2075:
1500:
7361:
441:
2674:
2455:
1281:
1525:
972:
1430:
2649:, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of
2539:. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using
4183:
1355:
1456:
1316:
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840:
462:
961:
7852:
3107:
753:
8519:
7942:
3065:
2200:
2482:
7858:
6646:
6597:
6548:
6505:
6456:
6417:
6330:
6112:
5827:
5655:
5584:
3848:
3651:
2148:
2738:
2528:
2631:
8509:
2753:, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the
8950:
2704:
85:
1378:
3093:
2839:
1945:
2999:
1215:, about 5.8 Mya instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya. The presence of
2815:. Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment.
326:
to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. ''P. geranoides'' occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of ''E. gravis'' and ''E. curtus'' were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.<ref name="WH" />
318:
to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. ''P. geranoides'' occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of ''E. gravis'' and ''E. curtus'' were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.<ref name="WH" />
788:. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori
325:
In the North Island, ''Dinornis novaezealandiae'' and ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''E. curtus'', and ''Pachyornis geranoides'') tended
317:
In the North Island, ''Dinornis novaezealandiae'' and ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''E. curtus'', and ''Pachyornis geranoides'') tended
295:
of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same.<ref name="WH" /> The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''Anomalopteryx didiformis''), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting
283:
of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same.<ref name="WH" /> The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''Anomalopteryx didiformis''), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting
2621:
The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been
2597:
recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New
Zealand. Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century, and as recently as 2008, has suggested that some
1235:
drowning. This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island
1210:
Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New
Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand
2418:
around the New
Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide). The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs
2588:
may have persisted in remote corners of New
Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted. Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a
3024:
Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish. Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.
2447:
suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg
1230:
Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New
Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been
735:
is a
Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries
1236:
about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation. The presence of
Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.
819:) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 m (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including
888:
recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see
2087:
Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same. The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species
77:
200:
2661:
flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to
2656:
Dieffenbach also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt
Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird. In 1839, John W. Harris, a
2282:, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents.
2426:
A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera
3012:
In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of
3777:"Regional comparisons of the thickness of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes). In Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, ed. W.E. Boles and Trevor Worthy"
783:
Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward, in the manner of a
907:
seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003. A 2009 study showed that
2693:. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds.
5098:
3037:. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the
2576:
bush in 1887, and again on a
Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion. In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a
3017:
from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the
931:
combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New
Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's
4281:
2454:
5155:
15:
2048:, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as
744:
in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).
2822:– Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible. There is also a major collection in
2622:
found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.
6703:
2391:
themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry
3542:
2439:, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of
2685:
of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an
2547:
strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.
919:
Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies;
5991:
3056:
suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea. The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.
2318:
have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.
3819:; Scofield, R.P. (2012). "Twenty-first century advances in knowledge of the biology of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes): A new morphological analysis and moa diagnoses revised".
2514:
that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.
3342:
Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Forsyth, David M.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Pech, Roger P.; Perry, George L. W.; Wood, Jamie R. (March 2020).
2896:
with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870 (currently held by
1936:
Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:
811:
of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (
214:
9969:
5447:
Burrows, C.; et al. (1981). "The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago".
2286:
gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones. Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.
2700:
in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum.
1584:
The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:
3950:
3776:
2448:
incubation was used." Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.
6711:
916:
were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.
5193:
3075:
portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s.
2614:
continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints) have earned little attention from experts and are
2399:
region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills).
7403:
4101:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand"
4059:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand"
3494:"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand"
3120:
207:
9999:
7190:
7137:
6238:
2226:
of their bones. Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of
7260:
10014:
9895:
7246:
7173:
5295:
5238:
and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.
2383:
No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in
672:, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb) while the smallest, the
8558:
7922:
7887:
7600:
7145:
4544:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand"
880:
Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be
3599:
9908:
6293:
Wood, J.R. (2008). "Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand".
6061:
Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez
7915:
7580:
7253:
2550:
An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the
1247:, and landscape changes. The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014) with some clade names after Yuri
7463:
7267:
6341:; Rawlence, N.J.; Jones, S.M.; Read, S.E. (2008). "A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand".
3344:"A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa"
9974:
7908:
7222:
7159:
5999:
5834:
Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand".
5383:
4616:
Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".
4427:
2741:
Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve.
1251:(2013). It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds:
2380:
species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.
232:
183:
8334:
2115:
dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (
2056:) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on
7215:
6613:"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand"
5345:
7978:
6782:
2139:
were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.
296:
divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the ] had made a land bridge across the ].<ref name="WH" />
284:
divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the ] had made a land bridge across the ].<ref name="WH" />
6519:(1994). "Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand".
8215:
7360:
2606:. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a
5521:
2866:
after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the
9979:
6669:
6149:
5602:
5510:
5491:
5469:
5291:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
4805:
4782:
4058:
3863:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
3493:
6079:"Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites"
2711:
Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late
2466:
10004:
9989:
6122:
New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837
4694:
4140:"Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals"
2667:
2407:
within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.
154:
132:
5116:
6016:
4931:
2803:
Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at
2361:
however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above.
2271:(the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way.
2096:), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the
947:. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species.
937:. Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors.
5138:
10009:
8551:
8134:
5724:
5464:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98.
4892:
4600:
4355:
3973:
3799:
2074:
5677:) found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range"
2191:(1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.75–3 mph).
9964:
8299:
8074:
4936:
3152:
86:
2259:. Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. Divaracating plants such as
1239:
Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the
927:(Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south
9710:
9433:
125:
4676:
3052:
Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament
2581:, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else.
1499:
9913:
8313:
8306:
8257:
5528:. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from
5051:"DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa"
2812:
9661:
9656:
9651:
5189:
5172:
2923:
2697:
195:
107:
9994:
8544:
5754:; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications".
2163:, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including
723:. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting.
461:
2788:, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at
716:
114:
45:
42:
6657:
6608:
6559:
6516:
6467:
6181:
5793:
5751:
5735:
4959:
3998:; Willerslev, E.; Hailef, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kampk, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009).
3995:
3713:
2819:
1243:
about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles,
6257:
6160:
6038:
4251:
9874:
9869:
8271:
7971:
6775:
3716:; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009).
2784:' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori
2776:
Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from
695:
group. However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American
10019:
9860:
9781:
8855:
8320:
8154:
7851:
3300:
3081:'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943.
6366:
4543:
3618:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites"
2460:
The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum
440:
9923:
9622:
8079:
8069:
4252:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did The Maori Know The Moa?"
2907:
with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 (currently held by
737:
4182:
3951:"Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia"
2673:
2481:
9740:
9634:
9201:
9189:
8016:
6853:
5872:
5802:"A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury"
5672:
5190:"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow"
2976:
2569:
2267:
1837:
1685:
770:
758:
564:
544:
158:
6472:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand"
3296:"A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)"
2933:, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884; (currently held by the Zoology Department,
2078:
The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum
9254:
9242:
8990:
8488:
8149:
8059:
8044:
6564:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand"
5693:
3543:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
2919:
2807:
in north Canterbury, where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by
1776:
800:) with necks upright, indicating that moa were more than capable of assuming both neck postures.
6755:
5289:
Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).
3456:
9959:
9936:
9822:
9514:
9165:
8896:
8522:
8447:
8402:
8392:
7964:
6768:
6017:"And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)"
1280:
1029:
1019:
668:
662:
448:
9752:
9160:
9155:
9043:
6126:
5890:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa"
1524:
191:
103:
9931:
9793:
9617:
9612:
9502:
9346:
9218:
9177:
8819:
8512:
8327:
7945:
6141:
6135:
2980:
2960:
2599:
2349:
were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (
1794:
971:
80:
9900:
5436:
4474:
2368:, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds. They are characterised by having a low
831:. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances.
9882:
9443:
9128:
8756:
8655:
8583:
8567:
8478:
8348:
6907:
6624:
6575:
6528:
6483:
6436:
6397:
6302:
6197:
5954:
5901:
5843:
5765:
5625:
5562:
5404:
5304:
4625:
4442:
4388:
4100:
4011:
4000:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography"
3874:
3729:
3718:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography"
3557:
3355:
3309:
2934:
1751:
1619:
341:
121:
6233:
Vickers-Rich, P; Trusler, P; Rowley, MJ; Cooper, A; Chambers, GK; Bock, WJ; Millener, PR;
5694:"A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island"
4695:"Alice Mackenzie describes seeing a moa and talks about her book, Pioneers of Martins Bay"
1211:
about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species,
707:
wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant
8:
9573:
9561:
9026:
9014:
8978:
8679:
8412:
8377:
8114:
8089:
7857:
5736:"The Moa – Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared"
4259:
2506:
2261:
2176:
2168:
2097:
2035:
2027:
1429:
1219:-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between
890:
601:
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6306:
6201:
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5958:
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4015:
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Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the
2184:
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9715:
9536:
9487:
9477:
9092:
8966:
8908:
8773:
8768:
8727:
8667:
8099:
8054:
6880:
6318:
6221:
6024:
5978:
5924:
5889:
5859:
5712:
5643:
5428:
5353:
5327:
5290:
5075:
5050:
4637:
4573:
4466:
4404:
4166:
4139:
4034:
3999:
3897:
3862:
3836:
3752:
3717:
3591:
3128:, several flightless ducks from the Hawaiian Islands that grew to be as large as geese.
3112:
2797:
2789:
2646:
1880:
1354:
1227:
881:
808:
608:
456:
136:
8949:
7875:
6683:
6645:
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6547:
6504:
6455:
6416:
6329:
6111:
5826:
5654:
5583:
3847:
3650:
3262:
2568:
published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd. An 80-year-old woman,
340:
This article is about the extinct New Zealand birds known as moa. For other uses, see
9764:
9735:
9725:
9698:
9671:
9585:
9329:
9290:
9048:
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8778:
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8643:
8595:
8468:
8236:
8208:
8169:
8094:
8029:
7379:
7327:
6665:
6322:
6268:
Wood, J.R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of
6213:
6145:
6120:
6100:
5970:
5929:
5781:
5756:
5720:
5598:
5506:
5487:
5465:
5420:
5382:; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003).
