1063: 19.9, these led to the late 18th-century century conclusion that Infinite Time was the first Principle of Zoroastrianism and Ohrmuzd was therefore only "the derivative and secondary character". Ironically, the fact that no Zoroastrian texts contained any hint of the born-of-Zurvan doctrine was considered to be evidence of a latter-day corruption of the original principles. The opinion that Zoroastrianism was so severely dualistic that it was, in fact, ditheistic or even tritheistic would be widely held until the late 19th century.
1051:
Ohrmuzd and
Ahriman were conceived: Ohrmuzd for the sacrifice and Ahriman for the doubt. Upon realizing that twins were to be born, Zurvan resolved to grant the first-born sovereignty over creation. Ohrmuzd perceived Zurvan's decision, which He then communicated to His brother. Ahriman then preempted Ohrmuzd by ripping open the womb to emerge first. Reminded of the resolution to grant Ahriman sovereignty, Zurvan conceded, but limited kingship to a period of 9,000 years, after which Ohrmuzd would rule for all eternity.
1400:, however, must have been disastrous for the Zoroastrian religion, and the fact that the Magi were able to retain as much as they did and restore it in a form that was not too strikingly different from the Prophet's original message after the lapse of some 600 years proves their devotion to his memory. It is, indeed, true to say that the Zoroastrian orthodoxy of the Sasanian period is nearer to the spirit of Zoroaster than is the thinly disguised polytheism of the
470:
3219:
58:
954:, to the northeast. Following the fall of the Persian Empire, the south and west were relatively quickly assimilated under the banner of Islam, while the north and east remained independent for some time before these regions too were absorbed. This could also explain why Armenian/Syriac observations reveal a distinctly Zurvanite Zoroastrianism, and inversely, could explain the strong
887:
polemicists, but the doctrinal incompatibilities were not so extreme "that they could not be reconciled under the broad aegis of an imperial church". More likely is that the two sects served different segments of
Sasanian society, with dispassionate Zurvanism primarily operating as a mystic cult and passionate Mazdaism serving the community at large.
926:, one of the first proponents of the theory that Zurvanism was the state religion of the Sasanians, suggested that the rejection of Zurvanism in the post-conquest epoch was a response and reaction to the new authority of Islamic monotheism that brought about a deliberate reform of Zoroastrianism that aimed to establish a stronger orthodoxy.
1376:
The fundamental goal of "classical
Zurvanism" to bring the doctrine of the "twin spirits" in accord with what was otherwise understood of Zoroaster's teaching may have been excessive, but (according to Zaehner) it was not altogether misguided. In noting the emergence of an overtly dualistic doctrine
1292:
explicitly accepted a modern
Western version of the old Zurvanite heresy, according to which Ahura Mazda himself was the hypothetical 'father' of the twin Spirits of Y 30.3 ... Yet though Dhalla thus, under foreign influences, abandoned the fundamental doctrine of the absolute separation of good and
1386:
could not be readily explained. There must have been a zealous minority that busied itself with defining what they considered the
Prophet's true message to be; there must have been an 'orthodox' party within the 'Church'. This minority, concerned now with theology no less than with ritual, would be
1355:
30.2 and 45.9, Ahura Mazda "has left to men's wills" to choose between doing good and doing evil. By leaving destiny in the hands of fate (an omnipotent deity), the cult of Zurvan distanced itself from the most sacred of
Zoroastrian tenets: that of the efficacy of good thoughts, good words and good
1284:
No evidence of distinctly
Zurvanite rituals or practices have been discovered, so followers of the cult are widely believed to have had the same rituals and practices as Mazdean Zoroastrians did. This is understandable, inasmuch as the Zurvanite doctrine of a monist First Principle did not preclude
1218:
by Zurvan) implied that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe, and the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. It followed that human destiny must then be decided by the constellations, stars and planets, who
1121:
While
Zoroaster's Ormuzd created the universe with his thought, materialist Zurvanism challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing. This challenge was a patently alien idea, discarding core Zoroastrian tenets in favor of the position that the spiritual world – including heaven
930:
is of the opinion that the
Zurvanite priesthood had a "strict orthodoxy which few could tolerate. Moreover, they interpreted the Prophet's message so dualistically that their God was made to appear very much less than all-powerful and all-wise. As reasonable as it might have appeared from a purely
914:
Following the fall of the
Sasanian Empire in the 7th century, Zoroastrianism was gradually supplanted by Islam. The former continued to exist but in an increasingly reduced state, and by the 10th century the remaining Zoroastrians appear to have more closely followed the orthodoxy as found in
1050:
In the beginning, the great God Zurvan existed alone. Desiring offspring that would create "heaven and hell and everything in between", Zurvan sacrificed for a thousand years. Towards the end of this period, androgyne Zurvan began to doubt the efficacy of sacrifice and in the moment of this doubt
1381:
have been a party within the Zoroastrian community which regarded the strict dualism between Truth and the Lie, the Holy Spirit and the Destructive Spirit, as being the essence of the Prophet's message. Otherwise the re-emergence of this strictly dualist form of Zoroastrianism some six centuries
886:
It is however not known whether Sasanian-era Zurvanism and Mazdaism were separate sects, each with their own organization and priesthood, or simply two tendencies within the same body. That Mazdaism and Zurvanism competed for attention has been inferred from the works of Christian and Manichaean
