Oil reserves: Difference between revisions

1616:''Volumetric methods'' attempt to determine the amount of oil in place by using the size of the reservoir as well as the physical properties of its rocks and fluids. Then a recovery factor is assumed, using assumptions from fields with similar characteristics. OIP is multiplied by the recovery factor to arrive at a reserve number. Current recovery factors for oil fields around the world typically range between 10 and 60 percent; some are over 80 percent. The wide variance is due largely to the diversity of fluid and reservoir characteristics for different deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/oilproduction.html |title=Defining the Limits of Oil Production |date=June 2008 |work=International Energy Outlook 2008 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |accessdate=2008-11-22 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="EUR">{{cite journal 8167:

represented 13% of the expected undiscovered oil in the world. Of the estimated totals, more than half of the undiscovered oil resources were estimated to occur in just three geologic provinces—], the ], and the ]s. More than 70% of the mean undiscovered oil resources was estimated to occur in five provinces: Arctic Alaska, Amerasia Basin, East Greenland Rift Basins, ]s, and West Greenland–East Canada. It was further estimated that approximately 84% of the oil and gas would occur offshore. The USGS did not consider economic factors such as the effects of permanent sea ice or oceanic water depth in its assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources. This assessment was lower than a 2000 survey, which had included lands south of the Arctic Circle.<ref>

1432:"Unconventional resources" exist in petroleum accumulations that are pervasive throughout a large area. Examples include ], ], and ] deposits. Unlike "conventional resources", in which the petroleum is recovered through wellbores and typically requires minimal processing prior to sale, unconventional resources require specialized extraction technology to produce. For example, steam and/or solvents are used to mobilize bitumen for in-situ recovery. Moreover, the extracted petroleum may require significant processing prior to sale (e.g., bitumen upgraders).<ref name="PRMS" /> The total amount of ] resources in the world considerably exceeds the amount of conventional oil reserves, but are much more difficult and expensive to develop. 8517:

exclusion of tight oil and gas from sources other than shale such as sandstone or carbonates, formations underlying the large oil fields located in the Middle East and the Caspian region, off shore formations, or about which there is little information. Estimated technically recoverable shale oil resources total 335 to 345 billion barrels.<ref name=EIAJune2013>{{cite web|title=Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States|url=http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|accessdate=June 11, 2013|format=PDF|date=June 2013}}</ref>

1156:'''Possible''' reserves are attributed to known accumulations that have a less likely chance of being recovered than probable reserves. This term is often used for reserves which are claimed to have at least a 10% certainty of being produced ("P10"). Reasons for classifying reserves as possible include varying interpretations of geology, reserves not producible at commercial rates, uncertainty due to reserve infill (seepage from adjacent areas) and projected reserves based on future recovery methods. The cumulative amount of proven, probable and possible resources are referred to in the industry as "'''3P'''" (proven plus probable plus possible).<ref name="SPE_Glossary"/> 2268:! Reserves<ref>PennWell Corporation, Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 105.48 (December 24, 2007), except United States. Oil includes crude oil and condensate. Data for the United States are from the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 2006 Annual Report, DOE/EIA-0216(2007) (November 2007). Oil & Gas Journal's oil reserve estimate for Canada includes {{convert|5.392|Goilbbl|m3}} of conventional crude oil and condensate reserves and {{convert|173.2|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil sands reserves. Information collated by </ref> 109 bbl 329:

of reserves to the total amount of oil in a particular reservoir is called the ''recovery factor''. Determining a recovery factor for a given field depends on several features of the operation, including method of oil recovery used and technological developments.<ref name="BPOilreservedefinitions">{{cite web |url=http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013/review-by-energy-type/oil/oil-reserves/oil-reserve-definitions.html |title=Oil reserve definitions |work=bp.com |publisher=BP |accessdate=4 December 2013}}</ref>

286:'''Oil reserves''' denote the amount of ] that can be technically recovered at a cost that is financially feasible at the present price of oil.<ref>Society of Petroleum Engineers, , accessed 24 Feb. 2017.</ref> Hence reserves will change with the price, unlike '''oil resources''', which include all oil that can be technically recovered at any price. Reserves may be for a well, for a reservoir, for a field, for a nation, or for the world. Different classifications of reserves are related to their degree of certainty. 1998:

made for wells shut in and production restrictions. The curve can be expressed mathematically or plotted on a graph to estimate future production. It has the advantage of (implicitly) including all reservoir characteristics. It requires a sufficient history to establish a statistically significant trend, ideally when production is not curtailed by regulatory or other artificial conditions.<ref name="SHPNGE" />

68: 878:'''Proven''' reserves are those reserves claimed to have a ''reasonable certainty'' (normally at least 90% confidence) of being recoverable under existing economic and political conditions, with existing technology. Industry specialists refer to this as "P90" (that is, having a 90% certainty of being produced). Proven reserves are also known in the industry as "'''1P'''".<ref name="SPE_Glossary">{{cite web 1857:

change in the reservoir pressure that depends on the remaining volume of oil and gas. The method requires extensive pressure-volume-temperature analysis and an accurate pressure history of the field. It requires some production to occur (typically 5% to 10% of ultimate recovery), unless reliable pressure history can be used from a field with similar rock and fluid characteristics.<ref name="SHPNGE" />

7877:{{convert|8|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} and did not make any important new discoveries during that period.<ref name="WEO2005" /> The case of Saudi Arabia is also striking, with proven reserves estimated at between 260 and {{convert|264|Goilbbl|m3}} in the past 18 years, a variation of less than 2%,<ref name="WEO2005" /> while extracting approximately {{convert|60|Goilbbl|m3}} during this period. 1052:</ref> PD reserves are reserves that can be produced with existing wells and perforations, or from additional reservoirs where minimal additional investment (operating expense) is required.<ref name="Hyne" /> PUD reserves require additional capital investment (e.g., drilling new wells) to bring the oil to the surface.<ref name="SPE_Glossary" /><ref name="Hyne" /> 8084:

2010-OPEC|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/07/18/venezuela-oil-reserves-surpassed-saudi-arabia-in-2010-opec/|accessdate=18 July 2011|newspaper=Fox Business|date=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm |title= OPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves |work=OPEC |year=2010 |accessdate=June 3, 2012}}</ref>

759:(or "unproved").<ref name="PRMS" /> Unproven reserves can further be divided into two subcategories—"probable" and "possible"—to indicate the relative degree of uncertainty about their existence.<ref name="PRMS" /> The most commonly accepted definitions of these are based on those approved by the ] (SPE) and the World Petroleum Council (WPC) in 1997.<ref>{{cite web 681:[[File:Petroleum probabilities.JPG|thumb|Schematic graph illustrating petroleum volumes and probabilities. Curves represent categories of oil in assessment. There is a 95% chance (i.e., probability, F95) of at least volume V1 of economically recoverable oil, and there is a 5-percent chance (F05) of at least volume V2 of economically recoverable oil.<ref name="PRMS">{{cite web 7997:</ref> Dr. ], a former senior expert of the ], has estimated that Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have overstated reserves by a combined 320–390bn barrels and has said, "As for Iran, the usually accepted official {{convert|132|Goilbbl|m3}} is almost one hundred billion over any realistic assay."<ref name="Bakhtiari">{{cite web 1136:'''Probable''' reserves are attributed to known accumulations and claim a 50% confidence level of recovery. Industry specialists refer to them as "P50" (i.e., having a 50% certainty of being produced). The sum of proven plus probable reserves is also referred to in the industry as "'''2P'''" (proven plus probable).<ref name="SPE_Glossary"/> 8063:</ref> ''Petroleum Intelligence Weekly'' reported that official confidential Kuwaiti documents estimate reserves of Kuwait were only {{convert|48|Goilbbl}}, of which half were proven and half were possible. The combined value of proven and possible is half of the official public estimate of proven reserves.<ref name="PIWKUWAIT" /> 8496:

Schenk |author2=Troy A. Cook |author3=Ronald R. Charpentier |author4=Richard M. Pollastro |author5=Timothy R. Klett |author6=Marilyn E. Tennyson |author7=Mark A. Kirschbaum |author8=Michael E. Brownfield |author9=Janet K. Pitman. |last-author-amp=yes |date=11 January 2010|publisher=USGS|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref>

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Experience shows that initial estimates of the size of newly discovered oil fields are usually too low. As years pass, successive estimates of the ultimate recovery of fields tend to increase. The term ''reserve growth'' refers to the typical increases in estimated ultimate recovery that occur as oil

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The ] uses the terms ''technically'' and ''economically'' recoverable resources when making its petroleum resource assessments. Technically recoverable resources represent that proportion of assessed in-place petroleum that may be recoverable using current recovery technology, without regard to cost.