5332:
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4888:
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4577:
4565:
4458:
4361:
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4171:
4120:
4081:
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3595:
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3516:
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3018:
2882:
2867:
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1667:
1446:
1315:
1293:
898:
804:
776:
685:
526:
171:
5942:
5888:
Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30 August 2010).
5863:
5647:
5288:
5235:
4408:
3840:
3474:
3321:
2364:
Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were
2172:
9984:
9798:
9769:
9688:
9602:
9358:
9341:
8920:
8631:
8473:
8432:
8382:
8250:
8189:
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8034:
8006:
7894:
7542:
7088:
6632:
6583:
6536:
6496:
6491:
6471:
6444:
6427:(1998b). "The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand".
6405:
6350:
6310:
6225:
6205:
6185:
6090:
6065:
5982:
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5909:
5851:
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5395:
5322:
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5248:
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4161:
4151:
4112:
4073:
4029:
4019:
3965:
3892:
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3828:
3791:
3747:
3737:
3629:
3573:
3565:
3508:
3363:
3317:
3291:
3157:
2886:
2540:
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2248:
2223:
2180:
1271:
1167:
1141:
1131:
1109:
1102:
944:
933:
894:
720:
703:
to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the
649:
16:
6637:
6612:
6588:
6563:
6540:
6448:
6409:
6077:
Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010).
5818:
5801:
5777:
1455:
861:
The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the
688:
settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000 and approximately 2.5 million.
9693:
9666:
9307:
9230:
8807:
8442:
8427:
8372:
8341:
8139:
7420:
7236:
7152:
7072:
6838:
5592:
5479:
5266:
4722:
4428:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis"
3832:
3072:
2160:
2061:
928:
741:
645:
638:
4116:
4077:
3512:
2373:
9524:
9404:
9375:
9363:
9065:
8831:
8397:
8243:
8164:
8159:
8144:
8039:
8024:
7773:
7035:
6186:"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa"
3053:
2804:
2411:
1477:
1420:
884:. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using
176:
9038:
6734:
6314:
5638:
5613:
5270:
4282:"The material culture of the Moa-hunters in Murihiku – 2. Evidence of Zoology"
2222:, as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and
9953:
9845:
9497:
9492:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9399:
8483:
8407:
8355:
8229:
8179:
8119:
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8001:
7987:
7746:
7682:
7590:
7300:
7278:
7065:
6977:
6964:
6919:
6791:
6744:
6679:
6653:
6604:
6555:
6512:
6463:
6424:
6385:
6362:
6338:
6234:
5941:
Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R.P.; Lambert, David M. (2003).
5797:
5529:
5379:
5099:
Scientists plan to resurrect a range of extinct animals using DNA and cloning
4902:
4569:
4423:
3991:
3946:
3861:
Baker, A.J.; Huynen, L.J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2005).
3816:
3709:
3538:
3377:
3131:
3042:
3034:
2945:
2870:
2615:
2611:
2564:
2511:
2396:
2053:
1982:
1862:
1450:
1240:
1058:
764:
681:
513:
398:
6095:
6078:
5914:
5317:
4926:
4523:
Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; and Lambert, David M. (2010)
4365:
4024:
3887:
3742:
3634:
3617:
3569:
2188:
61:
9676:
9519:
9387:
9266:
9140:
9002:
8867:
8691:
8417:
8387:
8292:
8278:
8222:
8104:
8084:
8064:
7901:
7704:
7620:
7130:
7120:
6217:
6104:
5974:
5933:
5785:
5424:
5336:
5084:
5066:
4462:
4175:
4156:
4124:
4085:
4043:
3906:
3761:
3643:
3587:
3520:
3098:
3078:
3004:
2949:
2908:
2897:
2823:
2663:
2635:
2265:(the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and
1400:
1345:
1178:
960:
824:
704:
700:
594:
570:
553:
166:
6749:
4426:; Ford, T.; Hoppitt, W.; Willerslev, E.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2003).
4256:
Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection
2395:". Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the
839:
9854:
9482:
9317:
9104:
8437:
8422:
8174:
7801:
7789:
7762:
7722:
7713:
7661:
7627:
7535:
7470:
7412:
7290:
6998:
6892:
6388:(1998a). "Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand".
2863:
2719:
2658:
2594:
2365:
2101:
1490:
1424:
1310:
1151:
1087:
885:
866:
844:
828:
785:
373:
6804:
6209:
5966:
5416:
5384:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa
4454:
2554:
told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between
2057:
752:
9730:
9278:
9206:
8619:
8536:
8285:
8264:
8129:
7732:
7675:
7645:
7549:
7508:
7443:
7391:
7051:
7009:
3368:
3343:
3204:
3139:
2808:
2793:
2712:
2488:
2415:
2275:
2228:
1966:
1735:
1515:
1306:
1185:
1124:
1045:
988:
712:
418:
383:
6354:
6069:
3578:
3403:
3064:
2818:
Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections.
2535:
Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive
2022:, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori
803:
No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their
9416:
9145:
9116:
8843:
8124:
8109:
7810:
7755:
7689:
7611:
7205:
7183:
7105:
7058:
7044:
7020:
6865:
6760:
6739:
4400:
3207:
Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes
3162:
2754:
2603:
2573:
2388:
2369:
2219:
2199:
2049:
2006:
1494:
1244:
1232:
1012:
874:
708:
473:
423:
367:
291:
Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a
279:
Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a
9816:
8802:
8739:
6163:. New Zealand: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from
5855:
3295:
2578:
2555:
2039:
9839:
9639:
8891:
7827:
7817:
7654:
7528:
7501:
7453:
6816:
6336:
6164:
6042:
5719:(3rd ed.). London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. Chapter 10.
3125:
3049:
has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.
2859:
2850:
Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (
2777:
2750:
2716:
2650:
2607:
2501:
2279:
2252:
2239:
2234:
2164:
2065:
1651:
1065:
1002:
903:
853:
797:
789:
673:
653:
493:
413:
408:
393:
388:
378:
360:
4560:
2500:
Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late
2419:
of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (
2013:, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island:
1981:
The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the
8932:
8493:
8463:
7668:
7634:
7564:
7519:
7431:
7308:
5377:
4857:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
3616:
Baker, A.J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J.D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).
2991:
2827:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2686:
2215:
2147:
2031:
1349:
1275:
1216:
1202:
Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.
941:
862:
848:
696:
657:
428:
403:
356:
9887:
7956:
6704:"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells"
5740:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5049:
Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Armstrong, K.N.; Cooper, A. (2009).
4858:
2990:
with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near
2959:
found near Cromwell sometime before 1949 (currently held by the
2737:
2527:
8879:
8607:
6810:
6250:
Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa
6232:
5614:"Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)"
5346:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes"
3135:
2967:
Two specimens are known from outside the Central Otago region:
2851:
2785:
2758:
2630:
2590:
2562:
that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the
2559:
2544:
2404:
2392:
2256:
2211:
2023:
1231:
present on both the South and North Island remnants during the
692:
483:
3615:
3536:
2703:
2666:, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the
2251:
occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as
1377:
30:
29:
5460:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
4885:
Moa : the life and death of New Zealand's legendary bird
3341:
2731:
2682:
2400:
2384:
2376:
period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large
1173:
1080:
793:
5943:"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa"
2838:
2638:
holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a
1960:
The two main faunas identified in the South Island include:
1944:
9597:
9060:
6822:
6239:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa,
6041:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Archived from
5940:
5271:"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland"
5048:
3989:
3944:
3707:
3038:
2998:
2855:
2727:
2723:
2722:
deposits, but are most common in three main types of site:
2131:
occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of
820:
503:
3537:
Mitchell, K.J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N.J.;
3289:
3138:
up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of
9150:
5877:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
5681:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
4098:
3860:
3213:
Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum
3046:
2237:, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax (
2127:) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats.
1519:
870:
756:
A size comparison between four moa species and a human1.
3290:
Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.;
6367:"Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson"
5887:
5055:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2873:
region, the driest part of New Zealand. These include:
2598:
moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of
6076:
4421:
4348:
Ghosts of Gondwana: the history of life in New Zealand
2026:. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest
68:
5484:
A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale
4727:
Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in New Zealand
3021:, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat.
2653:" still existed in remote parts of the South Island.
2274:
Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (
7823:
7785:
7743:
7728:
7596:
7586:
7576:
7485:
7459:
7449:
7439:
7400:
7296:
7286:
7233:
7202:
7170:
7117:
7101:
7032:
7016:
7005:
6994:
6161:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database"
6039:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database"
5247:
At least two distinct forms are also known from the
4859:"4. – Moa – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
4519:
4517:
3088:
560:
6179:
5870:
5156:
Mallard: Bring the moa back to life within 50 years
4806:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid"
4783:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid"
3541:; Wood, J.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).
3492:Allentoft, M.E.; Rawlence, N.J. (20 January 2012).
3121:
List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene
5750:
5711:
5597:. London, England: The Rainbird Publishing Group.
5505:. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 195.
3949:; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010).
2531:An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt
2244:) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter.
711:in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine
6125:. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. pp.
4882:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4514:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4056:
3491:
2885:Valley by gold miners in 1864 (currently held by
2387:and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the
1964:The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech (
983:The currently recognised genera and species are:
9970:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand
9951:
7326:
2979:near Nelson in the 1980s (currently held by the
877:were thought to be most closely related to moa.
6735:TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds
5894:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4595:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6.
4004:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3867:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3722:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3532:
3530:
3202:
3045:. Preliminary work involving the extraction of
6837:
6652:
6603:
6554:
6511:
6462:
5792:
4760:
4615:
4313:
3815:
3033:The creature has frequently been mentioned as
2926:, London; see photograph of foot on this page)
2345:were females. Therefore, the three species of
8552:
7972:
6776:
5210:. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society.