1335:
A literal, anthropomorphic "twin brother" interpretation of these passages gave rise to a need to postulate a father for the postulated literal "brothers". Hence Zurvanism postulated a preceding parent deity that existed above the good and evil of his sons. This was an obvious usurpation of
791:
proposed that this is because the individual Sasanian monarchs were not always Zurvanite and that Mazdean Zoroastrianism just happened to have the upper hand during the crucial period that the canon was finally written down. In the texts composed prior to the Sasanian period,
1437:
590–628) and his successors, all kinds of superstitions tend to overwhelm the Mazdean religion, which gradually disintegrates, thus preparing the triumph of Islam." Thus, "what will survive in popular conscience under the Muslim varnish is not Mazdeism: it is
1272:'s late 19th century notion that the Roman cult was "Roman Mazdaism" transmitted to the west by Iranian priests. Mithraic scholars no longer follow this so-called 'continuity theory', but that has not stopped the fallacy (which Zaehner also attributes to
1414:– while the direction that the Sasanians took was not altogether at odds with the spirit of the Gathas, the extreme dualism that accompanied a divinity that was remote and inaccessible made the faith less than attractive. Zurvanism was then truly
1145:
to suit Aristotelian principles to mean "that which did not (yet) have matter", or alternatively, "that which was still the unformed primal matter". Even this is not necessarily a violation of orthodox Zoroastrian tradition, since the divinity
1324:
Then shall I speak of the two primal Spirits of existence, of whom the Very Holy thus spoke to the Evil One: "Neither our thoughts nor teachings nor wills, neither or words nor choices nor acts, not our inner selves nor our souls
849:-era form of the faith. Another view proposes that Zurvan existed as a pre-Zoroastrian divinity that was incorporated into Zoroastrianism. The third view is that Zurvanism is the product of the contact between Zoroastrianism and
640:"Time" has not been conclusively established. Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, leading European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a
1395:
and other early Greek writers attribute the fully dualist doctrine of two independent principles – Oromasdes and Areimanios. Further, the founder of the Magian order was now said to be Zoroaster himself. The fall of the
1479:, time, eternity) is the appellative term for adherents of the Zurvanite doctrine that the universe derived from Infinite Time. In later Persian and Arabic literature, the term would come to be a derogatory term for '
636:(226–651 CE) but no traces of it remain beyond the 10th century. Although Sasanian-era Zurvanism was certainly influenced by Hellenic philosophy, any relationship between it and the Greek divinity of
1197:
had been taken by Widengren to be evidence of a proto-Indo-Iranian Zurvan, but these arguments have since been questioned. Nonetheless, there is a semblance of Zurvanite elements in Vedic texts, and, as
1015:; the classic form of the creation myth does not contradict the Mazdean model of the origin and evolution of the universe, which begins where the Zurvanite model ends. It may well be that the Zurvanite
934:
Another possible explanation postulated by Boyce is that Mazdaism and Zurvanism were divided regionally; that is, with Mazdaism being the predominant tendency in the regions to the north and east (
1008:– the hypostasis of (Infinite) Time – as being "the only possible 'Absolute' from whom the twins could proceed" and which was the source of good in the one and the source of evil in the other.
1373:
30.3–5 turns what the Zurvanites considered the words of the prophet into Zoroaster recalling "a proclamation of the Demon of Envy to mankind that Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were two in one womb".
896:
1055:
Christian and Manichaean missionaries considered this doctrine to be exemplary of the Zoroastrian faith and it was these and similar texts that first reached the west. Corroborated by
883:(241–272 CE) that Zurvanism appears to have developed as a cult and it was presumably in this period that Greek and Indic concepts were introduced to Zurvanite Zoroastrianism.
1141:) are terms in Mazdaist tradition, where Ahura Mazda is said to have created all first in its spiritual, then later in its material form. But the material Zurvanites redefined
1071:
According to Zaehner, the doctrine of the cult of Zurvan appears to have three schools of thought, each to a different degree influenced by alien philosophies, which he calls
974:"Classical Zurvanism" is a term coined by Zaehner to denote the movement to explain the inconsistency of Zoroaster's description of the "twin spirits" as they appear in
1464:, Zurvanism's pessimistic fatalism was a formative influence on the Iranian psyche, paving the way (as it were) for the rapid adoption of Shi'a philosophy during the
946:
closest to Zoroaster's homeland), while Zurvanism was prominent in regions to the south and west (closer to Babylonian and Greek influence). This is supported by
931:
intellectual point of view, such an absolute dualism had neither the appeal of a real monotheism nor any mystical element with which to nourish its inner life."
1421:
Nonetheless, that Zurvanism was the predominant brand of Zoroastrianism during the cataclysmic years just prior to the fall of the empire, is, according to
1285:
the worship of Ohrmuzd as the Creator (of the good creation). Similarly, no explicitly Zurvanite elements appear to have survived in modern Zoroastrianism.
1343:
The pessimism evident in fatalistic Zurvanism existed in stark contradiction to the positive moral force of Mazdaism, and was a direct violation of one of
1313:
Yes, there are two fundamental spirits, twins which are renowned to be in conflict. In thought and in word, in action they are two: the good and the bad.
