Zodiac - Knowledge

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that date. Next, the astrologer would use an Ephemeris, a table denoting the mean position of the planets and stars within the sky at any given time. Finally, the astrologer would add the altitude of the sun taken from the astrolabe, with the mean position of the planets on the person's birthday, and add them together on the takht (also known as the dustboard). The dust board was merely a tablet covered in sand; on which the calculations could be made and erased easily. Once this had been calculated, the astrologer was then able to interpret the horoscope. Most of these interpretations were based on the zodiac in literature. For example, there were several manuals on how to interpret each zodiac sign, the treatise relating to each individual sign and what the characteristics of these zodiacs were.

2452: 2441: 1017: 3089: 941: 1982: 511: 479: 6319: 7971: 2302: 2276: 3155:". The first 30° along the ecliptic is nominally designated as the zodiac sign Aries, which no longer falls within the proximity of the constellation Aries since the effect of precession is to move the vernal point through the backdrop of visible constellations. It is currently located near the end of the constellation Pisces, having been within that constellation since the 2nd century AD. The subsequent 30° of the ecliptic is nominally designated the zodiac sign Taurus, and so on through the twelve signs of the zodiac so that each occupies 2250: 2328: 2224: 3141: 2354: 2120: 2094: 2068: 2198: 2172: 2042: 2146: 7983: 1954: 7896: 924:, which shifts in relation to the backdrop of fixed stars at a rate of 1° every 72 years, creating the phenomenon known as precession of the equinoxes. The Hindu zodiac, being sidereal, does not maintain this seasonal alignment, but there are still similarities between the two systems. The Hindu zodiac signs and corresponding Greek signs sound very different, being in Sanskrit and Greek respectively, but their symbols are nearly identical. For example, 3057:, where he describes the phenomenon of precession and estimates its value. Ptolemy clarified that the convention of Greek mathematical astronomy was to commence the zodiac from the point of the vernal equinox and to always refer to this point as "the first degree" of Aries. This is known as the "tropical zodiac" (from the Greek word trópos, turn) because its starting point revolves through the circle of background constellations over time. 3974: 7947: 372: 7935: 115: 3079:

have no other origin than from the tropics and equinoxes, as has been already plainly shown. And, if other beginnings were allowed, it would either be necessary to exclude the natures of the signs from the theory of prognostication, or impossible to avoid error in then retaining and making use of them; as the regularity of their spaces and distances, upon which their influence depends, would then be invaded and broken in upon.

81: 7908: 2954: 3518: 7959: 970:, which has pictorial depictions of 48 constellations. The book was divided into three sections: constellations of the zodiac, constellations north of the zodiac, and southern constellations. When Al-Sufi's book, and other works, were translated in the 11th century, there were mistakes made in the translations. As a result, some stars ended up with the names of the constellation they belong to (e.g. 499: 774: 2471: 1040:

were generally widely accepted by society, many scholars condemned the use of astrology and divination, linking it to occult influences. Many theologians and scholars thought that it went against the tenets of Islam; as only God should be able to determine events rather than astrologers looking at the positions of the planets.

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have on events on the earth was important in Islamic civilization. As a rule, it was believed that the signs of the zodiac and the planets control the destiny not only of people but also of nations, and that the zodiac has the ability to determine a person's physical characteristics as well as intelligence and personal traits.

663:, a planet position was generally given with respect to a zodiacal sign alone, though less often in specific degrees within a sign. When the degrees of longitude were given, they were expressed with reference to the 30° of the zodiacal sign, i.e., not with a reference to the continuous 360° ecliptic. In astronomical 1071: 5388:

The notion received further international media attention in January 2011, when it was reported that astronomer Parke Kunkle, a board-member of the Minnesota Planetarium Society, had suggested that Ophiuchus was the zodiac's "13th sign". He later issued a statement to say he had not reported that the

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The beginnings of the signs, and likewise those of the terms, are to be taken from the equinoctial and tropical points. This rule is not only clearly stated by writers on the subject, but is especially evident by the demonstration constantly afforded, that their natures, influences and familiarities

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In order to calculate someone's horoscope, an astrologer would use 3 tools: an astrolabe, ephemeris and a takht. First, the astrologer would use an astrolabe to find the position of the sun, align the rule with the persons time of birth and then align the rete to establish the altitude of the sun on

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Astrology services were offered widely across the empire, mainly in bazaars, where people could pay for a reading. Astrology was valued in the royal courts, for example, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur used astrology to determine the best date for founding the new capital of Baghdad. Whilst horoscopes

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Because the divisions were made into equal arcs of 30° each, they constituted an ideal system of reference for making predictions about a planet's longitude. However, Babylonian techniques of observational measurements were in a rudimentary stage of evolution. They measured the position of a planet

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of Rhodes. Geminus explains that Greek astronomers of his era associate the first degrees of the zodiac signs with the two solstices and the two equinoxes, in contrast to the older Chaldean (Babylonian) system, which placed these points within the zodiac signs. This illustrates that Ptolemy merely

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Astrology emerged in the 8th century AD as a distinct discipline in Islam, with a mix of Indian, Hellenistic Iranian and other traditions blended with Greek and Islamic astronomical knowledge, for example Ptolemy's work and Al-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars. A knowledge of the influence that the stars

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encompassing the paths of the planets corresponding to the band of about 8 arc degrees above and below the ecliptic. The zodiac of a given planet is the band that contains the path of that particular body; e.g., the "zodiac of the Moon" is the band of 5° above and below the ecliptic. By extension,

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around 130 BC. Hipparchus' lost work on precession never circulated very widely until it was brought to prominence by Ptolemy, and there are few explanations of precession outside the work of Ptolemy until late Antiquity, by which time Ptolemy's influence was widely established. Ptolemy clearly

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The convention of measuring celestial longitude within individual signs was still being used in the mid-19th century, but modern astronomy now numbers degrees of celestial longitude continuously from 0° to 360°, rather than 0° to 30° within each sign. This coordinate system is primary used by

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The practice of astrology at this time could be divided into 4 broader categories: Genethlialogy, Catarchic Astrology, Interrogational Astrology and General Astrology. However the most common type of astrology was Genethlialogy, which examined all aspects of a person's life in relation to the

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What follows is a list of the signs of the modern zodiac (with the ecliptic longitudes of their first points), where 0° Aries is understood as the vernal equinox, with their Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Babylonian names. But the Sanskrit and the name equivalents (after c.500 BC) denote the

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The use of the zodiac as a means to determine astronomical measurement remained the main method for defining celestial positions by Western astronomers until the Renaissance, at which time preference moved to the equatorial coordinate system, which measures astronomical positions by

875:. Under the Greeks, and Ptolemy in particular, the planets, Houses, and signs of the zodiac were rationalized and their function set down in a way that has changed little to the present day. Ptolemy lived in the 2nd century AD, three centuries after the discovery of the 2498:

associated with them, not only because of their drifting apart due to the precession of equinoxes but because the physical constellations take up varying widths of the ecliptic, so the Sun is not in each constellation for the same amount of time. Thus,

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The discovery of precession is attributed to Hipparchus around 130 BC. Ptolemy quotes from Hipparchus' now-lost work entitled "On the Displacement of the Solstitial and Equinoctial Points" in the seventh book of his 2nd century astronomical text,

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th (30°) of the zodiac's great circle. Zodiac signs have never been used to determine the boundaries of astronomical constellations that lie in the vicinity of the zodiac, which are, and always have been, irregular in their size and shape.

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always falling either on 20 or 21 March in the period of 1797 to 2043, falling on 19 March in 1796 the last time and in 2044 the next. The vernal equinox has fallen on 20 March UT since 2008, and will continue to do so until 2043.

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constellations only, not the tropical zodiac signs. The "English translation" is not usually used by English speakers. The Latin names are standard English usage (except that "Capricorn" is used rather than "Capricornus").