4915:Holdaway, Richard & Worthy, Trevor (1997)
4279:
4240:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1996)
4231:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1995)
4222:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1994)
4213:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1993)
4057:Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012).
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3485:
3236:
3234:
2572:, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in
2410:Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in
834:
224:
6975:
5673:"On the feathers of a small species of moa (
4379:Smalley, I.J. (1979). "Moas as rockhounds".
4099:Allentoft, Morten; Nicloas Rawlence (2012).
3527:
3263:"Little bush moa | New Zealand Birds Online"
3189:
3187:
3059:
3035:a potential candidate for revival by cloning
2833:
648:formerly endemic to New Zealand. During the
149:
9802:
9785:
9773:
9756:
9744:
9702:
9680:
9643:
9626:
9589:
9577:
9565:
9540:
9528:
9506:
9469:
9447:
9420:
9408:
9391:
9379:
9367:
9350:
9333:
9321:
9294:
9282:
9270:
9258:
9246:
9234:
9222:
9210:
9193:
9181:
9169:
9132:
9120:
9108:
9096:
9069:
9052:
9030:
9018:
9006:
8994:
8982:
8970:
8936:
8924:
8912:
8900:
8883:
8871:
8859:
8847:
8835:
8823:
8811:
8794:
8782:
8760:
8748:
8731:
8719:
8707:
8695:
8683:
8671:
8659:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8599:
8587:
6752:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
6617:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6568:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6521:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6476:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6429:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6390:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6295:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5618:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5591:Fuller, Errol (1987). Bunney, Sarah (ed.).
5555:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5500:
4708:
4706:
4704:
3389:
3387:
2517:
2321:For example, before 2003, three species of
1931:
8559:
8545:
7979:
7965:
6783:
6769:
6745:Tree of Life classification and references
6243:(Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand"
6158:
5998:. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from
4590:
4249:
3931:
3231:
2206:skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
660:(in six genera). The two largest species,
439:
27:
8335:The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids
6664:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
6636:
6587:
6495:
6276:, and the first evidence for the diet of
6094:
5923:
5913:
5817:
5637:
5574:
5486:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 292.
5326:
5316:
5074:
4999:
4997:
4918:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4559:
4165:
4155:
4033:
4023:
3896:
3886:
3751:
3741:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3633:
3609:
3577:
3501:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
3367:
3184:
2325:were recognised: South Island giant moa (
2294:The pairs of species of moa described as
2278:), which were retained in their muscular
975:Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa (
10000:Species made extinct by human activities
8566:
6688:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
6014:
5833:
5670:
5265:
5145:, February 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
5105:, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
4721:
4701:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3384:
3248:
3246:
3063:
2997:
2837:
2736:
2702:
2672:
2629:
2584:Some authors have speculated that a few
2526:
2198:
2146:
2142:
2073:
1943:
970:
959:
838:
807:can be gained from fossil evidence. The
751:
28:
6423:
6384:
6133:
5992:"Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay"
5691:
5544:
5478:
5446:
4991:Hutton, F.W. & Coughtrey, M. (1875)
4978:
4976:
4803:
4780:
4774:
4498:
4496:
4378:
2589:now-lost ritual among South Islanders.
940:The earliest moa remains come from the
684:. Estimates of the moa population when
10015:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
9952:
6790:
6678:
6361:
6118:
5590:
5519:
5459:
5368:
5343:
5179:, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
5162:, 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
4994:
4653:
3701:
3671:
3657:
3441:
792:depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely
9821:
9820:
8540:
7960:
7873:
7378:
7377:
6962:
6803:
6764:
5989:
5661:
5371:A history of the birds of New Zealand
5196:from the original on 1 February 2020.
5114:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4286:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
3685:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3243:
2745:Bones are commonly found in caves or
1116:(North and South Island, New Zealand)
1072:(North and South Island, New Zealand)
9924:a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104
8508:
6701:
6292:
6267:
6159:Stephenson, Brent (5 January 2009).
6057:
6036:
5871:Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1874).
5733:
5611:
5117:"Moa genes could rise from the dead"
4973:
4924:
4541:
4493:
4137:
3774:
3285:
3283:
3028:
2625:
2495:
2009:fauna' might include the widespread
691:Moa are traditionally placed in the
94:
60:
8216:Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World
6180:Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.;
5547:"A partially mummified skeleton of
4932:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
3068:Harder's illustration of a moa hunt
586:
231:
220:
206:
189:
182:
164:
148:
113:
101:
13:
5462:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
4856:
4638:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00213.x
4350:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton Pub.
4336:
3461:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3454:
3418:
2877:Dried muscle on bones of a female
2707:An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894
2100:had made a land bridge across the
901:being evident in several species.
335:
333:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024
192:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024
104:Revision as of 07:06, 17 June 2024
49:
10031:
9975:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
8300:Monsters and Mysteries in America
7986:
6963:
6728:
5344:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
4937:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
3280:
3153:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2210:Their diet has been deduced from
2183:(1911) (see photograph to left),
950:
865:, which can fly. Previously, the
9711:North Island little spotted kiwi
8948:
8518:
8517:
8507:
7941:
7940:
7856:
7850:
7359:
6644:
6595:
6546:
6503:
6454:
6415:
6328:
6282:Records of the Canterbury Museum
6110:
5873:"Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave"
5825:
5653:
5582:
5449:Records of the Canterbury Museum
5173:Expert supports Moa revival idea
4593:A Concise History of New Zealand
4181:
3970:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546
3958:Records of the Australian Museum
3846:
3796:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1535
3784:Records of the Australian Museum
3649:
3105:
3091:
2940:The complete feathered leg of a
2480:
2465:
2453:
2337:). However, DNA showed that all
1523:
1498:
1454:
1428:
1376:
1353:
1314:
1279:
460:
371:
161:) to last revision by ObserveOwl
8314:Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science
8307:On the Track of Unknown Animals
8258:Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files
5717:On the Track of Unknown Animals
5200:
5182:
5165:
5148:
5131:
5108:
5091:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5006:
4985:
4952:
4943:
4909:
4876:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4823:
4797:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4715:
4687:
4669:
4644:
4609:
4584:
4542:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021).
4535:
4526:
4505:
4484:
4415:
4372:
4327:
4304:
4273:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4131:
4092:
4050:
3983:
3922:
3913:
3854:
3809:
3768:
3622:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3467:
3448:
3396:
3335:
3322:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025
2472:An egg and embryo fragments of
2289:
2082:
1939:
9662:North Island stout-legged wren
9657:South Island stout-legged wren
6497:10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222
5990:Laing, Doug (5 January 2008).
5806:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
5576:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481
5278:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
5241:
5224:
4887:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton.
3821:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
3255:
3196:
3175:
2903:An articulated foot of a male
2749:(the Māori word for doline or
747:
719:, and were hunted only by the
1:
6638:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514
6589:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494
6541:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474
6449:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575
6410:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573
5819:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107
5778:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250
5258:
4793:(1). Center for Inquiry: 8–9.
4729:. Cambridge University Press.
4591:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012).
2522:
2510:or Kōwai forest ecosystem in
2038:), and some sites around the
1978:(South Island giant moa), and
923:(Archey) is synonymised with
331:
287:
275:
9980:Extinct birds of New Zealand
5522:"Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters"
4804:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017).
4781:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017).
4677:"Alice McKenzie and the Moa"
4650:Holdaway & Jacomb (2000)
3833:10.1080/03014223.2012.665060
3445:Worthy & Holdaway (2002)
3168:
3008:foot, Natural History Museum
2820:Auckland War Memorial Museum
1956:, both from the South Island
1205:
726:
680:), was around the size of a
18:Browse history interactively
7:
10005:Animals with only two limbs
9990:Bird extinctions since 1500
6280:(Aves: Dinornithiformes)".
6064:. London: John van Voorst.
5526:New Zealand Skeptics Online
5143:New Zealand Science Monthly
5021:Vickers-Rich, et al. (1995)
4117:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002
4078:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002
3682:Huynen, L.J., et al. (2003)
3513:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002
3084:
2948:in 1894 (currently held by
2922:in 1878 (currently held by
2881:found at Tiger Hill in the
2761:areas of northwest Nelson,
2329:), North Island giant moa (
2233:was analogous to a pair of
2187:(1939), and under water in
1192:(South Island, New Zealand)
1158:(South Island, New Zealand)
1148:(North Island, New Zealand)
1138:(South Island, New Zealand)
1094:(South Island, New Zealand)
1036:(South Island, New Zealand)
1026:(North Island, New Zealand)
955:
10:
10036:
9782:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
8856:South Island oystercatcher
8321:Strange Abominable Snowmen
8155:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans
7874:
6702:Yong, Ed (10 March 2010).
6134:Purcell, Rosamond (1999).
4883:Berentson, Quinn. (2012).
4548:Palaeontologia Electronica
3475:"Te Manunui Rock Art Site"
3301:Quaternary Science Reviews
3041:as leading candidates for
2677:Owen's first bone fragment
2312:Pachyornis septentrionalis
2151:Preserved footprints of a
835:Evolutionary relationships
644:) are an extinct group of
339:
225:→Distribution and habitat
222:
10010:Miocene first appearances
9829:
9623:Auckland Island merganser
9552:
9432:
9306:
9081:
8957:
8946:
8574:
8502:
8456:
8365:
8198:
8015:
7994:
7936:
7882:
7869:
7847:
7800:
7781:
7772:
7742:
7712:
7703:
7644:
7610:
7572:
7563:
7518:
7496:
7484:
7430:
7399:
7390:
7386:
7373:
7356:
7322:
7277:
7232:
7201:
7169:
7116:
7097:
7086:
7031:
6990:
6986:
6971:
6958:
6918:
6900:
6891:
6873:
6864:
6846:
6833:
6799:
6662:The Lost World of the Moa
6315:10.1080/03014220809510550
6140:. Mariner Books. p.
