2337:
literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices."<ref name="emigh" /> Editors on ], a ] of
Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "]" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.<ref>"", ], 07:28 ] ].</ref> Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about ] development as well).<ref>Andrew Orlowski, "", ], ] ].</ref> It has also been described as "cult-like",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first=Charles|last=Arthur|date=]|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site|date=]|first=Kristie|last=Lu Stout|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What is it with Knowledge?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm|date=]|publisher=]|first=Bill|last=Thompson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/06/wikipedia_bio/|title=Who owns your Knowledge bio?|date=]|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski|publisher=]}}</ref> although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.
1272:
Archive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html}}</ref> It had been, from ], a feature of
Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news|author=]|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir|date=] ]|publisher=]|url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}</ref> Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia, ] postings, and ] indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"", Knowledge, ] ]</ref> Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Knowledge.
2211:{{cquote|It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Knowledge is currently receiving is a better sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.|20px|20px|]| }}
1690:
participating in ] software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.<ref>Andrea
Ciffolilli, "", '']'' December 2003.</ref> Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of ], ], and ] systems, including ], ], and ]. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.<ref>], "", ] ], <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>.</ref> ] of ] has referred to ] as the "]" of Knowledge; however, most ] either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia_talk:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_oligarchy_or_a_dictatorship|title=Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-24|publisher=]|work=Knowledge}}</ref>
1210:
founded on ] ] under the ownership of ], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were ], Bomis ], and ], ] for
Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being ], in not having size limitations, due to being on the ], and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors.<ref name=QANupedia>], "", ], March 2000</ref> Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements.<ref name=QANupedia /> It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of ].
1765:
Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest groups.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | title=Death by
Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | accessdate=2006-11-01 | author=Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post | date=2006-07-09}}</ref> Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.
2431:
vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross<ref>. First Monday.</ref> proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "]", the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt".<ref>Aaron Krowne, "", ], ] ].</ref>
1358:] ].<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref> Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on ] ],<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref> while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on ] ].<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref> This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on ] ]<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref>; meanwhile, the millionth user registration had been made just two days before.<ref>Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.</ref>
6681:
sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the
Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.
1251:{{cquote|No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.}}
6599:, identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge.
5194:
2075:
of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in
Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge.<ref>{{cite news|title=Knowledge and Britannica about as accurate in science entries, reports Nature|date=] ]|work=]|publisher=]|url=http://en.wikinews.org/Wikipedia_and_Britannica_about_as_accurate_in_science_entries%2C_reports_Nature}}</ref>
1544:
servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the
Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a ]. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a on OpenFacts.
1295:
after Sanger heard of its existence in
January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki,<ref name=SangerMemoir /> that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the ] project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator, ] figure ], lent his support to Knowledge.<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=The 💕 Project|date=1999|publisher=]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref>
1337:
close the site, or move it to ]. "", a page of the ], discusses this process.</ref> The
Wikimedia Foundation was created from Knowledge and Nupedia on ] ].<ref>Jimmy Wales: "", ] ], <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this ]. ], a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; ], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and ], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, detailed below.
5973:, a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model. Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia,
638:
written from a "]", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of ]. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an ] truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more ] ] functionality (''cite.php'', early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article.
775:
sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Knowledge editions, the former through "]" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the ] repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.<ref>For example, "", Knowledge. (March 9 2005)</ref>
5132:
6261:
5986:
2138:
Light",<ref>{{cite web|author=Linden, Hartmut|year=]| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/297/5582/777|title=A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light|work=]|accessdate=2005}} (subscription access only)</ref> and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves.
2410:
deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".<ref> ] ]. </ref>
5879:
5762:
5935:, and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors. Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements. It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of
1482:
to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a ] ] with a ] database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by ]. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the ] and used by all Wikimedia projects.
1063:
subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or ] by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through ] and, occasionally, by vote. ] retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.<ref>"", ], 10:55 ] ]</ref>
6174:
8772:
5185:
5620:
455:
more than 50,000 articles each. The ] has been distributed on ], and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "", Knowledge Statistics, ] ]</ref> and has spawned several sister projects. According to ], Knowledge ranks among the top 15 most visited sites, and many of its pages have been ] or ] by other sites, such as ].
8909:
8792:
8782:
1722:"trustworthy" to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined. ] stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".<ref>], "", ] ], <CNET News.com></ref>
6008:. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000, but it was after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki, that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the
8812:
5593:
1595:], an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted ], played a significant part in the early development of Knowledge and the network itself. <ref name="The Hive">{{cite web|title=The Hive|publisher=]|last=Poe|first=Marshall|authorlink=Marshall Poe|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia|accessdate=2006-08-08|year=2006|month=September}}</ref>
1084:
history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain ] statements, ] violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.
71:
6800:
Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".
1316:
Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as ], which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.php?title=Sympathetic_point_of_view | title=Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view | accessdate=2006-10-27}}</ref>
8802:
6639:. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light", and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves.
5157:
6590:, that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen.
476:
the eyes of most Wikipedians, is necessary for an article to be considered "high quality". However, performed by the science journal ] of sections of Knowledge and the ] found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the ]. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed".<ref>{{cite paper
6361:, which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be
2096:
not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority,<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, "", '']'', ] ].</ref> and according to ], that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes."<ref>], "", Many-to-Many, ] ].</ref>
828:
for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by ]. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users.</ref><ref name="CompleteLangList" />
2284:''Encyclopædia Britannica's'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case,<ref name="Who" /> as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."<ref name="SangerElitism" />
5867:
2463:
the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the ] was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.
2180:].</ref>) and technology figure ], who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."<ref>], "", Joi Ito's Web, ] ].</ref>
5954:
bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.
6812:
many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "
733:<!--Editors, please note that the "Language editions" subsection of this page is currently (as of March 2006) linked from the Main Page "languages" section. The link used on the Main Page is ]. If the name of the subsection is changed, please ask an admin to update the link at Template:Wikipedialang. Thanks.-->
256:<!--Editors, please note that the "Language editions" subsection of this page is currently (as of March 2006) linked from the Main Page "languages" section. The link used on the Main Page is ]. If the name of the subsection is changed, please ask an admin to update the link at Template:Wikipedialang. Thanks.
399:'''Knowledge''' is a ], ]-based ] ] project. The name ''Knowledge'' is a ] of the words '']'' and ''encyclopedia''. Knowledge is written collaboratively by ]s, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website. Knowledge's main ] are in ], with additional servers in ] and ].
6811:
as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how
6680:
It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Knowledge is currently receiving is a better
6463:
and inconsistency. Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest
5608:
sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Knowledge editions, the former through "
2074:
One of the studies, by '']'', identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations
1543:
Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of ] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the ] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web
1315:
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the ] forked from Knowledge to create the '']'' in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.
