Moa: Difference between revisions

2031: 1456: 7317: 397: 2630: 2411: 1237: 1481: 928: 1386: 2605:, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of 2495:. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using 4139: 1311: 1412: 1272: 2423: 796: 418: 917: 7808: 3063: 709: 8475: 7898: 3021: 2156: 2438: 7814: 6602: 6553: 6504: 6461: 6412: 6373: 6286: 6068: 5783: 5611: 5540: 3804: 3607: 2104: 2694: 2484: 2587: 8465: 2709:, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the 8906: 2660: 85: 1334: 3049: 2795: 1901: 2955: 1171:, about 5.8 Mya instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya. The presence of 2771:. Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment. 282:

to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. ''P. geranoides'' occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of ''E. gravis'' and ''E. curtus'' were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.<ref name="WH" />

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744:. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori 281:

In the North Island, ''Dinornis novaezealandiae'' and ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''E. curtus'', and ''Pachyornis geranoides'') tended

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The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been

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recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New Zealand. Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century, and as recently as 2008, has suggested that some

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drowning. This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island

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Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand

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around the New Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide). The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs

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scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same.<ref name="WH" /> The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species (''Euryapteryx gravis'', ''Anomalopteryx didiformis''), but most were exclusive to one island,

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may have persisted in remote corners of New Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted. Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a

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Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish. Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.

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suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg

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Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been

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is a Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries

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about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation. The presence of Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.

775:) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 m (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including 2043:

Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to the scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same. The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species

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recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see

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flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to

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Dieffenbach also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird. In 1839, John W. Harris, a

2238:, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents. 2382:

A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera

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In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of

3733:"Regional comparisons of the thickness of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes). In Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, ed. W.E. Boles and Trevor Worthy" 739:

Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward, in the manner of a

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seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003. A 2009 study showed that

2649:. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds. 5054: 2993:. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the 2532:

bush in 1887, and again on a Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion. In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a

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from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the

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combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's

4237: 2410: 5111: 15: 2004:, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as 700:

in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).

2778:– Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible. There is also a major collection in 2578:

found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.

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themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry

3498: 2395:, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of 2641:

of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an

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strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.

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Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies;

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suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea. The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.

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have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.

3775:; Scofield, R.P. (2012). "Twenty-first century advances in knowledge of the biology of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes): A new morphological analysis and moa diagnoses revised". 2470:

that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.

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Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Forsyth, David M.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Pech, Roger P.; Perry, George L. W.; Wood, Jamie R. (March 2020).

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with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870 (currently held by

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Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:

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of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (

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Burrows, C.; et al. (1981). "The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago".

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gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones. Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.

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in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum.

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The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:

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incubation was used." Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.

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were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.

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portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s.

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continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints) have earned little attention from experts and are

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region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills).

7359: 4057:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 4015:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3450:"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3076: 163: 114: 9955: 7146: 7093: 6194: 2182:

of their bones. Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of

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and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.

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No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in

628:, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb) while the smallest, the 8514: 7878: 7843: 7556: 7101: 4500:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand" 836:

Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be

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Wood, J.R. (2008). "Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand".

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Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez

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reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the ] had made a land bridge across the ].<ref name="WH" />

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reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the ] had made a land bridge across the ].<ref name="WH" />

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An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the

1203:, and landscape changes. The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014) with some clade names after Yuri 7419: 7223: 6297:; Rawlence, N.J.; Jones, S.M.; Read, S.E. (2008). "A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand". 3300:"A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa" 9930: 7864: 7178: 7115: 5955: 5790:

Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand".

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Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".

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Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve.

1207:(2013). It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds: 2336:

species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.

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dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (

2012:) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on 7171: 6569:"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5301: 7934: 6738: 2095:

were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.

