1580:
Caspian provinces and
Transoxiana, had come under the domination of the Arab armies. Many localities in Iran staged a defense against the invaders, but in the end none was able to repulse the invasion. Even after the Arabs had subdued the country, many cities rose in rebellion, killing the Arab governor or attacking their garrisons, but reinforcements from the caliphs succeeded in putting down all these rebellions and imposing the rule of Islam. The violent subjugation of Bukhara after many uprisings is a case in point. Conversion to Islam was, however, only gradual. In the process, many acts of violence took place, Zoroastrian scriptures were burnt and many mobads executed. Once conquered politically, the Persians began to reassert themselves by maintaining Persian language and culture. Regardless, Islam was adopted by many, for political, socio-cultural or spiritual reasons, or simply by persuasion, and became the dominant religion.
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4156:
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741:
4166:
132:
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234:
36:
1172:
855:
329:
77:
1036:
1845:-based GAMAAN (Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in Iran), using online polling to provide greater anonymity for respondents, surveyed 50,000 Iranians and found 7.7% identified as Zoroastrians. However, some researchers have argued that most respondents identifying as Zoroastrian were expressing religious nationalism, with
1575:
and the
Sassanid Empire. Owing to continuous raids by Persians into the area, Caliph Umar ordered a full invasion of the Sasanian Iranian empire in 642, which was completed with the complete conquest of the Sasanians around 651. The quick conquest of Iran in a series of well coordinated multi-pronged
1325:
Although the origins of
Zurvanite Zoroastrianism are unclear, it was during the Sassanid period that it gained widespread acceptance, and many of the Sassanid emperors were, at least to some extent, Zurvanites. Zurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the Sassanid era but no traces of it remain beyond
1765:
was born. For this new nation state, the
Pahlavis chose a narrative where the pre-Islamic era was glorified and they actively promoted this narrative. The new nation-state and the people now started to view the ancient history with pride. Since Zoroastrianism is an ancient pre-Islamic religion, it
1579:
Iranian historians have sought to defend their forebears by using Arab sources to illustrate that "contrary to the claims of some historians, Iranians, in fact, fought long and hard against the invading Arabs." By 651, most of the urban centers in
Iranian lands, with the notable exception of the
978:
present in both religions. This intellectual exchange likely also changed
Zoroastrians’ ideas about their own religion, as intellectual exchange rarely occurs in isolation. These first studies set the tone for ideas about Zoroastrianism in Iran, but discussions about the origin and nature of the
3056:
Niechciał, P. (2015) "The Key
Content of Contemporary Zoroastrian Identity in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a Socio-Anthropological Approach," in Krasnowolska, A. and Rusek-Kowalska, R. (eds) Studies on the Iranian World: Medieval and Modern. Jagiellonian University Press,
1074:
This leads to the belief that the
Zoroastrian religion is the oldest religion in Iran. More importantly, it is suggested to be the original religion of Iran. Besides the inscription above, there is however not necessarily any notion or evidence for these statements.
1608:. The subsequent conversions of members of the Ilkhanate to Islam had a detrimental effect on Zoroastrianism. By the time the Mongols were expelled, Fars province had escaped major damage and Zoroastrians had moved to the north of Pars, primarily to the regions of
870:, which is the good divine. He has sacred beings alongside him, like individual deities but also natural phenomena. In opposition, there is also an embodiment of evil that wants to bring disorder and destruction. This evil comes in the form of Angra Mainyu in the
2461:
893:
religion of Indo-European origin. These are terms of modern scholarship, and there is no indication that the ancient
Zoroastrians themselves would have understood their religion in these terms, at least not until the early Islamic period.
912:(1200–600 BCE). No written records about the religion survive from Zarathushtra's own time or from ancient Iran. The earliest surviving written references to Zarathushtra seem to be those of Greek writers. The time of the
1855:
and a desire for an alternative to Islam, rather than strict adherence to the
Zoroastrian faith." The decline of Islam and the rise of Zoroastrianism among Iranians is further confirmed in GAMAAN's subsequent surveys in 2022.
4121:
1836:
Out-marriage and low birth rates affect the growth of Iran's Zoroastrian population, which according to Iran's 2012 census results stood at 25,271, though this represented an increase of 27.5% on the 2006 population.
1576:
attacks, directed by Caliph Umar from Medina several thousand kilometres from the battlefields in Iran, became his greatest triumph, contributing to his reputation as a great military and political strategist.
4131:
3373:
1840:
A June 2020 online survey found a much smaller percentage of Iranians stating they believe in Islam, with half of those surveyed indicating they had lost their religious faith. The poll, conducted by the
4045:
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1824:, currently being held by Behshid Barkhodar, the first female to represent religious minorities in Iran's legislative assembly. Locally, Zoroastrian politicians are also active. In 2013 for example,
3880:
4126:
4085:
3990:
1813:; Zoroastrianism is recognized as a religion in Iran and its followers have certain rights. The Constitution states believers are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies.
1340:
Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, which misled European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a
1333:
not the transcendental Creator, but one of two equal-but-opposite divinities under the supremacy of Zurvan. The central Zurvanite belief made Ahura Mazda (Middle Persian: Ohrmuzd) and
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was now glorified as the historic and original Iranian religion. This changed the status of Zoroastrians from being one of the most persecuted minorities in Iran to a symbol of
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4100:
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1288:; however, it saw the experience of life on earth by humans as miserable, which was in contrast to the Zoroastrian view which was to celebrate life through happiness.