595:
Knowledge uses a type of ] called a "]", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It is therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means ] and disagreement about content are
454:
Currently Knowledge has more than 5 million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million <!--Please do not use {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} because it doesn't work right with respect to this article's history.--> in the ]. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have
6706:
Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to
6071:
Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on
5953:
No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally
5812:
Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit
5784:
Some take advantage of Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged
2263:
Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to
2095:
Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal ] process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may
2053:
A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to '']'', that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also
1891:
A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias'', Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. ()</ref> in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic
1838:
Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a ] among many ]s, ]s, and the ]s of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university ] discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as
1785:
At the end of 2005, ] after journalist ] found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of
1481:
Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated ] servers located in ] and four other locations around the world.<ref></ref> MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on ] by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required ] for links; later it was also possible
1357:
Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on
1083:
Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit
1030:
Some take advantage of Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged
827:
The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of ] ].<ref>Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions,
475:
There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to ], uneven quality and inconsistency, ], and preference for ] or popularity over ]s. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that, in
422:
Knowledge was launched as an ] project on ], ] as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct ], and is now operated by the ] ]. It was created by ] and ]; Sanger resigned from both ] and Knowledge on ], ]. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual 💕
6799:
had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of
6475:
found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of the flaws which had allowed the hoax to
6368:
Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an
2462:
Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004.<ref>"", ] (] ]).</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by ]; this came with a €10,000 ($ 12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in ] later that year. The second was a Judges' ] for
1764:
Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe ] and inconsistency.
1668:
Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an
1626:
During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition.<ref>Paragraph's statistics taken from "" (Knowledge Statistics, ] ]).</ref> A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than
1378:
The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the ] to ] ''Knowledge®'' on ] ]. The mark was granted registration status on ] ]. Trademark protection was accorded by ] on ] ] and in the ] on ] ]. Technically a ], the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of ] in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via
669:
The ], the license through which Knowledge's articles are made available, is one of many "]" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of ]s, and commercial use of content, provided that its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes
616:
Many other ]s use traditional multilingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written '']'', ], ] and ]. Projects such as ], '']'' and ] are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias,
5981:
indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003,
2158:
Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for ]ise.<ref name="SangerElitism">], "", ], ] ].</ref> It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as ]) are
1817:
Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit ''edits'', rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content
1647:
Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer ], ], ], and ], which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy.
1522:
Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed ]. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running ], multiple slave database servers, 21 web
1336:
Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11<!--DO NOT REFORMAT THIS DATE, IT IS IN QUOTATIONS--> Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the ];<ref>The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to
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Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's
2409:
In an with '']'' on ] ], Wales discussed the reasons that the ] had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be
1859:
Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's
1460:
Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as ]<!--for version see ]-->, a powerful, ] ] system written in ] and built upon ].<ref></ref> As well as allowing articles to be written, it includes a basic internal ], ] and ] ] system for page enhancement, and
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Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to ]'s WikiWikiWeb or ]. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000,<ref>], "", ] ],<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> but it was
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Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the
2336:
The consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue<ref name="emigh" /> that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system,
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The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the ] on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the
1062:
Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the
6958:
With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a
6341:
During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition. A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition.
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software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until
5508:
Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies are often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be
2537:
With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a
2430:
In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles.<ref>"", Knowledge (] ]).</ref> The idea is to provide ''source provenance'' on each interval of text in an article and ''temporal provenance'' as to its
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Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'''s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in '']'' as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely
637:
Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies are often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be
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consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity,
6303:. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a
5607:
Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of
1209:
The Knowledge concept was not novel — ] (in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Knowledge was founded — and Knowledge began as a complementary project for ], a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was
774:
Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of
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original material to the project, the ] over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as ]s, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of ].
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An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as
1721:
An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as
2357:
In a page on ], the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.<ref>"", Knowledge (] ]).</ref> Knowledge editions also often contain ]s in which the
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a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead.<ref></ref> A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by ], accusing Knowledge of having "…a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information."<ref>www.wikipedia-watch.org/</ref>
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Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that ] develops. Some of
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Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles).<ref name="CompleteList">"", ], ] ]</ref> In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.<ref name="CompleteLangList">"", ], ]
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Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in ''Science''. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue
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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕".<ref>], "", ], ] ].</ref> In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low ]s of
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Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court case, and the
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Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include ], ] (re-applying ]'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow"<ref>"", ]
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was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including
1914:# Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively emulates").
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Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe
6253:. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the
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Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court
6713:
editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case, as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."
6529:
Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively
5769:
Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that
691:
case,<ref></ref> and the ] website refers to Knowledge's article on ] in the "further reading" list of ].<ref>"", LEGISINFO (] ])</ref> Some Knowledge users, or ''Wikipedians'', maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses.<ref></ref>
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Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including ], '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' (London), '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by '']'' in
6702:
A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable omissions.
6650:) are more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable.
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incident.<ref>Cited by (] ]) and Chicago Times (] ])</ref> Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.<ref>"", Knowledge, 22:53 ] ].</ref>
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Knowledge is funded through the ]. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000 ], with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=Budget/2005|publisher=]|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/Budget/2005|accessdate=2006-03-11}}</ref>
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more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable.
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For some articles there is a spoken version available in ] format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from ], and an editorial team is working on creating ], a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to
2242:
A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable
1627:
100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition. According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.<ref>"", ], 08:02 ] ].</ref>
63:
806:
According to ]'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is
6376:
Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕". In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low
6670:, who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."
5631:'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is offered.
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Knowledge was formally launched on ] ], as a single English-language edition at http://www.wikipedia.com/, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=Knowledge is up!|date=] ]|publisher=Internet
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Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal
231:
I HATE TO BREAK IT TOO YA, BUT HUMAN KNOWLEDGE IS DYING AND BEING GAINED EVERY DAY! YOU CAN'T ACHIEVE THE TOTAL SUM OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE! STEP INTO REALITY LIKE ] DID! OH YEAH: ALL GANGSTAEB IMPERSONATORS WERE ME! I AM SABERTIGER AND MRCEO!
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suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen.
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in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as
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unproven."<ref name="Who" /> and former ''Britannica'' editor ] criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him". <ref>], "", ], ] ].</ref>
6722:
on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.
7231:. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users.
5458:", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It is therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means
6446:
stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".
5813:
history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain
1230:
On ] ], Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=Let's make a wiki|date=] ]|publisher=Internet
7226:
Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions, for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by
6717:
The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the
6464:
groups. Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.
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There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Vipin|last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power|date=] ]|publisher=Business
6759:, the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen. Knowledge editions also often contain
6983:
6748:" or "problem users" and blocked from editing. Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about
5175:
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Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include
1925:# Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including ], a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture.
5604:
Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles). In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.
7123:
6522:
Emigh and Herring (2005) in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic quality were:
5193:
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specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce
15:
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subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or
5552:, and commercial use of content, provided that its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes original material to the project, the
5426:. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that, in the eyes of most Wikipedians, is necessary for an article to be considered "high quality". However,
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software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation. Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of
5391:, and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity, and has spawned several sister projects. According to
5556:
over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as
5501:
are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the
5376:. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".