6475:(1994). "Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand". 8171: 7316: 2562:. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a 5477: 2822:

after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the

9935: 6625: 6105: 5558: 5466: 5447: 5425: 5247:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 4761: 4738: 4014: 3819:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 3449: 6035:"Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites" 2667:

Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late

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New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837

4650: 4096:"Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals" 2623: 2363:

within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.

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Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at

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however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above.

2227:(the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way. 2052:), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the 903:. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species. 893:. Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors. 5094: 9965: 8507: 8090: 5680: 5420:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. 4848: 4556: 4311: 3929: 3755: 2030: 5633:) found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range" 2147:(1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.75–3 mph). 9920: 8255: 8030: 4892: 3108: 86: 2215:. Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. Divaracating plants such as 1195:

Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the

883:(Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south 9666: 9389: 4632: 3008:

Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament

2537:, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else. 1455: 9869: 8269: 8262: 8213: 5484:. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from 5007:"DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa" 2768: 9617: 9612: 9607: 5145: 5128: 2879: 2653: 151: 107: 9950: 8500: 5710:; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications". 2119:, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including 679:. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting. 417: 2744:, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at 672: 45: 42: 6613: 6564: 6515: 6472: 6423: 6137: 5749: 5707: 5691: 4915: 3954:; Willerslev, E.; Hailef, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kampk, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 3951: 3669: 2775: 1199:

about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles,

6213: 6116: 5994: 4207: 9830: 9825: 8227: 7927: 6731: 3672:; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 2740:' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori 2732:

Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from

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group. However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American

9975: 9816: 9737: 8811: 8276: 8110: 7807: 3256: 3037:'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943. 6322: 4499: 3574:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites" 2416:

The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum

396: 9879: 9578: 8035: 8025: 4208:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did The Maori Know The Moa?" 2863:

with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 (currently held by

693: 4138: 3907:"Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia" 2629: 2437: 9696: 9590: 9157: 9145: 7972: 6809: 5828: 5758:"A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury" 5628: 5146:"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow" 2932: 2525: 2223: 1793: 1641: 726: 714: 520: 500: 6428:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand" 3252:"A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)" 2889:, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884; (currently held by the Zoology Department, 2034:

The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum

9210: 9198: 8946: 8444: 8105: 8015: 8000: 6520:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5649: 3499:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 2875: 2763:

in north Canterbury, where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by

1732: 756:) with necks upright, indicating that moa were more than capable of assuming both neck postures. 6711: 5245:

Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).

3412: 9915: 9892: 9778: 9470: 9121: 8852: 8478: 8403: 8358: 8348: 7920: 6724: 5973:"And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)" 1236: 985: 975: 624: 618: 404: 9708: 9116: 9111: 8999: 6082: 5846:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa" 1480: 147: 103: 9887: 9749: 9573: 9568: 9458: 9302: 9174: 9133: 8775: 8468: 8283: 7901: 6097: 6091: 2936: 2916: 2555: 2305:

were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (

1750: 927: 80: 9856: 5392: 4430: 2324:, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds. They are characterised by having a low 787:. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances. 9838: 9399: 9084: 8712: 8611: 8539: 8523: 8434: 8304: 6863: 6580: 6531: 6484: 6439: 6392: 6353: 6258: 6153: 5910: 5857: 5799: 5721: 5581: 5518: 5360: 5260: 4581: 4398: 4344: 4056: 3967: 3956:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3830: 3685: 3674:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3513: 3311: 3265: 2890: 1707: 1575: 297: 6189:

Vickers-Rich, P; Trusler, P; Rowley, MJ; Cooper, A; Chambers, GK; Bock, WJ; Millener, PR;

5650:"A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island" 4651:"Alice Mackenzie describes seeing a moa and talks about her book, Pioneers of Martins Bay" 1167:

about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species,

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wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant

8: 9529: 9517: 8982: 8970: 8934: 8635: 8368: 8333: 8070: 8045: 7813: 5692:"The Moa – Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared" 4215: 2462: 2217: 2132: 2124: 2053: 1991: 1983: 1385: 1175:-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between 846: 557: 6584: 6535: 6488: 6443: 6396: 6357: 6262: 6157: 6015: 5914: 5861: 5803: 5725: 5585: 5522: 5364: 5264: 4585: 4402: 4348: 3971: 3834: 3689: 3517: 3315: 3269: 2637:

Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the

2140: 9676: 9671: 9492: 9443: 9433: 9048: 8922: 8864: 8729: 8724: 8683: 8623: 8055: 8010: 6836: 6274: 6177: 5980: 5934: 5880: 5845: 5815: 5668: 5599: 5384: 5309: 5283: 5246: 5031: 5006: 4593: 4529: 4422: 4360: 4122: 4095: 3990: 3955: 3853: 3818: 3792: 3708: 3673: 3547: 3084:, several flightless ducks from the Hawaiian Islands that grew to be as large as geese. 3068: 2753: 2745: 2602: 1836: 1310: 1183: 837: 764: 564: 412: 8905: 7831: 6639: 6601: 6552: 6503: 6460: 6411: 6372: 6285: 6067: 5782: 5610: 5539: 3803: 3606: 3218: 2524:

published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd. An 80-year-old woman,

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This article is about the extinct New Zealand birds known as moa. For other uses, see

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Wood, J.R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of

6169: 6101: 6076: 6056: 5926: 5885: 5737: 5712: 5676: 5554: 5462: 5443: 5421: 5376: 5338:; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003). 5288: 5036: 4854: 4844: 4552: 4533: 4521: 4414: 4317: 4307: 4127: 4076: 4037: 3995: 3925: 3858: 3751: 3713: 3595: 3551: 3539: 3472: 3329: 2974: 2838: 2823: 2737: 1623: 1402: 1271: 1249: 854: 760: 732: 641: 482: 5898: 5844:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30 August 2010).

5819: 5603: 5244: 5191: 4364: 3796: 3430: 3277: 2320:

Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were

2128: 9940: 9754: 9725: 9644: 9558: 9314: 9297: 8876: 8587: 8429: 8388: 8338: 8206: 8145: 8140: 7990: 7962: 7850: 7498: 7044: 6588: 6539: 6492: 6452: 6447: 6427: 6400: 6383:(1998b). "The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand". 6361: 6306: 6266: 6181: 6161: 6141: 6046: 6021: 5938: 5918: 5875: 5865: 5807: 5769: 5729: 5589: 5531: 5526: 5502: 5388: 5368: 5351: 5278: 5268: 5204: 5026: 5018: 4589: 4511: 4426: 4406: 4352: 4117: 4107: 4068: 4029: 3985: 3975: 3921: 3848: 3838: 3784: 3747: 3703: 3693: 3585: 3529: 3521: 3464: 3319: 3273: 3247: 3113: 2842: 2496: 2492: 2204: 2179: 2136: 1227: 1123: 1097: 1087: 1065: 1058: 900: 889: 850: 676: 659:

to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the

605: 16: 6593: 6568: 6544: 6519: 6496: 6404: 6365: 6033:

Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010).

5774: 5757: 5733: 1411: 817:

The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the

644:

settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000 and approximately 2.5 million.

9649: 9622: 9263: 9186: 8763: 8398: 8383: 8328: 8297: 8095: 7376: 7192: 7108: 7028: 6794: 5548: 5435: 5222: 4678: 4384:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis" 3788: 3028: 2116: 2017: 884: 697: 601: 594: 4072: 4033: 3468: 2329: 9480: 9360: 9331: 9319: 9021: 8787: 8353: 8199: 8120: 8115: 8100: 7995: 7980: 7729: 6991: 6142:"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa" 3009: 2760: 2367: 1433: 1376: 840:. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using 8994: 6690: 6270: 5594: 5569: 5226: 4238:"The material culture of the Moa-hunters in Murihiku – 2. Evidence of Zoology" 2178:, as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and 9909: 9801: 9453: 9448: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9355: 8439: 8363: 8311: 8185: 8135: 8075: 8005: 7957: 7943: 7702: 7638: 7546: 7256: 7234: 7021: 6933: 6920: 6875: 6747: 6700: 6635: 6609: 6560: 6511: 6468: 6419: 6380: 6341: 6318: 6294: 6190: 5897:

Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R.P.; Lambert, David M. (2003).