824:, but although these are late additions to the canon, they again do not establish any evidence of a cult. Zurvan does not appear in any listing of the
1504:
A surviving Zurvanist myth describes him as "both male and female" and the one "god of time" who existed before all other things and gave birth to
498:
3193:
213:
764:) reveal a Zurvanite tendency. The latter, in which the priest Zādspram chastises his brother's un-Mazdaean ideas, is the last text in
549:
In Zurvanism, Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a
1240:
astrology and perhaps also by Aristotle's theory of chance and fortune. The fact that Armenian and Syrian commentators translated
706:
writers of the Sasanian period (224–651 CE). Indigenous sources of information from the same period are the 3rd century
613:
Although the details of the origin and development of Zurvanism remain murky (for a summary of the three opposing opinions see
1913:
Several other websites have duplicated this text, but include an "Introduction" section that is very obviously not by Zaehner.
1558:
2626:
2601:
982:
genuinely Iranian and Zoroastrian in that it sought to clarify the enigma of the twin spirits that Zoroaster left unsolved.
491:
2921:
420:
2877:
2224:
3256:
2789:
2190:
2166:
2058:
2023:
1896:
1660:
3117:
1501:, and consider themselves to be delivered from religious discipline and the toil of performing meritorious deeds".
1152:
is present in the middle space between Ormuzd and Ahriman, the void separating the kingdoms of light and darkness.
1268:
as a representation of Zurvan. Zaehner later acknowledged this mis-identification as a "positive mistake", due to
730:, the latter being the only native evidence from the Sasanian period that is frankly Zurvanite. The post-Sasanian
3251:
2847:
1904:
1223:
Ohrmazd allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets.
484:
2441:
3185:
2982:
2977:
2716:
1004:) were twins, then they must have had a parent, who must have existed before them. The priesthood settled on
2916:
796:
appears twice, as both an abstract concept and as a minor divinity, but there is no evidence of a cult. In
1425:, evident in the degree of influence that Zurvanism (but not Mazdaism) would have on the Iranian brand of
3100:
1046:
The classic Zurvanite model of creation, preserved only by non-Zoroastrian sources, proceeds as follows:
450:
430:
841:
The origins of the cult of Zurvan remain debated. One view considers Zurvanism to have developed out of
602:
3261:
3165:
2436:
1768:
1461:
1422:
1179:
1094:
These are described in the following subsections. Zaehner proposes that each of three arose out of the
731:
553:
and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name
523:
3067:
2007:
3198:
3147:
2992:
2631:
2139:
1725:
644:
religion, an issue of controversy among both scholars and contemporary practitioners of the faith.
550:
780:, is unambiguously Zurvanite and is also the last direct evidence of Zurvan as a First Principle.
3241:
3132:
3077:
2936:
2833:
2352:
1456:, "expounds views which seem to be an epitome of popular Zervanite doctrine". Thus, according to
1167:
kind, viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated Time, which, under the influence of desire, divided into
405:
41:
31:
1748:
1553:
2882:
2217:
2178:
1936:
1880:
1806:
1648:
1457:
1443:
1411:
1257:
1199:
927:
922:
Why the cult of Zurvan vanished, while Mazdaism did not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.
788:
656:
168:
17:
3022:
2926:
2696:
2659:
2611:
2499:
1992:
1493:
1293:
evil, his book still breathes the sturdy, unflinching spirit of orthodox Zoroastrian dualism.
455:
358:
2088:. Translated by Dhabhar, Bamanji Nasarvanji. Bombay, IN: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute. 1932.
1023:
cosmogony that portrayed Infinite Time as the "Father of Time" (not to be confused with the
3042:
2691:
950:
evidence that indicates that 3rd century Mazdean Zoroastrianism had its stronghold in
711:
410:
353:
787:, even though the texts (as they exist today) are the result of a Sasanian era redaction.
698:
The principal evidence for Zurvanite doctrine occurs in the polemical Christian tracts of
8:
3137:
2768:
2706:
2616:
2553:
2463:
2451:
2144:
1730:
876:
850:
621:; 2) a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts (see
596:
380:
1261:
1125:
The fundamental division of the material and spiritual is not altogether foreign to the
3122:
3085:
3052:
3047:
3012:
2969:
2857:
2828:
2748:
2711:
2246:
2112:
1885:
1826:
1788:
1615:
1397:
1383:
1265:
923:
867:(226–651), the divinity "Infinite Time" was well established, and – as inferred from a
626:
293:
223:
812: 13.56, the plants grow in the manner Time has ordained according to the will of
3218:
3175:
2808:
2753:
2743:
2735:
2701:
2586:
2535:
2357:
2210:
2186:
2162:
2116:
2054:
2019:
1892:
1830:
1792:
1716:
1656:
1619:
1056:
1024:
987:
854:
699:
672:
652:
1219:
were divided between the good (the signs of the Zodiac) and the evil (the planets):
768:
that provides any evidence of the cult of Zurvan. The 13th century Zoroastrian
542:. Zurvanism is also known as "Zurvanite Zoroastrianism", and may be contrasted with
3027:
2887:
2839:
2758:
2576:
2104:
1818:
1780:
1607:
1548:
955:
578:
385:
208:
203:
1011:
The Zurvanite "twin brother" doctrine is also evident in Zurvanism's cosmogonical
3246:
3222:
3127:
3057:
2813:
2763:
2581:
2468:
1743:
1692:
1471:
According to Zaehner and Shaki, in Middle Persian texts of the 9th century,
1465:
1289:
900:
864:
703:
633:
474:
2987:
2654:
2478:
2473:
2446:
2315:
2046:
2015:
1426:
1347:'s great contributions to religious philosophy: his uncompromising doctrine of
842:
765:
618:
558:
515:
308:
303:
253:
193:
49:
2154:
2108:
1822:
1611:
3235:
2897:
2798:
2390:
2295:
1487:'. The term also appears – in conjunction with other terms for skeptics – in
1337:
1172:
1012:
817:
752:
747:
659:, is a continuation and reflects the etymology of both Zoroaster and Zurvan.