6607:
process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority, and according to
6484:
Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit
8888:
6511:
discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead. A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by
5789:
6676:, a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that:
6635:
Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in
5532:, early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article.
2200:], a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that:
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of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref>], "", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref>
2699:<!-- To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a <ref></ref> pair in the correct place in the body of the article.-->
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violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.
1648:
Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be ] to become an administrator.
6642:
Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for
8889:
7688:
Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.
9055:
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servers running the ] software, and seven ] servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.
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development as well). It has also been described as "cult-like", although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.
6584:
A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to
6803:
In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles. The idea is to provide
6491:
Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a
9889:
9271:
6488:, rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry.
7555:
The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to close the site, or move it to
6944:
In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.
6275:. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running
5143:
Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits. The
2495:
In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.
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201:
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2741:<div class="infobox sisterproject" style="font-size: 90%;">Find more information on '''Knowledge''' by searching Knowledge's ]:<br>
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as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven." and former
6068:, a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, detailed below.
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The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of
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6537:, a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture.
5949:, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:
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by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through
5609:
6442:"trustworthy" to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined.
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truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more
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Archive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref>
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The "recent changes" page shows the newest edits to the English Knowledge. This page is often watched by users who revert vandalism.
6993:
5513:", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of
6038:, which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view".
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There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to
3142:* Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "", CHI 2004 ] – ] ]. Preliminary report "" available on the ] website.
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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.
6611:, that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes."
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According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.
2378:
Professor ] criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge. <ref></ref>
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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.
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5896:(in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Knowledge was founded — and Knowledge began as a complementary project for
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criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him".
5900:, a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on
5765:
Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.
8091:
5838:
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and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on
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1903:# Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".
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Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".
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28:
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6093:. This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on
2000::* Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process)
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Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Knowledge
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Knowledge receives over 2000 page requests per second. More than 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.
6165:
There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.
245:<!-- Vandalism to this page will be reverted in seconds, and may even result in a block. Consider helping. -->
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servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.
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for Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being
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Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process)
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Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the
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for the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the
6294:
servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the
5379:
Currently Knowledge has more than 5 million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million in the
1880:
Emigh and Herring (2005)<ref name="emigh">Emigh & Herring (2005) ''Collaborative Authoring on the Web:
9938:
8659:
6779:
6299:
invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a
5502:
1010:
Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "] ] process".<ref>"", ], 23:30 ]</ref>
9046:
8815:
6041:
Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the
5131:
9908:
9430:
8177:
6968:
5466:
5206:
8648:
7560:
6824:
Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by
6271:
Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed
6079:. Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on
9928:
9903:
9877:
9798:
8550:
7310:
6953:
6719:
6430:
6828:; this came with a €10,000 ($ 12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in
6012:
project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator,
150:
9918:
9819:
9515:
9318:
8458:
6813:
6744:
of Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "
6515:, accusing Knowledge of having "…a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information."
6265:
6249:
database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by
6005:
5400:
9279:
9025:
9009:
5383:. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have more than 50,000 articles each. The
139:
100:
89:
9746:
6254:
6042:
8897:
6586:
5435:
8926:
8764:
5802:
5314:, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website. Knowledge's main
3360:<!-- "Knowledge in popular culture" article references Onion parody , ] parody website, ] ] -->
1400:
Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref>
8405:
7091:
6304:
9067:
8843:
8838:
8502:
8270:
7822:
7522:
6547:
6358:
5841:, a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to CD.
5518:
9296:
8429:
498:| title = Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature
9661:
9231:
9224:
7063:
6053:
5916:
5469:
use traditional multilingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written
5350:
5174:
9155:
8148:
7907:
6614:
Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to.
9857:
9541:
9183:
9050:
8823:
8714:
8697:
7912:
7003:
6472:
6272:
9139:
7433:
6770:
criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge.
5442:. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed".
9756:
9376:
8229:
7191:
7078:
6973:
6426:
6354:
5616:
repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.
66:
9206:
9092:
9793:
9751:
9651:
9453:
9369:
9262:
8922:
8858:
8204:
7957:
7795:
7767:
7670:
7647:
7624:
7601:
7494:
7030:
6825:
6749:
6333:, played a significant part in the early development of Knowledge and the network itself.
6320:
6316:
6238:
for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a
5886:
5861:
5715:
5569:
5427:
5353:
5226:
157:
8615:
8571:
8527:
8483:
8263:
8129:
7988:
7929:
7727:
7577:
7458:
7405:
7359:
7104:
7064:"Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature"
8:
9520:
9474:
9332:
8590:
8076:, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. (
7564:
6931:
6907:
6847:
5459:
5184:
5162:
194:
107:
6409:. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.
6329:, an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted
5623:
Knowledge's article count has shown rapid growth in some of the major language editions.
9913:
9851:
9741:
9723:
9656:
9500:
9495:
8602:
8558:
8514:
8506:
8470:
8116:
7714:
7445:
7392:
7346:
6935:. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by
6925:
6837:
6756:
6280:
6029:
5685:
5577:
5493:
5396:
5395:, Knowledge ranks among the top 15 most visited sites, and many of its pages have been
5315:
3153:* Udell, Jon, , ] illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article, ] ]
1136:
Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from ], a ] service.
172:
9776:
9673:
9556:
9505:
9240:
8698:
Cross, Tom. "Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative Wikis"
8315:
8291:
8246:
8234:
7975:
7883:
7809:
6883:
6871:
6865:
6796:
6024:
5814:
5745:
5735:
5725:
5705:
5645:
5613:
5573:
5544:, the license through which Knowledge's articles are made available, is one of many "
5514:
5451:
5380:
1989::* Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles
9616:
9171:
9122:
8546:
7836:
7518:
6690:
9923:
9862:
9766:
9761:
9596:
9561:
9490:
9380:
9210:
9019:
8949:
7514:
6741:
6736:
controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on
6595:
6378:
6017:
5936:
5775:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5439:
5431:
5384:
5334:
5152:
16:
9365:
9225:
Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal
7791:
6561:
Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles
9601:
8358:
8316:
Knowledge is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?
8200:
8077:
8001:
6767:
6663:
6414:
6100:; meanwhile, the millionth user registration had been made just two days before.