5753: 5485: 5335: 5055:

Scientists plan to resurrect a range of extinct animals using DNA and cloning

4858: 4525: 4379: 3947: 3902: 3817:

Baker, A.J.; Huynen, L.J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2005).

3772: 3665: 3494: 3333: 3087: 2998: 2990: 2901: 2826: 2571: 2567: 2520: 2467: 2352: 2009: 1938: 1818: 1406: 1196: 1014: 720: 637: 469: 354: 6051: 6034: 5870: 5273: 4882: 4479:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; and Lambert, David M. (2010)

4321: 3980: 3843: 3698: 3590: 3573: 3525: 2144: 61: 9632: 9475: 9343: 9222: 9096: 8958: 8823: 8647: 8373: 8343: 8248: 8234: 8178: 8060: 8040: 8020: 7857: 7660: 7576: 7086: 7076: 6173: 6060: 5930: 5889: 5741: 5380: 5292: 5040: 5022: 4418: 4131: 4112: 4080: 4041: 3999: 3862: 3717: 3599: 3543: 3476: 3054: 3034: 2960: 2905: 2864: 2853: 2779: 2619: 2591: 2221:(the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and 1356: 1301: 1134: 916: 780: 660: 656: 550: 526: 509: 6705: 4382:; Ford, T.; Hoppitt, W.; Willerslev, E.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2003). 4212:

Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection

2351:". Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the 795: 9810: 9438: 9273: 9060: 8393: 8378: 8130: 7757: 7745: 7718: 7678: 7669: 7617: 7583: 7491: 7426: 7368: 7246: 6954: 6848: 6344:(1998a). "Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand". 2819: 2675: 2614: 2550: 2321: 2057: 1446: 1380: 1266: 1107: 1043: 841: 822: 800: 784: 741: 329: 6760: 6165: 5922: 5372: 5340:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa 4410: 2510:

told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between

2013: 708: 9686: 9234: 9162: 8575: 8492: 8241: 8220: 8085: 7688: 7631: 7601: 7505: 7464: 7399: 7347: 7007: 6965: 3324: 3299: 3160: 3095: 2764: 2749: 2668: 2444: 2371: 2231: 2184: 1922: 1691: 1471: 1262: 1141: 1080: 1001: 944: 668: 374: 339: 6310: 6025: 3534: 3359: 3020: 2774:

Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections.

2491:

Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive

1978:, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori 759:

No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their

9372: 9101: 9072: 8799: 8080: 8065: 7766: 7711: 7645: 7567: 7161: 7139: 7061: 7014: 7000: 6976: 6821: 6716: 6695: 4356: 3163:

Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes

3118: 2710: 2559: 2529: 2344: 2325: 2175: 2155: 2005: 1962: 1450: 1200: 1188: 968: 830: 664: 429: 379: 323: 9772: 8758: 8695: 6119:. New Zealand: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from 5811: 3251: 2534: 2511: 1995: 9795: 9595: 8847: 7783: 7773: 7610: 7484: 7457: 7409: 6772: 6292: 6120: 5998: 5675:(3rd ed.). London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. Chapter 10. 3081: 3005:

has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.