2423:). In addition, because the Earth's axis is at an angle, some signs take longer to rise than others, and the farther away from the equator the observer is situated, the greater the difference. Thus, signs are spoken of as 3120:

is measured in degrees east of the vernal equinox (the ascending intersection of the ecliptic and equator). The zodiac is narrow in angular terms because most of the Sun's planets have orbits that have only a slight

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in reference to a set of "normal stars" close to the ecliptic (±9° of latitude). The normal stars were used as observational reference points to help position a planet within this ecliptic coordinate system.

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The Sun's placement upon the vernal equinox, which occurs annually around 21 March, defines the starting point for measurement, the first degree of which is historically known as the "

2973:". At the time, it is assumed, the precession of the equinoxes was unknown. Contemporary use of the coordinate system is presented with the choice of interpreting the system either as 3197:

that originates from their scattering of sunlight. While its name is derived from the zodiac, the zodiacal light covers the entire night sky, with enhancements in certain directions.

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takes the sidereal one. This results in the originally unified zodiacal coordinate system drifting apart gradually, with a clockwise (westward) precession of 1.4 degrees per century.

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Licquia, Timothy C.; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Brinchmann, Jarle (August 2015). "Unveiling the Milky Way: A New Technique for Determining the Optical Color and Luminosity of Our Galaxy".

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In Unicode, the symbols of zodiac signs are encoded in block "Miscellaneous Symbols". They can be forced to look like text by appending U+FE0E, or like emojis by appending U+FE0F:

675:). For daily ephemerides, the daily positions of a planet were not as important as the astrologically significant dates when the planet crossed from one zodiacal sign to the next. 5426: 4230: 3074:, where he explains why it would be an error to associate the regularly spaced signs of the seasonally aligned zodiac with the irregular boundaries of the visible constellations: 2531:

remedies this by assigning the zodiac sign approximately to the corresponding constellation. This alignment needs re calibrating every so often to keep the alignment in place.

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Because the signs are each 30° in longitude but constellations have irregular shapes, and because of precession, they do not correspond exactly to the boundaries of the

5743: 601:, thus creating the first known celestial coordinate system. According to calculations by modern astrophysics, the zodiac was introduced between 409 and 398 BC, during 2400:

Ophiuchus is not a sign in traditional forms of tropical and sidereal astrology, and only appears in a few forms of astrology which use the IAU-defined constellations.

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Angers Cathedral South Rose Window of Christ (center) with elders (bottom half) and zodiac (top half). Medieval stained glass by Andre Robin after the fire of 1451

2648:, The Southern Fish, is attached to Aquarius. In classical maps, it swallows the stream poured out of Aquarius' pitcher, but perhaps it formerly just swam in it. 2573:

Some "parazodiacal" constellations are touched by the paths of the planets, leading to counts of up to 25 "constellations of the zodiac". The ancient Babylonian

5219: 4126: 398:(mid-1st millennium BC), which, in turn, derived from an earlier system of lists of stars along the ecliptic. The construction of the zodiac is described in 4940: 6305: 3060:

The principle of the vernal point acting as the first degree of the zodiac for Greek astronomers is described in the 1st century BC astronomical text of

3186:. The orientation of equatorial coordinates are aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation, rather than the plane of the planet's orbit around the Sun. 888:, by which the zodiac is aligned to the equinoxes and solstices, rather than the visible constellations that bear the same names as the zodiac signs. 7826: 6659: 2552:, the bottom part of which interjects between Scorpio and Sagittarius. Occasionally this difference between the astronomical constellations and the 1056:. The "Longitude of the Sun" columns show the sign (represented as a digit from 0 to and including 11), degrees from 0 to 29, minutes, and seconds. 225:

The signs have been used to determine the time of the year by identifying each sign with the days of the year the Sun is in the respective sign. In

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meaning 'small part', i.e. movement of equinoxes in small parts. It is unclear when Indians became aware of the precession of the equinoxes, but

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These two maps of the constellations, made two centuries apart, both show the zodiac constellations along a curved line representing the

5829: 5418: 4990: 4691: 4222: 3998: 3894: 644:, the time of year the Sun is in a given constellation has changed since Babylonian times, as the point of March equinox has moved from 7167: 6223: 5653: 597:

astronomers divided the ecliptic into 12 equal "signs", by analogy to 12 schematic months of 30 days each. Each sign contained 30° of

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by the Moon and other solar system bodies. These events can be useful, for example, to estimate the cross-sectional dimensions of a

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Ptolemy demonstrates that the principle of the tropical zodiac was well known to his predecessors within his astrological text, the

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A volvella of the moon. A volvella is a moveable device for working out the position of the Sun and Moon in the zodiac, 15th century

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clarified the convention of Greek astronomers and did not originate the principle of the tropical zodiac, as is sometimes assumed.

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is mistakenly reported in the popular press as a "change" to the list of traditional signs by some astronomical body like the IAU,

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as the origin of longitude. In modern astronomy, the ecliptic coordinate system is still used for tracking Solar System objects.

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As each sign takes up exactly 30 degrees of the zodiac, the average duration of the solar stay in each sign is one twelfth of a

916:, which makes reference to the fixed stars. The tropical zodiac (of Mesopotamian origin) is divided by the intersections of the 5172: 4798: 233:, the time of each sign is associated with different attributes. Though the zodiacal system and its angular measurement in 360 5777:

The Longitude of a Celestial Object is reckoned on the Ecliptic, in signs and degrees, eastward from the first point of Aries.

5296: 3112:, within which the orbits of the Moon and the principal planets remain. It is a feature of the ecliptic coordinate system – a 8033: 6652: 5823: 5735: 4829: 4685: 4505: 3793: 707:, the Man as Aquarius and the Eagle as a higher aspect of Scorpio. Some authors have linked the signs of the zodiac with the 6368: 6606: 6113: 5797: 5683: 5536: 4478: 1020:

Ottoman-style sundial with folded gnomon and compass. The sundial features engraved toponyms in Arabic and zodiac symbols.

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Astronomically, the zodiac defines a belt of space extending 8° or 9° in celestial latitude to the north and south of the

2419:, the duration of each sign varies appreciably, between about 29.4 days for Capricorn and about 31.4 days for Cancer (see 1973:. These variations remain within less than two days' difference in the recent past and the near-future, vernal equinox in 7124: 6920: 6290: 5288: 4716: 847:

The earliest extant Greek text using the Babylonian division of the zodiac into 12 signs of 30 equal degrees each is the

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Jean Meeus, Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, 1983 published by Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, Virginia

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zodiac ought to include 13 signs instead of 12, but was only mentioning that there were 13 constellations; reported in

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gives equations for measurement of precession of equinoxes, and says his equations are based on some lost equations of

1128: 343: 1965:, and all other dates shift accordingly. The precise Gregorian times and dates vary slightly from year to year as the 6676: 5918: 5768:

The British Celestial Atlas: Being a Complete Guide to the Attainment of a Practical Knowledge of the Heavenly Bodies

5229: 4558: 4379: 4312: 4206: 4120: 3888: 3821: 3733: 751:

representing the middle signs of Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, and Scorpio, respectively. Such connections were taken up by

4341:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 88, American Philosophical Society, pp. i–164, 3855: 605:, and probably within a very few years of 401 BC. Unlike modern astrologers, who place the beginning of the sign of 331: 7664: 6645: 6013: 4900: 4097: 2677: 2032: 2548:. In addition to the twelve constellations after which the twelve zodiac signs are named, the ecliptic intersects 544:

catalogue, which was compiled around 1000 BC. Some constellations can be traced even further back, to Bronze Age (

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Britton, John P. (2010), "Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac",

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th of the full circle, but the time spent by the Sun in each sign varies slightly due to the eccentricity of the

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BC). Particularly important in the development of Western horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer

660: 610: 288: 260:, the time of year that the Sun is in a given constellation has changed since Babylonian times, and the point of 5083:""Why is the vernal equinox called the "First Point of Aries" when the Sun is actually in Pisces on this date?"" 2451: 7160: 6216: 5512: 5272: 5251: 4936: 4583: 872: 4854: 7768: 7057: 6240: 2545: 7434: 6351: 940: 420: 6123: 8003: 6373: 3755: 3113: 2871: 2853: 1981: 641: 355: 276: 257: 5186: 4018:

Rogers, J. H. (February 1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions".