5639:10.1080/03014220709510542
4949:Wood, J.R., et al. (2008)
4346:Gibbs, George W. (2006).
3060:In literature and culture
2834:Feathers and soft tissues
2668:Royal College of Surgeons
1876:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1826:
1790:
1772:
1765:
1747:
1740:
1727:
1681:
1663:
1656:
1643:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1513:
1488:
1481:
1443:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1368:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1304:
1297:
1269:
1262:
995:(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901
614:
607:
600:
593:
583:
578:
559:
552:
457:Scientific classification
455:
447:
438:
351:
242:
239:
188:
100:
9965:Extinct flightless birds
9635:Chatham Island merganser
9202:Northern royal albatross
9190:New Zealand storm petrel
5549:Anomalopteryx didiformis
5501:Dieffenbach, E. (1843).
5350:Project: The Taxonomicon
5217:
4739:Purcell, Rosamond (1999)
3698:Bunce, M., et al. (2003)
3203:Brodkob, Pierce (1963).
3193:Stephenson, Brent (2009)
2988:Anomalopteryx didiformis
2518:Relationship with humans
2268:Pseudopanax crassifolius
2113:Anomalopteryx didiformis
2109:Dinornis novaezealandiae
2094:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1972:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1970:) forests that included
1932:Distribution and habitat
1838:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1070:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1024:Dinornis novaezealandiae
965:Anomalopteryx didiformis
771:Anomalopteryx didiformis
759:Dinornis novaezealandiae
678:Anomalopteryx didiformis
565:Dinornis novaezealandiae
133:Extended confirmed users
9255:South Island saddleback
9243:North Island saddleback
9219:Orange-fronted parakeet
8991:North Island brown kiwi
8489:Young Earth creationism
8045:David Hatcher Childress
6756:3D model of a moa skull
6740:TerraNature page on Moa
6278:Pachyornis elephantopus
6015:Millener, P.R. (1982).
5915:10.1073/pnas.0914096107
5662:Gould, Charles (1886).
5520:Dutton, Dennis (1994).
5318:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
5139:Life in the Old Moa Yet
4333:Horrocks, et al. (2004)
4025:10.1073/pnas.0906660106
3888:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
3743:10.1073/pnas.0906660106
3570:10.1126/science.1251981
3457:"Cave drawing of a moa"
3393:Phillips, et al. (2010)
3252:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)
2931:Pachyornis elephantopus
2351:D. novaezealandiae
2331:D. novaezealandiae
2224:stable isotope analysis
2194:
1987:Pachyornis elephantopus
1954:Pachyornis elephantopus
1136:Pachyornis elephantopus
1006:Owen 1843 (giant moa)
977:Pachyornis elephantopus
669:Dinornis novaezelandiae
99:
9803:
9786:
9774:
9757:
9745:
9703:
9681:
9644:
9627:
9590:
9578:
9566:
9541:
9529:
9507:
9470:
9448:
9421:
9409:
9392:
9380:
9368:
9351:
9334:
9322:
9295:
9283:
9271:
9259:
9247:
9235:
9223:
9211:
9194:
9182:
9170:
9166:New Zealand fairy tern
9133:
9121:
9109:
9097:
9070:
9053:
9031:
9019:
9007:
8995:
8983:
8971:
8937:
8925:
8913:
8901:
8897:Variable oystercatcher
8884:
8872:
8860:
8848:
8836:
8824:
8812:
8795:
8783:
8761:
8749:
8732:
8720:
8708:
8696:
8684:
8672:
8660:
8648:
8636:
8624:
8612:
8600:
8588:
8448:George Gaylord Simpson
6256:: 1–26. Archived from
6237:; Yaldwyn, JC (1995).
6058:Owen, Richard (1879).
5692:Hartree, W.H. (1999).
5666:. W.H. Allen & Co.
5545:Forrest, R.M. (1987).
5503:Travels in New Zealand
5206:Curnow, Allen (1944).
5067:10.1098/rspb.2009.0755
4847:Dieffenbach, E. (1843)
4310:Burrows, et al. (1981)
4280:Teviotdale D. (1932).
4204:Worthy, Trevor (1998)b
4195:Worthy, Trevor (1998)a
4157:10.3390/biology2010419
3069:
3009:
2924:Natural History Museum
2847:
2742:
2708:
2698:Natural History Museum
2678:
2643:
2532:
2504:period suggests a low
2207:
2156:
2079:
2052:on the west coast and
1957:
1030:South Island giant moa
1020:North Island giant moa
980:
968:
858:
857:(r), each with its egg
780:
449:North Island giant moa
337:Extinct order of birds
9932:Paleobiology Database
9794:New Zealand musk duck
9741:Scarlett's shearwater
9618:South Island adzebill
9613:North Island adzebill
9503:Erect-crested penguin
9347:Chatham oystercatcher
9178:New Zealand king shag
8820:New Zealand rock wren
8328:The Hunt for the Buru
6119:Polack, J.S. (1838).
6096:10.1093/sysbio/syp079
6037:OSNZ (January 2009).
5671:Hamilton, A. (1894).
5369:Buller, W.L. (1888).
5030:Worthy, Trevor (1989)
4927:"Roger Shepherd Duff"
3928:Worthy, et al. (1988)
3635:10.1093/molbev/msu153
3067:
3001:
2981:Museum of New Zealand
2961:Museum of New Zealand
2914:The type specimen of
2841:
2740:
2706:
2676:
2633:
2530:
2202:
2150:
2143:Behaviour and ecology
2125:Pachyornis geranoides
2107:In the North Island,
2077:
1947:
1146:Pachyornis geranoides
974:
963:
842:
755:
9995:Holocene extinctions
9444:Antipodean albatross
9434:Subantarctic islands
8757:New Zealand dotterel
8656:Double-banded plover
8568:Birds of New Zealand
8479:Hypothetical species
8349:The Secret Saturdays
6714:on 22 September 2020
6343:Journal of Taphonomy
6241:Megalapteryx didinus
5675:Megalapteryx didinus
5284:(Supplement): 39–44.
5039:Forrest, R.M. (1987)
4757:Heuvelmans, B (1959)
4666:Fuller, Errol (1987)
4260:W & T Avery Ltd.
3668:Turvey et al. (2005)
3479:Heritage New Zealand
3292:Wilmshurst, Janet M.
3267:nzbirdsonline.org.nz
2935:Cambridge University
2916:Megalapteryx didinus
2862:) preserved through
2844:Megalapteryx didinus
2780:and concentrate in '
2586:Megalapteryx didinus
2421:Megalapteryx didinus
2353:) and South Island (
2341:were males, and all
2339:D. struthioides
2335:D. struthioides
2333:), and slender moa (
2046:Megalapteryx didinus
2020:Pachyornis australis
1989:(heavy-footed moa),
1620:Megalapteryx didinus
1223:and the other taxa.
1190:Megalapteryx didinus
1156:Pachyornis australis
921:Megalapteryx benhami
717:arrival of the Māori
699:, once considered a
342:Moa (disambiguation)
9753:North Island takahē
9628:rakiraki maungahuka
9574:New Zealand bittern
9562:South Island piopio
9515:Reischek's parakeet
9161:South Island kōkako
9156:North Island kōkako
9044:South Island takahē
9027:Yellow-eyed penguin
9015:Southern brown kiwi
8979:Little spotted kiwi
8413:Sherrie Lynne Lyons
8378:Robert Todd Carroll
8115:Aleksandr Kondratov
8090:John Willison Green
6629:1996JRSNZ..26..275W
6580:1995JRSNZ..25..333W
6533:1994JRSNZ..24..297W
6488:1993JRSNZ..23..147W
6441:1998JRSNZ..28..537W
6402:1998JRSNZ..28..421W
6307:2008JRSNZ..38..115W
6210:10.1038/nature03635
6202:2005Natur.435..940T
5967:10.1038/nature01838
5959:2003Natur.425..175H
5906:2010PNAS..10716201H
5900:(30): 16201–16206.
5848:2004EmuAO.104..149H
5770:2000Sci...287.2250H
5764:(5461): 2250–2254.
5630:2007JRSNZ..37..139G
5612:Gill, B.J. (2007).
5567:1987JRSNZ..17..399F
5442:on 28 January 2019.
5417:10.1038/nature01871
5409:2003Natur.425..172B
5309:2005PNAS..102.8257B
5249:Saint Bathans Fauna
5208:Sailing or Drowning
5061:(1672): 3395–3402.
5012:Hamilton, A. (1894)
5003:Buller, W.L. (1888)
4829:Polack, J.S. (1838)
4630:1993Ecogr..16..229M
4480:on 28 January 2019.
4455:10.1038/nature01871
4447:2003Natur.425..172B
4393:1979Natur.281..103S
4250:Buick L.T. (1937).
4016:2009PNAS..10620646B
4010:(49): 20646–20651.
3879:2005PNAS..102.8257B
3775:Gill, B.J. (2010).
3734:2009PNAS..10620646B
3728:(49): 20646–20651.
3562:2014Sci...344..898M
3360:2020Ecogr..43..353L
3314:2014QSRv..105..126P
3294:(1 December 2014).
2975:found in a cave on
2971:A complete foot of
2507:Sophora microphylla
2423:) were blue-green.