2815: 2806:

Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (

2733: 2706: 2672: 2606: 2563: 2457: 2235: 2208: 2195: 2190: 2120: 2021: 1607: 1021: 958: 859: 809: 753: 745: 629: 609: 449: 369: 364: 349: 344: 334: 316: 247:

Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to

235:

Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to

4516: 2456:

Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late

2375:

of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (

1969:, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island: 1937:

The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the

8888: 8449: 8419: 7624: 7590: 7520: 7475: 7387: 7264: 5333: 4813:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3572:

Baker, A.J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J.D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).

2947: 2783: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2642: 2171: 2103: 1987: 1305: 1231: 1172: 1158:

Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.

897: 818: 804: 652: 613: 384: 359: 312: 9843: 7912: 6660:"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells" 5696:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

5005:

Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Armstrong, K.N.; Cooper, A. (2009).

4814: 2946:

with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near

2915:

found near Cromwell sometime before 1949 (currently held by the

2693: 2483: 8835: 8563: 6766: 6206:

Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa

6188: 5570:"Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)" 5302:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes" 3091: 2923:

Two specimens are known from outside the Central Otago region:

2807: 2741: 2714: 2586: 2546: 2518:

that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the

2515: 2500: 2360: 2348: 2212: 2167: 1979: 1187:

present on both the South and North Island remnants during the

648: 439: 3571: 3492: 2659: 2622:, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the 2207:

occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as

1333: 30: 29: 5416:

Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

4841:

Moa : the life and death of New Zealand's legendary bird

3297: 2687: 2638: 2356: 2340: 2332:

period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large

1129: 1036: 749: 5899:"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa" 2794: 2594:

holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a

1916:

The two main faunas identified in the South Island include:

1900: 9553: 9016: 6778: 6195:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa, 5997:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Archived from 5896: 5227:"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland" 5004: 3945: 3900: 3663: 2994: 2954: 2811: 2683: 2679: 2678:

deposits, but are most common in three main types of site:

2087:

occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of

776: 459: 3493:

Mitchell, K.J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N.J.;

3245: 3094:

up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of

9106: 5833:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

5637:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

4054: 3816: 3169:

Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum

3002: 2193:, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax ( 2083:) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. 1475: 826: 712:

A size comparison between four moa species and a human1.

3246:

Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.;

6323:"Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson" 5843: 5011:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2829:

region, the driest part of New Zealand. These include:

2554:

moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of

6032: 4377: 4304:

Ghosts of Gondwana: the history of life in New Zealand

1982:. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest 68: 5440:

A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale

4683:

Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in New Zealand

2977:, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat. 2609:" still existed in remote parts of the South Island. 2230:

Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (

7779: 7741: 7699: 7684: 7552: 7542: 7532: 7441: 7415: 7405: 7395: 7356: 7252: 7242: 7189: 7158: 7126: 7073: 7057: 6988: 6972: 6961: 6950: 6117:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 5995:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 5203:

At least two distinct forms are also known from the

4815:"4. – Moa – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 4475: 4473: 3044: 516: 6135: 5826: 5112:

Mallard: Bring the moa back to life within 50 years

4762:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 4739:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 3497:; Wood, J.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). 3448:Allentoft, M.E.; Rawlence, N.J. (20 January 2012). 3077:

List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene

5706: 5667: 5553:. London, England: The Rainbird Publishing Group. 5461:. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 195. 3905:; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010). 2487:An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt 2200:) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter. 667:in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine 6081:. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 4838: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4470: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4012: 3447: 2841:Valley by gold miners in 1864 (currently held by 2343:and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the 1920:The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech ( 939:The currently recognised genera and species are: 9926:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand 9907: 7282: 2935:near Nelson in the 1980s (currently held by the 833:were thought to be most closely related to moa. 6691:TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds 5850:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4551:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6. 3960:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3823:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3678:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3488: 3486: 3158: 3001:. Preliminary work involving the extraction of 6793: 6608: 6559: 6510: 6467: 6418: 5748: 4716: 4571: 4269: 3771: 2989:The creature has frequently been mentioned as 2882:, London; see photograph of foot on this page) 2301:were females. Therefore, the three species of 8508: 7928: 6732: 5166:. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society. 4871:Holdaway, Richard & Worthy, Trevor (1997) 4235: 4196:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1996) 4187:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1995) 4178:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1994) 4169:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1993) 4013:Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012). 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3441: 3192: 3190: 2528:, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in 2366:Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in 790: 131: 6931: 5629:"On the feathers of a small species of moa ( 4335:Smalley, I.J. (1979). "Moas as rockhounds". 4055:Allentoft, Morten; Nicloas Rawlence (2012). 3483: 3219:"Little bush moa | New Zealand Birds Online" 3145: 3143: 3015: 2991:a potential candidate for revival by cloning 2789: 604:formerly endemic to New Zealand. During the 9758: 9741: 9729: 9712: 9700: 9658: 9636: 9599: 9582: 9545: 9533: 9521: 9496: 9484: 9462: 9425: 9403: 9376: 9364: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9306: 9289: 9277: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9149: 9137: 9125: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9025: 9008: 8986: 8974: 8962: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8892: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8791: 8779: 8767: 8750: 8738: 8716: 8704: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8627: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8579: 8567: 8555: 8543: 6708:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6573:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6524:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6477:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6432:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6385:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6346:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6251:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5574:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5547:Fuller, Errol (1987). Bunney, Sarah (ed.). 5511:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5456: 4664: 4662: 4660: 3345: 3343: 2473: 2277:For example, before 2003, three species of 1887: 8515: 8501: 7935: 7921: 6739: 6725: 6701:Tree of Life classification and references 6199:(Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand" 6114: 5954:. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from 4546: 4205: 3887: 3187: 2162:skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 616:(in six genera). The two largest species, 395: 27: 8291:The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids 6620:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6592: 6543: 6451: 6232:, and the first evidence for the diet of 6050: 5879: 5869: 5773: 5593: 5530: 5442:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 292. 5282: 5272: 5030: 4955: 4953: 4874: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4515: 4121: 4111: 3989: 3979: 3852: 3842: 3707: 3697: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3589: 3565: 3533: 3457:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 3323: 3140: 2281:were recognised: South Island giant moa ( 2250:The pairs of species of moa described as 2234:), which were retained in their muscular 931:Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa ( 9956:Species made extinct by human activities 8522: 6644:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 5970: 5789: 5626: 5221: 5101:, February 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 5061:, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4677: 4657: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3340: 3204: 3202: 3019: 2953: 2793: 2692: 2658: 2628: 2585: 2540:Some authors have speculated that a few 2482: 2154: 2102: 2098: 2029: 1899: 926: 915: 794: 763:can be gained from fossil evidence. The 707: 28: 6379: 6340: 6089: 5948:"Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay" 5647: 5500: 5434: 5402: 4947:Hutton, F.W. & Coughtrey, M. (1875) 4934: 4932: 4759: 4736: 4730: 4454: 4452: 4334: 2545:now-lost ritual among South Islanders. 896:The earliest moa remains come from the 640:. Estimates of the moa population when 9971:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 9908: 6746: 6634: 6317: 6074: 5546: 5475: 5415: 5324: 5299: 5135:, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 5118:, 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4950: 4609: 3657: 3627: 3613: 3397: 748:depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely 9777: 9776: 8496: 7916: 7829: 7334: 7333: 6918: 6759: 6720: 5945: 5617: 5327:A history of the birds of New Zealand 5152:from the original on 1 February 2020. 