2440: 8038: 8013: 7925: 7911: 7819: 7601: 7393: 6439: 6168: 4038:

Rogers, J. H. (April 1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: II. The Mediterranean traditions".

3088: 2561: 1357: 822: 537: 412: 280: 5709: 42: 7840: 7657: 7622: 7615: 7462: 7153: 6854: 6400: 6209: 5394: 4450: 3959: 3126: 2835: 2590: 2511:. The zodiacal signs are an abstraction from the physical constellations, and each represent exactly 797:

in the Hellenistic world came to be so identified with astrology that "Chaldean wisdom" became among

38: 7863: 7629: 4473:, Time, Astronomy, and Calendars: Texts and Studies, vol. 6, Leiden: Brill, pp. 287–315, 2889: 2817: 2566: 2508: 1985:

Depiction of the southern hemisphere constellations in an 11th-century French manuscript (from the

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centered upon the ecliptic (the plane of the Earth's orbit and the Sun's apparent path), by which

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issued an attractive series of coins in gold and silver depicting the twelve signs of the zodiac.

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is a belt-shaped region of the sky that extends approximately 8° north and south (as measured in

67: 17: 5986:"A Treatise on Zodiacal Signs and Constellations: Unique Jewels on the Benefits of Keeping Time" 486:(dated year 8 of his reign or 145 AD) showing his portrait and a Zodiac wheel with the busts of 7777: 7650: 7643: 7566: 7360: 6996: 6869: 6804: 6486: 6444: 6422: 5946: 3556: 2907: 2745: 2727: 2709: 2649: 2634: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2594: 2586: 1016: 649: 570: 549: 478: 316: 269: 6459: 6128: 5908: 4631: 3688: 3006:

For the tropical zodiac used in Western astronomy and astrology, this means that the tropical

1990: 7747: 7441: 7379: 7232: 7202: 7032: 6961: 6699: 6616: 6581: 6378: 6341: 6255: 6173: 6083: 5813: 4982: 4675: 3878: 3667: 2799: 2781: 2691: 2657: 2614: 2578: 2500: 2388: 2307: 2255: 1731: 1163: 990: 961: 818: 645: 545: 387: 312: 265: 211: 5645: 4185:

he zodiac was introduced between −408 and −397 and probably within a very few years of −400.

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

3553: – Imaginary line that separates a pair of consecutive astrological signs in the zodiac 761:, attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to each tribe, in his rendition of the 7739: 7671: 7489: 7427: 7218: 7195: 7188: 7103: 6844: 6794: 6714: 6689: 6621: 6601: 6565: 6516: 6496: 6464: 6454: 6331: 6282: 6250: 6178: 6088: 6006: 5988:– a manuscript that dates back to 1831 with a focus on Arabic, Coptic and Syriac calendars. 5870: 5592: 5490:

Lee T. Shapiro, director of Morehead Planetarium University of North Carolina (Spring 1977)

5371: 5344: 5064: 4047: 4027: 3949: 3928: 3684: 3649: 3640:

Noble, William (1902), "Papers communicated to the Association. The Signs of the Zodiac.",

3565: 3532: 3152: 2416: 2333: 1795: 1236: 826: 630: 529: 472: 445: 424: 391: 376: 241: 215: 5614: 5151: 4257:(1948). "A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period". 621:), Babylonian astronomers fixed the zodiac in relation to stars, placing the beginning of 8: 7870: 7812: 7608: 7559: 7455: 7402: 7225: 6874: 6779: 6729: 6704: 6596: 6511: 6481: 6295: 6073: 5052: 3122: 3117: 3039: 2763: 2229: 1800: 1600: 966: 614: 598: 360: 284: 203: 164: 5874: 5766: 5596: 5375: 5348: 5068: 4922: 4051: 4031: 3962:

hath observed a certain Tract within whose Bounds he hath found most Comets to keep."

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Finding Our Place in the Solar System: The Scientific Story of the Copernican Revolution

3653: 8028: 8018: 7975: 7899: 7798: 7503: 7473: 7420: 7355: 7303: 7278: 7108: 7022: 6560: 6501: 6474: 6318: 6265: 6093: 6053: 6048: 6043: 5886: 5860: 4892: 4350: 4334: 4282: 4274: 4176: 4168: 3183: 2982: 2974: 2864: 2504: 2359: 2125: 2099: 2073: 2014: 2008: 1966: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1858: 1374: 1315: 1252: 1157: 913: 885: 704: 622: 433: 219: 187: 183: 179: 132: 5792:, Washington D. C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office, October 2015, pp. C6–C21, 4648: 3605: 3104:), in this composite image of the night sky above the northern and southern hemisphere 7970: 7805: 7791: 7590: 7575: 7552: 7496: 7264: 7017: 6864: 6769: 6724: 6533: 6528: 6432: 6427: 6346: 6118: 6105: 6068: 6063: 6038: 6030: 5914: 5904: 5890: 5882: 5819: 5793: 5508: 5480: 5452: 5268: 5247: 5224: 4825: 4790: 4681: 4607: 4579: 4554: 4526: 4501: 4474: 4375: 4308: 4286: 4202: 4180: 4116: 4112: 4077:. The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1933. London: Oxford University Press 3985: 3954: 3884: 3817: 3789: 3729: 2996: 2936: 2661: 2553: 2491: 2203: 2177: 2047: 1551: 1492: 1190: 1174: 1123: 1111: 1098: 986: 978: 949: 830: 790: 762: 606: 602: 574: 553: 533: 245: 226: 199: 195: 175: 160: 103: 467:, and characterize every Egyptian astrological monument. Both the famous zodiacs of 7710: 7689: 7524: 7517: 7129: 7082: 7052: 7042: 6991: 6966: 6591: 6586: 6521: 6506: 6491: 6449: 6405: 6395: 6154: 5878: 5302: 4342: 4266: 4160: 4108: 3725: 3721: 3570: 3550: 3523: 3140: 2986: 2944: 2932: 2882: 2645: 2522: 2420: 2301: 2275: 1001: 744: 724: 634: 428: 148: 87: 960:

then did their own observations, correcting Ptolemy's Almagest. One such book was

307: 7856: 7531: 7448: 7386: 7341: 7285: 7077: 7012: 6981: 6879: 6809: 6538: 6383: 6058: 5999: 5487: 5401: 4720: 3544: 3175: 3000: 2652:, The Eagle, was possibly associated with the zodiac by virtue of its main star, 2249: 2151: 2021: 1906:

These twelve signs have been arranged into a nursery rhyme as a mnemonic device:

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one, the term and the names of the twelve signs are today mostly associated with

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A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

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Some other constellations are mythologically associated with the zodiacal ones:

2327: 2223: 7987: 7963: 7703: 7636: 7538: 6940: 6819: 6754: 6734: 6388: 6336: 6190: 6183: 3833: 3627: 3538: 3194: 3190: 3097: 3045: 2966: 2846: 2665: 1974: 1556: 1094: 1052:

An example of the use of signs as astronomical coordinates may be found in the

1021: 1005: 834: 778: 736: 483: 395: 237: 63: 5558: 5220:"New astrological sign: Professor finds horoscopes may be a little off kilter" 4713: 4164: 3034: 2353: 2119: 2093: 2067: 696: 7997: 7951: 7761: 7062: 7047: 7027: 6412: 6159: 5292: 5126:

Astrostyle: Astrology and Daily, Weekly, Monthly Horoscopes by The AstroTwins

4493: 4254: 3993: 3980: 3145: 3015: 2990: 2958: 2738: 2702: 2495: 2408: 2197: 2171: 2041: 2003: 1970: 1962: 1059: 997: 626: 618: 261: 171: 5335:

Tatum, Jeremy B. (June 2010). "The Signs and Constellations of the Zodiac".

