Moa: Difference between revisions

2075: 1500: 7361: 441: 2674: 2455: 1281: 1525: 972: 1430: 2649:, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of 2539:. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using 4183: 1355: 1456: 1316: 2467: 840: 462: 961: 7852: 3107: 753: 8519: 7942: 3065: 2200: 2482: 7858: 6646: 6597: 6548: 6505: 6456: 6417: 6330: 6112: 5827: 5655: 5584: 3848: 3651: 2148: 2738: 2528: 2631: 8509: 2753:, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the 8950: 2704: 85: 1378: 3093: 2839: 1945: 2999: 1215:, about 5.8 Mya instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya. The presence of 2815:. Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment. 326:

to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. ''P. geranoides'' occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of ''E. gravis'' and ''E. curtus'' were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.<ref name="WH" />

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788:. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori 325:

In the North Island, ''Dinornis novaezealandiae'' and ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''E. curtus'', and ''Pachyornis geranoides'') tended

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of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same.<ref name="WH" /> The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''Anomalopteryx didiformis''), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting

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The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been

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recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New Zealand. Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century, and as recently as 2008, has suggested that some

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drowning. This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island

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Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand

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around the New Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide). The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs

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may have persisted in remote corners of New Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted. Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a

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Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish. Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.

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suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg

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Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been

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is a Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries

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about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation. The presence of Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.

819:) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 m (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including 888:

recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see

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Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same. The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species

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flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to

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Dieffenbach also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird. In 1839, John W. Harris, a

2282:, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents. 2426:

A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera

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In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of

3777:"Regional comparisons of the thickness of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes). In Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, ed. W.E. Boles and Trevor Worthy" 783:

Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward, in the manner of a

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seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003. A 2009 study showed that

2693:. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds. 5098: 3037:. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the 2576:

bush in 1887, and again on a Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion. In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a

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from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the

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combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's

4281: 2454: 5155: 15: 2048:, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as 744:

in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).

2822:– Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible. There is also a major collection in 2622:

found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.

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themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry

3542: 2439:, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of 2685:

of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an

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strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.

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Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies;

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suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea. The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.

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have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.

3819:; Scofield, R.P. (2012). "Twenty-first century advances in knowledge of the biology of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes): A new morphological analysis and moa diagnoses revised". 2514:

that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.

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Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Forsyth, David M.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Pech, Roger P.; Perry, George L. W.; Wood, Jamie R. (March 2020).

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with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870 (currently held by

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Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:

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of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (

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Burrows, C.; et al. (1981). "The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago".

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gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones. Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.

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in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum.

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The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:

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incubation was used." Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.

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were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.

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portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s.

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continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints) have earned little attention from experts and are

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region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills).

7403: 4101:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 4059:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3494:"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3120: 207: 9999: 7190: 7137: 6238: 2226:

of their bones. Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of

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and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.

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No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in

672:, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb) while the smallest, the 8558: 7922: 7887: 7600: 7145: 4544:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand" 880:

Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be

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Wood, J.R. (2008). "Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand".

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Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez

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An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the

1247:, and landscape changes. The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014) with some clade names after Yuri 7463: 7267: 6341:; Rawlence, N.J.; Jones, S.M.; Read, S.E. (2008). "A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand". 3344:"A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa" 9974: 7908: 7222: 7159: 5999: 5834:

Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand".

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Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".

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Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve.

1251:(2013). It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds: 2380:

species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.

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dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (

2056:) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on 7215: 6613:"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5345: 7978: 6782: 2139:

were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.

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divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the ] had made a land bridge across the ].<ref name="WH" />

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divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the ] had made a land bridge across the ].<ref name="WH" />

6519:(1994). "Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand". 8215: 7360: 2606:. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a 5521: 2866:

after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the

9979: 6669: 6149: 5602: 5510: 5491: 5469: 5291:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 4805: 4782: 4058: 3863:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 3493: 6079:"Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites" 2711:

Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late

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New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837

4694: 4140:"Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals" 2667: 2407:

within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.

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Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at

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however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above.

2271:(the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way. 2096:), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the 947:. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species. 937:. Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors. 5138: 10009: 8551: 8134: 5724: 5464:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. 4892: 4600: 4355: 3973: 3799: 2074: 5677:) found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range" 2191:(1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.75–3 mph). 9964: 8299: 8074: 4936: 3152: 86: 2259:. Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. Divaracating plants such as 1239:

Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the

927:(Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south 9710: 9433: 125: 4676: 3052:

Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament

2581:, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else. 1499: 9913: 8313: 8306: 8257: 5528:. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from 5051:"DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa" 2812: 9661: 9656: 9651: 5189: 5172: 2923: 2697: 195: 107: 9994: 8544: 5754:; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications". 2163:, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including 723:. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting. 461: 2788:, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at 716: 114: 45: 42: 6657: 6608: 6559: 6516: 6467: 6181: 5793: 5751: 5735: 4959: 3998:; Willerslev, E.; Hailef, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kampk, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 3995: 3713: 2819: 1243:

about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles,

6257: 6160: 6038: 4251: 9874: 9869: 8271: 7971: 6775: 3716:; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 2784:' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori 2776:

Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from

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group. However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American

10019: 9860: 9781: 8855: 8320: 8154: 7851: 3300: 3081:'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943. 6366: 4543: 3618:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites" 2460:

The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum

440: 9923: 9622: 8079: 8069: 4252:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did The Maori Know The Moa?" 2907:

with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 (currently held by

737: 4182: 3951:"Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia" 2673: 2481: 9740: 9634: 9201: 9189: 8016: 6853: 5872: 5802:"A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury" 5672: 5190:"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow" 2976: 2569: 2267: 1837: 1685: 770: 758: 564: 544: 158: 6472:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand" 3296:"A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)" 2933:, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884; (currently held by the Zoology Department, 2078:

The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum

9254: 9242: 8990: 8488: 8149: 8059: 8044: 6564:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5693: 3543:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 2919: 2807:

in north Canterbury, where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by

1776: 800:) with necks upright, indicating that moa were more than capable of assuming both neck postures. 6755: 5289:

Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).

3456: 9959: 9936: 9822: 9514: 9165: 8896: 8522: 8447: 8402: 8392: 7964: 6768: 6017:"And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)" 1280: 1029: 1019: 668: 662: 448: 9752: 9160: 9155: 9043: 6126: 5890:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa" 1524: 191: 103: 9931: 9793: 9617: 9612: 9502: 9346: 9218: 9177: 8819: 8512: 8327: 7945: 6141: 6135: 2980: 2960: 2599: 2349:

were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (

1794: 971: 80: 9900: 5436: 4474: 2368:, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds. They are characterised by having a low 831:. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances. 9882: 9443: 9128: 8756: 8655: 8583: 8567: 8478: 8348: 6907: 6624: 6575: 6528: 6483: 6436: 6397: 6302: 6197: 5954: 5901: 5843: 5765: 5625: 5562: 5404: 5304: 4625: 4442: 4388: 4100: 4011: 4000:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3874: 3729: 3718:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3557: 3355: 3309: 2934: 1751: 1619: 341: 121: 6233:

Vickers-Rich, P; Trusler, P; Rowley, MJ; Cooper, A; Chambers, GK; Bock, WJ; Millener, PR;

5694:"A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island" 4695:"Alice Mackenzie describes seeing a moa and talks about her book, Pioneers of Martins Bay" 1211:

about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species,

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wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant

8: 9573: 9561: 9026: 9014: 8978: 8679: 8412: 8377: 8114: 8089: 7857: 5736:"The Moa – Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared" 4259: 2506: 2261: 2176: 2168: 2097: 2035: 2027: 1429: 1219:-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between 890: 601: 6628: 6579: 6532: 6487: 6440: 6401: 6306: 6201: 6059: 5958: 5905: 5847: 5769: 5629: 5566: 5408: 5308: 4629: 4446: 4392: 4015: 3878: 3733: 3561: 3359: 3313: 2681:

Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the

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published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd. An 80-year-old woman,

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This article is about the extinct New Zealand birds known as moa. For other uses, see

9764: 9735: 9725: 9698: 9671: 9585: 9329: 9290: 9048: 8790: 8778: 8744: 8715: 8703: 8643: 8595: 8468: 8236: 8208: 8169: 8094: 8029: 7379: 7327: 6665: 6322: 6268:

Wood, J.R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of

6213: 6145: 6120: 6100: 5970: 5929: 5781: 5756: 5720: 5598: 5506: 5487: 5465: 5420: 5382:; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003). 5332: 5080: 4898: 4888: 4596: 4577: 4565: 4458: 4361: 4351: 4171: 4120: 4081: 4039: 3969: 3902: 3795: 3757: 3639: 3595: 3583: 3516: 3373: 3018: 2882: 2867: 2781: 1667: 1446: 1315: 1293: 898: 804: 776: 685: 526: 171: 5942: 5888:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30 August 2010).

5863: 5647: 5288: 5235: 4408: 3840: 3474: 3321: 2364:

Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were

2172: 9984: 9798: 9769: 9688: 9602: 9358: 9341: 8920: 8631: 8473: 8432: 8382: 8250: 8189: 8184: 8034: 8006: 7894: 7542: 7088: 6632: 6583: 6536: 6496: 6491: 6471: 6444: 6427:(1998b). "The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand". 6405: 6350: 6310: 6225: 6205: 6185: 6090: 6065: 5982: 5962: 5919: 5909: 5851: 5813: 5773: 5633: 5575: 5570: 5546: 5432: 5412: 5395: 5322: 5312: 5248: 5070: 5062: 4633: 4555: 4470: 4450: 4396: 4161: 4151: 4112: 4073: 4029: 4019: 3965: 3892: 3882: 3828: 3791: 3747: 3737: 3629: 3573: 3565: 3508: 3363: 3317: 3291: 3157: 2886: 2540: 2536: 2248: 2223: 2180: 1271: 1167: 1141: 1131: 1109: 1102: 944: 933: 894: 720: 703:

to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the

649: 16: 6637: 6612: 6588: 6563: 6540: 6448: 6409: 6077:

Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010).