527:
425:
218:
123:
2126:
1712:
1442:, well attested in Persian literature". This is also a thought expressed by
617:
below), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was: 1) a branch of greater
3112:
3017:
3007:
2907:
2872:
2852:
2793:
2721:
2606:
2509:
2456:
1509:
1273:
1269:
1186:
or – still better – of Indian cosmology". The parallels between Zurvan and
992:
735:
539:
313:
298:
258:
188:
183:
148:
1528:"Swedish-school" theory, e.g. Nyberg (1931) reiterated by Zaehner (1955).
879:" – enjoyed royal patronage. It was during the reign of Sasanian Emperor
3090:
3002:
2931:
2867:
2823:
2641:
2596:
2549:
2483:
2327:
2290:
2130:
1505:
1484:
1001:
813:
777:
761:
727:
719:
715:
535:
343:
198:
73:
978:
30.3–5 of the Avesta. According to Zaehner, this "Zurvanism proper" was
3155:
3062:
3037:
2997:
2591:
2362:
2347:
2342:
2310:
2285:
1971:
1949:
1924:
1595:
1430:
1298:
1194:
1183:
1111:
947:
868:
846:
687:
that considered Space/Time to be the primordial "father" of the rivals
288:
178:
88:
1908:
895:
2818:
2649:
2337:
2322:
2305:
2300:
2280:
2070:
1452:
1415:
1392:
1348:
1344:
1187:
1148:
1107:
1016:
804:
783:
There is no hint of any worship of Zurvan in any of the texts of the
676:
338:
98:
78:
57:
734:
commentaries are primarily Mazdean and with only one exception (the
3170:
2803:
2385:
2332:
2233:
2083:
1784:
1447:
1360:
1305:
Zurvanism begins with a heterodox interpretation of Zarathushtra's
1191:
939:
880:
543:
469:
243:
238:
143:
2010:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
1817:(2). London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies: 377–398.
1606:(2). London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies: 304–316.
3160:
2862:
2773:
2621:
2568:
2504:
2398:
1480:
1418:
only in the sense that it weakened the appeal of Zoroastrianism.
1365:
1363:
even for medieval Zoroastrians is apparent from the 10th century
1237:
1215:
1020:
959:
951:
943:
935:
739:
637:
625:
below); and 3) probably introduced during the second half of the
574:
363:
283:
263:
103:
3108:
2671:
2258:
1402:
1306:
1168:
1126:
1027:
825:
802: 72.10 Zurvan is invoked in the company of Space and Air (
784:
707:
641:
415:
373:
368:
228:
173:
128:
2664:
2514:
2405:
2380:
2275:
2161:. Translated by MacKenzie, David Niel. Lund Humphries. 1970.
798:
723:
684:
248:
233:
138:
133:
1340:, a sacrilege against the moral preeminence of Ahura Mazda.
683:(6th century CE), Eudemus describes a sect of the
667:
The earliest evidence of the cult of Zurvan is found in the
2892:
2675:
2545:
2202:
2053:. Translated by Bartholomae, Christian. New York, NY: Ams.
1388:
1031:
93:
83:
1429:. Writing in the historical present, he notes that "under
1202:
puts it, "Time, for the Indians, is the raw material, the
622:
3032:
2519:
2419:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
820:. Two other references to Zurvan are also present in the
2183:
Teachings of the Magi: Compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs
1779:(2). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press: 108–112.
969:
1811:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1754:
1600:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1163:
Zurvanism, which was apparently not as popular as the
1985:
1983:
1981:
1655:(Biblo-Moser ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
589:
2103:(2). London, UK: Cambridge University Press: 63–73.
1954:
Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
1377:during the Sasanian period, Zaehner asserted that
871:text presented to Shapur I, in which the name
1978:
1960:
1884:
1851:
1849:
1767:
1236:Fatalistic Zurvanism was evidently influenced by
1122:and hell, reward and punishment – did not exist.
3233:
1891:(reprint ed.). New York: Putnam / Phoenix.