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Many countries maintain government-controlled oil reserves for both economic and national security reasons. According to the United States ], approximately {{convert|4.1|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil are held in strategic reserves, of which 1.4 billion is government-controlled. These reserves are generally not

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All reserve estimates involve uncertainty, depending on the amount of reliable geologic and engineering data available and the interpretation of that data. The relative degree of uncertainty can be expressed by dividing reserves into two principal classifications—"proven" (or "proved") and "unproven"

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The total estimated amount of oil in an ], including both producible and non-producible oil, is called '']''. However, because of ] and limitations in ], only a fraction of this oil can be brought to the surface, and it is only this producible fraction that is considered to be ''reserves''. The ratio

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The ''decline curve method'' uses production data to fit a decline curve and estimate future oil production. The three most common forms of decline curves are exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic. It is assumed that the production will decline on a reasonably smooth curve, and so allowances must be

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The amount of oil in a subsurface reservoir is called '']'' (OIP).<ref name="Hyne" /> Only a fraction of this oil can be recovered from a reservoir. This fraction is called the '']''.<ref name="Hyne" /> The portion that can be recovered is considered to be a reserve. The portion that is

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A more sophisticated system of evaluating petroleum accumulations was adopted in 2007 by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), World Petroleum Council (WPC), ] (AAPG), and Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE). It incorporates the 1997 definitions for reserves, but adds categories for

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Unproven reserves are based on geological and/or engineering data similar to that used in estimates of proven reserves, but technical, contractual, or regulatory uncertainties preclude such reserves being classified as proven.<ref name="SHPNGE" /> Unproven reserves may be used internally by

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companies to also provide additional optional information declaring 2P (both proven and probable) and 3P (proven plus probable plus possible) provided the evaluation is verified by qualified third party consultants, though many companies choose to use 2P and 3P estimates only for internal purposes.

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Because the ] of the subsurface cannot be examined directly, ] must be used to estimate the size and recoverability of the resource. While ] have increased the accuracy of these techniques, significant uncertainties still remain. In general, most early estimates of the reserves of an oil field are

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The ''materials balance method'' for an oil field uses an equation that relates the volume of oil, water and gas that has been produced from a reservoir and the change in reservoir pressure to calculate the remaining oil. It assumes that, as fluids from the reservoir are produced, there will be a

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In June 2013 the ] published a global inventory of estimated recoverable ] and tight gas resources in shale formations, "Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States." The inventory is incomplete due to

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Sadad al-Huseini, former head of exploration and production at Saudi Aramco, estimates {{convert|300|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} of the world's {{convert|1200|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} of proven reserves should be recategorized as speculative resources, though he did not specify which countries had inflated their

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In ], reserves categories A, B, and C1 correspond roughly to proved developed producing, proved developed nonproducing, and proved undeveloped, respectively; the designation ABC1 corresponds to proved reserves. The Russian category C2 includes probable and possible reserves.<ref>Society of

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Until December 2009 "1P" ] were the only type the U.S. ] allowed oil companies to report to investors. Companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges must substantiate their claims, but many governments and ] do not disclose verifying data to support their claims. Since January 2010 the SEC now allows

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In October 2009, the ] updated the ] (Venezuela) value to {{convert|513|Goilbbl|m3}}.<ref name="USGS Venezuela">{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3028/pdf/FS09-3028.pdf|title=An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela|author1=Christopher J.

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Contingent resources are those quantities of petroleum estimated, as of a given date, to be potentially recoverable from ''known'' accumulations, but the applied project(s) are not yet considered mature enough for commercial development due to one or more contingencies. Contingent resources may

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A 2008 United States Geological Survey estimates that areas north of the Arctic Circle have {{convert|90|Goilbbl|m3}} of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and {{convert|44|Goilbbl|m3}} of natural gas liquids in 25 geologically defined areas thought to have potential for petroleum. This

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Total reserves in many OPEC countries hardly changed in the 1990s.<ref name="WEO2005" /> Official reserves in Kuwait, for example, were unchanged at {{convert|96.5|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} (including its share of the Neutral Zone) from 1991 to 2002, even though the country produced more than

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Prospective resources are those quantities of petroleum estimated, as of a given date, to be potentially recoverable from ''undiscovered'' accumulations by application of future development projects. Prospective resources have both an associated chance of discovery and a chance of

7856:</ref> The most prominent explanation of the revisions is prompted by a change in OPEC rules which set production quotas (partly) on reserves. In any event, the revisions in official data had little to do with the actual discovery of new reserves.<ref name="WEO2005" /> 944:| accessdate = 2008-04-20|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Wright">{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Charlotte J.|author2=Rebecca A Gallun|title=Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Accounting|publisher=PenWell Books|year=2008|edition=5|pages=750|isbn=978-1-59370-137-6}}</ref> 7757:</ref> Some of it is defended partly by the shift in ownership of reserves away from international oil companies, some of whom were obliged to report reserves under conservative US Securities and Exchange Commission rules.<ref name="WEO2005" /><ref>{{Cite news 3792:| accessdate = 2008-08-23}}</ref> There are doubts about the reliability of these estimates, which are not provided with any form of verification that meet external reporting standards.<ref name="WEO2005" /> The following table illustrates these rises. 158: 583:

Many oil-producing nations do not reveal their reservoir engineering field data and instead provide ] for their oil reserves. The numbers disclosed by some national governments are suspected of being manipulated for political reasons.<ref>{{cite

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Based on data from ] at the beginning of 2013 the highest proved oil reserves including non-conventional oil deposits are in ] (20% of global reserves), ] (18% of global reserves), ] (13% of global reserves), and ] (9%).<ref name="OPEC">{{cite

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The upper right ] displays CUM, which is the cumulative gas or oil produced. ULT is the ultimate recovery projected for the well. Pv10 is the ] of 10%, which is the ] of the remaining lease, valued for this oil well at $ 1.089 million

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include, for example, projects for which there are no viable markets, or where commercial recovery is dependent on technology under development, or where evaluation of the accumulation is insufficient to clearly assess commerciality.

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It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes (which equals between 133 and 180 billions m³ of oil) of the world's oil reserves have been used between 1850 and the present.<ref>, ], 8 May 2009. Retrieved Mar

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Economically recoverable resources are technically recoverable petroleum for which the costs of discovery, development, production, and transport, including a return to capital, can be recovered at a given market price.

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Redirects from related topics are different than redirects from related words, because a related topic is more likely to warrant a full and detailed description in the target article. If this redirect's subject is

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In July 2011, OPEC's Annual Statistical Review showed Venezuela's reserves to be larger than Saudi Arabia's.<ref>{{cite news|last=Faucon|first=Benoit|title=Venezuela Oil Reserves Surpassed Saudi Arabia In

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Since OPEC started to set production quotas on the basis of reserves levels in the 1980s, many of its members have reported significant increases in their official reserves.<ref name="WEO2005">{{cite

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oil companies and government agencies for future planning purposes but are not routinely compiled. They are sub-classified as ''probable'' and ''possible''.<ref name="SHPNGE" />

2290:! Production<ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) – U.S. Government – U.S. Dept. of Energy, September, 2011 </ref> 106 bbl/d 525:|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806145740/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/1997/intricate_puzzle_oil_gas_reserves_growth/pdf/m07fa.pdf 964:

Proven reserves are further subdivided into "'''proven developed'''" (PD) and "'''proven undeveloped'''" (PUD).<ref name="Wright" /><ref name="Hyne">{{cite book

3615:{{cleanup section|reason=The table in this section presently presents ''resources'' rather than ''reserves'', according to SPE definition|date=February 2017}} 2072:{{cleanup section|reason=The table in this section presently presents ''resources'' rather than ''reserves'', according to SPE definition|date=February 2017}} 141: 1974:

The dips to zero indicate there were no sales that month, likely because the ] did not produce a full tank, and thus was not worth a visit from a ].

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be used for redirects having some edit history but no meaningful content in their previous versions, nor for redirects created as a result of a

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remove the tag that generates this text (unless the need to recreate content on this page has been demonstrated), nor delete this page.

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The top red line is the gas decline curve, which is a hyperbolic decline curve. Gas is measured in ] (thousand cubic feet in this case).

69: 1262:] resources are greater than conventional ones.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Alboudwarej| title = Highlighting Heavy Oil 90: 28: 481:|url=ftp://eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/1997/intricate_puzzle_oil_gas_reserves_growth/pdf/m07fa.pdf 8915: 2127:[[File:World Oil Reserves by Region.PNG|thumb|Most of the world's oil reserves are in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web 115: 1908:

Decline curve generated by ] software, utilized in petroleum economics to indicate the depletion of oil & gas in a ].