1735:, the nation's capital, experienced rapid migrations from all Iranian minorities. The Zoroastrian population increased from about 50 merchants in 1881 to 500 by 1912.
1555:
invaded Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq), which was the political and economic center of the Sassanid state. Following the transfer of Khalid to the Roman front in the
4141:
4060:
4020:
3995:
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1111:. Therefore, every year representatives from each country under the rule of Persia would bring gifts to Persepolis to show their loyalty to the king and the empire.
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3945:
1070:, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king, one king over many, one lord over many."
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which burned in Pars, Media, and Parthia, respectively. Of these three, the Adur Burzen-Mihr was the most sacred fire as it was linked to the prophet
846:. The official Iranian census of 2011 recorded a total of 25,271 Zoroastrians in the country, but several unofficial accounts suggest higher figures.
2529:
Stausberg, Michael (1 January 2012). "From Power to Powerlessness: Zoroastrianism in Iranian History". In Longva, Anh Nga; Roald, Anne Sofie (eds.).
769:
1448:
484:
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1750:, which granted the Zoroastrians certain fundamental individual rights. In practice, however, they still were not equal to Muslim citizens.
866:, also known as Zarathushtra, for whom the religion is named. Contemporary Zoroastrianism is a religion whose followers worship one God,
3087:
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2800:
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destroyed what was once a vibrant community of Zoroastrians. As per official policy, Safavids wanted everyone to convert to orthoprax
1551:
in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran. Arabs first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633, when general
4200:
1589:
1208:, the Sasanians made attempts to promote Zoroastrianism there with considerable successes, and it was prominent in the pre-Christian
966:. Zoroastrianism was of particular interest to academics as a surviving pre-Islamic Iranian religion, and scholars viewing it from a
196:
2671:
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1104:. It was a glorious city known to the world as the "richest city under the sun". It was also the trading capital of the Near East.
168:
4070:
149:
95:
49:
1596:, so their persecution was not targeted against Zoroastrians. However, within half a century of the conquest, the leader of the
2033:
2750:
175:
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2363:
2337:
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in Iran started in the 1920s, the Zoroastrians started to experience more equal treatment. It was also during this time that
858:
A depiction of the Zoroastrian emblem of the Fravahar (spirit of the soul) executed in glazed tile in the town of Taft, Iran.
2963:
1719:, many Zoroastrians left Iran for India. There, they formed the second major Indian Zoroastrian community known as the
3797:
762:
17:
1367:. For much of the rest of the Sassanid era, the Manichaens were a persecuted minority, and Mani was sentenced to death by
3727:
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691:
862:
The Zoroastrian religion is supposed to have been founded around the middle of the second millennium BCE by the prophet
182:
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2100:
2050:
1062:(549 BCE–485/486 BCE), the empire was Zoroastrian. This is due to one of Darius' inscriptions, which goes as follows:
958:
European academics first came into contact with Zoroastrianism in Iran during the seventeenth century, at a time when
3178:
295:
277:
215:
113:
63:
259:
2302:
The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
164:
2941:
2499:
1053:, name of the queen of Vishtaspa (Zoroaster's royal patron), suggests that he indeed may have been a Zoroastrian.
4190:
2281:
2274:
An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100–640 A.D
1746:
As a minority, the Zoroastrians regularly faced discrimination over the years. In 1906, the state declared a new
755:
4195:
3080:
2778:
2744:
1559:, the Muslims eventually lost their holdings to Iranian counterattacks. The second invasion began in 636 under
1295:
and spent many years at his court, where he was protected during all of Shapur's reign. However, Mani wrote in
244:
153:
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in 549 BCE. As Persians expanded their empire, Zoroastrianism was introduced to Greek historians such as
3820:
3748:
1821:
1635:
1593:
1508:
1401:
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However, the Sasanians tolerated or even sometimes favored Christianity in the form of the Sasanian-centered
1141:
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Although there are no inscriptions left from the time of Cyrus about his religion, the fire-altars found at
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was the dominant religion. European interest in Iranian culture grew as part of the academic study of the
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1708:
820:
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87:
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was written. This new Constitution acknowledges the rights of recognized religious minorities, like the
1738:
3985:
3722:
1847:
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One of the main functions of Persepolis was to serve as the host of the ancient Zoroastrian festival,
3825:
3685:
3073:
2008:
1924:
1870:
1544:
808:
2580:
2204:"Our Own Religion in Ancient Persia: Dadabhai Naoroji and Orientalist Scholarship on Zoroastrianism"
189:
4205:
4000:
3812:
3790:
3188:
1934:
1538:
3717:
3036:
Gholami, S. (2022). "On the terminology designating the Zoroastrians of Iran and their language".
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1564:
676:
312:
255:
142:
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439:
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Today, Iran has the second- or third-largest Zoroastrian population in the world, behind only
3654:
2990:
2986:
2920:
2327:
1828:
was elected to the city council of Yazd and became the first Zoroastrian councillor in Iran.