2262:Pennantia corymbosa
2036:Honeycomb Hill Cave
2034:districts (such as
945:Saint Bathans Fauna
602:6 genera, 9 species
153:Reverted 1 edit by
9721:South Island snipe
9716:North Island snipe
9537:Subantarctic snipe
9488:Campbell albatross
9478:Antipodes parakeet
9422:kawau o rangihaute
9093:Black-fronted tern
8967:Great spotted kiwi
8909:White-fronted tern
8774:North Island robin
8769:South Island robin
8728:Long-tailed cuckoo
8668:New Zealand falcon
8100:Bernard Heuvelmans
8055:William R. Corliss
6083:Systematic Biology
5713:Bernard Heuvelmans
4810:Skeptical Inquirer
4771:Laing, Doug (2008)
3994:; Phillips, M.J.;
3945:Tennyson, A.J.D.;
3712:; Phillips, M.J.;
3369:10.1111/ecog.04917
3113:New Zealand portal
3070:
3010:
2848:
2743:
2709:
2696:In July 2004, the
2679:
2644:
2533:
2487:Restoration of an
2296:Euryapteryx curtus
2214:contents of their
2208:
2204:D. novaezealandiae
2157:
2153:D. novaezealandiae
2117:Euryapteryx gravis
2090:Euryapteryx gravis
2080:
1991:Euryapteryx gravis
1958:
1881:Euryapteryx curtus
1686:D. novaezealandiae
1591:†Dinornithiformes
1228:Oligocene Drowning
1114:Euryapteryx curtus
981:
969:
934:Pachyornis mappini
910:Euryapteryx curtus
859:
843:A comparison of a
781:
656:, there were nine
270:===North Island===
263:===North Island===
204:
111:
10020:Notopalaeognathae
9947:
9946:
9823:Taxon identifiers
9814:
9813:
9765:New Zealand goose
9586:New Zealand quail
9330:Chatham albatross
9049:Fiordland penguin
8791:Paradise shelduck
8779:New Zealand scaup
8716:Sacred kingfisher
8704:Grey-faced petrel
8596:Black-billed gull
8534:
8533:
8469:Fearsome critters
8237:Destination Truth
8209:Animalia Paradoxa
8170:Ivan T. Sanderson
8135:Vladimir Markotic
8095:Richard Greenwell
8030:Jon-Erik Beckjord
7954:
7953:
7932:
7931:
7865:
7864:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7699:
7698:
7559:
7558:
7480:
7479:
7404:Opisthodactylidae
7380:Notopalaeognathae
7369:
7368:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7328:Notopalaeognathae
7318:
7317:
7082:
7081:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6708:Discover Magazine
6684:"A moa sighting?"
6671:978-0-253-34034-4
6658:Holdaway, Richard
6609:Holdaway, Richard
6560:Holdaway, Richard
6517:Holdaway, Richard
6468:Holdaway, Richard
6270:Dinornis robustus
6196:(7044): 940–943.
6182:Holdaway, Richard
6151:978-0-395-89228-2
6137:Swift as a Shadow
5953:(6954): 175–178.
5794:Holdaway, Richard
5752:Holdaway, Richard
5734:Hill, H. (1913).
5664:Mythical Monsters
5604:978-0-8160-1833-8
5512:978-1-113-50843-0
5493:978-0-618-00583-3
5471:978-0-7876-5784-0
5403:(6954): 172–175.
5373:. London: Buller.
5303:(23): 8257–8262.
5192:. 25 April 2011.
5115:Young, E (1997).
4925:Davidson, Janet.
4681:Radio New Zealand
4511:Gill, B.J. (2007)
4502:Wood, J.R. (2008)
4441:(6954): 172–175.
4387:(5727): 103–104.
4138:Yuri, T. (2013).
4105:Annals of Anatomy
4066:Annals of Anatomy
3996:Holdaway, Richard
3979:on 11 April 2019.
3873:(23): 8257–8262.
3805:on 11 April 2019.
3714:Holdaway, Richard
3556:(6186): 898–900.
3181:Brands, S. (2008)
3029:Potential revival
2929:The lower leg of
2892:Several bones of
2883:Manuherikia River
2879:Dinornis robustus
2813:Canterbury Museum
2626:Surviving remains
2496:Pre-human forests
1999:Dinornis robustus
1976:Dinornis robustus
1950:Dinornis robustus
1948:A restoration of
1928:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1631:
1630:
1606:Megalapterygidae
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1467:
1466:
1447:Aepyornithiformes
1390:
1389:
1294:Notopalaeognathae
1051:
1034:Dinornis robustus
996:
899:sexual dimorphism
869:, the Australian
777:Dinornis robustus
663:Dinornis robustus
632:
631:
626:
620:
548:
527:Notopalaeognathae
330:
190:
102:
82:
39:
10027:
9940:
9939:
9927:
9926:
9917:
9916:
9904:
9903:
9891:
9890:
9878:
9877:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9861:Dinornithiformes
9850:
9849:
9848:
9831:Dinornithiformes
9818:
9817:
9806:
9799:New Zealand swan
9789:
9777:
9760:
9748:
9706:
9684:
9652:Long-billed wren
9647:
9630:
9593:
9581:
9569:
9544:
9532:
9510:
9473:
9451:
9424:
9412:
9395:
9383:
9371:
9359:Chatham parakeet
9354:
9342:Chatham gerygone
9337:
9325:
9298:
9286:
9274:
9262:
9250:
9238:
9226:
9214:
9197:
9185:
9173:
9136:
9124:
9112:
9100:
9073:
9056:
9034:
9022:
9010:
8998:
8986:
8974:
8952:
8940:
8928:
8916:
8904:
8887:
8875:
8863:
8851:
8839:
8827:
8815:
8798:
8786:
8764:
8752:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8663:
8651:
8639:
8632:Buff-banded rail
8627:
8615:
8603:
8591:
8561:
8554:
8547:
8538:
8537:
8521:
8520:
8511:
8510:
8474:Folklore studies
8433:Benjamin Radford
8383:Steuart Campbell
8251:Extinct or Alive
8190:Odette Tchernine
8185:Roderick Sprague
8035:John Bindernagel
8017:Cryptozoologists
8007:List of cryptids
7981:
7974:
7967:
7958:
7957:
7944:
7943:
7895:Incognitoolithus
7871:
7870:
7860:
7855:
7854:
7825:
7787:
7779:
7778:
7745:
7730:
7710:
7709:
7598:
7588:
7578:
7570:
7569:
7494:
7493:
7489:Dinornithiformes
7487:
7461:
7451:
7441:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7388:
7387:
7375:
7374:
7364:
7363:
7324:
7323:
7298:
7288:
7235:
7204:
7172:
7119:
7103:
7095:
7094:
7089:Struthioniformes
7034:
7018:
7007:
6996:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6972:
6960:
6959:
6898:
6897:
6871:
6870:
6844:
6843:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6801:
6800:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6710:. Archived from
6698:
6696:
6694:
6675:
6649:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6600:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6551:
6550:
6544:
6508:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6459:
6458:
6452:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6381:
6371:
6358:
6333:
6332:
6326:
6289:
6264:
6262:
6247:
6229:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6167:on 25 April 2015
6155:
6130:
6115:
6114:
6108:
6098:
6073:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6045:on 25 April 2015
6033:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5996:Hawkes Bay Today
5986:
5937:
5927:
5917:
5884:
5867:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5789:
5747:
5730:
5708:
5698:
5688:
5667:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5641:
5608:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5516:
5497:
5480:Dawkins, Richard
5475:
5456:
5443:
5441:
5435:. Archived from
5392:
5378:Bunce, Michael;
5374:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5352:. Archived from
5340:
5330:
5320:
5285:
5275:
5267:Anderson, Atholl
5252:
5245:
5239:
5228:
5211:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5186:
5180:
5171:Tohill, M.-J., "
5169:
5163:
5152:
5146:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5112:
5106:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4960:"Digitising moa"
4956:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4787:Skeptical Briefs
4778:
4772:
4769:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4748:Gould, C. (1886)
4746:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4723:Anderson, Atholl
4719:
4713:
4710:
4699:
4698:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4563:
4539:
4533:
4532:Yong, Ed. (2010)
4530:
4524:
4521:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4473:. Archived from
4432:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4401:10.1038/281103b0
4376:
4370:
4369:
4343:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4027:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3972:. Archived from
3955:
3942:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3798:. Archived from
3781:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3683:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3637:
3628:(7): 1686–1696.
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3598:. Archived from
3581:
3547:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3241:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3182:
3179:
3158:Island gigantism
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
2887:Yorkshire Museum
2616:pseudoscientific
2612:Cryptozoologists
2541:carbon-14 dating
2484:
2469:
2457:
2359:D. robustus
2355:D. robustus
2343:D. robustus
2327:D. robustus
2249:ecological niche
2185:Rangitīkei River
2181:Palmerston North
2159:About eight moa
1854:
1853:
1829:
1828:
1768:
1767:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1527:
1502:
1484:
1483:
1458:
1432:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1381:
1380:
1372:Dinornithiformes
1357:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1318:
1300:
1299:
1283:
1272:Struthioniformes
1265:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1168:Megalapterygidae
1132:Heavy-footed moa
1110:Broad-billed moa
1050:(Bonaparte 1854)
1049:
994:
992:Dinornithiformes
738:William Williams
650:Late Pleistocene
646:flightless birds
642:Dinornithiformes
624:
618:
562:
543:
540:Dinornithiformes
538:
465:
464:
443:
433:
370:
355:Temporal range:
349:
348:
229:
228:
227:
218:
203:
198:
180:
179:
174:
162:
151:
143:
129:
110:
83:
74:
73:
71:
66:
64:
56:
53:
32:
31:
21:
19:
10035:
10034:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10025:
10024:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9943:
9935:
9930:
9922:
9920:
9912:
9907:
9899:
9894:
9886:
9881:
9873:
9868:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9844:
9843:
9838:
9825:
9815:
9810:
9694:Waitaha penguin
9689:Chatham penguin
9554:
9548:
9436:
9428:
9310:
9308:Chatham Islands
9302:
9231:Red-billed gull
9224:kākāriki karaka
9085:
9083:
9077:
8959:
8953:
8944:
8576:
8570:
8565:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8498:
8452:
8443:Michael Shermer
8428:Donald Prothero
8373:Joshua Blu Buhs
8361:
8342:The X Creatures
8272:In Search of...