1825:</ref> The method is most useful early in the life of the reservoir, before significant production has occurred. 933:| url = http://www.spe.org/spe-site/spe/spe/industry/reserves/GlossaryPetroleumReserves-ResourcesDefinitions_2005.pdf 7658:

The sudden revisions in OPEC reserves, totaling nearly 300 bn barrels, have been much debated.<ref>{{Cite news

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conservative and tend to grow with time. This phenomenon is called '']''.<ref name="Morehouse">{{cite journal

8957: 1888:[[File:Decline curve analysis software image of exponential decline - hyperbolic decline.jpg|thumb|<center> 108: 149: 1952:

The lower Blue line is the oil decline curve, which is an exponential decline curve. Oil is measured in ] (]s).

86: 8931: 153: 9013: 8998: 176: 97: 8211:| title = 90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic 3843:{| border="0" align="center" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:white; text-align:center" 1930:

The X axis is a coordinate scale, indicating time in years and displays the production decline curve.

814:| url = http://www.spe.org/spe-site/spe/spe/industry/reserves/Petroleum_Reserves_Definitions_1997.pdf 187: 1919:

The Y axis is a semi log scale, indicating the rate of ] (green line), and gas depletion (red line).

165: 8941: 8988: 63: 1295:| url = http://www.slb.com/media/services/resources/oilfieldreview/ors06/sum06/heavy_oil.pdf 1682:| url = http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/scientific_publications/2005/EUR21895EN.pdf 8969:. This page is kept as a redirect to preserve its former content and attributions. Please 8: 8963: 104: 8899: 1475:

not recoverable is not included unless and until methods are implemented to produce it.

997:| title = Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production 8994:

instead), nor for redirects from a title that forms a historic part of Knowledge (use

2213: 8981: 16: 1638:| title = Enhanced Oil Recovery using Carbon Dioxide in the European Energy System 172: 3865:|colspan=9|'''Declared reserves of major OPEC Producers (billion of barrels)''' 1349:''contingent resources'' and ''prospective resources''.<ref name="PRMS"/> 183: 2301:! Production 103 m3/d 44: 212: 8924: 3638:| title = WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2005:Middle East and North Africa Insights 3542::1 ] (in years), calculated as reserves / annual production. (from above) 2279:! Reserves 109 m3 394:| url = http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm}}</ref> 8751:*, including many charts and graphs on the world's energy supply and use 3781:| url = http://www.energyintel.com/DocumentDetail.asp?document_id=167229 1519:| title = Standard Handbook Of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering 650:</ref><ref>The Asylum, ], 2011, Harper Collins</ref> 2235:|+ Summary of Proven Reserve Data as of 2012<ref name="OPEC"/> 2312:! Reserve/ Production Ratio1 years 7909:| title = Oil reserves over-inflated by 300bn barrels – al-Huseini 8365:| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/24/business/24arctic.html 725:| url = http://www.spe.org/spe-app/spe/industry/reserves/prms.htm 889:| title = Glossary of Terms Used in Petroleum Reserves/Resources 3693:| url = http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2005/weo2005.pdf 2171:| url = http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html 2030:

fields are developed and produced.<ref name="Morehouse"/>

8398:|title=USGS: 25% Arctic oil, gas estimate a reporter's mistake 1317:| accessdate = 2008-05-24|display-authors=etal}}</ref>]] 8387:|url=http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/347702651.shtml 6615:| ''130.7'' 5031:| ''255.0'' 1605:{{further information|Extraction of petroleum|Oil in place}} 4899:| ''100.0'' 4811:| ''97.2'' 4767:| ''92.9'' 4712:| ''54.5'' 4558:| ''92.7'' 4316:| ''59.0'' 1104:] in ], which has the world's third largest oil reserves.]] 437:|title=The Intricate Puzzle of Oil and Gas Reserves Growth 8919:: This is a redirect to an article about a similar topic. 7746:| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4681935.stm}} 8244:| url = http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1980 1660:| publisher = European Commission Joint Research Center 2138:| title = World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas 51: 3748:| title = Oil Reserves Accounting: The Case Of Kuwait 2094:{{See also|List of countries by proven oil reserves}} 9016:

are automatically sensed, described and categorized.