6001:
5924:
5849:
5695:
5597:
5549:
8385:
5438:
found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the
9581:
9571:
9551:
9510:
9336:
9080:
8196:
8092:"Knowledge and Britannica about as accurate in science entries, reports Nature"
8005:
7597:
6998:
6901:
6760:
6745:
6647:
6629:
6492:
6398:
6260:
6201:
6140:
5985:
5774:
develops. Some of Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "
5628:
5557:
5392:
5319:
5282:
5216:
9606:
8629:
7763:
7043:
6346:
3003:* ], , essay within Sanger's English Knowledge user page, wiki revision of ] ]
9897:
9718:
9621:
9586:
9546:
9111:
8828:
7643:
6988:
6937:
6913:
6853:
6512:
6460:
6410:
6250:
6242:
6013:
5978:
5878:
5761:
5415:
1031:
disputes when editors do not agree.<ref>"", Knowledge (] ])</ref>
9313:
7214:
5679:
47:
9844:
9771:
9611:
9591:
9416:
9384:
9361:
9159:
9083:
8978:
8594:
8462:
8433:
8319:
8287:
8153:
7879:
7787:
7628:
7472:
7422:
7373:
7327:
7306:
7228:
7008:
6895:
6877:
6833:
6784:
6659:
6620:
6209:
6200:. As well as allowing articles to be written, it includes a basic internal
6151:
6115:
6080:
5928:
5920:
5834:
5357:
5289:
5286:
5278:
5236:
6666:'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow") and technology figure
6350:
5749:
5739:
5729:
5719:
5709:
5699:
5689:
5669:
5659:
9788:
9708:
9698:
9576:
9566:
9525:
9216:
9197:
9012:
9000:
8986:
8662:
8299:
8208:
8105:
7925:
7490:
7142:
7026:
6959:
source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.
6919:
6789:
6604:
6534:
6443:
6418:
6291:
6284:
6186:
6155:
6133:
5969:, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. It had been, from
5912:
5893:
5882:
5806:
5798:
5771:
5484:
5404:
5361:
5297:
5240:
9393:
5844:
Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from
2538:
source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.
2022::* Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)
9713:
9693:
9668:
9626:
9422:
9397:
9300:
9235:
9175:
9130:
9126:
9028:
8369:
8173:
8158:
7933:
7699:
7605:
7377:
7331:
6655:
6608:
6552:
Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:
6235:
6231:
6173:
6144:
6122:
6073:
6057:
5970:
5959:
5943:
5845:
5649:
5635:
5488:
5423:
5338:
8985:, essay within Sanger's English Knowledge user page, wiki revision of
8972:
8966:
6732:
5612:" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the
1967:
Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:
542:| url = http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf
9803:
9783:
9688:
9683:
9192:
9163:
8961:
8914:
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
8771:
8738:
8362:
8342:
8181:
8101:
8009:
7860:
7285:
7245:
7195:
7169:
7047:
6889:
6573:
Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)
6508:
6496:
6429:
either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be
6406:
6402:
6330:
6290:
Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of
6205:
6182:
6181:
Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as
6108:
6065:
6061:
6045:; The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Knowledge and Nupedia on
5818:
5778:
5553:
5522:
5419:
5411:
5323:
5311:
3120::''For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see ]''
5870:
Knowledge originally developed out of another encyclopedia project,
5560:, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of
3274:* Rosenzweig, Roy, , '']'', Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46
1786:
the flaws which had allowed the hoax to go undetected for that time.
9703:
9678:
9353:
9304:
9251:
9147:
9104:
9100:
8742:
8633:
8413:
8389:
8295:
8096:
7887:
7864:
7840:
7651:
7498:
7476:
7437:
7426:
7265:
7249:
7199:
7173:
7127:
6859:
6842:
6646:. It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as
6500:
6422:
6394:
6390:
6216:
6212:
6159:
6087:
6064:, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and
6052:. Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this
6009:
5990:
5974:
5932:
5809:
retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.
5619:
5596:
An example of Knowledge's range in language editions: Knowledge in
5561:
5545:
5525:
9129:
illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article,
7241:
3208:* Giles, Jim, , ] comparison between Knowledge and Britannica, ] ]
9340:
9287:
8791:
8781:
8718:
8437:
8409:
8334:
8024:
7891:
7674:
7581:
7314:
7289:
7165:
6829:
6737:
6667:
6504:
6295:
6227:
6094:
6046:
6035:
5901:
5897:
5871:
5476:
5369:
5365:
5346:
9314:
Can History be Open Source? Knowledge and the Future of the Past
8811:
7751:
5788:
9066:
For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see
8801:
6643:
6386:
5592:
3014:* The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times:
9412:
8994:
The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times:
8678:
7281:
6816:", the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt".
6279:, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the
5140:
This article is currently under extended confirmed protection.
3164:* Sanger, Larry, , from Slashdot and ''Open Sources 2.0'', ] ]
2937:;Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project
8934:
Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project
8682:
7556:
7061:
6326:
6276:
6246:
6223:
6197:
6129:
5966:
5908:
5327:
8997:
7261:
9400:
9387:
9356:
9343:
9307:
9290:
9254:
9219:
9200:
9178:
9166:
9150:
9133:
9107:
9086:
9031:
9015:
9003:
8989:
8745:
8721:
8685:
8665:
8636:
8440:
8416:
8392:
8372:
8365:
8345:
8322:
8302:
8211:
8184:
8161:
8108:
8012:
7936:
7894:
7867:
7843:
7702:
7677:
7654:
7631:
7608:
7584:
7501:
7479:
7429:
7380:
7334:
7292:
7268:
7202:
7176:
7130:
7050:
6792:
6568:
6382:
6189:
6147:
6136:
6125:
6118:
6097:
6090:
6086:, while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on
6083:
6076:
6049:
5993:
5962:
5946:
5904:
5638:
5541:
5480:
5455:
5373:
5342:
5302:
3340:* Hubbard, John, , a library video course on Knowledge, ] ]
2992:* , English Knowledge community newsletter published weekly
9091:
Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "
6533:
Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including
6436:
6000:
Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to
5866:
9115:
8975:, English Knowledge community newsletter published weekly
8734:
7068:
6300:
6239:
6193:
5830:
5829:
For some articles there is a spoken version available in
5388:
7856:
6507:
of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university
6345:
Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer
5833:
format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from
2970:* , policy-related and technical discussions regarding ]
9093:
Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with
7740:
6158:
in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the
6060:, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;
5548:" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of
9326:
Growing Knowledge Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy
7434:"The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir"
5931:, in not having size limitations, due to being on the
5345:
as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct
3241:* Berinstein, Paula, , '']'' Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006
617:
Knowledge has licensed its content under the ] (GFDL).
54:
8960:, policy-related and technical discussions regarding
6264:
Overview of system architecture, May 2006 (see also:
9140:
The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir
6336:
6323:, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget.
5517:. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an
5911:, a Web portal company. Its principal figures were
1978::* Accuracy of information provided within articles
1189:], Knowledge co-founder and current head of the ]]]
722:].<ref>http://he.wikipedia.org/</ref>]]
7186:
7184:
7033:", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>
6984:List of media personalities to vandalise Knowledge
6234:by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required
6215:system for page enhancement, and features such as
5584:, maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses.
3047:** ] ], from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
9350:"The Many Voices of Knowledge, Heard in One Place
7950:"Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship"
6579:
9895:
8283:
8281:
8027:"Death by Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles"
8025:Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post (2006-07-09).
7598:Knowledge, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article
7513:
7062:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (March 22, 2006).