1232:
726:
629:
2808:
1258:, it was still widely practiced, almost having the status of a second established religion.
1032:
but they naturally believed him to be a Persian prophet and called him "Master of the magi".
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3173:
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and called him the father of Ohrmazd, which was the Middle Persian version of Ahura Mazda
8:
4110:
3783:
3659:
3463:
1881:
1852:
1767:
1552:
1341:
651:
1235:, they sometimes persecuted it. The Sasanian authorities clashed with their subjects in
3547:
3481:
3227:
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2676:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2296:
2223:
2181:
2073:
1990:
1794:
1771:
1669:
1572:
1247:
988:
816:
564:
494:
2858:"Survey Zoroastrians: Online Religious Identification in the Islamic Republic of Iran"
1592:
resulted in millions of deaths and ruined many cities. The early Mongol invaders were
4165:
2901:
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2718:
2544:
2481:
2425:
2359:
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2277:
2227:
2185:
2096:
2077:
1994:
1806:
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1300:
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1021:
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800:
792:
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2254:
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1980:
1783:
1568:
1456:
1236:
1097:
1058:
1039:
843:
656:
479:
474:
2219:
1679:; about 20% remained, most of whom had to migrate in the late 19th century as the
947:
3276:
2649:
2353:
2203:
1916:
1754:
1548:
1296:
1224:
1186:
1120:
997:
913:
901:
812:
796:
745:
3562:
3557:
3506:
3448:
3318:
3145:
3016:
2462:"On the margins of minority life: Zoroastrians and the state in Safavid Iran 1"
1985:
1968:
1939:
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and killed hundreds of thousands of Zoroastrians alongside others who refused.
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1304:
1273:
1267:
1194:
1190:
875:
804:
784:
579:
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320:
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2608:"Refashioning Iran: Language and Culture During the Constitutional Revolution"
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1704:
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1452:
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The three great sacred fires of Persia at the time of the Sassanids were the
943:
696:
489:
394:
2832:"Iran's secular shift: new survey reveals huge changes in religious beliefs"
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2161:
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had himself introduced this practice (for perhaps political reasons) in his
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1334:
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967:
897:
584:
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419:
1355:
Zurvan in Middle Persian texts to represent the Manichean deity of light.
4169:
3775:
3639:
3453:
3332:
2884:
2701:(15 January 2011). "Zoroastrians in Iran: What Future in the Homeland?".
1902:
1842:
1758:
1601:
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1348:
1330:
1281:
1255:
867:
614:
469:
344:
2162:"The Imaginary Realm: Europe's Enlightenment Image of Early Modern Iran"
1623:
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1389:
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saw Zoroastrianism there slowly but surely decline, and as late as the
1129:
3577:
3542:
3433:
3347:
3156:
2874:
2857:
2737:"National Population and Housing Census 2011 (1390): Selected Findings"
2638:
Zoroastrians of Iran, Conversion, Assimilation, or Persistence" pp. 143
2440:
2397:
2378:
2258:
2143:
1865:
1604:, who had been raised a member of the Church of the East, converted to
1285:
1213:
1201:
1084:
1067:
1046:
1009:
971:
905:
890:
886:
559:
449:
359:
2856:
Stausberg, Michael; Arab, Pooyan Tamimi; Maleki, Ammar (August 2023).
2242:
1000:
soon established the second Persian dynasty and the first empire, the
916:' migration to Iran can be mainly estimated through Assyrian records.
831:. Some of Zoroastrianism's holiest sites are located in Iran, such as
3634:
3629:
3357:
3337:
3242:
3237:
1597:
1464:
1364:
1320:
1166:
1029:
1025:
1013:
946:(est. 612 BCE), Zoroastrianism was well established in both the
917:
863:
609:
604:
369:
349:
328:
2714:
2500:"ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Arab Conquest to Modern – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
950:
region (later capital of Persia) as well as in the Eastern regions.
262:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
131:
3572:
3496:
3491:
3065:
2058:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
1969:"From Polytheism to Monotheism: Zoroaster and Some Economic Theory"
1929:
1910:
1859:
1431:
1368:
1292:
1209:
1205:
1175:
1101:
993:
909:
885:. The Zoroastrian religion can therefore be seen as a dualistic or
740:
514:
509:
414:
1711:
was rampant. Due to the increasing contacts with influential
889:
religion, but some modern scholars see Zoroastrianism as the only
795:
that emerged around the 2nd millennium BCE, spreading through the
3603:
3537:
3516:
3362:
3287:
3166:
1307:
by his followers, who rendered the name of Mani's supreme god as
1277:
1171:
1017:
871:
634:
554:
534:
374:
1777:
1770:. This notion would carry on all the way through until the 1979
1532:
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religion still continue in both western and in Iranian studies.
3705:
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3428:
3423:
3392:
3161:
3151:
1732:
1616:, where even today the main Zoroastrian communities are found.
1613:
1571:
mountains then became a natural barrier and border between the
1567:
led to the permanent end of Sasanian control west of Iran. The
1556:
1487:
1476:
1436:
1308:
1108:
1050:
963:
939:
828:
686:
644:
639:
499:
444:
399:
934:, a tribe known to have included many priests who served both
854:
3624:
3598:
3501:
3486:
3402:
3397:
2166:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
2118:
Rationalization in Religions; Judaism, Christianity and Islam
1605:
1005:
970:
perspective were interested in the shared characteristics of
959:
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519:
504:
409:
404:
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in 451, making them officially break with the Roman Church.