1219:{{Main article|global strategic petroleum reserves}} 628:| url = http://moneyterms.co.uk/proven-oil-reserves/ 8376:| accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news 3737:</ref><ref name="PIWKUWAIT">{{cite news 2149:| publisher = US Energy Information Administration 459:|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration 225:(100 intermediate revisions by 62 users not shown) 1963:Data is from actual sales, not pumped production. 8885:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification 8135:{{See also|Petroleum exploration in the Arctic}} 8041:| url = http://www.energybulletin.net/node/13009 206:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification 1231:counted when computing a nation's oil reserves. 692:| title = Petroleum Resources Management System 361:| title = OPEC Share of World Oil Reserves 2010 7953:| url = http://www.davidstrahan.com/blog/?p=68 781:| work = Petroleum Resources Management System 8875:Latest revision as of 05:00, 11 December 2022 7898:reserves.<ref name="Huseini">{{cite web 150:Latest revision as of 05:00, 11 December 2022 8961:: This is a redirect from a page containing 8908:are used to track and monitor this redirect: 3487:| {{convert|1324.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 911:| publisher = Society of Petroleum Engineers 792:| publisher = Society of Petroleum Engineers 703:| publisher = Society of Petroleum Engineers 200: 8299:| title = Oil Survey Says Arctic Has Riches 3759:| publisher = Petroleum Intelligence Weekly 3146:| {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} ] 2695:| {{convert|101.50|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2629:| {{convert|143.10|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2563:| {{convert|151.20|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2497:| {{convert|175.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2431:| {{convert|265.40|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2365:| {{convert|296.50|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 7845:| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/47484}} 3498:| {{convert|56.7|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3421:| {{convert|13.20|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 3355:| {{convert|13.42|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 3289:| {{convert|13.50|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 3223:| {{convert|25.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 3157:| {{convert|25.40|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 3091:| {{convert|25.41|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 3025:| {{convert|30.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2959:| {{convert|37.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2893:| {{convert|47.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2838:| {{convert|10.0|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2827:| {{convert|80.00|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 2761:| {{convert|97.80|Goilbbl|km3|disp=table}} 1530:| publisher = Gulf Professional Publishing 7691:| title = How much oil do we really have? 3649:| publisher = INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 3432:| {{convert|2.1|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3366:| {{convert|1.7|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3300:| {{convert|1.9|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3234:| {{convert|7.0|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3168:| {{convert|4.1|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3102:| {{convert|1.1|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 3036:| {{convert|1.5|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2970:| {{convert|2.5|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2904:| {{convert|1.7|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2772:| {{convert|2.4|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2706:| {{convert|2.3|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2640:| {{convert|3.4|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2574:| {{convert|4.1|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2508:| {{convert|2.7|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2442:| {{convert|8.9|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 2376:| {{convert|2.1|Moilbbl|dam3|disp=table}} 8484:==Unconventional prospective resources== 8189:| last = United States Geological Survey 8019:| publisher = ASPO-USA's Peak Oil Review 8008:| title = On Middle Eastern Oil Reserves 7790:| title = The Saudis May Have Enough Oil 770:| title = Petroleum Reserves Definitions 3476:| '''Total of top seventeen reserves''' 1877:=== Production decline curve method === 8773:* BP Statistical Review of Energy 2013 825:| accessdate = 2008-04-20|format=PDF}} 87:Revision as of 18:03, 24 February 2017 2750:| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} ] 8890: 3531:|colspan=6|'''Notes:''' 1486:<ref name="SHPNGE">{{cite book 77: 43: 2050:== Estimated reserves by country == 224: 210: 199: 164: 147: 140: 131: 127: 96: 84: 13: 8877: 8266:</ref><ref>{{cite news 8124:===Arctic prospective resources=== 1208:===Strategic petroleum reserves=== 1188:Petroleum Engineers, ,</ref> 1008:| publisher = PennWell Corporation 32: 9031: 1715:</ref><ref>{{citation 1845:=== Materials balance method === 1176:===Russian reserve categories=== 867:{{main article|proven reserves}} 2224:{| class = "wikitable sortable" 1770:| title = Enhanced Oil Recovery 204:Bot: Fixing double redirect to 3212:| {{flagicon|United States}} ] 2061:{{POV section|date=May 2015}} 606:| publisher = moneyterms.co.uk 1: 8873: 8862: 8851: 8842: 8831: 8820: 8809: 8800: 8789: 8780: 8769: 8758: 8747: 8736: 8725: 8716: 8705: 8694: 8685: 8674: 8663: 8652: 8641: 8630: 8621: 8610: 8599: 8588: 8577: 8566: 8555: 8544: 8533: 8524: 8512: 8503: 8491: 8480: 8471: 8460: 8449: 8438: 8427: 8416: 8405: 8394: 8383: 8372: 8361: 8350: 8339: 8328: 8317: 8306: 8295: 8284: 8273: 8262: 8251: 8240: 8229: 8218: 8207: 8196: 8185: 8174: 8162: 8153: 8142: 8131: 8120: 8111: 8100: 8091: 8079: 8070: 8059: 8048: 8037: 8026: 8015: 8004: 7993: 7982: 7971: 7960: 7949: 7938: 7927: 7916: 7905: 7893: 7884: 7872: 7863: 7852: 7841: 7830: 7819: 7808: 7797: 7786: 7775: 7764: 7753: 7742: 7731: 7720: 7709: 7698: 7687: 7676: 7665: 7654: 7645: 7634: 7623: 7612: 7601: 7590: 7579: 7568: 7557: 7546: 7535: 7524: 7513: 7502: 7491: 7480: 7469: 7458: 7447: 7436: 7425: 7414: 7403: 7392: 7381: 7370: 7359: 7348: 7337: 7326: 7315: 7304: 7293: 7282: 7271: 7260: 7249: 7238: 7227: 7216: 7205: 7194: 7183: 7172: 7161: 7150: 7139: 7128: 7117: 7106: 7095: 7084: 7073: 7062: 7051: 7040: 7029: 7018: 7007: 6996: 6985: 6974: 6963: 6952: 6941: 6930: 6919: 6908: 6897: 6886: 6875: 6864: 6853: 6842: 6831: 6820: 6809: 6798: 6787: 6776: 6765: 6754: 6743: 6732: 6721: 6710: 6699: 6688: 6677: 6666: 6655: 6644: 6633: 6622: 6611: 6600: 6589: 6578: 6567: 6556: 6545: 6534: 6523: 6512: 6501: 6490: 6479: 6468: 6457: 6446: 6435: 6424: 6413: 6402: 6391: 6380: 6369: 6358: 6347: 6336: 6325: 6314: 6303: 6292: 6281: 6270: 6259: 6248: 6237: 6226: 6215: 6204: 6193: 6182: 6171: 6160: 6149: 6138: 6127: 6116: 6105: 6094: 6083: 6072: 6061: 6050: 6039: 6028: 6017: 6006: 5995: 5984: 5973: 5962: 5951: 5940: 5929: 5918: 5907: 5896: 5885: 5874: 5863: 5852: 5841: 5830: 5819: 5808: 5797: 5786: 5775: 5764: 5753: 5742: 5731: 5720: 5709: 5698: 5687: 5676: 5665: 5654: 5643: 5632: 5621: 5610: 5599: 5588: 5577: 5566: 5555: 5544: 5533: 5522: 5511: 5500: 5489: 5478: 5467: 5456: 5445: 5434: 5423: 5412: 5401: 5390: 5379: 5368: 5357: 5346: 5335: 5324: 5313: 5302: 5291: 5280: 5269: 5258: 5247: 5236: 5225: 5214: 5203: 5192: 5181: 5170: 5159: 5148: 5137: 5126: 5115: 5104: 5093: 5082: 5071: 5060: 5049: 5038: 5027: 5016: 5005: 4994: 4983: 4972: 4961: 4950: 4939: 4928: 4917: 4906: 4895: 4884: 4873: 4862: 4851: 4840: 