6558:Accuracy of information provided within articles
5161:to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by
1283:] ], two and a half months after its founding.]]
8957:
7417:
7415:
7181:
5885:, Knowledge co-founder and current head of the
5837:, and an editorial team is working on creating
8459:"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults"
7192:Complete list of language Wikipedias available
6618:s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in
6154:, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of
6121:. The mark was granted registration status on
5982:and its text was incorporated into Knowledge.
5250:
9868:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects
9438:
9333:Know It All: Can Knowledge conquer expertise?
9267:: The Kid’s All Right (And So’s the Old Man)"
9215:comparison between Knowledge and Britannica,
8939:
8278:
7667:English Knowledge Publishes Millionth Article
7644:Knowledge Publishes 500,000th English Article
7153:
5824:
3089:* {{SourceWatch|id=Knowledge|page=Knowledge}}
2926:{{Spoken Knowledge|Knowledge.ogg|2005-06-25}}
2011::* Susceptibility to editorial and systemic ]
1710:===Future directions for authoring content===
9172:Interview with Jimmy Wales, CEO of WikiPedia
8649:Professor James Fetzer Exposes Knowledge.org
8292:Why Knowledge Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism
7412:
7302:
7300:
6450:
6319:. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000
5892:The Knowledge concept was not novel —
185:
9077:Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You
9034:, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
8223:
7158:
6807:on each interval of text in an article and
5996:, two and a half months after its founding.
5462:and disagreement about content are common.
9445:
9431:
9322:, Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46
8945:
8230:"A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light"
6832:later that year. The second was a Judges'
6773:
6763:in which the community answers questions.
6519:work history to gauge the author's merit.
6431:one who rarely gives non-negotiable orders
5965:, as a single English-language edition at
5310:. Knowledge is written collaboratively by
3109:;Reports and news articles (chronological)
9062:Reports and news articles (chronological)
8896:
7297:
6567:Susceptibility to editorial and systemic
6222:Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated
6105:United States Patent and Trademark Office
5572:website refers to Knowledge's article on
1860:work history to gauge the author's merit.
9452:
8908:
8074:A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias
8066:
8064:
8062:
7884:Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of 💕s
7780:
7421:
7372:
7326:
6994:Congressional staffer edits to Knowledge
6259:
6172:
6168:
6103:The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the
5984:
5877:
5865:
5787:
5760:
5618:
5591:
3307:* Levine, Robert, ", New York Times, ] ]
3252:* Vaknin, Sam, , ''YoursDaily.com'', ] ]
487:| author = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
9396:, a library video course on Knowledge,
9207:Internet encyclopaedias go head to head
8849:Knowledge:Why Knowledge is not so great
8834:Knowledge:Knowledge in academic studies
8339:Knowledge attacked by ignorant reporter
6795:, Wales discussed the reasons that the
6437:Future directions for authoring content
6128:. Trademark protection was accorded by
9896:
8918:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
8854:Knowledge:Replies to common objections
8386:Knowledge:Replies to common objections
8143:
8141:
8139:
7621:Knowledge Reaches One Million Articles
6479:
5122:Revision as of 13:01, 11 November 2006
2042:====Accuracy and comprehensiveness====
140:Revision as of 13:01, 11 November 2006
90:Revision as of 13:00, 11 November 2006
9426:
9244:responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica
8503:"Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site"
8059:
8006:Can German engineering fix Knowledge?
7537:"Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view"
6947:
3382:*: ], a satirical parody of Knowledge
3285:* The New York Times (June 17, 2006)
3025:** ] ], from nostalgia.wikipedia.org
2526:{{main|Knowledge in popular culture}}
1615:==Authorship and management process==
8630:Knowledge:Researching with Knowledge
8584:
8540:
8496:
8430:Wiki-fiddlers defend Clever Big Book
6257:and used by all Wikimedia projects.
6027:forked from Knowledge to create the
5785:disputes when editors do not agree.
5587:
5414:, uneven quality and inconsistency,
5151:. Please discuss any changes on the
5125:
2981:* , parent organization of Knowledge
1818:may be intermingled within an entry.
80:
46:
8136:
8072:Collaborative Authoring on the Web:
7835:Paragraph's statistics taken from "
7786:
7587:, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>
5958:Knowledge was formally launched on
5472:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3036:** ] ], from the ] Wayback Machine
200:
184:
149:
137:
130:
125:
99:
87:
13:
9328:The New York Times (June 17, 2006)
8969:, parent organization of Knowledge
8754:
8452:
7752:Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org
7504:,<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>
5445:
5124:
1104:=== Knowledge in other formats ===
35:
9950:
9475:Knowledge community (Wikipedians)
9419:, a satirical parody of Knowledge
8864:
7939:, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>.
6337:Authorship and management process
6020:, lent his support to Knowledge.
5576:in the "further reading" list of
5434:of sections of Knowledge and the
5430:performed by the science journal
1956:{{main|Reliability of Knowledge}}
311:| url = http://www.wikipedia.org/
8907:
8898:
8886:
8810:
8800:
8790:
8780:
8770:
7697:
6315:Knowledge is funded through the
5192:
5183:
5173:
5130:
9814:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
9188:"A false Knowledge 'biography'"
8727:
8703:
8691:
8671:
8660:Knowledge: "A Work in Progress"
8653:
8642:
8622:
8578:
8534:
8490:
8446:
8422:
8398:
8378:
8351:
8328:
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7873:
7849:
7829:
7756:
7745:
7734:
7691:
7682:
7659:
7636:
7613:
7590:
7578:Announcing Wikimedia Foundation
7570:
7549:
7529:
7507:
7484:
7465:
7366:
7320:
7274:
7254:
7234:
7220:
7207:
5989:Knowledge's English edition on
5535:
9006:, from nostalgia.wikipedia.org
8591:"Who owns your Knowledge bio?"
7561:Proposals for closing projects
7147:
7136:
7116:
7098:
7055:
7036:
7020:
6580:Accuracy and comprehensiveness
6541:
6425:" of Knowledge; however, most
5503:GNU Free Documentation License
5467:internet encyclopedia projects
1:
9280:The Six Sins of the Knowledge
9123:Heavy metal umlaut: the movie
7014:
6969:Internet encyclopedia project
6476:go undetected for that time.
5349:, and is now operated by the
5333:Knowledge was launched as an
5322:, with additional servers in
5207:Internet encyclopedia project
5120:
5111:
5100:
5089:
5078:
5067:
5056:
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2869:
2858:
2847:
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2814:
2803:
2792:
2781:
2770:
2759:
2752:] ] from Wiktionary<br>
2748:
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2405:
2398:===Responses to criticisms===
2394:
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2018:
2007:
1996:
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1749:
1742:==Criticism and controversy==
1738:
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1196:
1185:
1174:
1167:{{main|History of Knowledge}}
1163:
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1123:
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252:
241:
227:
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9878:Knowledge for World Heritage
9799:WikiConference North America
8547:"What is it with Knowledge?"