5818: 5801: 5777: 1455: 861:

The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the

688:

settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000 and approximately 2.5 million.

9693: 9666: 9307: 9230: 8807: 8442: 8427: 8372: 8341: 8139: 7420: 7236: 7152: 7072: 6838: 5592: 5479: 5266: 4722: 4428:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis" 3832: 3072: 2160: 2061: 928: 741: 645: 638: 4116: 4077: 3512: 2373: 9524: 9404: 9375: 9363: 9065: 8831: 8397: 8243: 8164: 8159: 8144: 8039: 8024: 7773: 7035: 6186:"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa" 3053: 2804: 2411: 1477: 1420: 884:. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using 176: 9038: 6734: 6314: 5638: 5613: 5270: 4282:"The material culture of the Moa-hunters in Murihiku – 2. Evidence of Zoology" 2222:, as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and 9953: 9845: 9497: 9492: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9399: 8483: 8407: 8355: 8229: 8179: 8119: 8049: 8001: 7987: 7746: 7682: 7590: 7300: 7278: 7065: 6977: 6964: 6919: 6791: 6744: 6679: 6653: 6604: 6555: 6512: 6463: 6424: 6385: 6362: 6338: 6234: 5941:

Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R.P.; Lambert, David M. (2003).

5797: 5529: 5379: 5099:

Scientists plan to resurrect a range of extinct animals using DNA and cloning

4902: 4569: 4423: 3991: 3946: 3861:

Baker, A.J.; Huynen, L.J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2005).

3816: 3709: 3538: 3377: 3131: 3042: 3034: 2945: 2870: 2615: 2611: 2564: 2511: 2396: 2053: 1982: 1862: 1450: 1240: 1058: 764: 681: 513: 398: 6095: 6078: 5914: 5317: 4926: 4523:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; and Lambert, David M. (2010)

4365: 4024: 3887: 3742: 3634: 3617: 3569: 2188: 61: 9676: 9519: 9387: 9266: 9140: 9002: 8867: 8691: 8417: 8387: 8292: 8278: 8222: 8104: 8084: 8064: 7901: 7704: 7620: 7130: 7120: 6217: 6104: 5974: 5933: 5785: 5424: 5336: 5084: 5066: 4462: 4175: 4156: 4124: 4085: 4043: 3906: 3761: 3643: 3587: 3520: 3098: 3078: 3004: 2949: 2908: 2897: 2823: 2663: 2635: 2265:(the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and 1400: 1345: 1178: 960: 824: 704: 700: 594: 570: 553: 166: 6749: 4426:; Ford, T.; Hoppitt, W.; Willerslev, E.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2003). 4256:

Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection

2395:". Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the 839: 9854: 9482: 9317: 9104: 8437: 8422: 8174: 7801: 7789: 7762: 7722: 7713: 7661: 7627: 7535: 7470: 7412: 7290: 6998: 6892: 6388:(1998a). "Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand". 2863: 2719: 2658: 2594: 2365: 2101: 1490: 1424: 1310: 1151: 1087: 885: 866: 844: 828: 785: 373: 6804: 6209: 5966: 5416: 5384:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa 4454: 2554:

told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between

2057: 752: 9730: 9278: 9206: 8619: 8536: 8285: 8264: 8129: 7732: 7675: 7645: 7549: 7508: 7443: 7391: 7051: 7009: 3368: 3343: 3204: 3139: 2808: 2793: 2712: 2488: 2415: 2275: 2228: 1966: 1735: 1515: 1306: 1185: 1124: 1045: 988: 712: 418: 383: 6354: 6069: 3578: 3403: 3064: 2818:

Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections.

2535:

Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive

2022:, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori 803:

No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their

9416: 9145: 9116: 8843: 8124: 8109: 7810: 7755: 7689: 7611: 7205: 7183: 7105: 7058: 7044: 7020: 6865: 6760: 6739: 4400: 3207:

Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes

3162: 2754: 2603: 2573: 2388: 2369: 2219: 2199: 2049: 2006: 1494: 1244: 1232: 1012: 874: 708: 473: 423: 367: 291:

Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a

279:

Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a

9816: 8802: 8739: 6163:. New Zealand: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from 5855: 3295: 2578: 2555: 2039: 9839: 9639: 8891: 7827: 7817: 7654: 7528: 7501: 7453: 6816: 6336: 6164: 6042: 5719:(3rd ed.). London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. Chapter 10. 3125: 3049:

has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.

2859: 2850:

Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (

2777: 2750: 2716: 2650: 2607: 2501: 2279: 2252: 2239: 2234: 2164: 2065: 1651: 1065: 1002: 903: 853: 797: 789: 673: 653: 493: 413: 408: 393: 388: 378: 360: 4560: 2500:

Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late

2419:

of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (

2013:, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island: 1981:

The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the

8932: 8493: 8463: 7668: 7634: 7564: 7519: 7431: 7308: 5377: 4857:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3616:

Baker, A.J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J.D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).

2991: 2827: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2686: 2215: 2147: 2031: 1349: 1275: 1216: 1202:

Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.

941: 862: 848: 696: 657: 428: 403: 356: 9887: 7956: 6704:"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells" 5740:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

5049:

Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Armstrong, K.N.; Cooper, A. (2009).

4858: 2990:

with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near

2959:

found near Cromwell sometime before 1949 (currently held by the

2737: 2527: 8879: 8607: 6810: 6250:

Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa

6232: 5614:"Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)" 5346:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes" 3135: 2967:

Two specimens are known from outside the Central Otago region:

2851: 2785: 2758: 2630: 2590: 2562:

that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the

2559: 2544: 2404: 2392: 2256: 2211: 2023: 1231:

present on both the South and North Island remnants during the

692: 483: 3615: 3536: 2703: 2666:, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the 2251:

occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as

1377: 30: 29: 5460:

Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

4885:

Moa : the life and death of New Zealand's legendary bird

3341: 2731: 2682: 2400: 2384: 2376:

period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large

1173: 1080: 793: 5943:"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa" 2838: 2638:

holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a

1960:

The two main faunas identified in the South Island include:

1944: 9597: 9060: 6822: 6239:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa, 6041:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Archived from 5940: 5271:"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland" 5048: 3989: 3944: 3707: 3038: 2998: 2855: 2727: 2723: 2722:

deposits, but are most common in three main types of site:

2131:

occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of

820: 503: 3537:

Mitchell, K.J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N.J.;

3289: 3138:

up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of

9150: 5877:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

5681:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

4098: 3860: 3213:

Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum

3046: 2237:, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax ( 2127:) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. 1519: 870: 756:

A size comparison between four moa species and a human1.

3290:

Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.;

6367:"Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson" 5887: 5055:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2873:

region, the driest part of New Zealand. These include:

2598:

moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of

6076: 4421: 4348:

Ghosts of Gondwana: the history of life in New Zealand

2026:. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest 68: 5484:

A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale

4727:

Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in New Zealand

3021:, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat. 2653:" still existed in remote parts of the South Island. 2274:

Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (

7823: 7785: 7743: 7728: 7596: 7586: 7576: 7485: 7459: 7449: 7439: 7400: 7296: 7286: 7233: 7202: 7170: 7117: 7101: 7032: 7016: 7005: 6994: 6161:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 6039:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 5247:

At least two distinct forms are also known from the

4859:"4. – Moa – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 4519: 4517: 3088: 560: 6179: 5870: 5156:

Mallard: Bring the moa back to life within 50 years

4806:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 4783:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 3541:; Wood, J.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). 3492:Allentoft, M.E.; Rawlence, N.J. (20 January 2012). 3121:

List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene

5750: 5711: 5597:. London, England: The Rainbird Publishing Group. 5505:. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 195. 3949:; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010). 2531:An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt 2244:) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter. 711:in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine 6125:. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 4882: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4514: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4056: 3491: 2885:Valley by gold miners in 1864 (currently held by 2387:and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the 1964:The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech ( 983:The currently recognised genera and species are: 9970:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand 9951: 7326: 2979:near Nelson in the 1980s (currently held by the 877:were thought to be most closely related to moa. 6735:TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds 5894:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4595:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6. 4004:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3867:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3722:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3532: 3530: 3202: 3045:. Preliminary work involving the extraction of 6837: 6652: 6603: 6554: 6511: 6462: 5792: 4760: 4615: 4313: 3815: 3033:The creature has frequently been mentioned as 2926:, London; see photograph of foot on this page) 2345:were females. Therefore, the three species of 8552: 7972: 6776: 5210:. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society. 4915:Holdaway, Richard & Worthy, Trevor (1997) 4279: 4240:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1996) 4231:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1995) 4222:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1994) 4213:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1993) 4057:Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012). 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3485: 3236: 3234: 2572:, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in 2410:Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in 834: 224: 6975: 5673:"On the feathers of a small species of moa ( 4379:Smalley, I.J. (1979). "Moas as rockhounds". 4099:Allentoft, Morten; Nicloas Rawlence (2012). 3527: 3263:"Little bush moa | New Zealand Birds Online" 3189: 3187: 3059: 3035:a potential candidate for revival by cloning 2833: 648:formerly endemic to New Zealand. During the 149: 9802: 9785: 9773: 9756: 9744: 9702: 9680: 9643: 9626: 9589: 9577: 9565: 9540: 9528: 9506: 9469: 9447: 9420: 9408: 9391: 9379: 9367: 9350: 9333: 9321: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9258: 9246: 9234: 9222: 9210: 9193: 9181: 9169: 9132: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9069: 9052: 9030: 9018: 9006: 8994: 8982: 8970: 8936: 8924: 8912: 8900: 8883: 8871: 8859: 8847: 8835: 8823: 8811: 8794: 8782: 8760: 8748: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8587: 6752:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6617:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6568:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6521:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6476:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6429:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6390:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6295:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5618:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5591:Fuller, Errol (1987). Bunney, Sarah (ed.). 5555:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5500: 4708: 4706: 4704: 3389: 3387: 2517: 2321:For example, before 2003, three species of 1931: 8559: 8545: 7979: 7965: 6783: 6769: 6745:Tree of Life classification and references 6243:(Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand" 6158: 5998:. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from 4590: 4249: 3931: 3231: 2206:skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 660:(in six genera). The two largest species, 439: 27: 8335:The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids 6664:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6636: 6587: 6495: 6276:, and the first evidence for the diet of 6094: 5923: 5913: 5817: 5637: 5574: 5486:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 292. 5326: 5316: 5074: 4999: 4997: 4918: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4559: 4165: 4155: 4033: 4023: 3896: 3886: 3751: 3741: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3633: 3609: 3577: 3501:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 3367: 3184: 2325:were recognised: South Island giant moa ( 2294:The pairs of species of moa described as 2278:), which were retained in their muscular 975:Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa ( 10000:Species made extinct by human activities 8566: 6688:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6014: 5833: 5670: 5265: 5145:, February 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 5105:, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4721: 4701: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3384: 3248: 3246: 3063: 2997: 2837: 2736: 2702: 2672: 2629: 2584:Some authors have speculated that a few 2526: 2198: 2146: 2142: 2073: 1943: 970: 959: 838: 807:can be gained from fossil evidence. The 751: 28: 6423: 6384: 6133: 5992:"Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay" 5691: 5544: 5478: 5446: 4991:Hutton, F.W. & Coughtrey, M. (1875) 4978: 4976: 4803: 4780: 4774: 4498: 4496: 4378: 2589:now-lost ritual among South Islanders. 940:The earliest moa remains come from the 684:. Estimates of the moa population when 10015:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 9952: 6790: 6678: 6361: 6118: 5590: 5519: 5459: 5368: 5343: 5179:, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 5162:, 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4994: 4653: 3701: 3671: 3657: 3441: 792:depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely 9821: 9820: 8540: 7960: 7873: 7378: 7377: 6962: 6803: 6764: 5989: 5661: 5371:A history of the birds of New Zealand 5196:from the original on 1 February 2020. 5114: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4286:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3685: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3243: 2745:Bones are commonly found in caves or 1116:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 1072:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 9924:a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104 8508: 6701: 6292: 6267: 6159:Stephenson, Brent (5 January 2009). 6057: 6036: 5871:Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1874). 5733: 5611: 5117:"Moa genes could rise from the dead" 4973: 4924: 4541: 4493: 4137: 3774: 3285: 3283: 3028: 2625: 2495: 2009:fauna' might include the widespread 691:Moa are traditionally placed in the 94: 60: 8216:Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World 6180:Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.; 5547:"A partially mummified skeleton of 4932:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 3068:Harder's illustration of a moa hunt 586: 231: 220: 206: 189: 182: 164: 148: 113: 101: 13: 5462:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 4856: 4638:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00213.x 4350:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton Pub. 4336: 3461:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3454: 3418: 2877:Dried muscle on bones of a female 2707:An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894 2100:had made a land bridge across the 901:being evident in several species. 335: 333:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024 192:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024 104:Revision as of 07:06, 17 June 2024 49: 10031: 9975:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 8300:Monsters and Mysteries in America 7986: 6963: 6728: 5344:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 4937:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3280: 3153:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2210:Their diet has been deduced from 2183:(1911) (see photograph to left), 950: 865:, which can fly. Previously, the 9711:North Island little spotted kiwi 8948: 8518: 8517: 8507: 7941: 7940: 7856: 7850: 7359: 6644: 6595: 6546: 6503: 6454: 6415: 6328: 6282:Records of the Canterbury Museum 6110: 5873:"Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave" 5825: 5653: 5582: 5449:Records of the Canterbury Museum 5173:Expert supports Moa revival idea 4593:A Concise History of New Zealand 4181: 3970:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546 3958:Records of the Australian Museum 3846: 3796:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1535 3784:Records of the Australian Museum 3649: 3105: 3091: 2940:The complete feathered leg of a 2480: 2465: 2453: 2337:). However, DNA showed that all 1523: 1498: 1454: 1428: 1376: 1353: 1314: 1279: 460: 371: 161:) to last revision by ObserveOwl 8314:Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science 8307:On the Track of Unknown Animals 8258:Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files 5717:On the Track of Unknown Animals 5200: 5182: 5165: 5148: 5131: 5108: 5091: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4985: 4952: 4943: 4909: 4876: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4797: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4715: 4687: 4669: 4644: 4609: 4584: 4542:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021). 4535: 4526: 4505: 4484: 4415: 4372: 4327: 4304: 4273: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4131: 4092: 4050: 3983: 3922: 3913: 3854: 3809: 3768: 3622:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3467: 3448: 3396: 3335: 3322:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025 2472:An egg and embryo fragments of 2289: 2082: 1939: 9662:North Island stout-legged wren 9657:South Island stout-legged wren 6497:10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222 5990:Laing, Doug (5 January 2008). 