4829: 4818: 4807: 4796: 4785: 4774: 4763: 4752: 4741: 4730: 4719: 4708: 4697: 4686: 4675: 4664: 4653: 4642: 4631: 4620: 4609: 4598: 4587: 4576: 4565: 4554: 4543: 4532: 4521: 4510: 4499: 4488: 4477: 4466: 4455: 4444: 4433: 4422: 4411: 4400: 4389: 4378: 4367: 4356: 4345: 4334: 4323: 4312: 4301: 4290: 4279: 4268: 4257: 4246: 4235: 4224: 4213: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4169: 4158: 4147: 4136: 4125: 4114: 4103: 4092: 4081: 4070: 4059: 4048: 4037: 4026: 4015: 4004: 3993: 3982: 3971: 3960: 3949: 3938: 3927: 3916: 3905: 3894: 3883: 3872: 3861: 3850: 3839: 3830: 3819: 3808: 3799: 3788: 3777: 3766: 3755: 3744: 3733: 3722: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3667: 3656: 3645: 3634: 3622: 3611: 3600: 3591: 3579: 3571: 3560: 3549: 3538: 3527: 3516: 3505: 3494: 3483: 3472: 3461: 3450: 3439: 3428: 3417: 3406: 3395: 3384: 3373: 3362: 3351: 3340: 3329: 3318: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3274: 3263: 3252: 3241: 3230: 3219: 3208: 3197: 3186: 3175: 3164: 3153: 3142: 3131: 3120: 3109: 3098: 3087: 3076: 3065: 3054: 3043: 3032: 3021: 3010: 2999: 2988: 2977: 2966: 2955: 2944: 2933: 2922: 2911: 2900: 2889: 2878: 2867: 2856: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2812: 2801: 2790: 2779: 2768: 2757: 2746: 2735: 2724: 2713: 2702: 2691: 2680: 2669: 2658: 2647: 2636: 2625: 2614: 2603: 2592: 2581: 2570: 2559: 2548: 2537: 2526: 2515: 2504: 2493: 2482: 2471: 2460: 2449: 2438: 2427: 2420:| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} ] 2416: 2405: 2394: 2383: 2372: 2361: 2350: 2339: 2330: 2319: 2308: 2297: 2286: 2275: 2264: 2253: 2242: 2231: 2220: 2209: 2200: 2189: 2178: 2167: 2156: 2145: 2134: 2123: 2112: 2101: 2090: 2079: 2068: 2057: 2046: 2037: 2025: 2014: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1970: 1959: 1948: 1937: 1926: 1915: 1904: 1895: 1884: 1873: 1864: 1852: 1841: 1832: 1821: 1810: 1799: 1788: 1777: 1766: 1755: 1744: 1733: 1722: 1711: 1700: 1689: 1678: 1667: 1656: 1645: 1634: 1623: 1612: 1601: 1590: 1581: 1570: 1559: 1548: 1537: 1526: 1515: 1504: 1493: 1482: 1470: 1459: 1448: 1439: 1428: 1419: 1407: 1398: 1386: 1377: 1365: 1356: 1344: 1333: 1324: 1313: 1302: 1291: 1280: 1273:| publisher = Oilfield Review 1269: 1258: 1247: 1238: 1226: 1215: 1204: 1195: 1183: 1172: 1163: 1152: 1143: 1132: 1123: 1111: 1100: 1089: 1080: 1068: 1059: 1048: 1037: 1026: 1015: 1004: 993: 982: 971: 960: 951: 940: 929: 918: 907: 896: 885: 874: 863: 852: 843: 832: 821: 810: 799: 788: 777: 766: 754: 743: 732: 721: 710: 699: 688: 677: 666: 657: 646: 635: 624: 613: 602: 595:| title = Proven Oil Reserves 591: 579: 570: 559: 532: 521: 510: 499: 488: 477: 466: 455: 444: 433: 422: 410: 401: 390: 379: 368: 357: 345: 336: 324: 315: 304: 295: 282: 273: 248: 239: 8813:{{DEFAULTSORT:Oil Reserves}} 8343:| publisher = New York Times 536:|archivedate=August 6, 2010 18:Browse history interactively 7: 8634:'''Energy and resources:''' 8255:| accessdate = 2008-08-12}} 8052:| accessdate = 2008-08-20}} 7986:| accessdate = 2008-08-23}} 3014:| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} ] 2182:| accessdate = 2008-08-19}} 1704:| accessdate = 2008-08-23}} 736:| accessdate = 2008-04-20}} 639:| accessdate = 2008-04-17}} 426:|author=David F. Morehouse 10: 9036: 2354:| {{flagicon|Venezuela}} ] 129: 8869: 8858: 8847: 8838: 8827: 8816: 8805: 8796: 8785: 8776: 8765: 8754: 8743: 8732: 8721: 8712: 8701: 8690: 8681: 8670: 8659: 8648: 8637: 8626: 8617: 8606: 8595: 8584: 8573: 8562: 8551: 8540: 8529: 8520: 8508: 8499: 8487: 8476: 8467: 8456: 8445: 8434: 8423: 8412: 8409:|publisher=Petroleum News 8401: 8390: 8379: 8368: 8357: 8346: 8335: 8324: 8313: 8302: 8291: 8280: 8269: 8258: 8247: 8236: 8225: 8214: 8203: 8192: 8181: 8170: 8158: 8149: 8138: 8127: 8116: 8107: 8104:==Prospective resources== 8096: 8087: 8075: 8066: 8055: 8044: 8033: 8022: 8011: 8000: 7989: 7978: 7967: 7956: 7945: 7942:| date = October 30, 2007 7934: 7923: 7912: 7901: 7889: 7880: 7868: 7859: 7848: 7837: 7834:| date = January 23, 2006 7826: 7815: 7804: 7793: 7782: 7771: 7760: 7749: 7738: 7727: 7716: 7705: 7694: 7683: 7672: 7661: 7650: 7641: 7630: 7619: 7608: 7597: 7586: 7575: 7564: 7553: 7542: 7531: 7520: 7509: 7498: 7487: 7476: 7465: 7454: 7443: 7432: 7421: 7410: 7399: 7388: 7377: 7366: 7355: 7344: 7333: 7322: 7311: 7300: 7289: 7278: 7267: 7256: 7245: 7234: 7223: 7212: 7201: 7190: 7179: 7168: 7157: 7146: 7135: 7124: 7113: 7102: 7091: 7080: 7069: 7058: 7047: 7036: 7025: 7014: 7003: 6992: 6981: 6970: 6959: 6948: 6937: 6926: 6915: 6904: 6893: 6882: 6871: 6860: 6849: 6838: 6827: 6816: 6805: 6794: 6783: 6772: 6761: 6750: 6739: 6728: 6717: 6706: 6695: 6684: 6673: 6662: 6651: 6640: 6629: 6618: 6607: 6596: 6585: 6574: 6563: 6552: 6541: 6530: 6519: 6508: 6497: 6486: 6475: 6464: 6453: 6442: 6431: 6420: 6409: 6398: 6387: 6376: 6365: 6354: 6343: 6332: 6321: 6310: 6299: 6288: 6277: 6266: 6255: 6244: 6233: 6222: 6211: 6200: 6189: 6178: 6167: 6156: 6145: 6134: 6123: 6112: 6101: 6090: 6079: 6068: 6057: 6046: 6035: 6024: 6013: 6002: 5991: 5980: 5969: 5958: 5947: 5936: 5925: 5914: 5903: 5892: 5881: 5870: 5859: 5848: 5837: 5826: 5815: 5804: 5793: 5782: 5771: 5760: 5749: 5738: 5727: 5716: 5705: 5694: 5683: 5672: 5661: 5650: 5639: 5628: 5617: 5606: 5595: 5584: 5573: 5562: 5551: 5540: 5529: 5518: 5507: 5496: 5485: 5474: 5463: 5452: 5441: 5430: 5419: 5408: 5397: 5386: 5375: 5364: 5353: 5342: 5331: 5320: 5309: 5298: 5287: 5276: 5265: 5254: 5243: 5232: 5221: 5210: 5199: 5188: 5177: 5166: 5155: 5144: 5133: 5122: 5111: 5100: 5089: 5078: 5067: 5056: 5045: 5034: 5023: 5012: 5001: 4990: 4979: 4968: 4957: 4946: 4935: 4924: 4913: 4902: 4891: 4880: 4869: 4858: 4847: 4836: 4825: 4814: 4803: 4792: 4781: 4770: 4759: 4748: 4737: 4726: 4715: 4704: 4693: 4682: 4671: 4660: 4649: 4638: 4627: 4616: 4605: 4594: 4583: 4572: 4561: 4550: 4539: 4528: 4517: 4506: 4495: 4484: 4473: 4462: 4451: 4440: 4429: 4418: 4407: 4396: 4385: 4374: 4363: 4352: 4341: 4330: 4319: 4308: 4297: 4286: 4275: 4264: 4253: 4242: 4231: 4220: 4209: 4198: 4187: 4176: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4132: 4121: 4110: 4099: 4088: 4077: 4066: 4055: 4044: 4033: 4022: 4011: 4000: 3989: 3978: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3934: 3923: 3912: 3901: 3890: 3879: 3868: 3857: 3846: 3835: 3826: 3815: 3804: 3795: 3784: 3773: 3770:| date = January 30, 2006 3762: 3751: 3740: 3729: 3718: 3707: 3696: 3685: 3674: 3663: 3652: 3641: 3630: 3618: 3607: 3596: 3587: 3575: 3567: 3556: 3545: 3534: 3523: 3512: 3501: 3490: 3479: 3468: 3457: 3446: 3435: 3424: 3413: 3402: 3391: 3380: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3336: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3281: 3270: 3259: 3248: 3237: 3226: 3215: 3204: 3193: 3182: 3171: 3160: 3149: 3138: 3127: 3116: 3105: 3094: 3083: 3072: 3061: 3050: 3039: 3028: 3017: 3006: 2995: 2984: 2973: 2962: 2951: 2940: 2929: 2918: 2907: 2896: 2885: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2797: 2786: 2775: 2764: 2753: 2742: 2731: 2720: 2709: 2698: 2687: 2676: 2665: 2654: 2643: 2632: 2621: 2610: 2599: 2588: 2577: 2566: 2555: 2544: 2533: 2522: 2511: 2500: 2489: 2478: 2467: 2456: 2445: 2434: 2423: 2412: 2401: 2390: 2379: 2368: 2357: 2346: 2335: 2326: 2315: 2304: 2293: 2282: 2271: 2260: 2249: 2238: 2227: 2216: 2205: 2196: 2185: 2174: 2163: 2152: 2141: 2130: 2119: 2108: 2097: 2086: 2075: 2064: 2053: 2042: 2033: 2021: 2010: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1966: 1955: 1944: 1933: 1922: 1911: 1900: 1891: 1880: 1869: 1860: 1848: 1837: 1828: 1817: 1814:| isbn = 978-1555630775}} 1806: 1795: 1784: 1773: 1762: 1751: 1740: 1729: 1718: 1707: 1696: 1685: 1674: 1663: 1652: 1641: 1630: 1619: 1608: 1597: 1594:=== Volumetric method === 1586: 1577: 1566: 1555: 1544: 1533: 1522: 1511: 1500: 1489: 1478: 1466: 1455: 1452:==Estimation techniques== 1444: 1435: 1424: 1415: 1403: 1394: 1382: 1373: 1361: 1352: 1340: 1329: 1320: 1309: 1298: 1287: 1276: 1265: 1254: 1243: 1234: 1222: 1211: 