8201:The Faith-Based Encyclopedia
7707:"Growing on volunteer power"
7217:", Knowledge. (March 9 2005)
7031:Knowledge is an encyclopedia
6954:Knowledge in popular culture
6726:
6720:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
6365:to become an administrator.
5805:and, occasionally, by vote.
5364:; Sanger resigned from both
2774:] ] from Wikiquote<br>
2763:] ] from Wikibooks<br>
2358:community answers questions.
197:) to last version by Kimyu12
18:Browse history interactively
7:
9820:Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA
9516:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight
9319:Journal of American History
8406:Critical views of Knowledge
8070:Emigh & Herring (2005)
6962:
6697:
6266:meta:Server layout diagrams
6006:Portland Pattern Repository
5580:. Some Knowledge users, or
10:
9955:
9747:List of Wikimedia chapters
8711:The FUD-based Encyclopedia
8275:(subscription access only)
6951:
6757:researching with Knowledge
6691:What is it with Knowledge?
6545:
6454:
6310:
6255:GNU General Public License
6043:September 11, 2001 attacks
5859:
5855:
5825:Knowledge in other formats
5756:
3329:* Pearson, Helen, , ], ] ]
2785:] ] from Commons<br>
9934:Advertising-free websites
9836:
9734:
9639:
9534:
9483:
9467:
9460:
9275:Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006
8763:by searching Knowledge's
8759:Find more information on
7839:" (Knowledge Statistics,
7567:, discusses this process.
7046:", Knowledge Statistics,
6819:
6711:Encyclopædia Britannica's
6451:Criticism and controversy
5967:http://www.wikipedia.com/
5803:consensus decision-making
5450:Knowledge uses a type of
5264:
5256:
5251:http://www.wikipedia.org/
5246:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5109:
5098:
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5076:
5065:
5054:
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4999:
4988:
4977:
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4955:
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4878:
4867:
4856:
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4691:
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3345:
3334:
3323:
3312:
3301:
3296:* Schiff, Stacy, , ], ] ]
3290:
3279:
3268:
3263:* Sjöberg, Lore, , ], ] ]
3257:
3246:
3235:
3224:
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3158:
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2110:
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2068:
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2027:
2016:
2005:
1994:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1930:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1885:
1874:
1865:
1853:
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1832:
1823:
1811:
1806:===The Knowledge model===
1800:
1791:
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1747:
1736:
1727:
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1683:
1674:
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1496:
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1420:==Software and hardware==
1414:
1405:
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1321:
1309:
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994:
983:
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952:
941:
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919:
908:
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886:
875:
864:
853:
842:
833:
821:
812:
800:
789:
780:
768:
759:
747:
738:
727:
716:
711:=== Language editions ===
705:
696:
684:
675:
663:
652:
643:
631:
622:
610:
601:
589:
578:
569:
558:
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503:
492:
481:
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460:
448:
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435:
416:
393:
382:
371:
360:
355:| registration = Optional
349:
338:
327:
316:
305:
294:
283:
272:
261:
250:
239:
235:
216:
211:
208:
136:
86:
9068:Knowledge:Press coverage
8844:Knowledge:Press coverage
8839:Knowledge:Press releases
8056:www.wikipedia-watch.org/
7523:Free Software Foundation
7215:Translation into English
7154:http://he.wikipedia.org/
6616:Encyclopædia Britannica'
6548:Reliability of Knowledge
5403:by other sites, such as
5387:has been distributed on
5381:English-language version
3402:{{Wikimedia Foundation}}
3318:* ], , ], September 2006
3131:* Meyers, Peter, , ] ] ]
2948:* , multi-lingual portal
169:Extended confirmed users
9662:Censorship of Knowledge
9232:Encyclopedia Britannica
9184:Seigenthaler, John, Sr.
8942:, multi-lingual portal
8916:Error: no date provided
8046:Wide World of WIKIPEDIA
8015:, <CNET News.com>
7473:Multilingual statistics
7311:Q & A about Nupedia
6774:Responses to criticisms
6593:One of the studies, by
6587:Encyclopædia Britannica
6054:non-profit organization
5907:under the ownership of
5436:Encyclopædia Britannica
5385:German-language edition
5145:policy on community use
531:| date = March 22, 2006
267:-->{{Infobox Website
85:
9858:Wikimedian of the Year
9542:Hampton Lintorn-Catlin
9110:. Preliminary report "
9051:Open Directory Project
8871:Listen to this article
8824:Knowledge:Introduction
8776:Dictionary definitions
8715:Free Software Magazine
8610:Check date values in:
8566:Check date values in:
8522:Check date values in:
8478:Check date values in:
8254:Check date values in:
8178:Academia and Knowledge
8124:Check date values in:
7983:Check date values in:
7930:Re: Illegitimate block
7722:Check date values in:
7453:Check date values in:
7400:Check date values in:
7354:Check date values in:
7086:Cite journal requires
7004:User-generated content
6695:
6473:John Seigenthaler, Sr.
6455:Further information: ]
6273:multitier architecture
6268:
6178:
5997:
5956:
5889:
5875:
5793:
5766:
5624:
5601:
5158:submit an edit request
2569:<!-- Note: ] -->
2515:==In popular culture==
1461:features such as ]ion.
9939:General encyclopedias
9377:Textbook free for all
8368:) and Chicago Times (
7143:Knowledge as a source
6974:List of encyclopedias
6678:
6371:Arbitration Committee
6331:soft-core pornography
6263:
6176:
6169:Software and hardware
5988:
5951:
5881:
5869:
5791:
5764:
5622:
5595:
5511:neutral point of view
5418:, and preference for
5149:arbitration sanctions
584:== Characteristics ==
9909:Online encyclopedias
9873:Google and Knowledge
9794:WikiConference India
9454:Wikimedia Foundation
9370:The Atlantic Monthly
9142:, from Slashdot and
9056:Template:SourceWatch
8983:Origins of Knowledge
8967:Wikimedia Foundation
8927:More spoken articles
8859:Knowledge:Statistics
8679:Knowledge:Provenance
8388:", Knowledge, 22:53
8205:Tech Central Station
7958:Wikimedia Foundation
7906:Andrea Ciffolilli, "
7796:The Atlantic Monthly
7768:Wikimedia Foundation
7671:Wikimedia Foundation
7648:Wikimedia Foundation
7625:Wikimedia Foundation
7602:Wikimedia Foundation
7495:Re: Sanger's memoirs
6826:Prix Ars Electronica
6750:open-source software
6467:At the end of 2005,
6381:of participating in
6317:Wikimedia Foundation
6283:software, and seven
5887:Wikimedia Foundation
5862:History of Knowledge
5772:open-source software
5570:Parliament of Canada
5356:. It was created by
5354:Wikimedia Foundation
5227:Wikimedia Foundation
3230:** , ''Nature'', ] ]
658:=== Free content ===
278:| name = ] Knowledge
9929:Virtual communities
9904:2001 establishments
9352:", New York Times,
9261:Berinstein, Paula,
9156:Worldwide Wikimania
9114:" available on the
8497:Lu Stout, Kristie (
7565:Wikimedia Meta-Wiki
7387:. Internet Archive.