5121: 159:, along their orbital planes. The zodiac is divided along the ecliptic into 7939: 7717: 7696: 7314: 6910: 6759: 6363: 4068:"History of the Sumerian, Accadian, Assyrian, and West Semitic calendars". 3829: 3134: 2970: 2900: 2664:

and was associated with Leo, which is shown standing on the serpent on the

2145: 1169: 909: 802: 748: 716: 699:) as the middle signs of the four quarters of the zodiac, with the Lion as 684: 168: 6637: 4446:

Influence of Babylonian Astronomy on the Subsequent Defining of the Zodiac

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planetary positions at their birth; more commonly known as our horoscope.

7784: 6749: 6694: 6271: 4367: 4300: 3179: 3130: 3093: 3070: 2978: 2918: 2810: 2756: 2630: 1947: 1927: 864: 752: 668: 664: 464: 234: 4896: 4880: 4172: 4002:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 997. 1953: 932:

means "water-pitcher" and corresponds to Aquarius, the "water-carrier".

844:, is the first known depiction of the classical zodiac of twelve signs. 301: 114: 7754: 7731: 7211: 7067: 6884: 6829: 6789: 6719: 6133: 5414: 4754:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

4627: 4354: 4278: 2475: 1709: 880: 876: 806: 728: 720: 667:, the positions of significant astronomical phenomena were computed in 503: 99: 7982: 5985: 4937:"Jahangir's 12 gold coins of the Zodiac, Mughal Empire, ca. 1620 A.D." 3182:

rather than the ecliptic-based definitions of celestial longitude and

7849: 7176: 6971: 6824: 6814: 6799: 6744: 6739: 6684: 6543: 6232: 6149: 5021: 4733:

Vitemus: the only on-line magazine devoted to medieval stained glass

3575: 3101: 2720: 2549: 2479: 2424: 982: 904:

through communications between ancient India and the Greek empire of

727:

and others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the

594: 416: 383: 348: 336: 319: 230: 151:

over the course of the year. Also within this zodiac belt appear the

4346: 4270: 7072: 6900: 6764: 6469: 6163: 5865: 4961: 4846: 3777: 3109: 3022: 2948: 2574: 2540: 2461: 1775: 1702: 1642: 1605: 1416: 1133: 1062: 989:. This included magical uses of the zodiac, as found, e.g., in the 917: 541: 528:

The division of the ecliptic into the zodiacal signs originates in

455:

As early as the 14th century BC a complete list of the 36 Egyptian

432:

the "zodiac of the comets" may refer to the band encompassing most

404: 140: 136: 95: 683:

Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is said to be reflected in the

6976: 6839: 6834: 6784: 6774: 5187:"Free Sidereal Birth Chart Calculator | Cafe Astrology .com" 3809: 3061: 2828: 2774: 2638: 2598: 2535: 1986: 1714: 1669: 1665: 1025: 921: 905: 884:

explained the theoretical basis of the western zodiac as being a

810: 794: 468: 399: 4769:

Science in the medical world: 'Book of the categories of nations

3674:; numerous examples of this notation appear throughout the book. 1008:

for the North and South transepts after the fire there in 1451.

80: 7037: 6986: 6859: 6709: 4939:

University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections. 1972.

4822:

Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astrology

2953: 2653: 1497: 1232: 1090: 953: 798: 491: 487: 460: 371: 156: 4471:

The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World

928:

means "bow" and corresponds to Sagittarius, the "archer", and

359:, "animal"). The name reflects the prominence of animals (and 5298:

Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars: a revision of the Almagest]

5012: 4923:

Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1767

4223:"No, NASA hasn't changed the zodiac signs or added a new one" 2792: 2622: 2602: 1869: 1805: 1743: 1674: 1610: 1561: 1534: 1502: 1443: 1384: 1325: 1262: 1200: 1195: 1054:

Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1767

1004:, where the master glass maker, André Robin, made the ornate 971: 498: 456: 283:, which takes the ecliptic as the origin of latitude and the 7145: 6201: 5910:

Observing Comets, Asteroids, Meteors, and the Zodiacal Light

5705: 5122:"Zodiac Sign Dates: What Are The Dates for Every Star Sign?" 4597: 4595: 2470: 6356: 5362:

Kollerstrom, N. (October 1995). "Ophiuchus and the media".

4970:

The Names of the Assyro-Babylonian Months and Their Regents

3851: 2557: 1864: 1779: 1737: 1475: 1438: 1379: 1320: 1298: 1257: 814: 152: 5811: 5608: 5606: 5315:

Ptolemy (1982) . "VII.5". In R. Catesby Taliaferro (ed.).

4824:. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. p. 617. 2593:. Modern astronomers have noted that planets pass through 773: 7321: 5991: 5947:"Zodiacal symbols in Unicode block Miscellaneous Symbols" 4592: 3945: 3690:

A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

2412: 1921: And fish with glittering scales. 144: 91: 4881:"The Role of the Astrologer in Medieval Islamic Society" 3541: – Lunar calendar classification in a 12-year cycle 427:. The term "zodiac" may also refer to the region of the 5850: 5603: 4791:"Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World" 4469:

of Hypsicles of Alexandria", in Steele, John M. (ed.),

3561:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2391:, falling between Aries and Taurus on May 12 to June 6. 5583:

Holmes, Charles Nevers (November 1914). "The Zodiac".

4735:, Issue 48, February 2011, retrieved 17 December 2013. 3170:

astronomers for observations of solar system objects.

3021:

The sidereal coordinate system takes into account the

1938:

dates on which the Sun enters a sign in the Ptolemaic

585: 564: 459:

was placed among the hieroglyphs adorning the tomb of

252:

by the 2nd century BC, as well as into developing the

7923: 4820:

Varisco, Daniel Martin (2000). Selin, Helaine (ed.).

3816:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3129:

of the Earth. Stars within the zodiac are subject to

5301:, Carnegie Institution of Washington, archived from 5040:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4199:

A Brief Introduction to Astronomy in the Middle East

3513: 3193:

of dust grains that move among the planets, and the

5733: 5643: 5612: 4500:, New York: New York University Press, p. 67, 1961:The beginning of Aries is defined as the moment of 94:causes the apparent motion of the latter along the 4851:Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation 3781: 3100:, with the zodiac marked (visually crossed by the 3096:(middle) and the rest of the zodiacal band of the 2534:The ecliptic intersects with 13 constellations of 1915: The virgin and the scales, 977:The High Middle Ages saw a revival of interest in 5729: 5727: 4771:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. XXV. 4723:', (book review of Karine Boulanger's 2010 book, 4649:"The Relation of Hellenistic to Indian Astrology" 3877:Timberlake, Todd; Wallace, Paul (28 March 2019). 3876: 678: 502:A sixth-century mosaic zodiac wheel in synagogue 375:Modern zodiac wheel showing the 12 signs used in 7995: 5939: 5815:Observing Projects Using Starry Night Enthusiast 2028:Dates based on 14-sign zodiac by Steven Schmidt 735:) corresponded to the order of the zodiac, with 335:), meaning "cycle or circle of little animals". 5419:"No, NASA Didn't Change Your Astrological Sign" 5361: 5173:"Western Sidereal Astrology Is Real Astrology:" 5055:(1940). "The Apparent Motions of the Planets". 4071:Babylonian menologies and the Semitic calendars 4040:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 4020:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 3915: 3642:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 120:Astrophotos of the twelve zodiac constellations 5818:(eighth ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 42. 5724: 5706:"International Occultation Timing Association" 5267:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 4013: 4011: 4009: 3189:The word "zodiac" is used in reference to the 2926: 2544:, as well as of the more precisely delineated 1895: 1887: 1838: 1831: 1823: 1769: 1761: 1700: 1692: 1636: 1628: 1581: 1528: 1520: 1469: 1461: 1410: 1402: 1351: 1343: 1288: 1280: 1226: 1218: 506:incorporating Greek-Byzantine elements, Israel 7161: 6653: 6217: 6007: 5502: 5453:"The Real, Real Constellations of the Zodiac" 5263:James, Edward W. (1982). Patrick Grim (ed.). 4573: 3716:Hübner, Wolfgang; Hunger, Hermann. "Zodiac". 3010:of Aries currently lies somewhere within the 952:, Greek reference books were translated into 691:interpreted the creatures that appear in the 411:Although the zodiac remains the basis of the 5287: 5057:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 4525:. New York, NY: Crescent Books. p. 16. 4520: 4372:Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy 4305:Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy 4095: 2961:along the ecliptic over the past 6,000 years 1900:"Tail of the Swallow"; DU.NU.NU "fish-cord" 768: 6667: 5913:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151. 5507:. Princeton University Press. p. 115. 5503:Evans, James; Berggren, J. Lennart (2006). 5498: 5496: 5197: 5025: 4578:. Princeton University Press. p. 113. 4574:Evans, James; Berggren, J. Lennart (2006). 4544: 4542: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4265:(4). University of Chicago Press: 271–290. 4006: 102:23.4° relative to this plane; its equator, 23: 7168: 7154: 6660: 6646: 6224: 6210: 6014: 6000: 5903: 5790:The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2017 5476: 5474: 4844: 4606:. Astrology Classics. p. 37 (I.XXV). 4423:. New York: Dover Books. pp. 213–215. 3883:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 3665: 1957:The zodiac signs in a 16th-century woodcut 402:'s comprehensive 2nd century AD work, the 24: 5864: 5446: 5444: 5328: 4874: 4872: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4667: 4636:. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 409. 3782:Lankford, John; Rothenberg, Marc (1997). 3604:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 3590: 3137:, or check a star for a close companion. 59:Area of the sky divided into twelve signs 5764: 5493: 5228:. Times. 14 January 2011. Archived from 5111:. The date in other time zones may vary. 4972:, Journal of Biblical Literature (1892). 4766: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4620: 4548: 4539: 4464: 4333: 4320: 4249: 4247: 3715: 3139: 3087: 2952: 2564:. This happened in a 1995 report of the 2469: 1980: 1952: 1015: 939: 900:, the Hindu zodiac was adopted from the 772: 593:Around the end of the fifth century BC, 509: 497: 477: 370: 167:. These signs roughly correspond to the 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6418:Astrology in the medieval Islamic world 5505:Geminos's Introduction to the Phenomena 5471: 5321:Ptolemy refers to the constellation as 5314: 5256: 5203: 4819: 4640: 4601: 4576:Geminos's Introduction to the Phenomena 4567: 4551:The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue 4150: 3808: 1011: 536:. The zodiac draws on stars in earlier 14: 7996: 5682:. Swinburne University of Technology. 5582: 5481:The Real Constellations of the Zodiac. 5450: 5441: 5337:Journal of the Royal Society of Canada 5208:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 6–8. 5051: 4878: 4869: 4775: 4492: 4442: 4374:, New York: Springer, pp. 41–45, 4307:, New York: Springer, pp. 37–38, 4196: 4037: 4017: 3984: 3083: 2570:and various reports in 2011 and 2016. 1911:The ram, the bull, the heavenly twins, 463:; they figured again in the temple of 7149: 6641: 6205: 5995: 5455:. International Planetarium Society. 5413: 5334: 5262: 4993:from the original on 2 September 2019 4857:from the original on 28 February 2023 4751: 4738: 4725:Les Vitraux de la Cathédrale d'Angers 4673: 4521:Parker, Julia; Parker, Derek (1990). 4418: 4366: 4299: 4253: 4244: 4220: 4201:(electronic ed.), London: Saqi, 4153:Archive for History of Exact Sciences 3785:History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia 3683: 3639: 3200: 3029:meaning "transit' or 'movement', and 2999:takes the tropical approach, whereas 2985:, with the signs fixed to the point ( 896:According to mathematician-historian 785:The Babylonian star catalogs entered 671:fractions of a degree (equivalent to 633:at the "Rear Star of the Goat-Fish" ( 471:display their symbols, identified by 248:. It was only then communicated into 7907: 6607:Astrology and the classical elements 6465:Classical planets in Western alchemy 5812:Clark, Alan T.; et al. (2008). 5289:Peters, Christian Heinrich Friedrich 5265:Philosophy of science and the occult 5144: 5089:from the original on 4 February 2021 4903:from the original on 20 October 2020 4801:from the original on 23 October 2020 4626: 3788:. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. 3578: – Biblical term for the Zodiac 2969:, some 2,500 years ago, during the " 821:derived in part from Babylonian and 5963:from the original on 22 August 2017 5907:; Levy, David H. (6 October 1994). 5429:from the original on 2 October 2016 4926:. London: Board of Longitude, 1766. 4680:. Penguin Books India. p. 89. 4646: 4421:Star names - Their Lore and Meaning 4233:from the original on 2 October 2016 4105:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 4064: 3845: 2965:The zodiac system was developed in 2660:in the Early Bronze Age marked the 1919:The man who holds the watering-pot, 1917:The scorpion, archer, and the goat, 1913:And next the crab, the lion shines, 56: 6317: 5712:from the original on 13 March 2018 5686:from the original on 3 August 2021 5656:from the original on 28 April 2015 5395:"Why did your zodiac sign change?" 5132:from the original on 7 August 2020 5114: 4788: 3748: 609:at the position of the Sun at the 57: 8050: 5979: 5927:from the original on 7 April 2023 5832:from the original on 7 April 2023 5771:. Baldwin & Cradock. p. 5539:from the original on 2 March 2015 4845:WInterburn, Emily (August 2005). 4694:from the original on 7 March 2023 4221:Plait, Phil (26 September 2016), 4132:from the original on 16 June 2022 3919:(1953). "History of the zodiac". 3897:from the original on 7 April 2023 3858:from the original on 4 March 2012 3697:from the original on 7 April 2023 2430: 1934:The following table compares the 386:, based on concepts inherited by 174:with the following modern names: 7981: 7969: 7957: 7945: 7933: 7906: 7895: 7894: 7665:Southern African Large Telescope 5746:from the original on 18 May 2015 5459:from the original on 1 July 2017 5085:. University of Southern Maine. 4943:from the original on 17 May 2023 4655:from the original on 3 July 2016 4465:Montelle, Clemency (2016), "The 4419:Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963). 4113:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah21289 3972: 3958:(1704): "Zodiack of the Comets, 3693:. Clarendon Press. p. 622. 3559: – Elements in zodiac signs 3516: 2840:30 November – 17 December 2822:23 November – 29 November 2786:16 September – 30 October 2450: 2439: 2352: 2326: 2300: 2274: 2262: 2259: 2248: 2222: 2196: 2170: 2144: 2118: 2092: 2066: 2040: 1989:area, probably in the milieu of 1082: 1070: 996:The zodiac is found in medieval 450: 113: 79: 8024:Astronomical coordinate systems 6612:Cultural influence of astrology 6556:Sidereal and tropical astrology 5897: 5844: 5805: 5782: 5758: 5698: 5668: 5637: 5625:from the original on 2 May 2015 5576: 5551: 5521: 5407: 5382: 5355: 5281: 5236: 5212: 5179: 5165: 5101: 5075: 5045: 5033: 5005: 4975: 4955: 4929: 4915: 4838: 4813: 4760: 4706: 4677:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 4514: 4486: 4458: 4455:summarized by anonymous editor. 4436: 4412: 4399: 4387: 4360: 4293: 4214: 4190: 4144: 4089: 4058: 3965: 3939: 3909: 3870: 3839: 3672:, J. Wilcox, London, p. 94 3049:plus the equation of Munjaala. 