1200: 1191: 1179: 1168: 1159: 1148: 1139: 1128: 1119: 1107: 1096: 1093:=== Unproven reserves === 1085: 1076: 1064: 1055: 1044: 1033: 1022: 1011: 1000: 989: 978: 967: 956: 947: 936: 925: 914: 903: 892: 881: 870: 859: 848: 839: 828: 817: 806: 795: 784: 773: 762: 750: 739: 728: 717: 706: 695: 684: 673: 662: 653: 642: 631: 620: 609: 598: 587: 575: 566: 539: 528: 517: 506: 495: 484: 473: 462: 451: 440: 429: 418: 406: 397: 386: 375: 364: 353: 341: 332: 313: 309: 293: 289: 271: 255: 237: 232: 229: 146: 83: 8965:substantive page history 8927:, then also tag it with 3344:| {{flagicon|Algeria}} ] 2948:| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} ] 1563:| isbn = 9780750677851}} 1041:| isbn = 9780878148233}} 136:Clarified table contents 116:Extended confirmed users 8431:|volume=Vol. 12, No. 42 8030:|date=February 20, 2006 3410:| {{flagicon|Brazil}} ] 3278:| {{flagicon|Angola}} ] 2816:| {{flagicon|Russia}} ] 2684:| {{flagicon|Kuwait}} ] 2486:| {{flagicon|Canada}} ] 856:=== Proven reserves === 503:|accessdate=2014-08-19 217:Redirect target changed 82: 8453:|accessdate=2008-07-24 8442:|date=October 21, 2007 8354:| date = July 24, 2008 7801:| newspaper = Newsweek 7702:| newspaper = BBC News 3726:| isbn = |format=PDF}} 3080:| {{flagicon|Qatar}} ] 2882:| {{flagicon|Libya}} ] 299:{{R to related topic}} 8976:This template should 8233:|date = July 27, 2008 7735:| date = 15 July 2005 2618:| {{flagicon|Iraq}} ] 2552:| {{flagicon|Iran}} ] 1627:| author = E. Tzimas, 8932:R with possibilities 3520:|-class="sortbottom" 3454:|-class="sortbottom" 1508:| first = William C. 1284:| date = Summer 2006 8420:|author=Alan Bailey 7407:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 7176:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 6945:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 6714:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 6483:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 6252:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 6021:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 5790:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 5559:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 5328:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 5097:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 4866:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 4635:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 4404:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 4173:|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" 3942:|-bgcolor="#CCCCCC" 2783:| align=right | 156 2717:| align=right | 121 2651:| align=right | 163 2585:| align=right | 101 2519:| align=right | 178 2387:| align=right | 387 2105:BBL = barrel of oil 2018:==Reserves growth== 1759:| first2 = G. Paul 986:| first = Norman J. 670:==Classifications== 9012:When appropriate, 8999:R with old history 8916:To a related topic 8729:==External links== 8222:| publisher = USGS 7779:| first = Leonardo 3604:==OPEC countries== 3509:| align=right | 64 3443:| align=right | 17 3377:| align=right | 22 3311:| align=right | 19 3245:| align=right | 10 3179:| align=right | 15 3113:| align=right | 63 3047:| align=right | 55 2981:| align=right | 41 2915:| align=right | 76 2849:| align=right | 22 2453:| align=right | 81 1748:| last2 = Willhite 372:| publisher = OPEC 319:{{R with history}} 162: 94: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9014:protection levels 8909: 8872: 8548:{{Portal|Energy}} 3682:| pages = 125–126 3584:2014.</ref> 1737:| first1 = Don W. 1251:=== Resources === 1030:| pages = 431–449 148: 85: 65: 9027: 9011: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8968: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8903: 8891: 8277:| last = MOUAWAD 8200:| first = (USGS) 7768:| last = Maugeri 7680:| first = Porter 3920:|-align="center" 3887:|-align="center" 3854:|-align="center" 219: 218: 208: 202: 194: 188:Template editors 180: 161: 156: 138: 137: 135: 132:→‎OPEC countries 122: 112: 93: 66: 57: 56: 54: 49: 47: 39: 36: 21: 19: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9009: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8962: 8952: 8944: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8898:This page is a 8889: 8867: 8856: 8845: 8836: 8825: 8814: 8803: 8794: 8783: 8774: 8763: 8752: 8741: 8730: 8719: 8710: 8699: 8688: 8679: 8668: 8657: 8646: 8635: 8624: 8615: 8604: 8593: 8582: 8571: 8560: 8549: 8538: 8527: 8518: 8506: 8497: 8485: 8474: 8465: 8454: 8443: 8432: 8421: 8410: 8399: 8388: 8377: 8366: 8355: 8344: 8333: 8322: 8311: 8300: 8289: 8278: 8267: 8256: 8245: 8234: 8223: 8212: 8201: 8190: 8179: 8168: 8156: 8147: 8136: 8125: 8114: 8105: 8094: 8085: 8073: 8064: 8053: 8042: 8031: 8020: 8009: 7998: 7987: 7976: 7965: 7954: 7943: 7932: 7921: 7910: 7899: 7887: 7878: 7866: 7857: 7846: 7835: 7824: 7813: 7802: 7791: 7780: 7769: 7758: 7747: 7736: 7725: 7714: 7703: 7692: 7681: 7670: 7659: 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339: 330: 320: 307: 300: 287: 278: 267: 262: 253: 244: 220: 216: 211: 209: 203: 198: 197: 196: 192: 190: 170: 168: 163: 157: 152: 144: 142:← Previous edit 139: 130: 128: 126: 125: 124: 120: 118: 102: 100: 95: 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 71: 62: 58: 52: 50: 45: 42: 40: 37: 35:Content deleted 34: 31: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9033: 9021: 9020: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9005: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8911: 8904:The following 8896: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8878: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698:==References== 8697: 8695: 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2480: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193:</ref>]] 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693:| format = PDF 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497:| last = Lyons 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306:| format = PDF 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 955: 952: 949: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 847: 844: 841: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 761: 757: 755: 752: 751: 749: 747:</ref>]] 746: 744: 741: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 661: 658: 655: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 586: 582: 580: 577: 576: 574: 571: 568: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 553: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 417: 413: 411: 408: 407: 405: 402: 399: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 352: 348: 346: 343: 342: 340: 337: 334: 333: 331: 327: 325: 322: 321: 318: 316: 314: 311: 310: 308: 305: 302: 301: 298: 296: 294: 291: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 274: 272: 269: 268: 265: 263: 260: 257: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 242: 240: 238: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 222: 221: 191: 182: 181: 166: 145: 119: 114: 113: 98: 67: 61: 59: 41: 33: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9032: 9018: 9015: 9000: 8990: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8943: 8942:R printworthy 8933: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8874: 8864: 8861: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8833: 8830: 8822: 8819: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8791: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8771: 8768: 8760: 8757: 8749: 8746: 8738: 8735: 8727: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8709:{{Reflist|2}} 8707: 8704: 8696: 8693: 8687: 8684: 8676: 8673: 8665: 8662: 8654: 8651: 8643: 8640: 8632: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8612: 8609: 8601: 8598: 8590: 8587: 8579: 8576: 8568: 8565: 8557: 8554: 8546: 8543: 8535: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8514: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8493: 8490: 