7341:. Internet Archive.
7339:"Let's make a wiki"
7242:Knowledge sociology
6932:The Daily Telegraph
6908:The Financial Times
6848:The Washington Post
6809:temporal provenance
6733:Knowledge community
6480:The Knowledge model
6397:systems, including
6226:servers located in
5487:. Projects such as
5422:or popularity over
5179:
2730:==Further reading==
9919:Wikimedia projects
9852:Knowledge Monument
9742:Wikimedia movement
9724:Abstract Knowledge
9657:List of Wikipedias
9501:Dariusz Jemielniak
9496:Lisa Seitz-Gruwell
9297:The Knowledge FAQK
8973:Knowledge Signpost
8585:Orlowski, Andrew (
8428:Andrew Orlowski, "
8341:", Joi Ito's Web,
7837:Active wikipedians
7817:Unknown parameter
7741:MediaWiki Homepage
7385:"Knowledge is up!"
7166:List of Wikipedias
6948:In popular culture
6838:Japanese Knowledge
6269:
6192:system written in
6179:
6030:Enciclopedia Libre
6004:'s WikiWikiWeb or
5998:
5890:
5876:
5794:
5776:socially Darwinian
5767:
5625:
5602:
5578:Civil Marriage Act
5494:Enciclopedia Libre
5292:project. The name
5172:
2915:==External links==
377:| author = ] and ]
189:Reverted edits by
147:
97:
9886:
9885:
9674:Wikimedia Commons
9635:
9634:
9557:Florence Devouard
9506:Rebecca MacKinnon
9312:Rosenzweig, Roy,
8891:
8453:Arthur, Charles (
8269:CS1 maint: year (
8256:|accessdate=
8224:Linden, Hartmut (
8180:", Many-to-Many,
7563:", a page of the
6884:Chicago Sun-Times
6866:Los Angeles Times
6805:source provenance
6797:Seigenthaler hoax
6471:after journalist
6469:controversy arose
6379:transaction costs
6025:Spanish Knowledge
5614:Wikimedia Commons
5588:Language editions
5574:same-sex marriage
5515:original research
5428:a 2005 comparison
5368:and Knowledge on
5272:
5271:
5170:
5169:
5119:
3197:* ], , '']'', ] ]
2796:] ] from Wikinews
1945:===Reliability===
322:| commercial = No
138:
88:
68:
9946:
9890:Template:Link FA
9863:Tides Foundation
9828:Knowledge Engine
9597:Patricio Lorente
9562:Oscar van Dillen
9521:Esra'a Al Shafei
9491:Maryana Iskander
9465:
9464:
9447:
9440:
9433:
9424:
9423:
9375:Pearson, Helen,
9372:, September 2006
9348:Levine, Robert,
9144:Open Sources 2.0
9020:Internet Archive
8950:English language
8946:en.wikipedia.org
8911:
8910:
8902:
8900:
8893:
8892:
8880:
8878:
8872:
8814:
8806:Images and media
8804:
8794:
8784:
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8239:. Retrieved 2005
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7709:. Business Line.
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7519:"The 💕 Project"
7515:Richard Stallman
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6417:has referred to
6150:. Technically a
6018:Richard Stallman
5937:Richard Stallman
5550:derivative works
5509:written from a "
5440:natural sciences
5335:English language
5196:
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2231:====Coverage====
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9392:Hubbard, John,
9331:Schiff, Stacy,
9295:Sjöberg, Lore,
9263:"Knowledge and
9138:Sanger, Larry,
9075:Meyers, Peter,
9022:Wayback Machine
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8874:(2 parts,
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8778:from Wiktionary
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8765:sister projects
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8709:Aaron Krowne, "
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8700:. First Monday.
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6196:and built upon
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6002:Ward Cunningham
5925:editor-in-chief
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5850:Print on Demand
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8865:External links
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8818:from Wikinews
8798:from Wikiquote
8788:from Wikibooks
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8681:", Knowledge (
8670:
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7916:December 2003.
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7569:
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7475:", Knowledge,
7464:
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7264:", Knowledge (
7253:
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7213:For example, "
7206:
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7146:
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7126:", LEGISINFO (
7115:
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7088:|journal=
7054:
7044:Visits per day
7042:See plots at "
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6999:Self-reference
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6952:Main article:
6949:
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6648:George W. Bush
6630:Robert McHenry
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6546:Main article:
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6493:reference work
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6359:administrators
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6307:on OpenFacts.
6202:macro language
6185:, a powerful,
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5977:postings, and
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3219:** , ] Inc., ]
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2959:** , ] edition
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2688:==References==
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6989:List of wikis
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6938:TIME Magazine
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6854:The Economist
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6755:In a page on
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6662:(re-applying
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6461:systemic bias
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6292:Squid caching
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5416:systemic bias
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5309:
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5300:of the words
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2710:{{reflist|2}}
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1753:{{Further|]}}
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41:Content added
33:
30:
20:
9888:
9850:
9845:The Signpost
9843:
9818:
9646:
9612:Larry Sanger
9592:Guy Kawasaki
9417:Uncyclopedia
9413:Uncyclopedia
9406:
9405:
9385:15 September
9317:
9283:
9270:
9264:
9247:
9241:
9226:
9211:
9205:Giles, Jim,
9191:
9160:The Guardian
9143:
9121:Udell, Jon,
9112:History Flow
9099:", CHI 2004
9095:history flow
9094:
9084:20 September
9065:
9026:Main Page on
9010:Main Page on
8998:Main Page on
8816:News stories
8808:from Commons
8769:
8760:
8729:
8705:
8693:
8673:
8655:
8644:
8624:
8595:The Register
8580:
8536:
8492:
8463:The Guardian
8448:
8434:The Register
8424:
8400:
8380:
8353:
8330:
8320:September 24
8310:
8288:Larry Sanger
8233:
8219:
8192:
8169:
8154:The Guardian
8152:
8095:
8086:
8075:
8071:
8052:
8041:
8030:. Retrieved
8020:
7997:
7965:. Retrieved
7953:
7944:
7921:
7913:First Monday
7911:
7902:
7880:Larry Sanger
7875:
7851:
7831:
7819:|month=
7799:. Retrieved
7782:
7771:. Retrieved
7758:
7747:
7736:
7693:
7684:
7661:
7638:
7629:September 20
7615:
7592:
7572:
7551:
7540:. Retrieved
7531:
7509:
7486:
7467:
7423:Larry Sanger
7374:Larry Sanger
7368:
7328:Larry Sanger
7322:
7317:, March 2000
7307:Larry Sanger
7276:
7256:
7236:
7222:
7209:
7160:
7149:
7138:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7079:cite journal
7057:
7038:
7022:
7009:Encyclopedia
6957:
6943:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6896:Toronto Star
6894:
6888:
6882:
6878:The Guardian
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6823:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6785:BusinessWeek
6783:
6777:
6765:
6754:
6730:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6679:
6672:
6664:Eric Raymond
6660:Larry Sanger
6652:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6625:
6621:The Guardian
6619:
6615:
6613:
6601:
6594:
6592:
6585:
6583:
6551:
6535:self-norming
6521:
6517:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6466:
6457:
6440:
6375:
6367:
6344:
6340:
6325:
6314:
6289:
6270:
6221:
6180:
6164:
6152:service mark
6116:September 17
6111:
6102:
6081:September 20
6070:
6040:
6028:
6022:
5999:
5957:
5952:
5941:
5929:open content
5921:Larry Sanger
5891:
5843:
5835:SOS Children
5828:
5817:statements,
5811:
5795:
5783:
5779:evolutionary
5768:
5633:
5626:
5606:
5603:
5581:
5566:
5539:
5536:Free content
5529:
5507:
5492:
5470:
5464:
5449:
5409:
5378:
5358:Larry Sanger
5332:
5308:encyclopedia
5307:
5301:
5293:
5290:encyclopedia
5287:free content
5279:multilingual
5274:
5273:
5265:Registration
5237:Larry Sanger
5213:Headquarters
5202:Type of site
5139:
2807:</div>
2558:==See also==
564:</ref>
509:| version =
9789:Wiki Indaba
9757:Deutschland
9709:Wikiversity
9699:Wikispecies
9607:Erik Möller
9577:Mike Godwin
9567:Sue Gardner
9526:Jimmy Wales
9217:14 December
9198:29 November
9018:, from the
9013:10 December
9001:20 December
8987:16 February
8663:December 14
8612:|date=
8568:|date=
8524:|date=
8480:|date=
8300:December 31
8260:|year=
8209:November 15
8126:|date=
8106:December 14
7985:|date=
7926:Jimmy Wales
7724:|date=
7491:Jimmy Wales
7455:|date=
7402:|date=
7356:|date=
7027:Jimmy Wales
6920:Irish Times
6834:Webby award
6790:December 13
6605:peer review
6542:Reliability
6530:emulates").
6495:among many
6444:Jimbo Wales
6419:Jimbo Wales
6355:bureaucrats
6305:status page
6285:Squid cache
6243:wiki engine
6217:redirection
6210:transcluded
6187:open source
6156:information
6139:and in the
6134:December 16
5913:Jimmy Wales
5894:Everything2
5883:Jimmy Wales
5807:Jimmy Wales
5799:copyrighted
5582:Wikipedians
5485:Everything2
5465:Many other
5424:credentials
5405:Answers.com
5362:Jimmy Wales
5337:project on
5298:portmanteau
5241:Jimmy Wales
3371:'''Other'''
3078:* at the ]
1564:==Funding==
1156:==History==
366:| owner = ]
202:Next edit →
173:Rollbackers
144:view source
94:view source
32:Next edit →
9898:Categories
9809:Litigation
9752:Bangladesh
9714:Wikivoyage
9694:Wikisource
9669:Wiktionary
9627:Luis Villa
9398:October 10
9301:Wired News
9265:Britannica
9236:March 2006
9176:November 1
9174:," nPost,
9131:22 January
9127:screencast
9029:2 December
8923:Audio help
8796:Quotations
8735:Trophy Box
8587:2005-12-06
8543:2005-12-16
8499:2003-08-04
8455:2005-12-15
8370:January 16
8226:2002-08-02
8174:Danah Boyd
8159:October 26
8149:Who knows?
8032:2006-11-01
7967:2006-05-24
7962:2006-05-05
7934:January 26
7801:2006-08-08
7792:"The Hive"
7773:2006-03-11
7700:December 5
7606:January 21
7542:2006-10-27
7378:January 17
7332:January 10
7109:v. Peters
7105:Bourgeois
7015:References
6893:(London),
6766:Professor
6656:Danah Boyd
6626:Britannica
6609:Danah Boyd
6503:, and the
6497:librarians
6347:developers
6236:camel case
6232:UseModWiki
6213:templating
6145:January 20
6123:January 10
6112:Knowledge®
6074:January 22
6058:Wiktionary
5971:January 10
5960:January 15
5944:January 10
5909:Bomis, Inc
5846:PediaPress
5781:process".
5716:Portuguese
5636:November 9
5499:WikiZnanie
5489:Susning.nu
5454:called a "
5351:non-profit
5339:January 15
5312:volunteers
5257:Commercial
5155:; you may
3175:* , ], ] ]
3067:;Overviews
2451:==Awards==
2243:omissions.
1669:elected ].
344:| type = ]
289:| logo = ]
152:ZimZalaBim
9914:Knowledge
9804:MediaWiki
9784:Wikimania
9689:Wikibooks
9684:Wikiquote
9647:Knowledge
9394:Why Wiki?
9193:USA Today
9164:11 August
9047:Knowledge
9041:Overviews
8962:Wikimedia
8958:Meta-Wiki
8786:Textbooks
8761:Knowledge
8739:Meta-Wiki
8603:cite news
8559:cite news
8515:cite news
8471:cite news
8363:January 8
8357:Cited by
8343:August 29
8182:January 4
8117:cite news
8102:Wikimedia
8010:August 23
7954:Knowledge
7861:Meta-Wiki
7857:Knowledge
7821:ignored (
7715:cite news
7446:cite news
7393:cite news
7347:cite news
7286:Meta-Wiki
7246:Meta-Wiki
7196:Meta-Wiki
7170:Meta-Wiki
7048:January 1
6979:Open Site
6941:in 2006.
6890:The Times
6780:interview
6727:Community
6644:expertise
6509:lecturers
6501:academics
6407:communism
6403:democracy
6391:political
6363:nominated
6206:variables
6183:MediaWiki
6109:trademark
6066:Wikibooks
6062:Wikiquote
5852:service.
5819:copyright
5650:1,477,251
5610:InterWiki
5554:copyright
5519:objective
5460:vandalism
5420:consensus
5412:vandalism
5324:Amsterdam
5294:Knowledge
5275:Knowledge
5178:Knowledge
5163:consensus
5153:talk page
432:YOU SUCK!
191:GangstaEB
102:GangstaEB
9704:Wikinews
9679:Wikidata
9640:Projects
9468:Projects
9366:The Hive
9354:7 August
9305:19 April
9272:Searcher
9252:23 March
9242:Nature's
9148:18 April
9118:website.
9105:April 29
9101:April 24
8925: ·
8743:March 28
8634:March 28
8414:March 30
8412:, 07:28
8390:April 13
8296:Kuro5hin
8247:cite web
8097:Wikinews
7976:cite web
7888:Kuro5hin
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