1541:
845:as a reaction to the liberalization of the late
557:is a normalized rendition of the word, which in
1968:Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1497:where "one who says god is not, who are called
986:As the priesthood sought to explain it, if the
962:connection and interaction with Zurvanism (see
1674:
1672:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
681:Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles
2218:
1688:
1686:
1684:
492:
30:"Zurvan" redirects here. For other uses, see
2044:
1930:
1858:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1106:Materialist Zurvanism was influenced by the
1019:was an adaptation of an antecedent Hellenic
916:
890:
632:Zurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the
1905:"A section of the book is available online"
1837:
1799:
1669:
1626:
1359:That the Zurvanite view of creation was an
2684:
2225:
2211:
1942:
1918:
1681:
1279:
1214:The doctrine of Limited Time (allotted to
875:was adopted for Manichaeism's primordial "
831:
743: 9.30) do not mention Zurvan at all.
614:
531:
499:
485:
56:
2095:Frye, Richard (1959). "Zurvanism Again".
2006:
1698:
1598:(1957). "Some reflections on Zurvanism".
1573:
1439:
608:
2968:
1101:
894:
836:
675:(c. 370–300 BCE). As cited in
2177:
1887:The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism
1879:
1805:
1647:
1391:, and it is, in fact, to the Magi that
1209:
963:
662:
573:. The Middle Persian name derives from
14:
3234:
2245:
2125:
1711:
1276:) from proliferating on the Internet.
514:is a fatalistic religious movement of
2957:
2244:
2206:
2014:(First American ed.). New York:
1989:
1948:
1594:
1066:
857:(for a summary of opposing views see
2147:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2094:
1733:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1252:In his first manuscript of his book
1247:
1155:
1118:, and took "some very queer forms".
647:Zurvan may be cognate with Sanskrit
2012:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
2000:
1996:. New York, NY: Mazda Publications.
1809:(1940) . "A Zervanite apocalypse".
582:
421:Zoroastrianism in the United States
24:
2038:
623:§ The "twin brother" doctrine
25:
3273:
2790:Attributes of God in Christianity
2045:Taraporewala, Irach, ed. (1977).
1561:from the original on Apr 10, 2021
1041:
3217:
2051:The Divine Songs of Zarathushtra
1244:as "Fate" is highly suggestive.
1182:, this division is "redolent of
468:
27:Extinct branch of Zoroastrianism
2848:Great Architect of the Universe
2086:of Hormazyar Framarz and others
1773:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1522:
1034:) whom the Greeks equated with
863:Certain however is that by the
2140:Sacred Books of the East (SBE)
2097:The Harvard Theological Review
1771:(1956). "Notes on Zurvanism".
1737:
1729:. Vol. 37. Translated by
1726:Sacred Books of the East (SBE)
1038:, i.e. Ohrmuzd / Ahura Mazda.
917:§ The legacy of Zurvanism
13:
1:
2627:Trinity of the Church Fathers
2143:. Vol. 5. Translated by
1653:Zurvan, a Zoroastrian Dilemma
1535:
996:) and the Benevolent Spirit (
904:
2958:
2232:
1515:
1059:'s "erroneous rendering" of
915:the Pahlavi books (see also
615:§ Ascent and acceptance
7:
2878:Phenomenological definition
1369:, which in a commentary on
970:The "twin brother" doctrine
746:Of the remaining so-called
590:
451:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
431:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
3278:
1382:after the collapse of the
1206:of all contingent being."
732:Zoroastrian Middle Persian
29:
3215:
3184:
3146:
3099:
3076:
2964:
2953:
2906:
2782:
2734:
2640:
2567:
2528:
2492:
2429:
2418:
2371:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2240:
2185:. New York, NY: Sheldon.
2109:10.1017/s0017816000026687
1823:10.1017/s0041977x00087577
1612:10.1017/s0041977x00133063
964:§ Types of Zurvanism
891:Decline and disappearance
3257:Extinct religious groups
2632:Trinitarian universalism
2155:"The Kartir Inscription"
903:at its greatest extent (
532:equal-but-opposite twins
204:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2834:Godhead in Christianity
2159:Henning Memorial Volume
1990:Shaki, Mansour (2002).
1280:The legacy of Zurvanism
1171:(a male principle) and
832:History and development
32:Zurvan (disambiguation)
3252:Monotheistic religions
1769:Duchesne-Guillemin, J.
1408:
1333:
1321:
1318:Y 30.3 (trans. Insler)
1303:
1234:
1175:(a female principle).
1053:
984:
911:
789:Robert Charles Zaehner
758:Selections of Zādspram
609:Origins and background
518:in which the divinity
169:Zoroastrian literature
2660:Fate of the unlearned
2612:Shield of the Trinity
1993:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1475:(from Arabic–Persian
1379:
1322:
1311:
1287:
1221:
1102:Materialist Zurvanism
1048:
980:
898:
837:Ascent and acceptance
726:or high priest under
657:early Buddhist school
456:Zoroastrian cosmology
406:Zoroastrians in India
162:Scripture and worship
1749:Encyclopædia Iranica
1554:Encyclopædia Iranica
1446:, who observes that
1410:Thus – according to
1262:leontocephalic deity
1210:Fatalistic Zurvanism
663:Evidence of the cult
651:, in which case the
603:grammatically neuter
411:Zoroastrians in Iran
277:Accounts and legends
3194:Slavic Native Faith
2617:Trinitarian formula
2554:Father of Greatness
2437:Abrahamic religions
1855:Cumont and Schaeder
1494:Skand-gumanig wizar
877:Father of Greatness
774:to Doctors of Islam
669:History of Theology
475:Religion portal
327:History and culture
3156:Abrahamic prophecy
3086:Ayyavazhi theology
2858:Apophatic theology
2247:Conceptions of God
2076:Ulema-i Islam]
1462:Duchesne-Guillemin
1440:Zervanite fatalism
1423:Duchesne-Guillemin
1398:Achaemenian Empire
1384:Achaemenian Empire
1266:Mithraic Mysteries
1180:Duchesne-Guillemin
1067:Types of Zurvanism
1000:, identified with
924:Arthur Christensen
912:
855:Akkadian religions
601:'time', a
561:appears as either
294:Book of Arda Viraf
224:Cypress of Kashmar
3262:History of Talysh
3229:
3228:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2840:Latter Day Saints
2809:Divine simplicity
2730:
2729:
2587:Consubstantiality
2563:
2562:
2414:
2413:
2358:Theistic finitism
2008:Wilkinson, Philip
1557:. 28 March 2014.