8482: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8462: 8459: 8451: 8448: 8440: 8437: 8429: 8426: 8418: 8415: 8407: 8404: 8396: 8393: 8385: 8382: 8374: 8371: 8363: 8360: 8352: 8349: 8341: 8338: 8330: 8327: 8319: 8316: 8308: 8305: 8297: 8294: 8288:| first = JAD 8286: 8283: 8275: 8272: 8264: 8261: 8253: 8250: 8242: 8239: 8231: 8228: 8220: 8217: 8209: 8206: 8198: 8195: 8187: 8184: 8176: 8173: 8164: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8144: 8141: 8133: 8130: 8122: 8119: 8113: 8110: 8102: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8081: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8061: 8058: 8050: 8047: 8039: 8036: 8028: 8025: 8017: 8014: 8006: 8003: 7995: 7992: 7984: 7981: 7973: 7970: 7962: 7959: 7951: 7948: 7940: 7937: 7931:| publisher = 7929: 7926: 7918: 7915: 7907: 7904: 7895: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7874: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7854: 7851: 7843: 7840: 7832: 7829: 7821: 7818: 7810: 7807: 7799: 7796: 7788: 7785: 7777: 7774: 7766: 7763: 7755: 7752: 7744: 7741: 7733: 7730: 7722: 7719: 7711: 7708: 7700: 7697: 7689: 7686: 7678: 7675: 7669:| last = Adam 7667: 7664: 7656: 7653: 7647: 7644: 7636: 7633: 7625: 7622: 7614: 7611: 7603: 7600: 7592: 7589: 7581: 7578: 7570: 7567: 7559: 7556: 7548: 7545: 7537: 7534: 7526: 7523: 7515: 7512: 7504: 7501: 7493: 7490: 7482: 7479: 7471: 7468: 7460: 7457: 7449: 7446: 7438: 7435: 7427: 7424: 7416: 7413: 7405: 7402: 7394: 7391: 7383: 7380: 7372: 7369: 7361: 7358: 7350: 7347: 7339: 7336: 7328: 7325: 7317: 7314: 7306: 7303: 7295: 7292: 7284: 7281: 7273: 7270: 7262: 7259: 7251: 7248: 7240: 7237: 7229: 7226: 7218: 7215: 7207: 7204: 7196: 7193: 7185: 7182: 7174: 7171: 7163: 7160: 7152: 7149: 7141: 7138: 7130: 7127: 7119: 7116: 7108: 7105: 7097: 7094: 7086: 7083: 7075: 7072: 7064: 7061: 7053: 7050: 7042: 7039: 7031: 7028: 7020: 7017: 7009: 7006: 6998: 6995: 6987: 6984: 6976: 6973: 6965: 6962: 6954: 6951: 6943: 6940: 6932: 6929: 6921: 6918: 6910: 6907: 6899: 6896: 6888: 6885: 6877: 6874: 6866: 6863: 6855: 6852: 6844: 6841: 6833: 6830: 6822: 6819: 6811: 6808: 6800: 6797: 6789: 6786: 6778: 6775: 6767: 6764: 6756: 6753: 6745: 6742: 6734: 6731: 6723: 6720: 6712: 6709: 6701: 6698: 6690: 6687: 6679: 6676: 6668: 6665: 6657: 6654: 6646: 6643: 6635: 6632: 6624: 6621: 6613: 6610: 6602: 6599: 6591: 6588: 6580: 6577: 6569: 6566: 6558: 6555: 6547: 6544: 6536: 6533: 6525: 6522: 6514: 6511: 6503: 6500: 6492: 6489: 6481: 6478: 6470: 6467: 6459: 6456: 6448: 6445: 6437: 6434: 6426: 6423: 6415: 6412: 6404: 6401: 6393: 6390: 6382: 6379: 6371: 6368: 6360: 6357: 6349: 6346: 6338: 6335: 6327: 6324: 6316: 6313: 6305: 6302: 6294: 6291: 6283: 6280: 6272: 6269: 6261: 6258: 6250: 6247: 6239: 6236: 6228: 6225: 6217: 6214: 6206: 6203: 6195: 6192: 6184: 6181: 6173: 6170: 6162: 6159: 6151: 6148: 6140: 6137: 6129: 6126: 6118: 6115: 6107: 6104: 6096: 6093: 6085: 6082: 6074: 6071: 6063: 6060: 6052: 6049: 6041: 6038: 6030: 6027: 6019: 6016: 6008: 6005: 5997: 5994: 5986: 5983: 5975: 5972: 5964: 5961: 5953: 5950: 5942: 5939: 5931: 5928: 5920: 5917: 5909: 5906: 5898: 5895: 5887: 5884: 5876: 5873: 5865: 5862: 5854: 5851: 5843: 5840: 5832: 5829: 5821: 5818: 5810: 5807: 5799: 5796: 5788: 5785: 5777: 5774: 5766: 5763: 5755: 5752: 5744: 5741: 5733: 5730: 5722: 5719: 5711: 5708: 5700: 5697: 5689: 5686: 5678: 5675: 5667: 5664: 5656: 5653: 5645: 5642: 5634: 5631: 5623: 5620: 5612: 5609: 5601: 5598: 5590: 5587: 5579: 5576: 5568: 5565: 5557: 5554: 5546: 5543: 5535: 5532: 5524: 5521: 5513: 5510: 5502: 5499: 5491: 5488: 5480: 5477: 5469: 5466: 5458: 5455: 5447: 5444: 5436: 5433: 5425: 5422: 5414: 5411: 5403: 5400: 5392: 5389: 5381: 5378: 5370: 5367: 5359: 5356: 5348: 5345: 5337: 5334: 5326: 5323: 5315: 5312: 5304: 5301: 5293: 5290: 5282: 5279: 5271: 5268: 5260: 5257: 5249: 5246: 5238: 5235: 5227: 5224: 5216: 5213: 5205: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5183: 5180: 5172: 5169: 5161: 5158: 5150: 5147: 5139: 5136: 5128: 5125: 5117: 5114: 5106: 5103: 5095: 5092: 5084: 5081: 5073: 5070: 5062: 5059: 5051: 5048: 5040: 5037: 5029: 5026: 5018: 5015: 5007: 5004: 4996: 4993: 4985: 4982: 4974: 4971: 4963: 4960: 4952: 4949: 4941: 4938: 4930: 4927: 4919: 4916: 4908: 4905: 4897: 4894: 4886: 4883: 4875: 4872: 4864: 4861: 4853: 4850: 4842: 4839: 4831: 4828: 4820: 4817: 4809: 4806: 4798: 4795: 4787: 4784: 4776: 4773: 4765: 4762: 4754: 4751: 4743: 4740: 4732: 4729: 4721: 4718: 4710: 4707: 4699: 4696: 4688: 4685: 4677: 4674: 4666: 4663: 4655: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4633: 4630: 4622: 4619: 4611: 4608: 4600: 4597: 4589: 4586: 4578: 4575: 4567: 4564: 4556: 4553: 4545: 4542: 4534: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4512: 4509: 4501: 4498: 4490: 4487: 4479: 4476: 4468: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4446: 4443: 4435: 4432: 4424: 4421: 4413: 4410: 4402: 4399: 4391: 4388: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4366: 4358: 4355: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4259: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4237: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4215: 4212: 4204: 4201: 4193: 4190: 4182: 4179: 4171: 4168: 4160: 4157: 4149: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4127: 4124: 4116: 4113: 4105: 4102: 4094: 4091: 4083: 4080: 4072: 4069: 4061: 4058: 4050: 4047: 4039: 4036: 4028: 4025: 4017: 4014: 4006: 4003: 3995: 3992: 3984: 3981: 3973: 3970: 3962: 3959: 3951: 3948: 3940: 3937: 3929: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3907: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3885: 3882: 3874: 3871: 3863: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3790: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3768: 3765: 3757: 3754: 3746: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3724: 3721: 3713: 3710: 3702: 3699: 3691: 3688: 3680: 3677: 3669: 3666: 3660:| year = 2005 3658: 3655: 3647: 3644: 3636: 3633: 3624: 3621: 3613: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3562: 3559: 3551: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3518: 3515: 3507: 3504: 3496: 3493: 3485: 3482: 3474: 3471: 3463: 3460: 3452: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3430: 3427: 3419: 3416: 3408: 3405: 3397: 3394: 3386: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3364: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3342: 3339: 3331: 3328: 3320: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3298: 3295: 3287: 3284: 3276: 3273: 3265: 3262: 3254: 3251: 3243: 3240: 3232: 3229: 3221: 3218: 3210: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3188: 3185: 3177: 3174: 3166: 3163: 3155: 3152: 3144: 3141: 3133: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3111: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3089: 3086: 3078: 3075: 3067: 3064: 3056: 3053: 3045: 3042: 3034: 3031: 3023: 3020: 3012: 3009: 3001: 2998: 2990: 2987: 2979: 2976: 2968: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2935: 2932: 2924: 2921: 2913: 2910: 2902: 2899: 2891: 2888: 2880: 2877: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2855: 2847: 2844: 2836: 2833: 2825: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2803: 2800: 2792: 2789: 2781: 2778: 2770: 2767: 2759: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2715: 2712: 2704: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2671: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2649: 2646: 2638: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2616: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2594: 2591: 2583: 2580: 2572: 2569: 2561: 2558: 2550: 2547: 2539: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2517: 2514: 2506: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2484: 2481: 2473: 2470: 2462: 2459: 2451: 2448: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2415: 2407: 2404: 2396: 2393: 2385: 2382: 2374: 2371: 2363: 2360: 2352: 