3608:
3352:
3342:
1609:
1440:
1426:
1347:
The Zoroastrian cult of Zurvan should not be confused with
1284:
which contained many elements of Zoroastrianism as well as
930:
832:
788:
787:
is considered to be the oldest religion still practiced in
364:
354:
2012:
1374:
1337:(Ahriman) twin brothers that had co-existed for all time.
881:
The belief in a good and bad divine seems to be part of a
1035:
2830:
Maleki, Ammar; Arab, Pooyan Tamimi (10 September 2020).
953:
2672:"Iran Suspends Zoroastrian Member of Yazd City Council"
3038:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2466:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2116:
Shaked, Shaul (2019). "Dualists Against Monotheists".
1816:
Zoroastrians are also politically involved. Since the
2434:
1742:
Imperial emblem of the Pahlavi dynasty (Lion and Sun)
1028:; each giving a different date regarding the life of
823:
led to them becoming a religious minority amidst the
2779:"Iranians have lost their faith according to survey"
1892:
1329:
Unlike Mazdean Zoroastrianism, Zurvanism considered
2855:
2445:
Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
2402:
Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
2383:
Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
2148:
Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1788:
1049:, as well as the fact that he called his daughter
2964:"RIP: Professor Emeritus Farhang Mehr Dies at 94"
2416:"Ghazan had been baptized and raised a Christian"
2329:The Making of the Georgian Nation, Second Edition
1543:The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the
799:and eventually gaining official status under the
4182:
2987:"Anǰoman-e Zartoštīān (Society of Zoroastrians)"
2424:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, p. 120
1860:Notable Iranian Zoroastrians of the 20th century
803:in the 6th century BCE. It remained the Iranian
2605:
1831:
1092:(or Parsa) was one of the four capitals of the
90:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2773:
2771:
2650:"Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran"
2630:
3791:
3303:
3081:
2271:
2034:Iran is young, urbanised and educated: census
1778:Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1533:Founding of Islam and Arab conquest of Persia
1303:, and all his work had to be translated into
763:
2862:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
2807:(in Persian). 23 August 2020. Archived from
2095:(1st ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 180.
2093:Zoroastrianism : A Concise Introduction
27:Overview of the Zoroastrian populace in Iran
2801:"گزارش نظرسنجی درباره نگرش ایرانیان به دین"
2768:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
1731:Starting from the early twentieth century,
1261:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3805:
3798:
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3310:
3296:
3088:
3074:
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1200:During the period of their centuries-long
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756:
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2873:
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2538:
2528:
1984:
1590:Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia
1584:Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia
1470:
1314:
296:Learn how and when to remove this message
278:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
2956:
2914:
2391:
2332:. Indiana University Press. p. 22.
2305:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 160.
2240:
2124:
1737:
1690:
1666:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
1430:
1229:Christianity as the Roman state religion
1170:
1078:
1034:
853:
3061:Images of modern Zoroastrianism in Iran
3035:
3015:
2805:گَمان – گروه مطالعات افکارسنجی ایرانیان
2159:
1966:
1420:
1375:Reformation of the Zoroastrian calendar
14:
4183:
2984:
2115:
2048:
1761:in Iran started to rise and Iran as a
1683:imposed greater restrictions on them.
1481:
3779:
3291:
3069:
2944:. A Zoroastrian Educational Institute
2793:
2697:
2201:
2090:
1820:, they are allocated one seat in the
954:Scholarship on Zoroastrianism in Iran
3095:
2781:. Iran International. 25 August 2020
2358:. Passport Books. 1992. p. 34.
2325:
2295:
2197:
2195:
1962:
1960:
1618:
1491:
1384:
1250:. The acceptance of Christianity in
1124:
1056:It is suggested that by the time of
982:
227:
154:adding citations to reliable sources
125:
70:
29:
1715: philanthropists such as
1363:, which he dedicated to his patron
1227:, the Sasanians were suspicious of
807:until the 7th century CE, when the
692:Zoroastrianism in the United States
24:
3317:
3029:
2202:Patel, Dinyar (2 September 2017).
2049:Hintze, Almut (19 December 2013).
1726:
1675:The majority of Zoroastrians also
1659:
1527:
1197:and promoted a religious revival.
1160:
1114:
25:
4222:
2606:Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamad (1990).
2192:
2091:Moore, George (30 January 2008).
1957:
1884:, also known as Arbob Keikhoshrow
45:This article has multiple issues.
4201:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
4164:
4155:
4154:
3760:
3759:
2051:"Monotheism the Zoroastrian Way"
1935:Religion in Iran#Other religions
1909:
1895:
1686:
1654:
1622:
1495:
1388:
1128:
920:(I, 101) called one of the
739:
232:
130:
75:
34:
2978:
2934:
2908:
2849:
2823:
2729:
2691:
2664:
2642:
2599:
2522:
2513:
2492:
2453:
2410:
2346:
2319:
2289:
2265:
2234:
1789:Rights of non-Muslim minorities
1280:of noble roots who established
1223:, Persia's archrival since the
141:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
4122:British Indian Ocean Territory
2241:Skjaervo, Prods Oktor (2014).