5806:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5576:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481 5278:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 5241: 5224: 4887:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton. 3821:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3255: 3196: 3175: 2903:An articulated foot of a male 2749:(the Māori word for doline or 747: 719:, and were hunted only by the 1: 6638:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514 6589:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494 6541:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474 6449:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575 6410:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573 5819:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107 5778:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250 5258: 4793:(1). Center for Inquiry: 8–9. 4729:. Cambridge University Press. 4591:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012). 2522: 2510:or Kōwai forest ecosystem in 2038:), and some sites around the 1978:(South Island giant moa), and 923:(Archey) is synonymised with 331: 287: 275: 9980:Extinct birds of New Zealand 5522:"Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters" 4804:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4781:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4677:"Alice McKenzie and the Moa" 4650:Holdaway & Jacomb (2000) 3833:10.1080/03014223.2012.665060 3445:Worthy & Holdaway (2002) 3168: 3008:foot, Natural History Museum 2820:Auckland War Memorial Museum 1956:, both from the South Island 1205: 726: 680:), was around the size of a 18:Browse history interactively 7: 10005:Animals with only two limbs 9990:Bird extinctions since 1500 6280:(Aves: Dinornithiformes)". 6064:. London: John van Voorst. 5526:New Zealand Skeptics Online 5143:New Zealand Science Monthly 5021:Vickers-Rich, et al. (1995) 4117:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 4078:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3682:Huynen, L.J., et al. (2003) 3513:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3084: 2948:in 1894 (currently held by 2922:in 1878 (currently held by 2881:found at Tiger Hill in the 2761:areas of northwest Nelson, 2329:), North Island giant moa ( 2233:was analogous to a pair of 2187:(1939), and under water in 1192:(South Island, New Zealand) 1158:(South Island, New Zealand) 1148:(North Island, New Zealand) 1138:(South Island, New Zealand) 1094:(South Island, New Zealand) 1036:(South Island, New Zealand) 1026:(North Island, New Zealand) 955: 10: 10036: 9782:New Zealand owlet-nightjar 8856:South Island oystercatcher 8321:Strange Abominable Snowmen 8155:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans 7874: 6702:Yong, Ed (10 March 2010). 6134:Purcell, Rosamond (1999). 4883:Berentson, Quinn. (2012). 4548:Palaeontologia Electronica 3475:"Te Manunui Rock Art Site" 3301:Quaternary Science Reviews 3041:as leading candidates for 2677:Owen's first bone fragment 2312:Pachyornis septentrionalis 2151:Preserved footprints of a 835:Evolutionary relationships 644:) are an extinct group of 339: 225:→‎Distribution and habitat 222: 10010:Miocene first appearances 9829: 9623:Auckland Island merganser 9552: 9432: 9306: 9081: 8957: 8946: 8574: 8502: 8456: 8365: 8198: 8015: 7994: 7936: 7882: 7869: 7847: 7800: 7781: 7772: 7742: 7712: 7703: 7644: 7610: 7572: 7563: 7518: 7496: 7484: 7430: 7399: 7390: 7386: 7373: 7356: 7322: 7277: 7232: 7201: 7169: 7116: 7097: 7086: 7031: 6990: 6986: 6971: 6958: 6918: 6900: 6891: 6873: 6864: 6846: 6833: 6799: 6662:The Lost World of the Moa 6315:10.1080/03014220809510550 6140:. Mariner Books. p. 5639:10.1080/03014220709510542 4949:Wood, J.R., et al. (2008) 4346:Gibbs, George W. (2006). 3060:In literature and culture 2834:Feathers and soft tissues 2668:Royal College of Surgeons 1876: 1858: 1851: 1833: 1826: 1790: 1772: 1765: 1747: 1740: 1727: 1681: 1663: 1656: 1643: 1615: 1608: 1600: 1593: 1513: 1488: 1481: 1443: 1418: 1411: 1404: 1368: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1304: 1297: 1269: 1262: 995:(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901 614: 607: 600: 593: 583: 578: 559: 552: 457:Scientific classification 455: 447: 438: 351: 242: 239: 188: 100: 9965:Extinct flightless birds 9635:Chatham Island merganser 9202:Northern royal albatross 9190:New Zealand storm petrel 5549:Anomalopteryx didiformis 5501:Dieffenbach, E. (1843). 5350:Project: The Taxonomicon 5217: 4739:Purcell, Rosamond (1999) 3698:Bunce, M., et al. (2003) 3203:Brodkob, Pierce (1963). 3193:Stephenson, Brent (2009) 2988:Anomalopteryx didiformis 2518:Relationship with humans 2268:Pseudopanax crassifolius 2113:Anomalopteryx didiformis 2109:Dinornis novaezealandiae 2094:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1972:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1970:) forests that included 1932:Distribution and habitat 1838:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1070:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1024:Dinornis novaezealandiae 965:Anomalopteryx didiformis 771:Anomalopteryx didiformis 759:Dinornis novaezealandiae 678:Anomalopteryx didiformis 565:Dinornis novaezealandiae 133:Extended confirmed users 9255:South Island saddleback 9243:North Island saddleback 9219:Orange-fronted parakeet 8991:North Island brown kiwi 8489:Young Earth creationism 8045:David Hatcher Childress 6756:3D model of a moa skull 6740:TerraNature page on Moa 6278:Pachyornis elephantopus 6015:Millener, P.R. (1982). 5915:10.1073/pnas.0914096107 5662:Gould, Charles (1886). 5520:Dutton, Dennis (1994). 5318:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 5139:Life in the Old Moa Yet 4333:Horrocks, et al. (2004) 4025:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3888:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 3743:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3570:10.1126/science.1251981 3457:"Cave drawing of a moa" 3393:Phillips, et al. (2010) 3252:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003) 2931:Pachyornis elephantopus 2351:D. novaezealandiae 2331:D. novaezealandiae 2224:stable isotope analysis 2194: 1987:Pachyornis elephantopus 1954:Pachyornis elephantopus 1136:Pachyornis elephantopus 1006:Owen 1843 (giant moa) 977:Pachyornis elephantopus 669:Dinornis novaezelandiae 99: 9803: 9786: 9774: 9757: 9745: 9703: 9681: 9644: 9627: 9590: 9578: 9566: 9541: 9529: 9507: 9470: 9448: 9421: 9409: 9392: 9380: 9368: 9351: 9334: 9322: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9247: 9235: 9223: 9211: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9166:New Zealand fairy tern 9133: 9121: 9109: 9097: 9070: 9053: 9031: 9019: 9007: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8937: 8925: 8913: 8901: 8897:Variable oystercatcher 8884: 8872: 8860: 8848: 8836: 8824: 8812: 8795: 8783: 8761: 8749: 8732: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8648: 8636: 8624: 8612: 8600: 8588: 8448:George Gaylord Simpson 6256:: 1–26. Archived from 6237:; Yaldwyn, JC (1995). 6058:Owen, Richard (1879). 5692:Hartree, W.H. (1999). 5666:. W.H. Allen & Co. 5545:Forrest, R.M. (1987). 5503:Travels in New Zealand 5206:Curnow, Allen (1944). 5067:10.1098/rspb.2009.0755 4847:Dieffenbach, E. (1843) 4310:Burrows, et al. (1981) 4280:Teviotdale D. (1932). 4204:Worthy, Trevor (1998)b 4195:Worthy, Trevor (1998)a 4157:10.3390/biology2010419 3069: 3009: 2924:Natural History Museum 2847: 2742: 2708: 2698:Natural History Museum 2678: 2643: 2532: 2504:period suggests a low 2207: 2156: 2079: 2052:on the west coast and 1957: 1030:South Island giant moa 1020:North Island giant moa 980: 968: 858: 857:(r), each with its egg 780: 449:North Island giant moa 337:Extinct order of birds 9932:Paleobiology Database 9794:New Zealand musk duck 9741:Scarlett's shearwater 9618:South Island adzebill 9613:North Island adzebill 9503:Erect-crested penguin 9347:Chatham oystercatcher 9178:New Zealand king shag 8820:New Zealand rock wren 8328:The Hunt for the Buru 6119:Polack, J.S. (1838). 6096:10.1093/sysbio/syp079 6037:OSNZ (January 2009). 5671:Hamilton, A. (1894). 5369:Buller, W.L. (1888). 5030:Worthy, Trevor (1989) 4927:"Roger Shepherd Duff" 3928:Worthy, et al. (1988) 3635:10.1093/molbev/msu153 3067: 3001: 2981:Museum of New Zealand 2961:Museum of New Zealand 2914:The type specimen of 2841: 2740: 2706: 2676: 2633: 2530: 2202: 2150: 2143:Behaviour and ecology 2125:Pachyornis geranoides 2107:In the North Island, 2077: 1947: 1146:Pachyornis geranoides 974: 963: 842: 755: 9995:Holocene extinctions 9444:Antipodean albatross 9434:Subantarctic islands 8757:New Zealand dotterel 8656:Double-banded plover 8568:Birds of New Zealand 8479:Hypothetical species 8349:The Secret Saturdays 6714:on 22 September 2020 6343:Journal of Taphonomy 6241:Megalapteryx didinus 5675:Megalapteryx didinus 5284:(Supplement): 39–44. 5039:Forrest, R.M. (1987) 4757:Heuvelmans, B (1959) 4666:Fuller, Errol (1987) 4260:W & T Avery Ltd. 3668:Turvey et al. (2005) 3479:Heritage New Zealand 3292:Wilmshurst, Janet M. 3267:nzbirdsonline.org.nz 2935:Cambridge University 2916:Megalapteryx didinus 2862:) preserved through 2844:Megalapteryx didinus 2780:and concentrate in ' 2586:Megalapteryx didinus 2421:Megalapteryx didinus 2353:) and South Island ( 2341:were males, and all 2339:D. struthioides 2335:D. struthioides 2333:), and slender moa ( 2046:Megalapteryx didinus 2020:Pachyornis australis 1989:(heavy-footed moa), 1620:Megalapteryx didinus 1223:and the other taxa. 1190:Megalapteryx didinus 1156:Pachyornis australis 921:Megalapteryx benhami 717:arrival of the Māori 699:, once considered a 342:Moa (disambiguation) 9753:North Island takahē 9628:rakiraki maungahuka 9574:New Zealand bittern 9562:South Island piopio 9515:Reischek's parakeet 9161:South Island kōkako 9156:North Island kōkako 9044:South Island takahē 9027:Yellow-eyed penguin 9015:Southern brown kiwi 8979:Little spotted kiwi 8413:Sherrie Lynne Lyons 8378:Robert Todd Carroll 8115:Aleksandr Kondratov 8090:John Willison Green 6629:1996JRSNZ..26..275W 6580:1995JRSNZ..25..333W 6533:1994JRSNZ..24..297W 6488:1993JRSNZ..23..147W 6441:1998JRSNZ..28..537W 6402:1998JRSNZ..28..421W 6307:2008JRSNZ..38..115W 6210:10.1038/nature03635 6202:2005Natur.435..940T 5967:10.1038/nature01838 5959:2003Natur.425..175H 5906:2010PNAS..10716201H 5900:(30): 16201–16206. 5848:2004EmuAO.104..149H 5770:2000Sci...287.2250H 5764:(5461): 2250–2254. 5630:2007JRSNZ..37..139G 5612:Gill, B.J. (2007). 5567:1987JRSNZ..17..399F 5442:on 28 January 2019. 5417:10.1038/nature01871 5409:2003Natur.425..172B 5309:2005PNAS..102.8257B 5249:Saint Bathans Fauna 5208:Sailing or Drowning 5061:(1672): 3395–3402. 5012:Hamilton, A. (1894) 5003:Buller, W.L. (1888) 4829:Polack, J.S. (1838) 4630:1993Ecogr..16..229M 4480:on 28 January 2019. 