2349: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2299: 2296: 2288: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2266: 2263: 2255: 2252: 2244: 2241: 2233: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2191: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2160:| year = 2007 2158: 2155: 2147: 2144: 2136: 2133: 2125: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2103: 2100: 2092: 2089: 2081: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1961: 1958: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1936: 1928: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1886: 1883: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1851: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1823: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1792:| year = 1998 1790: 1787: 1779: 1776: 1768: 1765: 1757: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1671:| year = 2005 1669: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1647: 1644: 1636: 1633: 1625: 1622: 1614: 1611: 1603: 1600: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1572: 1569: 1561: 1558: 1552:| pages = 5–6 1550: 1547: 1541:| year = 2005 1539: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1517: 1514: 1506: 1503: 1495: 1492: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1346: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1315: 1312: 1304: 1301: 1293: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1228: 1225: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1182: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1102: 1099: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1050: 1047: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1019:| year = 2001 1017: 1014: 1006: 1003: 995: 992: 984: 981: 975:| last = Hyne 973: 970: 962: 959: 953: 950: 942: 939: 931: 928: 922:| year = 2005 920: 917: 909: 906: 898: 895: 887: 884: 876: 873: 865: 862: 854: 851: 845: 842: 834: 831: 823: 820: 812: 809: 803:| year = 1997 801: 798: 790: 787: 779: 776: 768: 765: 756: 753: 745: 742: 734: 731: 723: 720: 714:| year = 2007 712: 709: 701: 698: 690: 687: 679: 676: 668: 665: 659: 656: 648: 645: 637: 634: 626: 623: 617:| year = 2008 615: 612: 604: 601: 593: 590: 581: 578: 572: 569: 561: 558: 552: 550: 545: 543: 542: 534: 531: 523: 520: 514:|deadurl=yes 512: 509: 501: 498: 490: 487: 479: 476: 468: 465: 457: 454: 446: 443: 435: 432: 424: 421: 412: 409: 403: 400: 392: 389: 383:| year = 2011 381: 378: 370: 367: 359: 356: 347: 344: 338: 335: 326: 323: 317: 312: 306: 303: 297: 292: 284: 281: 277:{{Rcat shell| 275: 270: 266: 264: 261: 259: 258: 250: 247: 241: 236: 228: 223: 214: 207: 189: 185: 178: 174: 169: 160: 155: 151: 143: 133: 117: 110: 106: 101: 92: 88: 70: 55: 48: 38:Content added 30: 20: 9010: 9002:}} 8996:{{ 8992:}} 8989:R from merge 8986:{{ 8977: 8970: 8964: 8958:With history 8956: 8945:}} 8939:{{ 8935:}} 8929:{{ 8914: 8897: 8880:Redirect to: 8879: 8793:{{peak oil}} 8537:==See also== 8332:| language = 3671:| location = 1574:</ref> 1391:development. 836:</ref> 563:</ref> 492:|format=PDF 3931:|colspan=9| 3898:|colspan=9| 1649:| version = 470:|year=1997 243:#REDIRECT ] 8982:page merge 8906:categories 8178:{{cite web 7964:| format = 1803:| pages = 448:|version= 9004:instead). 8321:| pages = 7812:| pages = 7713:| pages = 2257:! Country 193:2,301,833 99:Layzeeboi 8900:redirect 8310:| work = 7920:| work = 7823:| year = 7724:| year = 4041:|''']''' 4030:|''']''' 4019:|''']''' 4008:|''']''' 3997:|''']''' 3986:|''']''' 3975:|''']''' 3964:|''']''' 3953:|'''Year 900:| work = 177:contribs 109:contribs 53:Wikitext 8925:notable 7975:| doi = 3704:| doi = 233:Line 1: 230:Line 1: 8971:do not 7594:|296.5 7572:|264.5 7561:|101.5 7550:|143.1 7539:|151.2 7484:|211.1 7462:|264.6 7451:|101.5 7440:|115.0 7429:|137.0 7363:|172.3 7341:|264.1 7330:|101.5 7319:|115.0 7308:|137.6 7231:|264.2 7220:|101.5 7209:|115.0 7198:|138.2 7110:|264.3 7099:|101.5 7088:|115.0 7077:|138.4 7000:|264.2 6989:|101.5 6978:|115.0 6967:|137.5 6879:|264.3 6868:|101.5 6857:|115.0 6846:|132.7 6769:|262.7 6747:|115.0 6736:|133.3 6648:|262.8 6626:|115.0 6538:|262.7 6516:|115.0 6417:|262.8 6395:|112.5 6307:|262.8 6285:|112.5 6186:|261.5 6164:|112.5 6076:|261.5 6054:|112.5 5955:|261.4 5933:|112.0 5845:|261.5 5823:|100.0 5724:|261.4 5702:|100.0 5614:|261.4 5592:|100.0 5493:|261.2 5471:|100.0 5383:|260.9 5361:|100.0 5262:|260.3 5240:|100.0 5152:|260.1 5130:|100.0 5009:|100.0 4921:|169.6 4800:|169.7 4690:|171.5 4569:|171.7 4459:|168.8 4338:|165.5 4228:|167.9 4107:|168.0 3715:| id = 64:Inline 46:Visual 8984:(use 7627:|---- 7616:|36.2 7605:|47.1 7583:|97.8 7528:|2010 7517:|---- 7506:|36.2 7495:|46.4 7473:|97.8 7418:|2009 7396:|---- 7385:|36.2 7374:|43.7 7352:|97.8 7297:|2008 7286:|---- 7275:|36.2 7264:|43.7 7253:|99.4 7242:|97.8 7187:|2007 7165:|---- 7154:|36.2 7143:|41.5 7132:|87.3 7121:|97.8 7066:|2006 7055:|---- 7044:|36.2 7033:|41.5 7022:|80.0 7011:|97.8 6956:|2005 6934:|---- 6923:|35.9 6912:|39.1 6901:|79.7 6890:|97.8 6835:|2004 6824:|---- 6813:|35.3 6802:|39.1 6791:|77.2 6780:|97.8 6758:|99.0 6725:|2003 6703:|---- 6692:|34.3 6681:|36.0 6670:|77.3 6659:|97.8 6637:|96.5 6604:|2002 6593:|---- 6582:|31.5 6571:|36.0 6560:|77.7 6549:|97.8 6527:|96.5 6505:|99.1 6494:|2001 6472:|---- 6461:|29.0 6450:|36.0 6439:|76.8 6428:|97.8 6406:|96.5 6384:|99.5 6373:|2000 6362:|---- 6351:|29.0 6340:|29.5 6329:|76.8 6318:|97.8 6296:|96.5 6274:|93.1 6263:|1999 6241:|---- 6230:|22.5 6219:|29.5 6208:|76.1 6197:|97.8 6175:|96.5 6153:|93.7 6142:|1998 6131:|---- 6120:|20.8 6109:|29.5 6098:|74.9 6087:|97.8 6065:|96.5 6043:|92.6 6032:|1997 6010:|---- 5999:|20.8 5988:|29.5 5977:|72.7 5966:|97.8 5944:|96.5 5922:|92.6 5911:|1996 5900:|---- 5889:|20.8 5878:|29.5 5867:|66.3 5856:|98.1 5834:|96.5 5812:|93.7 5801:|1995 5779:|---- 5768:|21.0 5757:|22.8 5746:|64.9 5735:|98.1 5713:|96.5 5691:|94.3 5680:|1994 5669:|---- 5658:|21.0 5647:|22.8 5636:|64.4 5625:|98.1 5603:|96.5 5581:|92.9 5570:|1993 5548:|---- 5537:|21.0 5526:|22.8 5515:|63.3 5504:|98.1 5482:|96.5 5460:|92.9 5449:|1992 5438:|---- 5427:|20.0 5416:|22.8 5405:|62.6 5394:|98.1 5372:|96.5 5350:|92.9 5339:|1991 5317:|---- 5306:|17.1 5295:|22.8 5284:|60.1 5273:|98.1 5251:|97.0 5229:|92.9 5218:|1990 5207:|---- 5196:|16.0 5185:|22.8 5174:|59.0 5163:|98.1 5141:|97.1 5119:|92.9 5108:|1989 5086:|---- 5075:|16.0 5064:|22.8 5053:|58.5 5042:|98.1 5020:|94.5 4998:|92.9 4987:|1988 4976:|---- 4965:|16.0 4954:|22.8 4943:|58.1 4932:|98.1 4910:|94.5 4888:|92.9 4877:|1987 4855:|---- 4844:|16.1 4833:|22.8 4822:|55.5 4789:|94.5 4778:|72.0 4756:|1986 4745:|---- 4734:|16.6 4723:|21.3 4701:|33.0 4679:|92.5 4668:|65.0 4657:|59.0 4646:|1985 4624:|---- 4613:|16.7 4602:|21.4 4591:|28.0 4580:|32.5 4547:|65.0 4536:|58.9 4525:|1984 4514:|---- 4503:|16.6 4492:|21.8 4481:|25.9 4470:|32.3 4448:|67.0 4437:|65.0 4426:|55.3 4415:|1983 4393:|---- 4382:|16.8 4371:|22.2 4360:|24.9 4349:|32.4 4327:|67.2 4305:|56.1 4294:|1982 4283:|---- 4272:|16.5 4261:|22.6 4250:|19.9 4239:|32.2 4217:|67.7 4206:|32.0 4195:|57.0 4184:|1981 4162:|---- 4151:|16.7 4140:|20.3 4129:|19.5 4118:|30.4 4096:|67.9 4085:|30.0 4074:|58.3 4063:|1980 4052:|---- 3909:|---- 3876:|---- 195:edits 167:Xqbot 123:edits 121:1,034 8937:and 3627:book 3399:| 17 3333:| 16 3267:| 15 3201:| 14 3135:| 13 3069:| 12 3003:| 11 2937:| 10 1986:].]] 184:Bots 173:talk 159:undo 154:edit 105:talk 91:edit 8978:not 8678:* ] 8667:* ] 8656:* ] 8645:* ] 8614:* ] 8603:* ] 8592:* ] 8581:* ] 8570:* ] 2871:| 9 2805:| 8 2739:| 7 2673:| 6 2607:| 5 2541:| 4 2475:| 3 2409:| 2 2246:! — 584:web 350:web 213:Tag 8902:. 8559:*] 7638:|} 3564:|} 3465:| 3388:|- 3322:|- 3256:|- 3190:|- 3124:|- 3058:|- 2992:|- 2926:|- 2860:|- 2794:|- 2728:|- 2662:|- 2596:|- 2530:|- 2464:|- 2398:|- 2343:|1 2323:|- 554:}} 547:}} 215:: 186:, 175:| 134:: 107:| 8947:. 8866:] 8855:] 8835:] 8824:] 8762:* 8740:* 8146:] 3823:] 3812:] 2116:] 2083:] 1463:] 1337:] 252:] 201:m 179:) 171:( 111:) 103:(

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