2153:
2109:
2084:
2042:
2027:
2001:
874:and in the form of Ahreman in
13:
1:
2460:Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2017).
2406:Under the mid Sassanid period
2276:, Gorgias Press, p. 34,
2220:10.1080/23801883.2017.1370238
2208:Global Intellectual History 2
1945:
1873:, also known as Arbob Jamshid
1822:Islamic Consultative Assembly
1695:A Zoroastrian family in
900:and his first followers were
849:
3021:Minorities in the Arab World
2326:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994).
1950:
1832:Demographics and conversions
1818:Persian Constitution of 1906
1563:, when a key victory at the
1291:Mani was received kindly by
1212:, especially in what is now
811:resulted in the fall of the
7:
2942:"Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian"
1888:
1709:persecution of Zoroastrians
821:persecution of Zoroastrians
722:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
702:Persecution of Zoroastrians
258:the claims made and adding
10:
4227:
3008:
2422:Religions of the Silk Road
2387:Under the early Sassanians
2009:"درگاه ملی آمار > خانه"
1986:10.1007/s41412-021-00113-4
1781:
1536:
1485:
1474:
1424:
1378:
1318:
1265:
1164:
1118:
1082:
986:
4211:Zoroastrianism by country
4150:
4109:
4069:
3811:
3757:
3736:
3673:
3617:
3591:
3530:
3416:
3380:
3369:
3325:
3259:
3213:
3133:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3050:10.1017/S0041977X22000313
2636:Janet Kestenberg Amighi "
2624:10.1080/00210869008701750
2540:10.1163/9789004216846_009
2478:10.1017/S0041977X17000015
2178:10.1215/1089201X-2010-027
2070:10.1017/s1356186313000333
1925:Firooz Bahram High School
1871:Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian
3871:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3459:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1547:, led to the end of the
1539:Islamic conquest of Iran
1262:Emergence of Manichaeism
844:Kurdistan Region of Iraq
475:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
165:"Zoroastrianism in Iran"
4132:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3645:Three Persian religions
2703:The Middle East Journal
2560:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnw4.12
1967:Ferrero, Mario (2021).
1219:Due to its ties to the
827:, as many fled east to
809:Arab conquest of Persia
4191:Zoroastrianism in Iran
3806:Zoroastrianism in Asia
2272:Wigram, W. A. (2004),
2160:Matthee, Rudi (2010).
1743:
1717:Maneckji Limji Hataria
1700:
1699: Iran about 1910.
1594:members of many faiths
1471:Mazdakite Zoroastrians
1444:
1315:Zurvanite Zoroastrians
1182:
1178:'s inscription at the
1072:
1042:
859:
440:Zoroastrian literature
4196:Ethnic groups in Iran
3749:Fire temples in India
3417:Scripture and worship
3023:, New York: AMS Press
2991:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2921:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2355:The Georgian Republic
2299:(28 September 2014).
2243:"Achaemenid Religion"
1741:
1694:
1545:Arab conquest of Iran
1434:
1233:Constantine the Great
1231:. After the reign of
1174:
1079:Persepolis and Nowruz
1064:
1038:
942:. By the time of the
904:who lived during the
857:
727:Zoroastrian cosmology
677:Zoroastrians in India
433:Scripture and worship
4046:United Arab Emirates
3744:Fire temples in Iran
3531:Accounts and legends
2533:. pp. 171–193.
1851:interpreting it as "
1799:Constitution of Iran
1565:Battle of Qadisiyyah
1421:Sacred fires of Iran
1381:Zoroastrian calendar
829:take refuge in India
825:Islamization of Iran
682:Zoroastrians in Iran
548:Accounts and legends
150:improve this article
18:Zoroastrians in Iran
4073:limited recognition
3618:History and culture
3464:Udvada Atash Behram
2756:on 16 November 2015
1882:Keikhosrow Shahrokh
1853:Persian nationalism
1768:Iranian nationalism
1561:Saad ibn Abi Waqqas
1482:State of the Avesta
1189:(224-651) declared
1004:, by defeating the
976:dualistic cosmology
746:Religion portal
598:History and culture
3548:Book of Arda Viraf
3482:Cypress of Kashmar
2875:10.1111/jssr.12870
2677:The New York Times
2297:Rapp, Stephen H Jr
2259:10.1111/rec3.12110
1795:Iranian Revolution
1772:Islamic Revolution
1744:
1701:
1634:. You can help by
1573:Rashidun Caliphate
1507:. You can help by
1445:
1400:. You can help by
1326:the 10th century.
1248:Church of the East
1183:
1140:. You can help by
1043:
989:Achaemenid dynasty
883:dualistic religion
860:
817:Rashidun Caliphate
565:Book of Arda Viraf
495:Cypress of Kashmar
243:possibly contains
94:You can assist by
4178:
4177:
4115:other territories
3773:
3772:
3285:
3284:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3209:
3208:
3057:pp. 149–156.