4455:10.1038/nature01871 4447:2003Natur.425..172B 4393:1979Natur.281..103S 4250:Buick L.T. (1937). 4016:2009PNAS..10620646B 4010:(49): 20646–20651. 3879:2005PNAS..102.8257B 3775:Gill, B.J. (2010). 3734:2009PNAS..10620646B 3728:(49): 20646–20651. 3562:2014Sci...344..898M 3360:2020Ecogr..43..353L 3314:2014QSRv..105..126P 3294:(1 December 2014). 2975:found in a cave on 2971:A complete foot of 2507:Sophora microphylla 2423:) were blue-green. 2262:Pennantia corymbosa 2036:Honeycomb Hill Cave 2034:districts (such as 945:Saint Bathans Fauna 602:6 genera, 9 species 153:Reverted 1 edit by 9721:South Island snipe 9716:North Island snipe 9537:Subantarctic snipe 9488:Campbell albatross 9478:Antipodes parakeet 9422:kawau o rangihaute 9093:Black-fronted tern 8967:Great spotted kiwi 8909:White-fronted tern 8774:North Island robin 8769:South Island robin 8728:Long-tailed cuckoo 8668:New Zealand falcon 8100:Bernard Heuvelmans 8055:William R. Corliss 6083:Systematic Biology 5713:Bernard Heuvelmans 4810:Skeptical Inquirer 4771:Laing, Doug (2008) 3994:; Phillips, M.J.; 3945:Tennyson, A.J.D.; 3712:; Phillips, M.J.; 3369:10.1111/ecog.04917 3113:New Zealand portal 3070: 3010: 2848: 2743: 2709: 2696:In July 2004, the 2679: 2644: 2533: 2487:Restoration of an 2296:Euryapteryx curtus 2214:contents of their 2208: 2204:D. novaezealandiae 2157: 2153:D. novaezealandiae 2117:Euryapteryx gravis 2090:Euryapteryx gravis 2080: 1991:Euryapteryx gravis 1958: 1881:Euryapteryx curtus 1686:D. novaezealandiae 1591:†Dinornithiformes 1228:Oligocene Drowning 1114:Euryapteryx curtus 981: 969: 934:Pachyornis mappini 910:Euryapteryx curtus 859: 843:A comparison of a 781: 656:, there were nine 270:===North Island=== 263:===North Island=== 204: 111: 10020:Notopalaeognathae 9947: 9946: 9823:Taxon identifiers 9814: 9813: 9765:New Zealand goose 9586:New Zealand quail 9330:Chatham albatross 9049:Fiordland penguin 8791:Paradise shelduck 8779:New Zealand scaup 8716:Sacred kingfisher 8704:Grey-faced petrel 8596:Black-billed gull 8534: 8533: 8469:Fearsome critters 8237:Destination Truth 8209:Animalia Paradoxa 8170:Ivan T. Sanderson 8135:Vladimir Markotic 8095:Richard Greenwell 8030:Jon-Erik Beckjord 7954: 7953: 7932: 7931: 7865: 7864: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7699: 7698: 7559: 7558: 7480: 7479: 7404:Opisthodactylidae 7380:Notopalaeognathae 7369: 7368: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7328:Notopalaeognathae 7318: 7317: 7082: 7081: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6708:Discover Magazine 6684:"A moa sighting?" 6671:978-0-253-34034-4 6658:Holdaway, Richard 6609:Holdaway, Richard 6560:Holdaway, Richard 6517:Holdaway, Richard 6468:Holdaway, Richard 6270:Dinornis robustus 6196:(7044): 940–943. 6182:Holdaway, Richard 6151:978-0-395-89228-2 6137:Swift as a Shadow 5953:(6954): 175–178. 5794:Holdaway, Richard 5752:Holdaway, Richard 5734:Hill, H. (1913). 5664:Mythical Monsters 5604:978-0-8160-1833-8 5512:978-1-113-50843-0 5493:978-0-618-00583-3 5471:978-0-7876-5784-0 5403:(6954): 172–175. 5373:. London: Buller. 5303:(23): 8257–8262. 5192:. 25 April 2011. 5115:Young, E (1997). 4925:Davidson, Janet. 4681:Radio New Zealand 4511:Gill, B.J. (2007) 4502:Wood, J.R. (2008) 4441:(6954): 172–175. 4387:(5727): 103–104. 4138:Yuri, T. (2013). 4105:Annals of Anatomy 4066:Annals of Anatomy 3996:Holdaway, Richard 3979:on 11 April 2019. 3873:(23): 8257–8262. 3805:on 11 April 2019. 3714:Holdaway, Richard 3556:(6186): 898–900. 3181:Brands, S. (2008) 3029:Potential revival 2929:The lower leg of 2892:Several bones of 2883:Manuherikia River 2879:Dinornis robustus 2813:Canterbury Museum 2626:Surviving remains 2496:Pre-human forests 1999:Dinornis robustus 1976:Dinornis robustus 1950:Dinornis robustus 1948:A restoration of 1928: 1927: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1631: 1630: 1606:Megalapterygidae 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1467: 1466: 1447:Aepyornithiformes 1390: 1389: 1294:Notopalaeognathae 1051: 1034:Dinornis robustus 996: 899:sexual dimorphism 869:, the Australian 777:Dinornis robustus 663:Dinornis robustus 632: 631: 626: 620: 548: 527:Notopalaeognathae 330: 190: 102: 82: 39: 10027: 9940: 9939: 9927: 9926: 9917: 9916: 9904: 9903: 9891: 9890: 9878: 9877: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9861:Dinornithiformes 9850: 9849: 9848: 9831:Dinornithiformes 9818: 9817: 9806: 9799:New Zealand swan 9789: 9777: 9760: 9748: 9706: 9684: 9652:Long-billed wren 9647: 9630: 9593: 9581: 9569: 9544: 9532: 9510: 9473: 9451: 9424: 9412: 9395: 9383: 9371: 9359:Chatham parakeet 9354: 9342:Chatham gerygone 9337: 9325: 9298: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9197: 9185: 9173: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9073: 9056: 9034: 9022: 9010: 8998: 8986: 8974: 8952: 8940: 8928: 8916: 8904: 8887: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8798: 8786: 8764: 8752: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8632:Buff-banded rail 8627: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8538: 8537: 8521: 8520: 8511: 8510: 8474:Folklore studies 8433:Benjamin Radford 8383:Steuart Campbell 8251:Extinct or Alive 8190:Odette Tchernine 8185:Roderick Sprague 8035:John Bindernagel 8017:Cryptozoologists 8007:List of cryptids 7981: 7974: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7944: 7943: 7895:Incognitoolithus 7871: 7870: 7860: 7855: 7854: 7825: 7787: 7779: 7778: 7745: 7730: 7710: 7709: 7598: 7588: 7578: 7570: 7569: 7494: 7493: 7489:Dinornithiformes 7487: 7461: 7451: 7441: 7402: 7397: 7396: 7388: 7387: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7363: 7324: 7323: 7298: 7288: 7235: 7204: 7172: 7119: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7089:Struthioniformes 7034: 7018: 7007: 6996: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6973: 6972: 6960: 6959: 6898: 6897: 6871: 6870: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6801: 6800: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6710:. Archived from 6698: 6696: 6694: 6675: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6551: 6550: 6544: 6508: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6459: 6458: 6452: 6420: 6419: 6413: 6381: 6371: 6358: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6289: 6264: 6262: 6247: 6229: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6167:on 25 April 2015 6155: 6130: 6115: 6114: 6108: 6098: 6073: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6045:on 25 April 2015 6033: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5996:Hawkes Bay Today 5986: 5937: 5927: 5917: 5884: 5867: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5789: 5747: 5730: 5708: 5698: 5688: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5641: 5608: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5516: 5497: 5480:Dawkins, Richard 5475: 5456: 5443: 5441: 5435:. Archived from 5392: 5378:Bunce, Michael; 5374: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5352:. Archived from 5340: 5330: 5320: 5285: 5275: 5267:Anderson, Atholl 5252: 5245: 5239: 5228: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5180: 5171:Tohill, M.-J., " 5169: 5163: 5152: 5146: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5112: 5106: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4960:"Digitising moa" 4956: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4787:Skeptical Briefs 4778: 4772: 4769: 4758: 4755: 4749: 4748:Gould, C. (1886) 4746: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4723:Anderson, Atholl 4719: 4713: 4710: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4563: 4539: 4533: 4532:Yong, Ed. (2010) 4530: 4524: 4521: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4473:. Archived from 4432: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4401:10.1038/281103b0 4376: 4370: 4369: 4343: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4169: 4159: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4027: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3972:. Archived from 3955: 3942: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3798:. Archived from 3781: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3745: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3683: 3680: 3669: 3666: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3628:(7): 1686–1696. 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3598:. Archived from 3581: 3547: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3498: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3158:Island gigantism 3115: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3094: 2887:Yorkshire Museum 2616:pseudoscientific 2612:Cryptozoologists 2541:carbon-14 dating 2484: 2469: 2457: 2359:D. robustus 2355:D. robustus 2343:D. robustus 2327:D. robustus 2249:ecological niche 2185:Rangitīkei River 2181:Palmerston North 2159:About eight moa 1854: 1853: 1829: 1828: 1768: 1767: 1743: 1742: 1730: 1729: 1659: 1658: 1646: 1645: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1587: 1527: 1502: 1484: 1483: 1458: 1432: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1381: 1380: 1372:Dinornithiformes 1357: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1318: 1300: 1299: 1283: 1272:Struthioniformes 1265: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1168:Megalapterygidae 1132:Heavy-footed moa 1110:Broad-billed moa 1050:(Bonaparte 1854) 1049: 994: 992:Dinornithiformes 738:William Williams 650:Late Pleistocene 646:flightless birds 642:Dinornithiformes 624: 618: 562: 543: 540:Dinornithiformes 538: 465: 464: 443: 433: 370: 355:Temporal range: 349: 348: 229: 228: 227: 218: 203: 198: 180: 179: 174: 162: 151: 143: 129: 110: 83: 74: 73: 71: 66: 64: 56: 53: 32: 31: 21: 19: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10024: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9935: 9930: 9922: 9920: 9912: 9907: 9899: 9894: 9886: 9881: 9873: 9868: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9825: 9815: 9810: 9694:Waitaha penguin 9689:Chatham penguin 9554: 9548: 9436: 9428: 9310: 9308:Chatham Islands 9302: 9231:Red-billed gull 9224:kākāriki karaka 9085: 9083: 9077: 8959: 8953: 8944: 8576: 8570: 8565: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8498: 8452: 8443:Michael Shermer 8428:Donald Prothero 8373:Joshua Blu Buhs 8361: 8342:The X Creatures 8272:In Search of... 8200: 8194: 8140:Jeffrey Meldrum 8075:Richard Freeman 8011: 7990: 7985: 7955: 7950: 7928: 7878: 7861: 7849: 7833: 7796: 7768: 7738: 7695: 7640: 7606: 7555: 7514: 7476: 7426: 7421:Opisthodactylus 7382: 7365: 7358: 7342: 7314: 7273: 7237:Ergilornithidae 7228: 7197: 7191:Galligeranoides 7165: 7153:Palaeophasianus 7138:Galligeranoides 7112: 7091: 7078: 7073:Pseudocrypturus 7027: 6980: 6967: 6934: 6914: 6887: 6860: 6854:Avemetatarsalia 6839:Avemetatarsalia 6829: 6806: 6805: 6795: 6789: 6731: 6726: 6717: 6715: 6692: 6690: 6672: 6643: 6594: 6545: 6502: 6453: 6414: 6369: 6327: 6263:on 22 May 2010. 