8200:
8194:
8140:Jeffrey Meldrum
8075:Richard Freeman
8011:
7990:
7985:
7955:
7950:
7928:
7878:
7861:
7849:
7833:
7796:
7768:
7738:
7695:
7640:
7606:
7555:
7514:
7476:
7426:
7421:Opisthodactylus
7382:
7365:
7358:
7342:
7314:
7273:
7237:Ergilornithidae
7228:
7197:
7191:Galligeranoides
7165:
7153:Palaeophasianus
7138:Galligeranoides
7112:
7091:
7078:
7073:Pseudocrypturus
7027:
6980:
6967:
6934:
6914:
6887:
6860:
6854:Avemetatarsalia
6839:Avemetatarsalia
6829:
6806:
6805:
6795:
6789:
6731:
6726:
6717:
6715:
6692:
6690:
6672:
6643:
6594:
6545:
6502:
6453:
6414:
6369:
6327:
6263:on 22 May 2010.
6260:
6245:
6170:
6168:
6152:
6109:
6048:
6046:
6019:
6005:
6003:
6002:on 24 July 2011
5856:10.1071/MU03019
5824:
5727:
5696:
5652:
5605:
5581:
5551:from Southland"
5535:
5533:
5532:on 8 March 2016
5513:
5494:
5472:
5439:
5390:
5359:
5357:
5356:on 7 March 2009
5273:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5205:
5201:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5170:
5166:
5153:
5149:
5136:
5132:
5113:
5109:
5096:
5092:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:Owen, R. (1879)
4981:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4895:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:Hill, H. (1913)
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4802:
4798:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4720:
4716:
4712:Anderson (1989)
4711:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4589:
4585:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4430:
4420:
4416:
4377:
4373:
4358:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4136:
4132:
4097:
4093:
4061:
4055:
4051:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3953:
3943:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3686:
3681:
3672:
3667:
3658:
3648:
3614:
3610:
3605:on 30 May 2019.
3602:
3545:
3535:
3528:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3385:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3288:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3073:Heinrich Harder
3062:
3031:
2836:
2689:, and named it
2628:
2552:Nelson Examiner
2525:
2520:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2316:P. mappini
2308:E. crassus
2292:
2247:Moa filled the
2197:
2145:
2085:
2062:Otago Peninsula
1974:(bush moa) and
1942:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1816:
1807:
1777:P. elephantopus
1716:
1707:
1698:
1641:†Dinornithidae
1632:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1468:
1391:
1375:
1208:
958:
953:
925:M. didinus
891:Bergmann’s rule
837:
750:
742:William Colenso
729:
574:
568:
542:
536:
459:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
366:17–0.0006
365:
364:
353:
345:
338:
327:
319:
309:
304:
297:
294:
285:
282:
271:
264:
255:
250:
235:
230:
223:
221:
219:
212:
210:
205:
199:
194:
186:
184:← Previous edit
181:
175:
170:
165:
163:
152:
147:
146:
145:
141:
139:
119:
117:
112:
106:
98:
97:
96:
95:
93:
92:
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52:Content deleted
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43:← Previous edit
40:
26:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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10007:
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9997:
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9962:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9941:
9928:
9918:
9905:
9892:
9879:
9866:
9851:
9835:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9796:
9791:
9779:
9767:
9762:
9750:
9738:
9736:Imber's petrel
9733:
9728:
9726:Forbes's snipe
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9699:Eyles' harrier
9696:
9691:
9686:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9637:
9632:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9583:
9571:
9558:
9556:
9550:
9549:
9547:
9546:
9534:
9525:Snares penguin
9522:
9517:
9512:
9508:tawaki nana hī
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9440:
9438:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9426:
9414:
9405:Magenta petrel
9402:
9397:
9385:
9376:Chatham pigeon
9373:
9364:Chatham petrel
9361:
9356:
9344:
9339:
9327:
9314:
9312:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9288:
9276:
9264:
9252:
9240:
9228:
9216:
9204:
9199:
9187:
9175:
9163:
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9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9126:
9114:
9102:
9089:
9087:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9063:
9058:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9024:
9012:
9000:
8988:
8976:
8963:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8930:
8918:
8906:
8894:
8889:
8877:
8865:
8853:
8841:
8832:Shining cuckoo
8829:
8817:
8805:
8800:
8788:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8754:
8742:
8737:
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8453:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8398:Sharon A. Hill
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8352:
8345:
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8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8244:Exotic Zoology
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8204:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8165:Boris Porshnev
8162:
8160:David Paulides
8157:
8152:
8150:Michael Newton
8147:
8145:John R. Napier
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8060:Peter Costello
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8040:Peter C. Byrne
8037:
8032:
8027:
8025:Henry H. Bauer
8021:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7991:
7984:
7983:
7976:
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7961:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7937:
7934:
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7929:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7814:
7806:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7794:
7782:
7776:
7774:Casuariiformes
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7759:
7751:
7749:
7747:Aepyornithidae
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7726:
7718:
7716:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7648:
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7641:
7639:
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7614:
7608:
7607:
7605:
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7594:
7584:
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7557:
7556:
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7515:
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7512:
7505:
7497:
7491:
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7478:
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7457:
7447:
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7427:
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7408:
7406:
7394:
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7370:
7367:
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7313:
7312:
7305:
7294:
7283:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7264:
7261:Sinoergilornis
7257:
7250:
7242:
7240:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7209:
7199:
7198:
7196:
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7187:
7179:
7177:
7167:
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7164:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7134:
7126:
7124:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7092:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7038:
7036:Lithornithidae
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7014:
7003:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6969:
6968:
6956:
6955:
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6951:
6948:
6947:
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6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6847:
6841:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6797:
6796:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6729:External links
6727:
6725:
6724:
6699:
6682:(March 2009).
6680:Worthy, Trevor
6676:
6670:
6654:Worthy, Trevor
6650:
6623:(3): 275–361.
6605:Worthy, Trevor
6601:
6574:(3): 333–370.
6556:Worthy, Trevor
6552:
6527:(3): 297–391.
6513:Worthy, Trevor
6509:
6482:(3): 147–254.
6464:Worthy, Trevor
6460:
6435:(4): 537–589.
6425:Worthy, Trevor
6421:
6396:(3): 421–521.
6386:Worthy, Trevor
6382:
6363:Worthy, Trevor
6359:
6339:Worthy, Trevor
6334:
6301:(3): 115–129.
6290:
6265:
6235:Worthy, Trevor
6230:
6177:
6156:
6150:
6131:
6116:
6074:
6055:
6034:
6012:
5987:
5938:
5885:
5868:
5842:(2): 149–156.
5831:
5798:Worthy, Trevor
5790:
5748:
5731:
5726:978-0710304988
5725:
5709:
5689:
5668:
5659:
5624:(4): 139–150.
5609:
5603:
5588:
5561:(4): 399–408.
5542:
5517:
5511:
5498:
5492:
5476:
5470:
5457:
5444:
5380:Worthy, Trevor
5375:
5366:
5341:
5286:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5240:
5236:Māori language
5222:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5199:
5181:
5164:
5147:
5130:
5107:
5097:Le Roux, M., "
5090:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4993:
4984:
4972:
4951:
4942:
4917:
4908:
4894:978-1877517846
4893:
4875:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4796:
4773:
4759:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4714:
4700:
4686:
4668:
4652:
4643:
4624:(3): 229–250.
4608:
4602:978-1107402171
4601:
4583:
4534:
4525:
4513:
4504:
4492:
4490:Hartree (1999)
4483:
4424:Worthy, Trevor
4414:
4371:
4357:978-1877333484
4356:
4335:
4326:
4312:
4303:
4272:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4150:(1): 419–444.
4130:
4091:
4049:
3992:Worthy, Trevor
3982:
3947:Worthy, Trevor
3930:
3921:
3912:
3853:
3817:Worthy, Trevor
3808:
3767:
3710:Worthy, Trevor
3700:
3684:
3670:
3656:
3608:
3539:Worthy, Trevor
3526:
3484:
3466:
3455:Schoon, Theo.
3447:
3417:
3395:
3383:
3354:(3): 353–364.