2811:on 8 October 2020
2652:. 24 October 1979
2587:Missing or empty
2449:Under the Caliphs
2430:978-0-230-62125-1
2365:978-0-8442-9677-7
2339:978-0-253-20915-3
2312:978-1-4724-2552-2
1807:Iranian Assyrians
1803:Iranian Armenians
1652:
1651:
1525:
1524:
1463:himself and king
1418:
1417:
1241:Battle of Avarayr
1180:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1158:
1157:
1094:Achaemenid empire
1002:Achaemenid Empire
983:Achaemenid period
842:and possibly the
819:. Over time, the
801:Achaemenid Empire
780:
779:
306:
305:
298:
288:
287:
280:
245:original research
226:
225:
218:
200:
124:
123:
116:
68:
16:(Redirected from
4218:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4127:Christmas Island
3813:Sovereign states
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3763:
3762:
3728:in United States
3469:Adur Burzen-Mihr
3375:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3218:
3217:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:Religion in Iran
3090:
3083:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3053:
3024:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2887:
2877:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:The Conversation
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2749:. Archived from
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2680:, 9 October 2017
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2542:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2414:
2408:
2395:
2389:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2247:Religion Compass
2238:
2232:
2231:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2141:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1973:Homo Oeconomicus
1964:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1848:The Conversation
1784:Religion in Iran
1703:During the
1647:
1644:
1626:
1619:
1553:Khalid ibn Walid
1520:
1517:
1499:
1492:
1457:Adur Burzen-Mihr
1413:
1410:
1392:
1385:
1301:Semitic language
1293:Emperor Shapur I
1252:Caucasian Iberia
1237:Sasanian Armenia
1153:
1150:
1132:
1125:
1098:Darius the Great
1066:"A great God is
1059:Darius the Great
1040:Darius the Great
793:Iranian religion
772:
765:
758:
744:
743:
480:Adur Burzen-Mihr
331:
308:
307:
301:
294:
283:
276:
272:
269:
263:
260:inline citations
236:
235:
228:
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
199:
158:
134:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4206:History of Iran
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4146:
4114:
4105:
4086:Northern Cyprus
4072:
4065:
3807:
3804:
3774:
3769:
3753:
3732:
3669:
3613:
3587:
3558:Story of Sanjan
3526:
3412:
3381:Divine entities
3376:
3367:
3321:
3316:
3286:
3281:
3260:Other religions
3247:
3205:
3129:
3099:
3094:
3032:
3030:Further reading
3027:
3017:Hourani, Albert
3011:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2909:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2715:10.3751/65.1.14
2696:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2612:Iranian Studies
2604:
2600:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2551:
2550:978-900420742-4
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2458:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2270:
2266:
2239:
2235:
2200:
2193:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2089:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2015:on 19 July 2013
2007:
2006:
2002:
1979:(1–4): 77–108.
1965:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1917:Religion portal
1915:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1862:
1834:
1797:in 1979, a new
1791:
1786:
1780:
1729:
1727:Pahlavi dynasty
1689:
1670:Twelver Shi'ism
1662:
1660:Safavid dynasty
1657:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1632:needs expansion
1586:
1549:Sasanian Empire
1541:
1535:
1530:
1528:Medieval period
1521:
1515:
1512:
1505:needs expansion
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1398:needs expansion
1383:
1377:
1323:
1317:
1270:
1264:
1225:Parthian Empire
1187:Sasanian Empire
1169:
1163:
1161:Sasanian period
1154:
1148:
1145:
1138:needs expansion
1123:
1121:Parthian Empire
1117:
1115:Parthian period
1087:
1081:
998:Cyrus the Great
991:
985:
956:
914:Iranian peoples
852:
815:to the nascent
813:Sasanian Empire
797:Iranian plateau
776:
738:
733:
732:
731:
716:
708:
707:
706:
671:
663:
662:
661:
620:
619:
599:
591:
590:
589:
575:Story of Sanjan
549:
541:
540:
539:
434:
426:
425:
424:
389:
388:Divine entities
381:
380:
379:
339:
302:
291:
290:
289:
284:
273:
267:
264:
249:
237:
233:
222:
211:
205:
202:
159:
157:
147:
135:
120:
109:
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100:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4224:
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4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
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4175:
4173:
4172:
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4151:
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4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4107:
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4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
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4077:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
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4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
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3958:
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3868:
3863:
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3848:
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3838:
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3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3771:
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3755:
3754:
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3751:
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3715:
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3688:
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3670:
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3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
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3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:Chinvat Bridge
3560:
3555:
3553:Book of Jamasp
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Khordeh Avesta
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Airyaman ishya
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Amesha Spentas
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3326:Primary topics
3323:
3322:
3319:Zoroastrianism
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3201:Zoroastrianism
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2977:
2966:. 9 March 2018
2955:
2933:
2915:Farhang Mehr.
2907:
2868:(4): 823–844.
2848:
2822:
2792:
2767:
2728:
2699:Foltz, Richard
2690:
2663:
2641:
2629:
2598:
2577:|journal=
2549:
2521:
2512:
2491:
2452:
2433:
2409:
2390:
2371:
2364:
2345:
2338:
2318:
2311:
2288:
2282:
2264:
2253:(6): 175–183.