2957:Path taken by the point of the 2941:Sidereal and tropical astrology 2876:19 January – 15 February 2858:18 December – 18 January 2804:31 October – 22 November 2768:10 August – 15 September 2394: 2381: 2269:November 29 – December 17 2243:November 23 – November 29 2191:September 16 – October 30 1105: 1047: 891: 661:Babylonian astronomical diaries 62:For the East Asian zodiac, see 6369:Astrology in Hellenistic Egypt 5740:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5650:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5619:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5152:"Sidereal Astrology Explained" 4429:having previously been called 4407:The Real Meaning of the Zodiac 4096:Ossendrijver, Mathieu (2013). 3848:"Constellations in the zodiac" 3802: 3770: 3742: 3726:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1213810 3709: 3677: 3669:A Compleat System of Astronomy 3659: 3633: 3620: 2977:, with the signs fixed to the 2295:December 17 – January 20 2237:November 16 – December 15 2217:October 30 – November 23 2208:September 23 – October 22 2185:September 17 – October 17 2165:August 10 – September 16 935: 873:Western astrological tradition 679:Hebrew astronomy and astrology 590:"The Crayfish", among others. 106:, is shown in light blue. 13: 1: 7175: 7058:Inferior and superior planets 6231: 3583: 2894:16 February – 11 March 2546:IAU designated constellations 2312:December 22 – January 19 2289:December 16 – January 14 2286:November 22– December 21 2234:October 23 – November 21 2211:October 16 – November 15 2182:August 23 – September 22 2159:August 17 – September 16 838: 532:during the first half of the 515: 382:The zodiac was in use by the 8034:Early scientific cosmologies 6352:Christian views on astrology 4885:Bulletin d'études orientales 4633:The History of British India 4449:(PhD thesis). Archived from 4259:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 3828:Translated and annotated by 3666:Leadbetter, Charles (1742), 3535: – Symbols in astronomy 2625:very rarely passing through 1896: 1839: 1832: 1770: 1701: 1637: 1582: 1533:"The Furrow"* *"The goddess 1529: 1470: 1411: 1352: 1289: 1227: 586: 565: 514:Zodiac circle with planets, 349: 337: 320: 7: 6374:Hamburg School of Astrology 4523:The New Compleat Astrologer 3756:Online Etymology Dictionary 3630:after which they are named. 3509: 3144:Zodiacal light viewed from 3114:celestial coordinate system 2927:Precession of the equinoxes 2425:"long" or "short" ascension 1882: 1818: 1756: 1687: 1623: 1574: 1515: 1456: 1397: 1338: 1275: 1213: 789:in the 4th century BC, via 642:precession of the equinoxes 277:celestial coordinate system 258:precession of the equinoxes 10: 8055: 7135:Medieval Islamic astronomy 6932:On the Sizes and Distances 6291:Astrologers by nationality 6169:Ecliptic coordinate system 6021: 5883:10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/96 5013: 4983:"ccpo/qpn/Agru[1]" 4756:. Oxford University Press. 3921:Archiv für Orientforschung 2930: 2912:12 March – 18 April 2562:Royal Astronomical Society 1942:zodiac, and a sign in the 1870: 1806: 1744: 1675: 1611: 1562: 1503: 1444: 1385: 1326: 1263: 1201: 1109: 1095:Cathedral of Living Pillar 914:sidereal coordinate system 886:tropical coordinate system 673:minutes and seconds of arc 578: 557: 538:Babylonian star catalogues 443: 439: 413:ecliptic coordinate system 363:) among the twelve signs. 354: 342: 330: 325: 281:ecliptic coordinate system 279:, or more specifically an 61: 7889: 7681: 7658:Large Binocular Telescope 7623:Extremely Large Telescope 7616:Extremely large telescope 7589: 7472: 7412: 7333: 7295: 7256: 7249: 7183: 7125:Medieval European science 7117: 7096: 7005: 6954: 6893: 6855:Sosigenes the Peripatetic 6675: 6574: 6401:Jewish views on astrology 6304: 6281: 6239: 6142: 6102: 6029: 5853:The Astrophysical Journal 5734:Encyclopædia Britannica. 5644:Encyclopædia Britannica. 5613:Encyclopædia Britannica. 5370:. KNUDSEN; OBS: 261–262. 5246:. Alva Press, NJ. p. 10. 5244:The Astrologer's Handbook 5026: 4727:, the 11th volume of the 4197:Steele, John M. (2012) , 4165:10.1007/S00407-010-0064-Z 3037:'s 12th-century treatise 2750:21 July – 9 August 2503:takes up 5 times as much 2478:illustrating the feet of 2321:January 20 – February 16 2188:September 19 – October 16 2139:July 20 – August 10 1888: 1824: 1762: 1693: 1629: 1521: 1462: 1403: 1344: 1281: 1219: 769:Hellenistic and Roman era 625:at the "Rear Twin Star" ( 7630:Gran Telescopio Canarias 5204:Schmidt, Steven (1970). 4968:(2001); W. Muss-Arnolt, 4767:Andalusi, Salem (1991). 4719:17 December 2013 at the 4553:. Springer. p. 73. 4395:The Witness of the Stars 2732:20 June – 20 July 2696:19 April – 13 May 2415:. Due to Earth's slight 2387:The other added sign is 2367:March 15 – April 13 2338:January 20 – February 18 2318:January 27 – February 21 2315:January 15 – February 12 2266:December 6 – December 31 2240:November 10 – December 5 2162:August 24 – September 18 2156:July 23 – August 22 2133:July 17 – August 16 2052:March 21 – April 19 781:(19th-century engraving) 366: 163:, each occupying 30° of 161:12 equal parts ("signs") 39:latest accepted revision 7725:Astrology and astronomy 7435:Gravitational radiation 6850:Sosigenes of Alexandria 6669:Ancient Greek astronomy 6551:Psychological astrology 6261:Astrology and astronomy 5042:3rd ed., s.v. "Pisces." 4879:Saliba, George (1992). 4602:Ashmand, J. M. (2011). 4549:Graßhoff, Gerd (1990). 4443:Powell, Robert (2004). 4098:"Science, Mesopotamian" 3999:Encyclopædia Britannica 2714:14 May – 19 June 2347:February 16 – March 11 2214:October 15 – November 9 1969:shifts relative to the 1089:17th-century fresco of 985:and later continued in 853:Hypsicles of Alexandria 758:Joseph and His Brothers 709:twelve tribes of Israel 629:) and the beginning of 482:Roman Egyptian coin of 347:) is the diminutive of 294: 68:Zodiac (disambiguation) 7644:Hubble Space Telescope 6922:On Sizes and Distances 6487:Heliocentric astrology 6470:Geomancy and astrology 6445:Agricultural astrology 6423:Astrology in Sri Lanka 6327:Astrology by tradition 6322: 4674:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 3917:van der Waerden, B. L. 3557:Elements of the zodiac 3547: – Symbolic motif 3148: 3105: 3081: 2962: 2494:are distinct from the 2483: 2364:February 19– March 20 2344:February 22 – March 20 2341:February 13 – March 14 2292:January 1 – January 26 1994: 1993:, fl. 1020–1034) 1958: 1932: 1175:Sumero-Babylonian name 1093:in the zodiac circle, 1028: 945: 871:laid the basis of the 782: 525: 507: 495: 379: 306: 66:. For other uses, see 7748:Astroparticle physics 7483:Australian Aboriginal 7033:Deferent and epicycle 6962:Antikythera mechanism 6582:Astrology and science 6379:Hellenistic astrology 6342:Early Irish astrology 6321: 6256:Astrology and science 5535:. Random House, Inc. 5486:28 March 2016 at the 5451:Mosley, John (2011). 5417:(26 September 2016). 5325:"the serpent holder". 5242:Parker, Julia (2010) 4752:Ayduz, Salim (2014). 4731:series from France), 4651:. Project Hindsight. 4604:Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos 4339:Babylonian Horoscopes 3832:; with a foreword by 3685:Skeat, Walter William 3143: 3091: 3076: 2956: 2931:Further information: 2567:BBC Nine O'Clock News 2482:crossing the ecliptic 2473: 2411:, or 30.43 standard 1984: 1956: 1908: 1164:Romanization of Greek 1019: 991:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 943: 837:, a relief dating to 819:Hellenistic astrology 776: 711:, and with the lunar 548:) sources, including 546:Old Babylonian Empire 513: 501: 481: 444:Further information: 388:Hellenistic astronomy 374: 104:extended to the stars 7740:Astronomers Monument 7672:Very Large Telescope 7219:Astronomical symbols 7104:Babylonian astronomy 6795:Hippocrates of Chios 6622:Planets in astrology 6602:Astrological symbols 6566:Synoptical astrology 6517:Locational astrology 6497:Horoscopic astrology 6455:Electional astrology 6332:Babylonian astrology 6251:History of astrology 6179:Planets in astrology 5954:The Unicode Standard 5708:. 18 December 2017. 5400:25 June 2011 at the 4987:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu 4966:History of Astrology 4847:"Using an Astrolabe" 3608:on 26 September 2016 3566:History of astrology 3533:Astronomical symbols 3153:first point of Aries 2417:orbital eccentricity 2373:March 11 – April 18 1012:Medieval Islamic era 879:of the equinoxes by 833:(305 BC–30 BC). The 827:Horoscopic astrology 530:Babylonian astronomy 473:Karl Richard Lepsius 446:Former constellation 425:horoscopic astrology 392:Babylonian astronomy 377:horoscopic astrology 361:mythological hybrids 242:Babylonian astronomy 7813:List of astronomers 7226:Astronomical object 6875:Theon of Alexandria 6597:Astrological aspect 6512:Katarchic astrology 6482:Financial astrology 6296:List of astrologers 5875:2015ApJ...809...96L 5597:1914PA.....22..547H 5376:1995Obs...115..261K 5349:2010JRASC.104..103T 5293:Knobel, Edward Ball 5232:on 19 January 2011. 5175:. 28 November 2008. 5069:1940ASPL....3..238A 5020:. Later form (with 4964:; Peter Whitfield, 4647:Schmidt, Robert H. 4405:Kennedy, D. James. 