3334:
3279:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3195:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3132:Elephant birds
3129:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3102:
3086:
3083:
3061:
3058:
3054:Trevor Mallard
3030:
3027:
2996:
2995:
2986:A skeleton of
2984:
2965:
2964:
2955:The head of a
2953:
2938:
2927:
2912:
2901:
2890:
2835:
2832:
2805:Pyramid Valley
2642:skeleton, 1879
2627:
2624:
2600:South Westland
2570:Alice McKenzie
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2412:archaeological
2304:Emeus huttonii
2300:E. exilis
2291:
2288:
2196:
2193:
2173:Manawatū River
2167:Creek (1872),
2144:
2141:
2137:E. curtus
2133:E. gravis
2121:E. curtus
2084:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2043:
2003:
2002:
1985:that included
1979:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
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1625:
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1609:
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1601:
1599:
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1579:
1578:
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1574:
1570:
1569:
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1560:
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1556:
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1548:
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1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:Casuariiformes
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1421:Apterygiformes
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1027:
957:
954:
952:
951:Classification
949:
836:
833:
749:
746:
728:
725:
630:
629:
628:
627:
621:
612:
611:
605:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
581:
580:
576:
575:
569:
557:
556:
550:
549:
534:
530:
529:
524:
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
453:
452:
445:
444:
436:
435:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
354:
336:
334:
329:
328:
324:
322:
320:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
298:
292:
290:
288:
286:
280:
278:
276:
273:
272:
269:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
209:61.238.199.128
208:
187:
155:45.251.104.241
140:
131:
130:
115:
84:
78:
76:
58:
50:
41:
38:
37:
35:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10032:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9960:Dinornithidae
9958:
9957:
9955:
9938:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9919:
9915:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9856:
9852:
9847:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9819:
9805:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9788:
9783:
9780:
9776:
9771:
9770:Finsch's duck
9768:
9766:
9763:
9759:
9754:
9751:
9747:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9683:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9629:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9603:Haast's eagle
9601:
9599:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9584:
9580:
9575:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9551:
9543:
9538:
9535:
9531:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9498:Campbell teal
9496:
9494:
9493:Campbell shag
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9471:tētē kākāriki
9467:
9466:Auckland teal
9464:
9462:
9461:Auckland shag
9459:
9457:
9456:Auckland rail
9454:
9450:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9423:
9418:
9415:
9411:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9400:Chatham snipe
9398:
9394:
9389:
9386:
9382:
9377:
9374:
9370:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9353:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9336:
9331:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9297:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9118:
9115:
9111:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9084:endemic birds
9080:
9072:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9016:
9013:
9009:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8989:
8985:
8984:kiwi pukupuku
8980:
8977:
8973:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8956:
8951:
8939:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8922:
8919:
8915:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8869:
8866:
8862:
8857:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8842:
8838:
8837:pīpīwharauroa
8833:
8830:
8826:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8763:
8758:
8755:
8751:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8717:
8714:
8710:
8705:
8702:
8698:
8693:
8690:
8686:
8681:
8678:
8674:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8642:
8638:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8608:Brown creeper
8606:
8602:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8573:
8569:
8562:
8557:
8555:
8550:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8524:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8484:Pseudoscience
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8408:Daniel Loxton
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8393:Brian Dunning
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8356:Weird Travels
8353:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8230:Beast Legends
8227:
8225:
8224:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8180:Gardner Soule
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8120:Grover Krantz
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8080:Charles Gould
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8070:Richard Ellis
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8050:Loren Coleman
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8002:Cryptozoology
8000:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7988:Cryptozoology
7982:
7977:
7975:
7970:
7968:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7947:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7859:
7853:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7591:Querandiornis
7585:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7529:Anomalopteryx
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7483:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:Pachystruthio
7295:
7293:
7292:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7279:Struthionidae
7276:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7247:Amphipelargus
7244:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:Palaeotididae
7168:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7085:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7066:Paracathartes
7063:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7022:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6978:Palaeognathae
6974:
6970:
6966:
6965:Palaeognathae
6961:
6957:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6920:Palaeognathae
6917:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6786:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6274:Emeus crassus
6271:
6266:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6089:(1): 90–107.
6088:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6056:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6032:(1): 165–170.
6031:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6013:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5707:(4): 457–460.
5706:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5594:Extinct Birds
5589:
5585:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5543:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5209:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5121:New Scientist
5118:
5111:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4961:
4955:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4864:
4863:teara.govt.nz
4860:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4561:10.26879/1169
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4518:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4487:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4307:
4292:(162): 81–120
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3919:Worthy (1987)
3916:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:(2): 87–153.
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3405:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3134:, flightless
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3100:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:de-extinction
3040:
3036:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:Darwin’s rhea
3016:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:Old Man Range
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:Emeus crassus
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:Central Otago
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:, Otago, and
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:Otago Witness
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:Haast's eagle
2529:
2515:
2513:
2512:Central Otago
2509:
2508:
2503:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2474:Emeus crassus
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Central Otago
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
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2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2287:
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2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:found in 1911
2154:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:P. geranoides
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:Central Otago
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:Emeus crassus
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Southern Alps
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:Emeus crassus
1856:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:P. geranoides
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:
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1724:
1723:
1720:
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1711:
1710:
1702:
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1693:
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1669:
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1660:
1654:
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1648:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
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1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1451:elephant bird
1448:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:Palaeognathae
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Southern Alps
1237:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:Mantell's moa
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:Emeus crassus
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:Anomalopteryx
1054:
1053:
1052:(lesser moa)
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:Dinornithidae
999:
998:
993:
990:
986:
985:
984:
978:
973:
966:
962:
948:
946:
943:
938:
936:
935:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
906:
905:
900:
897:) as well as
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
856:
855:
850:
846:
841:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
778:
773:
772:
767:
766:
765:Emeus crassus
761:
760:
754:
745:
743:
739:
734:
724:
722:
721:Haast's eagle
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
622:
616:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
588:
582:
577:
572:
567:
566:
558:
555:
551:
546:
541:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:Palaeognathae
512:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
362:
358:
350:
347:
343:
332:
323:
321:
315:
313:
312:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:
289:
277:
274:
268:
266:
261:
259:
258:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:
238:
234:
226:
216:
211:
202:
197:
193:
185:
178:
173:
168:
160:
156:
138:
134:
127:
123:
118:
109:
105:
87:
72:
65:
55:Content added
47:
44:
36:
34:
33:
20:
9830:
9677:Laughing owl
9672:Chatham kākā
9667:Lyall's wren
9607:
9520:Snares snipe
9388:Chatham shag
9267:Shore plover
9141:Foveaux shag
9066:Blue penguin
9003:Okarito kiwi
8868:Spotted shag
8796:pūtangitangi
8692:Grey warbler
8418:Darren Naish
8388:Peter Dendle
8354:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8293:MonsterQuest
8291:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8223:Beast Hunter
8221:
8214:
8207:
8105:Ralph Izzard
8085:Rupert Gould
8065:Tim Dinsdale
7923:Tsondabornis
7921:
7914:
7907:
7902:Medioolithus
7900:
7893:
7888:Diamantornis
7886:
7826:
7816:
7809:
7788:
7761:
7754:
7731:
7721:
7705:Novaeratitae
7688:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7633:
7626:
7621:Crypturellus
7619:
7601:Roveretornis
7599:
7589:
7579:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7509:Megalapteryx
7507:
7500:
7488:
7469:
7462:
7452:
7442:
7419:
7411:
7307:
7299:
7289:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7221:
7214:
7189:
7182:
7158:
7151:
7146:Geranodornis
7144:
7136:
7131:Eogeranoides
7129:
7121:Geranoididae
7104:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7019:
7008:
6997:
6716:. Retrieved
6712:the original
6707:
6691:. Retrieved
6687:
6661:
6620:
6616:
6571:
6567:
6524:
6520:
6479:
6475:
6432:
6428:
6393:
6389:
6377:
6373:
6346:
6342:
6337:Wood, J.R.;
6298:
6294:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6258:the original
6253:
6249:
6240:
6193:
6189:
6169:. Retrieved
6165:the original
6136:
6121:
6086:
6082:
6060:
6047:. Retrieved
6043:the original
6029:
6023:
6004:. Retrieved
6000:the original
5995:
5950:
5946:
5897:
5893:
5880:
5876:
5839:
5835:
5809:
5805:
5761:
5755:
5743:
5739:
5716:
5704:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5663:
5621:
5617:
5593:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5534:. Retrieved
5530:the original
5525:
5502:
5483:
5461:
5452:
5448:
5437:the original
5400:
5394:
5385:
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5354:the original
5349:
5300:
5294:
5281:
5277:
5243:
5234:is from the
5231:
5226:
5207:
5202:
5184:
5176:
5167:
5159:
5154:O'Brien, T.
5150:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5103:Courier Mail
5102:
5093:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4987:
4963:. Retrieved
4954:
4945:
4930:
4920:
4911:
4884:
4878:
4866:. Retrieved
4862:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:
4799:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4646:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4592:
4586:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4528:
4507:
4486:
4475:the original
4438:
4434:
4417:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4347:
4329:
4306:
4294:. Retrieved
4289:
4285:
4275:
4255:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4111:(1): 36–51.
4108:
4104:
4094:
4072:(1): 36–51.
4069:
4065:
4052:
4007:
4003:
3985:
3974:the original
3961:
3957:
3924:
3915:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3800:the original
3787:
3783:
3770:
3725:
3721:
3703:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3600:the original
3553:
3549:
3507:(1): 36–51.
3504:
3500:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3450:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:"Story: Moa"
3398:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3305:
3299:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:
3257:
3221:. Retrieved
3219:(4): 180–293
3216:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3177:
3146:
3145:
3099:Birds portal
3079:Allen Curnow
3077:
3071:
3051:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3011:
3005:Megalapteryx
3003:
3002:A preserved
2987:
2972:
2966:
2956:
2950:Otago Museum
2941:
2930:
2915:
2909:Otago Museum
2905:D. giganteus
2904:
2898:Otago Museum
2893:
2878:
2849:
2843:
2824:Otago Museum
2817:
2802:
2786:midden sites
2775:
2746:
2744:
2710:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2664:Richard Owen
2655:
2645:
2639:
2636:Richard Owen
2620:
2585:
2583:
2563:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2505:
2499:
2473:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2409:
2382:
2377:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2290:Reproduction
2283:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2246:
2238:
2231:elephantopus
2227:
2209:
2203:
2158:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:North Island
2045:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1940:South Island
1935:
1879:
1877:
1861:
1859:
1836:
1834:
1793:
1791:
1775:
1773:
1752:P. australis
1750:
1748:
1734:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1664:
1650:
1618:
1616:
1583:
1514:
1489:
1444:
1419:
1401:Novaeratitae
1371:
1369:
1346:Tinamiformes
1344:
1305:
1270:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1225:
1221:Megalapteryx
1220:
1213:Megalapteryx
1212:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1179:Megalapteryx
1177:
1176:
1166:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1033:
1023:
1011:
1010:
1001:
991:
982:
976:
964:
939:
932:
924:
920:
918:
913:
909:
902:
895:Allen’s rule
879:
860:
852:
816:
812:
802:
782:
775:
769:
763:
757:
732:
730:
701:sister group
690:
677:
667:
661:
641:
634:
633:
625:Newton, 1884
617:Dinornithes
584:
563:
554:Type species
539:
520:
510:Infraclass:
346:
9855:Wikispecies
9787:ruru hinapō
9483:Bounty shag
9318:Black robin
9105:Black stilt
8938:ngutuparore
8902:tōrea pango
8813:tītipounamu
8762:tūturiwhatu
8637:moho-pererū
8438:Brian Regal
8423:Joe Nickell
8279:Is It Real?