1491:3.225 and in the
1248:Mistaken identity
1156:Ascetic Zurvanism
1137:(middle Persian:
1057:Anquetil-Duperron
988:Malevolent Spirit
776:), a New Persian
712:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
673:Eudemus of Rhodes
600:
588:
530:) who engendered
509:
508:
16:(Redirected from
3269:
3221:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2842:
2682:
2681:
2577:Athanasian Creed
2427:
2426:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2241:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2172:
2148:
2120:
2089:
2075:
2064:
2030:
2029:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1970:. Translated by
1964:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1907:. Archived from
1902:
1890:
1877:
1856:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1765:
1752:
1741:
1735:
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1709:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1645:
1624:
1623:
1592:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1545:
1529:
1526:
1387:found among the
1331:
1319:
1301:
1232:
909:
906:
860:
750:, only two, the
671:, attributed to
595:
593:
587:romanized:
586:
584:
501:
494:
487:
473:
472:
209:Adur Burzen-Mihr
60:
37:
36:
21:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:Religion portal
3203:
3180:
3142:
3123:Holy Scriptures
3095:
3072:
2960:
2941:
2902:
2838:
2814:Divine presence
2778:
2726:
2680:
2636:
2582:Comma Johanneum
2559:
2524:
2488:
2422:
2410:
2367:
2249:
2236:
2231:
2200:
2193:
2169:
2153:
2131:"Selections of
2073:
2069:
2061:
2047:"Yasna 30"
2041:
2039:Further reading
2035:
2033:
2026:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:on 2012-05-09.
1903:
1899:
1878:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1838:
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1800:
1766:
1755:
1742:
1738:
1710:
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1670:
1663:
1646:
1627:
1593:
1574:
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1562:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1302:
1297:
1282:
1260:identified the
1250:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1158:
1104:
1069:
1044:
972:
907:
901:Sasanian Empire
893:
865:Sasanian Empire
858:
839:
834:
778:apologetic text
724:mowbadān-mowbad
710:inscription at
695:"of darkness".
691:"of light" and
665:
634:Sasanian Empire
611:
524:first principle
505:
467:
462:
461:
460:
445:
437:
436:
435:
400:
392:
391:
390:
349:
348:
328:
320:
319:
318:
304:Story of Sanjan
278:
270:
269:
268:
163:
155:
154:
153:
118:
117:Divine entities
110:
109:
108:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Zoroastrianism
3227:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3133:Predestination
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
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3035:
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3015:
3010:
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3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Biblical canon
2985:
2980:
2974:
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2962:
2961:
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2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
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2816:
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2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2783:Other concepts
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
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2732:
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2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2655:Apocalypticism
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2569:Trinitarianism
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2484:Zoroastrianism
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2412:
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2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2316:Urmonotheismus
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2150:
2149:
2129:, ed. (1880).
2122:
2121:
2091:
2090:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2018:. p. 21.
1999:
1977:
1959:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1897:
1857:
1845:
1843:Nyberg (1931)
1836:
1798:
1785:10.1086/371319
1753:
1736:
1715:, ed. (1892).
1697:
1680:
1678:Henning (1951)
1668:
1661:
1625:
1572:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1327:
1315:
1295:
1281:
1278:
1249:
1246:
1229:Menog-i Khirad
1225:
1211:
1208:
1157:
1154:
1103:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:Zurvanism, and
1079:
1068:
1065:
1043:
1042:Creation story
1040:
971:
968:
892:
889:
843:Zoroastrianism
838:
835:
833:
830:
818:Amesha Spentas
766:Middle Persian
714:and the early
664:
661:
619:Zoroastrianism
610:
607:
559:Middle Persian
551:transcendental
516:Zoroastrianism
507:
506:
504:
503:
496:
489:
481:
478:
477:
464:
463:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
444:Related topics
443:
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309:Chinvat Bridge
306:
301:
299:Book of Jamasp
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266:
261:
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254:Khordeh Avesta
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194:Airyaman ishya
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141:
136:
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124:Amesha Spentas
120:
119:
116:
115:
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111:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
69:
67:Primary topics
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Zoroastrianism
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3274:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
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3239:
3237:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Denominations
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3138:Last Judgment
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2963:
2956:
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2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2898:Unmoved mover
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
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2864:
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2859:
2856:
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2851:
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2837:
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2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Binitarianism
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
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2737:
2733:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2520:Supreme Being
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
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2450:
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2440:
2439:
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2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:Gender of God
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
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2359:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Kathenotheism
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
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2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:0-85969-041-5
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Zaehner, R.C.