4335:Rochberg, Francesca 4052:1998JBAA..108...79R 4032:1998JBAA..108....9R 3933:1953ArOri..16..216V 3654:1902JBAA...12..242N 3602:Oxford Dictionaries 3118:celestial longitude 3084:In modern astronomy 3040:Siddhanta Shiromani 2989:of the Sun) at the 2370:March 21 – April 15 2136:July 29 – August 23 1991:Adémar de Chabannes 1946:system proposed by 1836:"Great One", later 967:Book of Fixed Stars 958:Islamic astronomers 777:The 1st century BC 755:, who in his novel 715:, which has twelve 615:Northern Hemisphere 599:celestial longitude 569:"The Great Twins"; 434:short-period comets 275:The zodiac forms a 165:celestial longitude 29:Page version status 8004:Astrological signs 7799:Physical cosmology 7109:Egyptian astronomy 7023:Circle of latitude 6561:Sun sign astrology 6502:Judicial astrology 6475:Tarot card reading 6460:Esoteric astrology 6323: 6266:Musica universalis 6031:Astrological signs 5905:Edberg, Stephen J. 5736:"Astronomical map" 5011:Alternative form: 3986:Clerke, Agnes Mary 3201:Unicode characters 3184:celestial latitude 3149: 3106: 2979:stellar background 2963: 2554:astrological signs 2529:Sidereal astrology 2505:ecliptic longitude 2488:tropical astrology 2484: 2113:June 21 – July 20 2061:April 18 – May 13 1995: 1967:Gregorian calendar 1959: 1736:Mountain Goat or " 1353:MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL 1134:Ecliptic Longitude 1029: 946: 829:first appeared in 823:Egyptian astrology 783: 566:MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL 552:"The Twins", from 526: 508: 496: 380: 155:and the brightest 133:celestial latitude 35: 8039:Western astrology 8014:Ancient astronomy 7921: 7920: 7806:Quantum cosmology 7792:Planetary geology 7585: 7584: 7296:Celestial subject 7143: 7142: 7018:Celestial spheres 6635: 6634: 6534:Mundane astrology 6529:Medical astrology 6440:Astrology by type 6433:Western astrology 6428:Tibetan astrology 6347:Chinese astrology 6199: 6198: 6106:Western astrology 5825:978-1-4292-1866-5 5765:G. Rubie (1830). 5585:Popular Astronomy 5305:on 29 August 2013 5225:Los Angeles Times 5191:cafeastrology.com 4831:978-94-010-5820-9 4687:978-0-14-341421-6 4507:978-0-8147-8023-7 3955:Lexicon Technicum 3810:Ptolemy, Claudius 3795:978-0-8153-0322-0 3749:Harper, Douglas. 3718:Brill’s New Pauly 3507: 3506: 3211:Unicode character 3092:Two false dawns, 2997:Western astrology 2937:Epoch (astronomy) 2924: 2923: 2662:celestial equator 2377: 2376: 2130:June 21 – July 22 2107:June 16 – July 16 2087:May 13 – June 21 2078:April 20 – May 20 2058:April 16 – May 11 2055:April 14 – May 14 2025: 1904: 1903: 1740:-horned" Sea-Goat 1537:'s ear of grain" 1129:Unicode Character 1112:Astrological sign 987:Renaissance magic 979:Greco-Roman magic 791:Eudoxus of Cnidus 763:Blessing of Jacob 731:(reported in the 584: 573:"The Crab", from 563: 534:1st millennium BC 299:The English word 246:1st millennium BC 227:Western astrology 47:20 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 8046: 7986: 7985: 7974: 7973: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7929: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7882: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7827:Medieval Islamic 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7711:Astroinformatics 7706: 7699: 7692: 7690:Archaeoastronomy 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7651:Keck Observatory 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7578: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7546:Medieval Islamic 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7405: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7363: 7351: 7344: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7254: 7253: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7130:Indian astronomy 7083:Sublunary sphere 7053:Hipparchic cycle 6992:Mural instrument 6967:Armillary sphere 6946: 6936: 6926: 6916: 6906: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6592:Astrological age 6587:Archaeoastronomy 6522:Astrocartography 6507:Karmic astrology 6492:Horary astrology 6450:Astrometeorology 6406:Hebrew astronomy 6396:Jewish astrology 6226: 6219: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6155:Axial precession 6016: 6009: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5868: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5799:978-0-7077-41666 5786: 5780: 5779: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5500: 5491: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5411: 5405: 5404:13 January 2011. 5386: 5380: 5379: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5260: 5254: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4979: 4973: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4789:Sardar, Marika. 4786: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4736: 4729:Corpus Vitrearum 4714:Angers Cathedral 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4480:978-90-0431561-7 4462: 4456: 4454: 4440: 4434: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4393:Bullinger, E.W. 4391: 4385: 4384: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4035: 4015: 4004: 4003: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3846:Shapiro, Lee T. 3843: 3837: 3827: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3594: 3571:Jewish astrology 3562: 3551:Cusp (astrology) 3526: 3524:Astronomy portal 3521: 3520: 3519: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3208: 3207: 3164: 3163: 3159: 2945:Astrological age 2933:Axial precession 2671: 2670: 2646:Piscis Austrinus 2520: 2519: 2515: 2454: 2443: 2421:Equation of time 2401: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2356: 2330: 2304: 2278: 2252: 2226: 2200: 2174: 2148: 2122: 2110:July 3 – July 28 2104:May 21 – June 20 2096: 2081:May 15 – June 15 2070: 2044: 2019: 1997: 1996: 1930: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1873: 1872: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1809: 1808: 1773: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1747: 1746: 1706: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1678: 1677: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1614: 1613: 1585: 1577: 1565: 1564: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1506: 1505: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1447: 1446: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1388: 1387: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1329: 1328: 1296: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1266: 1265: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1204: 1203: 1145: 1120: 1119: 1086: 1074: 1002:Angers Cathedral 862: 858: 843: 840: 589: 583:romanized: 582: 580: 568: 562:romanized: 561: 559: 520: 517: 429:celestial sphere 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 329: 323: 240:originated with 149:celestial sphere 117: 98:(red). Earth is 83: 21: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8043: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7980: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7934: 7932: 7924: 7922: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7885: 7878: 7869: 7862: 7857:X-ray telescope 7855: 7848: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7581: 7574: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7468: 7463:Multi-messenger 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7408: 7401: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7368: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7329: 7320: 7313: 7302: 7291: 7286:Space telescope 7284: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7174: 7144: 7139: 7113: 7092: 7078:Spherical Earth 7013:Callippic cycle 7001: 6982:Equatorial ring 6950: 6944: 6934: 6924: 6914: 6904: 6889: 6880:Theon of Smyrna 6671: 6666: 6636: 6631: 6570: 6539:Natal astrology 6384:Hindu astrology 6311: 6309: 6307: 6300: 6277: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6200: 6195: 6138: 6104: 6098: 6025: 6020: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5921: 5902: 5898: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5732: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5611: 5604: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5501: 5494: 5488:Wayback Machine 5479: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5412: 5408: 5402:Wayback Machine 5387: 5383: 5364:The Observatory 5360: 5356: 5333: 5329: 5308: 5306: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5261: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5202: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4877: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4787: 4776: 4765: 4761: 4750: 4739: 4721:Wayback Machine 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4645: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4463: 4459: 4453:on 21 May 2009. 