6260: 6245: 6170: 6168: 6152: 6109: 6048: 6046: 6019: 6005: 6003: 6002:on 24 July 2011 5856:10.1071/MU03019 5824: 5727: 5696: 5652: 5605: 5581: 5551:from Southland" 5535: 5533: 5532:on 8 March 2016 5513: 5494: 5472: 5439: 5390: 5359: 5357: 5356:on 7 March 2009 5273: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5205: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5170: 5166: 5153: 5149: 5136: 5132: 5113: 5109: 5096: 5092: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4982:Owen, R. (1879) 4981: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4895: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838:Hill, H. (1913) 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4802: 4798: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4720: 4716: 4712:Anderson (1989) 4711: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4589: 4585: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4430: 4420: 4416: 4377: 4373: 4358: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4136: 4132: 4097: 4093: 4061: 4055: 4051: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3953: 3943: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3686: 3681: 3672: 3667: 3658: 3648: 3614: 3610: 3605:on 30 May 2019. 3602: 3545: 3535: 3528: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3288: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3073:Heinrich Harder 3062: 3031: 2836: 2689:, and named it 2628: 2552:Nelson Examiner 2525: 2520: 2498: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2458: 2316:P. mappini 2308:E. crassus 2292: 2247:Moa filled the 2197: 2145: 2085: 2062:Otago Peninsula 1974:(bush moa) and 1942: 1934: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1816: 1807: 1777:P. elephantopus 1716: 1707: 1698: 1641:†Dinornithidae 1632: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1468: 1391: 1375: 1208: 958: 953: 925:M. didinus 891:Bergmann’s rule 837: 750: 742:William Colenso 729: 574: 568: 542: 536: 459: 434: 432: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 366:17–0.0006 365: 364: 353: 345: 338: 327: 319: 309: 304: 297: 294: 285: 282: 271: 264: 255: 250: 235: 230: 223: 221: 219: 212: 210: 205: 199: 194: 186: 184:← Previous edit 181: 175: 170: 165: 163: 152: 147: 146: 145: 141: 139: 119: 117: 112: 106: 98: 97: 96: 95: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 88: 79: 75: 69: 67: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52:Content deleted 51: 48: 43:← Previous edit 40: 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10033: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9928: 9918: 9905: 9892: 9879: 9866: 9851: 9835: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9796: 9791: 9779: 9767: 9762: 9750: 9738: 9736:Imber's petrel 9733: 9728: 9726:Forbes's snipe 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9699:Eyles' harrier 9696: 9691: 9686: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9637: 9632: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9583: 9571: 9558: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9534: 9525:Snares penguin 9522: 9517: 9512: 9508:tawaki nana hī 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9440: 9438: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9414: 9405:Magenta petrel 9402: 9397: 9385: 9376:Chatham pigeon 9373: 9364:Chatham petrel 9361: 9356: 9344: 9339: 9327: 9314: 9312: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9240: 9228: 9216: 9204: 9199: 9187: 9175: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9126: 9114: 9102: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9063: 9058: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9024: 9012: 9000: 8988: 8976: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8930: 8918: 8906: 8894: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8853: 8841: 8832:Shining cuckoo 8829: 8817: 8805: 8800: 8788: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8754: 8742: 8737: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8580: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8541: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:Sharon A. Hill 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8244:Exotic Zoology 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8165:Boris Porshnev 8162: 8160:David Paulides 8157: 8152: 8150:Michael Newton 8147: 8145:John R. Napier 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8060:Peter Costello 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8040:Peter C. Byrne 8037: 8032: 8027: 8025:Henry H. Bauer 8021: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7782: 7776: 7774:Casuariiformes 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7749: 7747:Aepyornithidae 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7726: 7718: 7716: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7650: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7584: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7505: 7497: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7457: 7447: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7408: 7406: 7394: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7294: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7261:Sinoergilornis 7257: 7250: 7242: 7240: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7219: 7211: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7126: 7124: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7098: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7038: 7036:Lithornithidae 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7014: 7003: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6847: 6841: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6729:External links 6727: 6725: 6724: 6699: 6682:(March 2009). 6680:Worthy, Trevor 6676: 6670: 6654:Worthy, Trevor 6650: 6623:(3): 275–361. 6605:Worthy, Trevor 6601: 6574:(3): 333–370. 6556:Worthy, Trevor 6552: 6527:(3): 297–391. 6513:Worthy, Trevor 6509: 6482:(3): 147–254. 6464:Worthy, Trevor 6460: 6435:(4): 537–589. 6425:Worthy, Trevor 6421: 6396:(3): 421–521. 6386:Worthy, Trevor 6382: 6363:Worthy, Trevor 6359: 6339:Worthy, Trevor 6334: 6301:(3): 115–129. 6290: 6265: 6235:Worthy, Trevor 6230: 6177: 6156: 6150: 6131: 6116: 6074: 6055: 6034: 6012: 5987: 5938: 5885: 5868: 5842:(2): 149–156. 5831: 5798:Worthy, Trevor 5790: 5748: 5731: 5726:978-0710304988 5725: 5709: 5689: 5668: 5659: 5624:(4): 139–150. 5609: 5603: 5588: 5561:(4): 399–408. 5542: 5517: 5511: 5498: 5492: 5476: 5470: 5457: 5444: 5380:Worthy, Trevor 5375: 5366: 5341: 5286: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5240: 5236:Māori language 5222: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5199: 5181: 5164: 5147: 5130: 5107: 5097:Le Roux, M., " 5090: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4993: 4984: 4972: 4951: 4942: 4917: 4908: 4894:978-1877517846 4893: 4875: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4796: 4773: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4714: 4700: 4686: 4668: 4652: 4643: 4624:(3): 229–250. 4608: 4602:978-1107402171 4601: 4583: 4534: 4525: 4513: 4504: 4492: 4490:Hartree (1999) 4483: 4424:Worthy, Trevor 4414: 4371: 4357:978-1877333484 4356: 4335: 4326: 4312: 4303: 4272: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4150:(1): 419–444. 4130: 4091: 4049: 3992:Worthy, Trevor 3982: 3947:Worthy, Trevor 3930: 3921: 3912: 3853: 3817:Worthy, Trevor 3808: 3767: 3710:Worthy, Trevor 3700: 3684: 3670: 3656: 3608: 3539:Worthy, Trevor 3526: 3484: 3466: 3455:Schoon, Theo. 3447: 3417: 3395: 3383: 3354:(3): 353–364. 3334: 3279: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3195: 3183: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3132:Elephant birds 3129: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3102: 3086: 3083: 3061: 3058: 3054:Trevor Mallard 3030: 3027: 2996: 2995: 2986:A skeleton of 2984: 2965: 2964: 2955:The head of a 2953: 2938: 2927: 2912: 2901: 2890: 2835: 2832: 2805:Pyramid Valley 2642:skeleton, 1879 2627: 2624: 2600:South Westland 2570:Alice McKenzie 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2412:archaeological 2304:Emeus huttonii 2300:E. exilis 2291: 2288: 2196: 2193: 2173:Manawatū River 2167:Creek (1872), 2144: 2141: 2137:E. curtus 2133:E. gravis 2121:E. curtus 2084: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2043: 2003: 2002: 1985:that included 1979: 1941: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1478:Casuariiformes 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1421:Apterygiformes 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1253: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1027: 957: 954: 952: 951:Classification 949: 836: 833: 749: 746: 728: 725: 630: 629: 628: 627: 621: 612: 611: 605: 604: 598: 597: 591: 590: 581: 580: 576: 575: 569: 557: 556: 550: 549: 534: 530: 529: 524: 517: 516: 511: 507: 506: 501: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 481: 477: 476: 471: 467: 466: 453: 452: 445: 444: 436: 435: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 354: 336: 334: 329: 328: 324: 322: 320: 316: 314: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 299: 298: 292: 290: 288: 286: 280: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 253: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 209:61.238.199.128 208: 187: 155:45.251.104.241 140: 131: 130: 115: 84: 78: 76: 58: 50: 41: 38: 37: 35: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10032: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9960:Dinornithidae 9958: 9957: 9955: 9938: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9819: 9805: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9771: 9770:Finsch's duck 9768: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9603:Haast's eagle 9601: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9587: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9543: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9498:Campbell teal 9496: 9494: 9493:Campbell shag 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9471:tētē kākāriki 9467: 9466:Auckland teal 9464: 9462: 9461:Auckland shag 9459: 9457: 9456:Auckland rail 9454: 9450: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9423: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Chatham snipe 9398: 