid
1914:Kharijite
1862:sedentary
1787:Badisides
1783:Hammadids
1683:), was a
1680:banƫ zīrī
1674:romanized
1661:Banu Ziri
1650:romanized
1321:Exarchate
1265:1st Roman
1031:Massacres
981:1960sâ80s
756:Ziyyanids
716:Hammadids
700:Maghrawas
684:Aghlabids
668:Rustamids
502:Phoenicia
495:Antiquity
480:Related:
468:Madghacen
133:Religion
7633:'Alawids
7615:Marinids
7597:Almohads
7567:Fatimids
7549:Ifranids
7543:Idrisids
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7384:"ZÄ«rids"
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4219:See also
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4090:de facto
3893:al-Hasan
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3479:Buluggin
3434:ibn Qaid
3322:Muhammad
3219:996-1016
3038:ibn Ziri
3027:ibn Ziri
2933:ibn Ziri
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2777:Ziri ibn
2627:pennants
2550:for the
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2397:of the "
2326:al-Hasan
2288:al-Hasan
2276:Sardinia
2272:Carthage
2240:Nicotera
2236:Calabria
2186:and the
2144:Calabria
2099:Qayrawan
2087:Hammadid
2062:Maghrawa
1969:Kairouan
1961:Ifriqiya
1948:in 971.
1877:Isma'ili
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1190:a series
1188:Part of
1026:Timeline
740:Marinids
732:Almohads
692:Fatimids
676:Idrisids
652:Ifranids
615:Gemellae
605:Partenia
381:a series
379:Part of
260:Currency
171:Monarchy
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7695:Sanhaja
7627:Sa'dids
7603:Hafsids
7507:Maghreb
7205:Sources
6540:Hippone
5991:Arabica
5967:, Brill
5779:5 March
5713:5 March
5251:4629221
5158:NedâSam
4172:Seville
4164:Almeria
3895:ibn Ali
3432:Muhsin
3081:984-996
2938:972-984
2571:in situ
2566:maqsura
2561:maqsura
2540:maqsura
2522:on the
2504:minaret
2381:Culture
2367:Normans
2363:sorghum
2340:Economy
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2309:Almohad
2163:Palermo
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2120:Baghdad
2112:Shiites
2008:Tripoli
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1869:Algeria
1865:Talkata
1858:Berbers
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1844:History
1830:Normans
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1428:Almohad
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1351:Umayyad
1246:Ancient
1201:Tunisia
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