2233:
2191:
2152:
2123:
2108:
2102:978-1593338817
2101:
2083:
2041:
2026:
2000:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1940:Sarv-e Abarkuh
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1833:
1830:
1826:Sepanta Niknam
1790:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1728:
1725:
1688:
1685:
1677:left for India
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1629:
1627:
1585:
1582:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1500:
1486:Main article:
1483:
1480:
1475:Main article:
1472:
1469:
1425:Main article:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1393:
1379:Main article:
1376:
1373:
1351:'s use of the
1319:Main article:
1316:
1313:
1305:Middle Persian
1268:Mani (prophet)
1266:Main article:
1263:
1260:
1195:state religion
1191:Zoroastrianism
1165:Main article:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1135:
1133:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
987:Main article:
984:
981:
955:
952:
876:Middle Persian
851:
848:
805:state religion
785:Zoroastrianism
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
749:
748:
735:
734:
730:
729:
724:
718:
717:
715:Related topics
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
669:
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665:
664:
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654:
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647:
642:
632:
627:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
582:
580:Chinvat Bridge
577:
572:
570:Book of Jamasp
567:
562:
557:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Khordeh Avesta
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Airyaman ishya
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:Amesha Spentas
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
341:
340:
338:Primary topics
337:
336:
333:
332:
324:
323:
321:Zoroastrianism
317:
316:
304:
303:
286:
285:
240:
238:
231:
224:
223:
138:
136:
129:
122:
121:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:South Ossetia
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
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4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
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3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
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3872:
3869:
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3819:
3818:
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3814:
3810:
3801:
3796:
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3781:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:in Azerbaijan
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
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3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
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3566:
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3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Adur Gushnasp
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3361:
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3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
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3336:
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3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2965:
2959:
2943:
2937:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2885:11250/3094992
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:Richard Foltz
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(2): 225–49.
2063:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:Pahlavi reign
1751:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Qajar dynasty
1698:
1693:
1687:Qajar dynasty
1684:
1682:
1681:Qajar dynasty
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1655:Modern period
1646:
1637:
1633:
1630:This section
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1503:This section
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Adur Gushnasp
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1396:This section
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1136:This section
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
980:
977:
974:theology and
973:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
944:Median empire
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
856:
847:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
747:
742:
737:
736:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
712:
711:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
667:
666:
658:
655:
653:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
595:
594:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
545:
544:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Adur Gushnasp
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
430:
429:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
385:
384:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
335:
334:
330:
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:
314:
310:
309:
300:
297:
282:
279:
271:
261:
257:
253:
247:
246:
241:This article
239:
230:
229:
220:
217:
209:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167: –
166:
162:
161:Find sources:
155:
151:
145:
144:
139:This article
137:
133:
128:
127:
118:
115:
107:
97:
91:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4111:Dependencies
4041:Turkmenistan
4006:Saudi Arabia
3895:
3764:
3712:
3568:Frashokereti
3522:Atash Behram
3512:The Revayats
3473:Adur Farnbag
3454:Fire Temples
3444:Yenghe hatam
3439:Ahuna Vairya
3408:Angra Mainyu
3233:Baháʼí Faith
3214:Unrecognized
3174:Christianity
3044:(1): 47–72.
3041:
3037:
3020:
2994:. Retrieved
2985:M. Kasheff.
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2917:"Rostam Giv"
2910:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2804:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2758:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2743:
2731:
2709:(1): 73–84.
2706:
2702:
2693:
2682:, retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2644:
2637:
2632:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2589:|title=
2524:
2519:Hukht (1973)
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2494:
2472:(1): 45–71.
2469:
2465:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2421:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2354:
2348:
2328:
2321:
2301:
2291:
2273:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2211:
2207:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2147:
2117:
2111:
2092:
2086:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2038:The National
2037:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2003:
1976:
1972:
1877:Farhang Mehr
1846:
1839:
1835:
1815:
1811:Persian Jews
1792:
1763:nation state
1752:
1748:Constitution
1745:
1730:
1707:, religious
1702:
1674:
1663:
1640:
1636:adding to it
1631:
1587:
1578:
1542:
1513:
1509:adding to it
1504:
1449:Adur Farnbag
1446:
1435:Zoroastrian
1406:
1402:adding to it
1397:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1335:Angra Mainyu
1328:
1324:
1290:
1274:prophet Mani
1271:
1245:
1221:Roman Empire
1218:
1199:
1184:
1146:
1142:adding to it
1137:
1106:
1100:and his son
1089:
1088:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1044:
992:
972:monotheistic
957:
929:
925:
898:Zarathushtra
896:
891:monotheistic
887:polytheistic
880:
861:
837:
783:
781:
585:Frashokereti
530:The Rivayats
485:Adur Farnbag
470:Fire Temples
460:Yenghe hatam
455:Ahuna Vairya
420:Angra Mainyu
292:
274:
265:
242:
212:
203:
193:
186:
179:
172:
160:
148:Please help
143:verification
140:
110:
101:
88:copy editing
86:may require
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4170:Asia portal
4071:States with
3991:Philippines
3931:South Korea
3926:North Korea
3821:Afghanistan
3723:in Pakistan
3681:Persecution
3640:Khurramites
3353:Persia/Iran
3338:Zarathustra
3333:Ahura Mazda
3146:Zaydi Shi'a
3125:Islam, Shia
2996:11 December
2948:25 November
2760:12 December
2618:(1–4): 82.