9394: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9297: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084:endemic birds 9080: 9072: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8984:kiwi pukupuku 8980: 8977: 8973: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8951: 8939: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8837:pīpīwharauroa 8833: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8608:Brown creeper 8606: 8602: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8550: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8524: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Pseudoscience 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Daniel Loxton 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8393:Brian Dunning 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8356:Weird Travels 8353: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8230:Beast Legends 8227: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8180:Gardner Soule 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8120:Grover Krantz 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080:Charles Gould 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070:Richard Ellis 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050:Loren Coleman 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8002:Cryptozoology 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7988:Cryptozoology 7982: 7977: 7975: 7970: 7968: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7947: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7859: 7853: 7830: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7591:Querandiornis 7585: 7583: 7582: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7529:Anomalopteryx 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301:Pachystruthio 7295: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7279:Struthionidae 7276: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7247:Amphipelargus 7244: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174:Palaeotididae 7168: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7107: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7066:Paracathartes 7063: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7022: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6978:Palaeognathae 6974: 6970: 6966: 6965:Palaeognathae 6961: 6957: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6920:Palaeognathae 6917: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6774: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274:Emeus crassus 6271: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6089:(1): 90–107. 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6056: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6032:(1): 165–170. 6031: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6013: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707:(4): 457–460. 5706: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5594:Extinct Birds 5589: 5585: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5121:New Scientist 5118: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4988: 4979: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4864: 4863:teara.govt.nz 4860: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4561:10.26879/1169 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4487: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4330: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4292:(162): 81–120 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3925: 3919:Worthy (1987) 3916: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827:(2): 87–153. 3826: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3188: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3134:, flightless 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3103: 3100: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3043:de-extinction 3040: 3036: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3019:Darwin’s rhea 3016: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2946:Old Man Range 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894:Emeus crassus 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871:Central Otago 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2792:, Otago, and 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2565:Otago Witness 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:Haast's eagle 2529: 2515: 2513: 2512:Central Otago 2509: 2508: 2503: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2474:Emeus crassus 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Central Otago 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155:found in 1911 2154: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:P. geranoides 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:Central Otago 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1995:Emeus crassus 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:Southern Alps 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1937: 1924: 1923: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863:Emeus crassus 1856: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795:P. geranoides 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1451:elephant bird 1448: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1259:Palaeognathae 1257: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Southern Alps 1237: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1203: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1142:Mantell's moa 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1092:Emeus crassus 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059:Anomalopteryx 1054: 1053: 1052:(lesser moa) 1048: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1004: 1003:Dinornithidae 999: 998: 993: 990: 986: 985: 984: 978: 973: 966: 962: 948: 946: 943: 938: 936: 935: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 905: 900: 897:) as well as 896: 892: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 856: 855: 850: 846: 841: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 779: 778: 773: 772: 767: 766: 765:Emeus crassus 761: 760: 754: 745: 743: 739: 734: 724: 722: 721:Haast's eagle 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 640: 636: 622: 616: 615: 613: 610: 606: 603: 599: 596: 592: 589: 588: 582: 577: 572: 567: 566: 558: 555: 551: 546: 541: 535: 532: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514:Palaeognathae 512: 509: 508: 505: 502: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 479: 478: 475: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 369: 362: 358: 350: 347: 343: 332: 323: 321: 315: 313: 312: 308: 306: 303: 301: 300: 289: 277: 274: 268: 266: 261: 259: 258: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246: 238: 234: 226: 216: 211: 202: 197: 193: 185: 178: 173: 168: 160: 156: 138: 134: 127: 123: 118: 109: 105: 87: 72: 65: 55:Content added 47: 44: 36: 34: 33: 20: 9830: 9677:Laughing owl 9672:Chatham kākā 9667:Lyall's wren 9607: 9520:Snares snipe 9388:Chatham shag 9267:Shore plover 9141:Foveaux shag 9066:Blue penguin 9003:Okarito kiwi 8868:Spotted shag 8796:pūtangitangi 8692:Grey warbler 8418:Darren Naish 8388:Peter Dendle 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8293:MonsterQuest 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8223:Beast Hunter 8221: 8214: 8207: 8105:Ralph Izzard 8085:Rupert Gould 8065:Tim Dinsdale 7923:Tsondabornis 7921: 7914: 7907: 7902:Medioolithus 7900: 7893: 7888:Diamantornis 7886: 7826: 7816: 7809: 7788: 7761: 7754: 7731: 7721: 7705:Novaeratitae 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7633: 7626: 7621:Crypturellus 7619: 7601:Roveretornis 7599: 7589: 7579: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7509:Megalapteryx 7507: 7500: 7488: 7469: 7462: 7452: 7442: 7419: 7411: 7307: 7299: 7289: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7221: 7214: 7189: 7182: 7158: 7151: 7146:Geranodornis 7144: 7136: 7131:Eogeranoides 7129: 7121:Geranoididae 7104: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7019: 7008: 6997: 6716:. Retrieved 6712:the original 6707: 6691:. Retrieved 6687: 6661: 6620: 6616: 6571: 6567: 6524: 6520: 6479: 6475: 6432: 6428: 6393: 6389: 6377: 6373: 6346: 6342: 6337:Wood, J.R.; 6298: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6258:the original 6253: 6249: 6240: 6193: 6189: 6169:. Retrieved 6165:the original 6136: 6121: 6086: 6082: 6060: 6047:. Retrieved 6043:the original 6029: 6023: 6004:. Retrieved 6000:the original 5995: 5950: 5946: 5897: 5893: 5880: 5876: 5839: 5835: 5809: 5805: 5761: 5755: 5743: 5739: 5716: 5704: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5663: 5621: 5617: 5593: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5534:. Retrieved 5530:the original 5525: 5502: 5483: 5461: 5452: 5448: 5437:the original 5400: 5394: 5385: 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5354:the original 5349: 5300: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5243: 5234:is from the 5231: 5226: 5207: 5202: 5184: 5176: 5167: 5159: 5154:O'Brien, T. 5150: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5103:Courier Mail 5102: 5093: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4987: 4963:. Retrieved 4954: 4945: 4930: 4920: 4911: 4884: 4878: 4866:. Retrieved 4862: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4813:. Retrieved 4809: 4799: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4646: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4592: 4586: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4528: 4507: 4486: 4475:the original 4438: 4434: 4417: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4347: 4329: 4306: 4294:. Retrieved 4289: 4285: 4275: 4255: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4111:(1): 36–51. 4108: 4104: 4094: 4072:(1): 36–51. 4069: 4065: 4052: 4007: 4003: 3985: 3974:the original 3961: 3957: 3924: 3915: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3800:the original 3787: 3783: 3770: 3725: 3721: 3703: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3600:the original 3553: 3549: 3507:(1): 36–51. 