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:0-85331-255-9
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:0-404-12802-5
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2025:0-7894-4711-8
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:1-84212-165-0
1894:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:Zaehner, R.C.
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1832:
1828:
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1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:Zaehner, R.C.
1802:
1794:
1790:
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1778:
1774:
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1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1662:0-8196-0280-9
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Zaehner, R.C.
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
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1579:
1577:
1560:
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1513:
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1507:
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1474:
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1455:
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1413:
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1399:
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1385:
1378:
1374:
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1368:
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1362:
1357:
1354:
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1346:
1341:
1339:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:of the Roman
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1204:materia prima
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:According to
1176:
1174:
1173:concupiscence
1170:
1166:
1165:materialistic
1162:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:creation myth
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Spenta Mainyu
995:
994:
989:
983:
979:
977:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
918:
908: 610 CE
902:
897:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:Ulema-i Islam
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
753:Mēnōg-i Khrad
749:
748:Pahlavi books
744:
742:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
660:
658:
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650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
598:
592:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:creator deity
525:
521:
517:
513:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
482:
480:
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476:
471:
466:
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457:
454:
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449:
448:
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440:
432:
429:
427:
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419:
417:
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409:
407:
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403:
396:
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387:
384:
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362:
360:
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315:
312:
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307:
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274:
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252:
250:
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245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Adur Gushnasp
217:
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212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
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172:
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167:
166:
159:
158:
150:
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145:
142:
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137:
135:
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130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
114:
113:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3033:Hamartiology
3018:Ecclesiology
3008:Pneumatology
2917:Christianity
2908:Names of God
2883:Philo's view
2873:Personal god
2853:Great Spirit
2792: /
2749:Christianity
2607:Perichoresis
2540:
2510:Emanationism
2452:Christianity
2442:Baháʼí Faith
2420:Singular god
2393:
2353:Spiritualism
2199:
2182:
2158:
2138:
2132:
2127:Müller, F.M.
2100:
2096:
2082:The Persian
2081:
2072:
2050:
2034:
2011:
2002:
1991:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1912:
1909:the original
1886:
1839:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1776:
1772:
1747:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1713:Müller, F.M.
1652:
1603:
1599:
1563:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1524:
1510:Angra Mainyu
1503:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1451:
1434:
1420:
1409:
1401:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:Zoroastrian
1334:
1323:
1312:
1304:
1288:
1283:
1270:Franz Cumont
1253:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1177:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:Aristotelian
1105:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1030:, father of
1010:
1005:
997:
993:Angra Mainyu
991:
985:
981:
975:
973:
942:, and other
933:
921:
913:
885:
872:
862:
840:
821:
809:
803:
797:
793:
782:
773:
769:
757:
751:
745:
738:
736:10th century
697:
692:
688:
680:
668:
666:
653:Sarvāstivāda
648:
646:
631:
612:
583:𐬰𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬥
570:
566:
562:
554:
548:
540:Angra Mainyu
526:(primordial
519:
511:
510:
333:
314:Frashokereti
259:The Rivayats
214:Adur Farnbag
199:Fire Temples
189:Yenghe hatam
184:Ahuna Vairya
149:Angra Mainyu
3091:Krishnology
3068:Soteriology
3023:Eschatology
3003:Christology
2868:Open theism
2824:Exotheology
2722:Zoroastrian
2685:By religion
2642:Eschatology
2597:Homoiousian
2550:Ahura Mazda
2328:Panentheism
2291:Hermeticism
1972:Boyce, Mary
1950:Boyce, Mary
1596:Boyce, Mary
1549:"Zurvanism"
1506:Ahura Mazda
1485:materialist
1427:Shi'a Islam
1112:Empedoclean
1098:Zurvanism.
1076:materialist
1002:Ahura Mazda
814:Ahura Mazda
762:9th century
728:Yazdegerd I
720:Mihr-Narseh
716:4th-century
536:Ahura Mazda
344:Khurramites
94:Persia/Iran
79:Zarathustra
74:Ahura Mazda
3236:Categories
3176:Philosophy
3063:Sophiology
3043:Philosophy
3038:Messianism
2998:Paterology
2602:Hypostasis
2592:Homoousian
2423:theologies
2363:Theopanism
2348:Polytheism
2311:Monotheism
2286:Henotheism
2145:West, E.W.
1744:"Zādspram"
1731:West, E.W.
1536:References
1431:Chosrau II
1299:Mary Boyce
1184:Gnosticism
1090:Zurvanism.
1088:fatalistic
1078:Zurvanism,
960:Babylonian
948:Manichaean
869:Manichaean
851:Babylonian
847:Achaemenid
627:Achaemenid
364:Initiation
179:Ashem Vohu
89:Vohu Manah
3053:Practical
3048:Political
3013:Cosmology
2970:Christian
2829:Holocaust
2819:Egotheism
2774:Goddesses
2769:Mormonism
2697:Christian
2650:Afterlife
2536:Sustainer
2343:Polydeism
2338:Pantheism
2323:Mysticism
2306:Monolatry
2301:Nontheism
2281:Dystheism
2117:248817966
1883:(2003) .