8175:Karl Shuker
7995:Core topics
7802:Casuariidae
7790:Diogenornis
7763:Mullerornis
7714:Apterygidae
7662:Nothoprocta
7628:Nothocercus
7543:Euryapteryx
7413:Diogenornis
7291:Orientornis
6999:Asteriornis
6908:Maniraptora
6893:Maniraptora
6792:Palaeognath
6750:Moa article
6718:14 February
6693:14 February
6049:14 February
6006:14 February
5536:14 February
5177:stuff.co.nz
4554:(1): 1–41.
4422:Bunce, M.;
4324:Wood (2007)
3990:Bunce, M.;
3964:: 105–114.
3790:: 115–122.
3708:Bunce, M.;
3327:22 December
3308:: 126–135.
3240:OSNZ (2009)
3223:30 December
2918:found near
2864:desiccation
2798:Marlborough
2720:sedimentary
2670:in London.
2659:Poverty Bay
2647:Joel Polack
2445:Euryapteryx
2433:Euryapteryx
2372:and a long
2276:gastroliths
2102:Cook Strait
2011:D. robustus
1668:D. robustus
1491:Casuariidae
1152:Crested moa
1103:Euryapteryx
1088:Eastern moa
886:ancient DNA
829:guinea fowl
813:Euryapteryx
748:Description
686:Polynesians
619:Gadow, 1893
233:Next edit →
137:Rollbackers
46:Next edit →
9954:Categories
9775:manutahora
9731:Snipe-rail
9645:mātuhituhi
9291:Yellowhead
9279:Stitchbird
9207:Otago shag
9195:takahikare
9082:Endangered
8958:Flightless
8873:pārekareka
8685:pīwakawaka
8620:Brown teal
8286:Lost Tapes
8265:Fortean TV
8201:television
8130:Roy Mackal
7916:Psammornis
7733:Proapteryx
7676:Rhynchotus
7646:Nothurinae
7581:Miniothura
7550:Pachyornis
7444:Heterorhea
7392:Rheiformes
7337:see below↓
7254:Ergilornis
7052:Fissuravis
7010:Eremopezus
6929:see below↓
6355:2440/62495
6070:2152/16251
5883:: 138–144.
5812:: 69–121.
5687:: 232–238.
5455:: 309–336.
5360:4 February
5259:References
4965:2 February
4296:3 February
4265:3 February
4263:Retrieved
3579:2328/35953
3410:15 January
3140:Madagascar
3015:M. didinus
2977:Mount Owen
2973:M. didinus
2957:M. didinus
2942:M. didinus
2920:Queenstown
2809:Roger Duff
2794:Wairau Bar
2790:Shag River
2713:Quaternary
2523:Extinction
2489:upland moa
2416:sand dunes
2414:sites and
2374:maturation
2366:K-selected
2229:Pachyornis
2220:coprolites
2212:fossilised
2189:Lake Taupō
1967:Nothofagus
1736:Pachyornis
1516:Dromaiidae
1307:Rheiformes
1186:Upland moa
1125:Pachyornis
715:until the
713:ecosystems
709:herbivores
579:Subgroups
116:ObserveOwl
9530:pokotiwha
9417:Pitt shag
9272:tūturuatu
9236:tarāpunga
9183:kawau tūī
9117:Blue duck
9098:tarapiroe
8926:pōpokotea
8921:Whitehead
8844:Silvereye
8403:Henry Lee
8199:Books and
8125:Willy Ley
8110:John Keel
7811:Casuarius
7756:Aepyornis
7690:Tinamotis
7683:Taoniscus
7612:Tinaminae
7565:Tinamidae
7464:Protorhea
7268:Urmiornis
7206:Eogruidae
7184:Palaeotis
7106:Remiornis
7059:Lithornis
7045:Calciavis
7021:Limenavis
6881:Theropoda
6866:Theropoda
6809:Kingdom:
6323:129645654
5230:The word
4903:819110163
4618:Ecography
4578:245807815
4570:1094-8074
3596:206555952
3463:. Te Ara.
3406:. govt.nz
3378:0906-7590
3348:Ecography
3169:Footnotes
3163:Megafauna
2778:paleosols
2755:limestone
2604:Fiordland
2574:Fiordland
2370:fecundity
2235:secateurs
2161:trackways
2050:Punakaiki
2042:district.
2007:subalpine
1495:cassowary
1276:ostriches
1245:volcanism
1233:Oligocene
1206:Phylogeny
914:E. gravis
875:cassowary
851:(c), and
798:adzebills
731:The word
727:Etymology
705:vestigial
595:Diversity
545:Bonaparte
480:Kingdom:
474:Eukaryota
451:skeleton
243:Line 172:
240:Line 172:
9840:Wikidata
9640:Bushwren
9542:tutukiwi
9171:tara-iti
9129:Fernbird
9086:(flying)
8885:miromiro
8825:pīwauwau
8808:Rifleman
8750:pīhoihoi
8697:riroriro
8673:kārearea
8661:pohowera
8644:Dabchick
8601:tarāpuka
8589:korimako
8584:Bellbird
8523:Category
8457:See also
7946:Category
7909:Namornis
7828:Emuarius
7818:Dromaius
7655:Eudromia
7502:Dinornis
7454:Hinasuri
7309:Struthio
7223:Sonogrus
7160:Paragrus
6817:Chordata
6815:Phylum:
6811:Animalia
6660:(2002).
6611:(1996).
6562:(1995).
6470:(1993).
6380:: 36–38.
6374:Notornis
6365:(1989).
6349:: 1–20.
6288:: 27–39.
6218:15959513
6184:(2005).
6105:20525622
6025:Notornis
5975:12968179
5934:20805485
5864:86345660
5800:(1997).
5786:10731144
5715:(1959).
5701:Notornis
5648:85006853
5482:(2004).
5425:12968178
5386:Dinornis
5337:15928096
5269:(1989).
5194:Archived
5085:19570784
4725:(1990).
4463:12968178
4409:33405428
4366:83611783
4176:24832669
4125:21596537
4086:21596537
4044:19923428
3907:15928096
3841:83768608
3762:19923428
3644:24825849
3588:24855267
3521:21596537
3147:General:
3126:Moa-nalo
3085:See also
2994:in 1980.
2868:semiarid
2860:feathers
2782:blowouts
2751:sinkhole
2717:Holocene
2691:Dinornis
2651:Struthio
2640:Dinornis
2608:red deer
2502:Holocene
2441:Dinornis
2429:Dinornis
2378:Dinornis
2347:Dinornis
2323:Dinornis
2284:Dinornis
2280:gizzards
2253:antelope
2240:Phormium
2216:gizzards
2179:(1896),
2175:(1895),
2171:(1887),
2165:Waikanae
2066:Karitane
2058:Kaikōura
1725:Emeidae
1652:Dinornis
1350:tinamous
1066:Bush moa
1013:Dinornis
967:skeleton
956:Taxonomy
904:Dinornis
882:synonyms
863:tinamous
854:Dinornis
790:rock art
697:tinamous
674:bush moa
654:Holocene
623:Immanes
609:Synonyms
494:Chordata
490:Phylum:
484:Animalia
470:Domain:
361:Holocene
293:scarcity
126:contribs
70:Wikitext
9985:Ratites
9888:4433427
9846:Q452969
9704:kērangi
9579:kaoriki
9553:Extinct
9369:ranguru
9020:tokoeka
8933:Wrybill
8784:pāpango
8733:koekoeā
8680:Fantail
8513:Commons
8494:Zoology
8464:Biology
8366:Critics
7723:Apteryx
7669:Nothura
7635:Tinamus
7520:Emeidae
7432:Rheidae
6821:Class:
6625:Bibcode
6576:Bibcode
6529:Bibcode
6484:Bibcode
6437:Bibcode
6398:Bibcode
6303:Bibcode
6226:4308841
6198:Bibcode
5983:4413995
5955:Bibcode
5925:2941315
5902:Bibcode
5844:Bibcode
5766:Bibcode
5757:Science
5626:Bibcode
5563:Bibcode
5433:1515413
5405:Bibcode
5328:1149408
5305:Bibcode
5127:(2063).
5076:2817183
4626:Bibcode
4471:1515413
4443:Bibcode
4389:Bibcode
4167:4009869
4144:Biology
4035:2791642
4012:Bibcode
3898:1149408
3875:Bibcode
3753:2791642
3730:Bibcode
3558:Bibcode
3550:Science
3356:Bibcode
3310:Bibcode
3272:24 July
3136:ratites
2992:Te Anau
2828:Dunedin
2771:Te Anau
2767:Waitomo
2763:Karamea
2687:ostrich
2595:sealers
2591:Whalers
2545:middens
2098:Ice Age
2032:Karamea
2024:middens
1217:Miocene
1165:Family
1046:Emeidae
1043:Family
1000:Family
942:Miocene
849:ostrich
809:trachea
658:species
533:Order:
500:Class:
357:Miocene
281:paucity
172:Twinkle
9921:NZOR:
9875:751501
9746:ōiruki
9682:whēkau
9591:koreke
9567:piopio
9323:karure
9212:Matapo
9134:mātātā
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9039:Kākāpō
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8849:tauhou
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8721:kōtare
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8625:pāteke
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547:, 1853
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9937:39294
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9804:poūwa
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5218:Notes
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4405:S2CID
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4967:2022
4899:OCLC
4889:ISBN
4870:2019
4817:2019
4597:ISBN
4566:ISSN
4459:PMID
4362:OCLC
4352:ISBN
4298:2015
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3758:PMID
3640:PMID
3584:PMID
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3374:ISSN
3329:2014
3274:2020
3225:2015
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