4441: 4437: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4368:Aaboe, Asger H. 4365: 4361: 4347:10.2307/1006632 4332: 4321: 4315: 4301:Aaboe, Asger H. 4298: 4294: 4271:10.2307/3515929 4252: 4245: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4195: 4191: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4059: 4036: 4016: 4007: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3944: 3940: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3840: 3824: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3664: 3660: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3560: 3545:Circle of stars 3522: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3203: 3176:right ascension 3161: 3157: 3156: 3086: 3001:Hindu astrology 2951: 2929: 2686:Brightest star 2517: 2513: 2512: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2433: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2084:June 7 – July 2 2022:Lahiri ayanamsa 2018: 2015:Sidereal zodiac 2009:Tropical zodiac 1931: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1293: 1141: 1135: 1114: 1108: 1101: 1087: 1078: 1075: 1050: 1014: 938: 894: 860: 856: 841: 831:Ptolemaic Egypt 805:the synonym of 793:. Babylonia or 787:Greek astronomy 771: 733:Book of Numbers 713:Hebrew calendar 693:book of Ezekiel 689:E. W. Bullinger 681: 518: 453: 448: 442: 396:Chaldean period 369: 321:zōdiakòs kýklos 297: 264:has moved from 250:Greek astronomy 229:, and formerly 125: 124: 123: 122: 121: 118: 109: 108: 107: 84: 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8052: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8009:Constellations 8006: 7991: 7990: 7978: 7966: 7954: 7942: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7903: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7704:Astrochemistry 7700: 7693: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7637:Hale Telescope 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7595: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7383: 7376: 7370:Visible-light 7366: 7352: 7345: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7311: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7258: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7192: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6942:On the Heavens 6938: 6928: 6918: 6915:(Eratosthenes) 6908: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6820:Philip of Opus 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6575:Related topics 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6389:Nadi astrology 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6337:Burmese zodiac 6334: 6329: 6316: 6314: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6191:Zodiacal light 6188: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160:Constellations 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5980:External links 5978: 5975: 5974: 5938: 5919: 5896: 5843: 5824: 5804: 5798: 5781: 5757: 5723: 5697: 5667: 5636: 5602: 5575: 5550: 5533:Dictionary.com 5520: 5513: 5492: 5470: 5440: 5423:Slate Magazine 5406: 5381: 5354: 5327: 5319:. p. 239. 5280: 5273: 5255: 5235: 5211: 5196: 5178: 5164: 5143: 5113: 5100: 5074: 5044: 5032: 5004: 4974: 4954: 4928: 4914: 4868: 4837: 4830: 4812: 4774: 4759: 4737: 4712:King, David. ' 4705: 4686: 4666: 4639: 4619: 4613:978-1461118251 4612: 4591: 4584: 4566: 4559: 4538: 4532:978-0517697009 4531: 4513: 4506: 4494:Saliba, George 4485: 4479: 4457: 4435: 4433:. for Scorpio. 4411: 4398: 4386: 4380: 4359: 4319: 4313: 4292: 4243: 4213: 4207: 4189: 4159:(6): 617–663, 4143: 4121: 4088: 4057: 4005: 3994:Chisholm, Hugh 3964: 3938: 3908: 3889: 3869: 3838: 3834:Owen Gingerich 3822: 3801: 3794: 3769: 3741: 3734: 3708: 3676: 3658: 3632: 3628:constellations 3619: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3539:Chinese zodiac 3536: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3202: 3199: 3195:zodiacal light 3191:zodiacal cloud 3098:zodiacal light 3085: 3082: 3046:Suryasiddhanta 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865:Kaus Australis 2862: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811:Zubeneschamali 2808: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2666:Dendera zodiac 2577:catalog lists 2496:constellations 2492:zodiacal signs 2459: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431:Constellations 2429: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1963:vernal equinox 1924: 1909: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1879: 1867: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1829: 1815: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1767: 1753: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1698: 1684: 1672: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1634: 1620: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1571: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1526: 1512: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1467: 1453: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1408: 1394: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1349: 1335: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1291: 1286: 1272: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1224: 1210: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1131: 1126: 1110:Main article: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1069: 1049: 1046: 1022:Debbane Palace 1013: 1010: 937: 934: 893: 890: 835:Dendera zodiac 779:Dendera zodiac 770: 767: 703:, the Bull as 680: 677: 611:vernal equinox 540:, such as the 484:Antoninus Pius 452: 449: 441: 438: 368: 365: 296: 293: 289:vernal equinox 285:Sun's position 172:constellations 119: 112: 111: 110: 100:axially tilted 85: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 64:Chinese zodiac 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8051: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7955: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7913: 7904: 7901: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762:Constellation 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413:Other methods 7411: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7349:Submillimetre 7346: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7308:Extragalactic 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7272:Observational 7269: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Metonic cycle 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7048:Heliocentrism 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Counter-Earth 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6935:(Aristarchus) 6933: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Maya calendar 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6310:branches and 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5920:9780521420037 5916: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5761: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5391:Mad Astronomy 5385: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5174: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053:Aitken, R. G. 5048: 5041: 5036: 5023: 5019: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4560:9780387971810 4556: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4381:9780387951362 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4314:9780387951362 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4227:Bad Astronomy 4224: 4217: 4210: 4208:9780863568961 4204: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4128: 4124: 4122:9781405179355 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3981:public domain 3968: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3896: 3892: 3890:9781107182295 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3823:0-691-00260-6 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3735:9789004122598 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3514: 3502: 3499: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3154: 3147: 3146:Cerro Paranal 3142: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127:orbital plane 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3016:Age of Pisces 3013: 3012:constellation 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2991:March equinox 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2959:March equinox 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523:Earth's orbit 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2474:18th-century 2472: 2463: 2453: 2442: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:sidereal year 2397: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2004:Constellation 2002: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1971:tropical year 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1922: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1287: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1170:Sanskrit name 1168: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:stained glass 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 942: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 889: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 867:, whose work 866: 854: 850: 845: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 775: 766: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 653: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:March equinox 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 588: 576: 572: 567: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 524: 512: 505: 500: 494:in the center 493: 489: 485: 480: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 451:Early history 447: 437: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 378: 373: 364: 362: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 328: 322: 318: 317:Ancient Greek 314: 310: 309: 305:derives from 304: 303: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 262:March equinox 259: 256:. Due to the 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 141:apparent path 138: 134: 130: 116: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88:Earth's orbit 82: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 7879: 7738: 7718:Astrophysics 7697:Astrobiology 7361:Far-infrared 7315:Local system 7250:Astronomy by 7240:... in space 7087: 6941: 6931: 6925:(Hipparchus) 6921: 6912:Catasterismi 6911: 6901: 6760:Eratosthenes 6626: 6364:Cosmobiology 6306:Traditions, 6270: 6103:Concepts in 6022: 5965:. Retrieved 5953: 5941: 5929:. Retrieved 5909: 5899: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5834:. Retrieved 5814: 5807: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5767: 5760: 5748:. Retrieved 5739: 5714:. Retrieved 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5679: 5670: 5658:. Retrieved 5649: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5618: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5566:. Retrieved 5562: 5559:"False Dawn" 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5532: 5523: 5504: 5461:. Retrieved 5431:. 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