3504: 3500: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3450: 3408:. Retrieved 3404:"Story: Moa" 3398: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3325:. Retrieved 3305: 3299: 3270:. Retrieved 3266: 3257: 3221:. Retrieved 3219:(4): 180–293 3216: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3177: 3146: 3145: 3099:Birds portal 3079:Allen Curnow 3077: 3071: 3051: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3011: 3005:Megalapteryx 3003: 3002:A preserved 2987: 2972: 2966: 2956: 2950:Otago Museum 2941: 2930: 2915: 2909:Otago Museum 2905:D. giganteus 2904: 2898:Otago Museum 2893: 2878: 2849: 2843: 2824:Otago Museum 2817: 2802: 2786:midden sites 2775: 2746: 2744: 2710: 2695: 2690: 2680: 2664:Richard Owen 2655: 2645: 2639: 2636:Richard Owen 2620: 2585: 2583: 2563: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2505: 2499: 2473: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2409: 2382: 2377: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2290:Reproduction 2283: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2246: 2238: 2231:elephantopus 2227: 2209: 2203: 2158: 2152: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083:North Island 2045: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1940:South Island 1935: 1879: 1877: 1861: 1859: 1836: 1834: 1793: 1791: 1775: 1773: 1752:P. australis 1750: 1748: 1734: 1684: 1682: 1666: 1664: 1650: 1618: 1616: 1583: 1514: 1489: 1444: 1419: 1401:Novaeratitae 1371: 1369: 1346:Tinamiformes 1344: 1305: 1270: 1258: 1248: 1238: 1225: 1221:Megalapteryx 1220: 1213:Megalapteryx 1212: 1209: 1201: 1189: 1179:Megalapteryx 1177: 1176: 1166: 1155: 1145: 1135: 1123: 1122: 1113: 1101: 1100: 1091: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1057: 1056: 1044: 1033: 1023: 1011: 1010: 1001: 991: 982: 976: 964: 939: 932: 924: 920: 918: 913: 909: 902: 895:Allen’s rule 879: 860: 852: 816: 812: 802: 782: 775: 769: 763: 757: 732: 730: 701:sister group 690: 677: 667: 661: 641: 634: 633: 625:Newton, 1884 617:Dinornithes 584: 563: 554:Type species 539: 520: 510:Infraclass: 346: 9855:Wikispecies 9787:ruru hinapō 9483:Bounty shag 9318:Black robin 9105:Black stilt 8938:ngutuparore 8902:tōrea pango 8813:tītipounamu 8762:tūturiwhatu 8637:moho-pererū 8438:Brian Regal 8423:Joe Nickell 8279:Is It Real? 8175:Karl Shuker 7995:Core topics 7802:Casuariidae 7790:Diogenornis 7763:Mullerornis 7714:Apterygidae 7662:Nothoprocta 7628:Nothocercus 7543:Euryapteryx 7413:Diogenornis 7291:Orientornis 6999:Asteriornis 6908:Maniraptora 6893:Maniraptora 6792:Palaeognath 6750:Moa article 6718:14 February 6693:14 February 6049:14 February 6006:14 February 5536:14 February 5177:stuff.co.nz 4554:(1): 1–41. 4422:Bunce, M.; 4324:Wood (2007) 3990:Bunce, M.; 3964:: 105–114. 3790:: 115–122. 3708:Bunce, M.; 3327:22 December 3308:: 126–135. 3240:OSNZ (2009) 3223:30 December 2918:found near 2864:desiccation 2798:Marlborough 2720:sedimentary 2670:in London. 2659:Poverty Bay 2647:Joel Polack 2445:Euryapteryx 2433:Euryapteryx 2372:and a long 2276:gastroliths 2102:Cook Strait 2011:D. robustus 1668:D. robustus 1491:Casuariidae 1152:Crested moa 1103:Euryapteryx 1088:Eastern moa 886:ancient DNA 829:guinea fowl 813:Euryapteryx 748:Description 686:Polynesians 619:Gadow, 1893 233:Next edit → 137:Rollbackers 46:Next edit → 9954:Categories 9775:manutahora 9731:Snipe-rail 9645:mātuhituhi 9291:Yellowhead 9279:Stitchbird 9207:Otago shag 9195:takahikare 9082:Endangered 8958:Flightless 8873:pārekareka 8685:pīwakawaka 8620:Brown teal 8286:Lost Tapes 8265:Fortean TV 8201:television 8130:Roy Mackal 7916:Psammornis 7733:Proapteryx 7676:Rhynchotus 7646:Nothurinae 7581:Miniothura 7550:Pachyornis 7444:Heterorhea 7392:Rheiformes 7337:see below↓ 7254:Ergilornis 7052:Fissuravis 7010:Eremopezus 6929:see below↓ 6355:2440/62495 6070:2152/16251 5883:: 138–144. 5812:: 69–121. 5687:: 232–238. 5455:: 309–336. 5360:4 February 5259:References 4965:2 February 4296:3 February 4265:3 February 4263:Retrieved 3579:2328/35953 3410:15 January 3140:Madagascar 3015:M. didinus 2977:Mount Owen 2973:M. didinus 2957:M. didinus 2942:M. didinus 2920:Queenstown 2809:Roger Duff 2794:Wairau Bar 2790:Shag River 2713:Quaternary 2523:Extinction 2489:upland moa 2416:sand dunes 2414:sites and 2374:maturation 2366:K-selected 2229:Pachyornis 2220:coprolites 2212:fossilised 2189:Lake Taupō 1967:Nothofagus 1736:Pachyornis 1516:Dromaiidae 1307:Rheiformes 1186:Upland moa 1125:Pachyornis 715:until the 713:ecosystems 709:herbivores 579:Subgroups 116:ObserveOwl 9530:pokotiwha 9417:Pitt shag 9272:tūturuatu 9236:tarāpunga 9183:kawau tūī 9117:Blue duck 9098:tarapiroe 8926:pōpokotea 8921:Whitehead 8844:Silvereye 8403:Henry Lee 8199:Books and 8125:Willy Ley 8110:John Keel 7811:Casuarius 7756:Aepyornis 7690:Tinamotis 7683:Taoniscus 7612:Tinaminae 7565:Tinamidae 7464:Protorhea 7268:Urmiornis 7206:Eogruidae 7184:Palaeotis 7106:Remiornis 7059:Lithornis 7045:Calciavis 7021:Limenavis 6881:Theropoda 6866:Theropoda 6809:Kingdom: 6323:129645654 5230:The word 4903:819110163 4618:Ecography 4578:245807815 4570:1094-8074 3596:206555952 3463:. Te Ara. 3406:. govt.nz 3378:0906-7590 3348:Ecography 3169:Footnotes 3163:Megafauna 2778:paleosols 2755:limestone 2604:Fiordland 2574:Fiordland 2370:fecundity 2235:secateurs 2161:trackways 2050:Punakaiki 2042:district. 2007:subalpine 1495:cassowary 1276:ostriches 1245:volcanism 1233:Oligocene 1206:Phylogeny 914:E. gravis 875:cassowary 851:(c), and 798:adzebills 731:The word 727:Etymology 705:vestigial 595:Diversity 545:Bonaparte 480:Kingdom: 474:Eukaryota 451:skeleton 243:Line 172: 240:Line 172: 9840:Wikidata 9640:Bushwren 9542:tutukiwi 9171:tara-iti 9129:Fernbird 9086:(flying) 8885:miromiro 8825:pīwauwau 8808:Rifleman 8750:pīhoihoi 8697:riroriro 8673:kārearea 8661:pohowera 8644:Dabchick 8601:tarāpuka 8589:korimako 8584:Bellbird 8523:Category 8457:See also 7946:Category 7909:Namornis 7828:Emuarius 7818:Dromaius 7655:Eudromia 7502:Dinornis 7454:Hinasuri 7309:Struthio 7223:Sonogrus 7160:Paragrus 6817:Chordata 6815:Phylum: 6811:Animalia 6660:(2002). 6611:(1996). 6562:(1995). 6470:(1993). 6380:: 36–38. 6374:Notornis 6365:(1989). 6349:: 1–20. 6288:: 27–39. 6218:15959513 6184:(2005). 6105:20525622 6025:Notornis 5975:12968179 5934:20805485 5864:86345660 5800:(1997). 5786:10731144 5715:(1959). 5701:Notornis 5648:85006853 5482:(2004). 5425:12968178 5386:Dinornis 5337:15928096 5269:(1989). 5194:Archived 5085:19570784 4725:(1990). 4463:12968178 4409:33405428 4366:83611783 4176:24832669 4125:21596537 4086:21596537 4044:19923428 3907:15928096 3841:83768608 3762:19923428 3644:24825849 3588:24855267 3521:21596537 3147:General: 3126:Moa-nalo 3085:See also 2994:in 1980. 2868:semiarid 2860:feathers 2782:blowouts 2751:sinkhole 2717:Holocene 2691:Dinornis 2651:Struthio 2640:Dinornis 2608:red deer 2502:Holocene 2441:Dinornis 2429:Dinornis 2378:Dinornis 2347:Dinornis 2323:Dinornis 2284:Dinornis 2280:gizzards 2253:antelope 2240:Phormium 2216:gizzards 2179:(1896), 2175:(1895), 2171:(1887), 2165:Waikanae 2066:Karitane 2058:Kaikōura 1725:Emeidae 1652:Dinornis 1350:tinamous 1066:Bush moa 1013:Dinornis 967:skeleton 956:Taxonomy 904:Dinornis 882:synonyms 863:tinamous 854:Dinornis 790:rock art 697:tinamous 674:bush moa 654:Holocene 623:Immanes 609:Synonyms 494:Chordata 490:Phylum: 484:Animalia 470:Domain: 361:Holocene 293:scarcity 126:contribs 70:Wikitext 9985:Ratites 9888:4433427 9846:Q452969 9704:kērangi 9579:kaoriki 9553:Extinct 9369:ranguru 9020:tokoeka 8933:Wrybill 8784:pāpango 8733:koekoeā 8680:Fantail 8513:Commons 8494:Zoology 8464:Biology 8366:Critics 7723:Apteryx 7669:Nothura 7635:Tinamus 7520:Emeidae 7432:Rheidae 6821:Class: 6625:Bibcode 6576:Bibcode 6529:Bibcode 6484:Bibcode 6437:Bibcode 6398:Bibcode 6303:Bibcode 6226:4308841 6198:Bibcode 5983:4413995 5955:Bibcode 5925:2941315 5902:Bibcode 5844:Bibcode 5766:Bibcode 5757:Science 5626:Bibcode 5563:Bibcode 5433:1515413 5405:Bibcode 5328:1149408 5305:Bibcode 5127:(2063). 5076:2817183 4626:Bibcode 4471:1515413 4443:Bibcode 4389:Bibcode 4167:4009869 4144:Biology 4035:2791642 4012:Bibcode 3898:1149408 3875:Bibcode 3753:2791642 3730:Bibcode 3558:Bibcode 3550:Science 3356:Bibcode 3310:Bibcode 3272:24 July 3136:ratites 2992:Te Anau 2828:Dunedin 2771:Te Anau 2767:Waitomo 2763:Karamea 2687:ostrich 2595:sealers 2591:Whalers 2545:middens 2098:Ice Age 2032:Karamea 2024:middens 1217:Miocene 1165:Family 1046:Emeidae 1043:Family 1000:Family 942:Miocene 849:ostrich 809:trachea 658:species 533:Order: 500:Class: 357:Miocene 281:paucity 172:Twinkle 9921:NZOR: 9875:751501 9746:ōiruki 9682:whēkau 9591:koreke 9567:piopio 9323:karure 9212:Matapo 9134:mātātā 9071:kororā 9054:tawaki 9039:Kākāpō 8880:Tomtit 8849:tauhou 8803:Pūkeko 8740:Kererū 8721:kōtare 8649:weweia 8625:pāteke 8613:pipipi 8575:Common 7876:Ootaxa 7216:Eogrus 6794:genera 6668: 6321: 6224: 6216: 6190:Nature 6171:10 May 6148: 6129:, 307. 6103: 5981: 5973: 5947:Nature 5932: 5922: 5862: 5784: 5746:: 330. 5723: 5646: 5601: 5509: 5490: 5468: 5431: 5423: 5396:Nature 5335: 5325: 5083: 5073: 4901: 4891: 4815:12 May 4599: 4576: 4568: 4469: 4461: 4435:Nature 4407: 4381:Nature 4364: 4354: 4174: 4164: 4123: 4084: 4042: 4032: 3905: 3895: 3839: 3760: 3750: 3642: 3594: 3586: 3519: 3376: 2852:muscle 2769:, and 2759:marble 2732:swamps 2730:, and 2579:takahē 2560:Riwaka 2556:Tākaka 2435:, and 2405:pollen 2393:pumice 2310:, and 2257:llamas 2177:Marton 2169:Napier 2123:, and 2064:, and 2040:Wānaka 2028:Nelson 1997:, and 1374:(moa) 1249:et al. 1121:Genus 1099:Genus 1077:Genus 1055:Genus 1009:Genus 997:(moa) 987:Order 873:, and 827:, and 825:cranes 693:ratite 682:turkey 573:, 1843 547:, 1853 81:Inline 63:Visual 9937:39294 9901:10316 9896:IRMNG 9804:poūwa 9555:birds 9449:Toroa 9437:birds 9410:tāiko 9393:papua 9381:parea 9352:tōrea 9335:toroa 9311:birds 9296:mōhua 9260:tīeke 9248:tīeke 9032:hoiho 8996:roroa 8972:roroa 8960:birds 8861:tōrea 8745:Pipit 8577:birds 7536:Emeus 6370:(PDF) 6319:S2CID 6261:(PDF) 6246:(PDF) 6222:S2CID 6020:(PDF) 5979:S2CID 5860:S2CID 5697:(PDF) 5644:S2CID 5440:(PDF) 5429:S2CID 5391:(PDF) 5274:(PDF) 5218:Notes 5160:3news 4868:4 May 4574:S2CID 4478:(PDF) 4467:S2CID 4431:(PDF) 4405:S2CID 4062:(PDF) 3977:(PDF) 3954:(PDF) 3837:S2CID 3803:(PDF) 3780:(PDF) 3603:(PDF) 3592:S2CID 3546:(PDF) 3497:(PDF) 2944:from 2846:head. 2728:dunes 2724:caves 2683:femur 2437:Emeus 2401:Seeds 2389:nests 2385:caves 2242:tenax 1174:Genus 1081:Emeus 929:cline 847:(l), 821:swans 817:Emeus 805:calls 794:geese 639:order 521:Clade 144:edits 142:4,216 9914:8808 9909:NCBI 9870:BOLD 9758:moho 9598:Huia 9284:hihi 9146:Kākā 9122:whio 9110:kakī 9061:Weka 9008:rowi 8914:tara 7471:Rhea 6906:see 6879:see 6852:see 6823:Aves 6720:2011 6695:2011 6666:ISBN 6272:and 6214:PMID 6173:2010 6146:ISBN 6101:PMID 6051:2011 6008:2011 5971:PMID 5930:PMID 5782:PMID 5721:ISBN 5599:ISBN 5538:2011 5507:ISBN 5488:ISBN 5466:ISBN 5421:PMID 5362:2009 5333:PMID 5296:PNAS 5081:PMID 4967:2022 4899:OCLC 4889:ISBN 4870:2019 4817:2019 4597:ISBN 4566:ISSN 4459:PMID 4362:OCLC 4352:ISBN 4298:2015 4267:2015 4172:PMID 4121:PMID 4082:PMID 4040:PMID 3903:PMID 3758:PMID 3640:PMID 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