1831:170841327
1793:162213173
1620:161924982
1516:Footnotes
1453:Shahnameh
1450:, in his
1416:heretical
1393:Aristotle
1349:free will
1345:Zoroaster
1188:Prajapati
1096:classical
1036:Oromasdes
1017:cosmogony
944:satrapies
808:) and in
805:Vata-Vayu
718:edict of
693:Arimanius
689:Oromasdes
677:Damascius
512:Zurvanism
399:Adherents
359:Festivals
339:Mazdakism
334:Zurvanism
289:Bundahišn
99:Faravahar
3171:Kabbalah
3118:Prophets
2993:Glossary
2959:By faith
2922:Hinduism
2804:Demiurge
2794:in Islam
2754:Hinduism
2744:Buddhism
2736:Feminist
2692:Buddhist
2500:Absolute
2493:Concepts
2469:Hinduism
2464:Buddhism
2430:By faith
2394:and gods
2386:Divinity
2372:Concepts
2333:Pandeism
2234:Theology
2181:(1975).
2133:Zadspram
2084:rivayats
1952:(1979).
1651:(1955).
1565:17 March
1559:Archived
1448:Ferdowsi
1361:apostasy
1328:—
1316:—
1296:—
1238:Chaldean
1226:—
1192:Rig Veda
1114:view of
1061:Vendidad
966:below).
940:Margiana
919:below).
881:Shapur I
822:Vendidad
816:and the
756:and the
700:Armenian
544:Mazdaism
381:Marriage
354:Calendar
244:Visperad
239:Vendidad
144:Fravashi
42:a series
40:Part of
3161:Aggadah
3109:Oneness
3101:Islamic
2983:Outline
2978:History
2937:Judaism
2932:Jainism
2888:Process
2863:Olelbis
2764:Judaism
2707:Islamic
2622:Trinity
2505:Brahman
2479:Sikhism
2474:Jainism
2447:Judaism
2399:Goddess
1939:(1972)
1937:Zaehner
1719:Denkard
1489:Denkard
1481:atheist
1466:Safavid
1458:Zaehner
1444:Zaehner
1412:Zaehner
1366:Denkard
1356:deeds.
1338:dualism
1325:agree."
1258:Zaehner
1216:Ahriman
1200:Zaehner
1161:Ascetic
1082:ascetic
1021:Chronos
952:Parthia
936:Bactria
928:Zaehner
859:Boyce).
826:Yazatas
740:Denkard
638:Chronos
605:noun).
599:
579:Avestan
575:Avestan
284:Dēnkard
264:Ab-Zohr
129:Yazatas
104:Avestan
3247:Heresy
3199:Wiccan
3148:Jewish
3128:Angels
3058:Public
3028:Ethics
2717:Taoist
2712:Jewish
2672:Heaven
2529:God as
2259:Theism
2189:
2165:
2115:
2057:
2022:
1927:(2002)
1895:
1829:
1791:
1695:(1932)
1693:Dhalla
1659:
1618:
1499:dahari
1483:' or '
1403:Yashts
1330:Y 45.2
1307:Gathas
1290:Dhalla
1274:Cumont
1254:Zurvan
1242:Zurvan
1231:38.4–5
1195:10.129
1169:reason
1135:Mainyu
1127:Avesta
1116:matter
1028:Cronus
1006:Zurvan
990:(lit:
873:Zurvan
794:Zurvan
785:Avesta
760:(both
722:, the
708:Kartir
704:Syriac
642:monist
591:zruuān
571:Zarvān
567:Zruvān
563:Zurvān
555:Zurvan
520:Zurvan
426:Iranis
416:Parsis
386:Burial
374:Sedreh
369:Kushti
249:Yashts
229:Gathas
174:Avesta
139:Daevas
134:Ahuras
18:Zurvan
3186:Pagan
3078:Hindu
2927:Islam
2759:Islam
2702:Hindu
2665:Fitra
2515:Logos
2457:Islam
2406:Numen
2381:Deity
2276:Deism
2267:Forms
2113:S2CID
2074:'
2071:"The
1925:Boyce
1827:S2CID
1789:S2CID
1721:9.30"
1616:S2CID
1473:Dahri
1468:era.
1371:Yasna
1353:Yasna
1351:. In
1143:menog
1139:menog
1025:Titan
976:Yasna
956:Greek
810:Yasht
799:Yasna
685:Medes
655:, an
649:sarva
629:era.
522:is a
234:Yasna
2893:Tian
2676:Hell
2546:Good
2541:Time
2187:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1567:2021
1508:and
1477:dahr
1460:and
1389:Magi
1149:Vayu
1133:and
1131:Geti
1110:and
1032:Zeus
958:and
899:The
702:and
597:lit.
538:and
84:Asha
3113:God
3111:of
2105:doi
1819:doi
1781:doi
1746:at
1608:doi
1190:of
679:'s
569:or
3238::
2910:in
2674:/
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2157:.
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2049:.
2016:DK
1980:^
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1848:^
1825:.
1815:10
1813:.
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1602:.
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1551:.
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1435:r.
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2028:.
1974:.
1956:.
1901:.
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1622:.
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