2283:159333103-7
2019:10 December
1903:Iran portal
1843:Netherlands
1759:nationalism
1602:Ghazan Khan
1461:Zarathustra
1437:Fire Temple
1349:Manichaeism
1331:Ahura Mazda
1282:Manichaeism
1256:5th century
1096:, built by
868:Ahura Mazda
791:. It is an
615:Khurramites
365:Persia/Iran
350:Zarathustra
345:Ahura Mazda
4185:Categories
4051:Uzbekistan
4026:Tajikistan
3941:Kyrgyzstan
3921:Kazakhstan
3841:Bangladesh
3831:Azerbaijan
3686:in Armenia
3578:Hamistagan
3434:Ashem Vohu
3348:Vohu Manah
3221:Minorities
3134:Minorities
3111:Recognized
2441:Mary Boyce
2398:Mary Boyce
2379:Mary Boyce
2214:(3): 313.
2172:(3): 455.
2144:Mary Boyce
1946:References
1866:Rostam Giv
1793:After the
1782:See also:
1537:See also:
1286:gnosticism
1214:Azerbaijan
1202:suzerainty
1090:Persepolis
1085:Persepolis
1068:Ahuramazda
1047:Pasargadae
1010:Hermodorus
906:Bronze Age
850:Background
635:Initiation
450:Ashem Vohu
360:Vohu Manah
268:March 2024
252:improve it
206:March 2024
176:newspapers
104:March 2024
96:editing it
50:improve it
4137:Hong Kong
4091:Palestine
4016:Sri Lanka
4011:Singapore
3891:Indonesia
3674:Adherents
3655:Festivals
3635:Mazdakism
3630:Zurvanism
3543:Bundahišn
3358:Faravahar
3243:Yarsanism
3238:Mandaeism
3104:Religions
2902:260589690
2894:0021-8294
2841:31 August
2815:29 August
2785:29 August
2723:0026-3141
2684:9 October
2579:ignored (
2569:cite book
2486:0041-977X
2228:158470299
2186:144697651
2078:145095789
1995:241655767
1951:Citations
1753:When the
1643:June 2008
1598:Ilkhanate
1516:June 2008
1465:Vishtaspa
1409:June 2008
1365:Shapur II
1361:Shapurgan
1321:Zurvanism
1204:over the
1167:Sasanians
1149:June 2008
1030:Zoroaster
1026:Aristotle
1014:Hermippus
968:Christian
918:Herodotus
864:Zoroaster
670:Adherents
630:Festivals
610:Mazdakism
605:Zurvanism
560:Bundahišn
370:Faravahar
256:verifying
56:talk page
4160:Category
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3272:Hinduism
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3189:Chaldean
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3179:Armenian
3118:Official
3019:(1947),
2656:14 April
1930:Persians
1889:See also
1369:Bahram I
1278:Parthian
1210:Caucasus
1206:Caucasus
1176:Shapur I
994:Persians
940:Persians
928:, Latin
910:Iron Age
902:Iranians
652:Marriage
625:Calendar
515:Visperad
510:Vendidad
415:Fravashi
313:a series
311:Part of
4056:Vietnam
3971:Myanmar
3951:Lebanon
3881:Georgia
3836:Bahrain
3826:Armenia
3718:in Iraq
3713:in Iran
3604:Kashmar
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3517:Ab-Zohr
3393:Yazatas
3363:Avestan
3277:Sikhism
3228:Atheism
3196:Judaism
3167:Hanbali
3157:Shafi'i
3150:Sunni:
3009:Sources
2970:9 March
2747:in Iran
2505:3 April
2120:: 5–20.
2036:, AFP,
1344:faith.
1342:dualist
1239:in the
1193:as the
1022:Eudoxus
1018:Xanthos
996:led by
924:tribes
872:Avestan
555:Dēnkard
535:Ab-Zohr
400:Yazatas
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3429:Gathas
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1721:Iranis
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1569:Zagros
1557:Levant
1488:Avesta
1477:Mazdak
1309:Zurwān
1297:Syriac
1276:was a
1109:Norouz
1102:Xerxes
1051:Atossa
964:Orient
697:Iranis
687:Parsis
657:Burial
645:Sedreh
640:Kushti
520:Yashts
500:Gathas
445:Avesta
410:Daevas
405:Ahuras
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3911:Japan
3886:India
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3861:China
3737:Lists
3701:Irani
3599:Balkh
3487:Yasna
3141:Islam
2926:1 May
2898:S2CID
2754:(PDF)
2745:UNFPA
2740:(PDF)
2555:JSTOR
2531:Brill
2224:S2CID
2182:S2CID
2074:S2CID
2054:(PDF)
1991:S2CID
1713:Parsi
1697:Qajar
1606:Islam
1006:Medes
960:Islam
936:Medes
926:Magoi
840:India
505:Yasna
197:JSTOR
183:books
3981:Oman
3946:Laos
3901:Iraq
3896:Iran
3609:Yazd
3343:Asha
2998:2010
2972:2018
2950:2013
2928:2022
2890:ISSN
2843:2021
2817:2020
2787:2020
2762:2015
2719:ISSN
2686:2017
2658:2023
2593:help
2581:help
2545:ISBN
2507:2020
2482:ISSN
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