5070: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4242:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3641: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3199: 2701:Bones are commonly found in caves or 1072:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 1028:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 9880:a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104 8464: 6657: 6248: 6223: 6115:Stephenson, Brent (5 January 2009). 6013: 5992: 5827:Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1874). 5689: 5567: 5073:"Moa genes could rise from the dead" 4929: 4880: 4497: 4449: 4093: 3730: 3241: 3239: 2984: 2581: 2451: 1965:fauna' might include the widespread 647:Moa are traditionally placed in the 94: 60: 8172:Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World 6136:Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.; 5503:"A partially mummified skeleton of 4888:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 3024:Harder's illustration of a moa hunt 542: 187: 176: 162: 145: 138: 127: 113: 101: 13: 5418:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 4812: 4594:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00213.x 4306:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton Pub. 4292: 3417:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3410: 3374: 2833:Dried muscle on bones of a female 2663:An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894 2056:had made a land bridge across the 857:being evident in several species. 291: 289:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024 148:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024 104:Revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2024 49: 9987: 9931:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 8256:Monsters and Mysteries in America 7942: 6919: 6684: 5300:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 4893:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3236: 3109:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2166:Their diet has been deduced from 2139:(1911) (see photograph to left), 906: 821:, which can fly. Previously, the 180: 9667:North Island little spotted kiwi 8904: 8474: 8473: 8463: 7897: 7896: 7812: 7806: 7315: 6600: 6551: 6502: 6459: 6410: 6371: 6284: 6238:Records of the Canterbury Museum 6066: 5829:"Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave" 5781: 5609: 5538: 5405:Records of the Canterbury Museum 5129:Expert supports Moa revival idea 4549:A Concise History of New Zealand 4137: 3926:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546 3914:Records of the Australian Museum 3802: 3752:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1535 3740:Records of the Australian Museum 3605: 3061: 3047: 2896:The complete feathered leg of a 2436: 2421: 2409: 2293:). However, DNA showed that all 1479: 1454: 1410: 1384: 1332: 1309: 1270: 1235: 416: 327: 8270:Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science 8263:On the Track of Unknown Animals 8214:Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files 5673:On the Track of Unknown Animals 5156: 5138: 5121: 5104: 5087: 5064: 5047: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4941: 4908: 4899: 4865: 4832: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4753: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4671: 4643: 4625: 4600: 4565: 4540: 4498:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021). 4491: 4482: 4461: 4440: 4371: 4328: 4283: 4260: 4229: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4087: 4048: 4006: 3939: 3878: 3869: 3810: 3765: 3724: 3578:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3423: 3404: 3352: 3291: 3278:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025 2428:An egg and embryo fragments of 2245: 2038: 1895: 9618:North Island stout-legged wren 9613:South Island stout-legged wren 6453:10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222 5946:Laing, Doug (5 January 2008). 5762:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5532:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481 5234:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 5197: 5180: 4843:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton. 3777:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3211: 3152: 3131: 2859:An articulated foot of a male 2705:(the Māori word for doline or 703: 675:, and were hunted only by the 1: 6594:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514 6545:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494 6497:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474 6405:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575 6366:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573 5775:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107 5734:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250 5214: 4749:(1). Center for Inquiry: 8–9. 4685:. Cambridge University Press. 4547:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012). 2478: 2466:or Kōwai forest ecosystem in 1994:), and some sites around the 1934:(South Island giant moa), and 879:(Archey) is synonymised with 287: 243: 231: 9936:Extinct birds of New Zealand 5478:"Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters" 4760:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4737:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4633:"Alice McKenzie and the Moa" 4606:Holdaway & Jacomb (2000) 3789:10.1080/03014223.2012.665060 3401:Worthy & Holdaway (2002) 3124: 2964:foot, Natural History Museum 2776:Auckland War Memorial Museum 1912:, both from the South Island 1161: 682: 636:), was around the size of a 18:Browse history interactively 7: 9961:Animals with only two limbs 9946:Bird extinctions since 1500 6236:(Aves: Dinornithiformes)". 6020:. London: John van Voorst. 5482:New Zealand Skeptics Online 5099:New Zealand Science Monthly 4977:Vickers-Rich, et al. (1995) 4073:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 4034:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3638:Huynen, L.J., et al. (2003) 3469:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3040: 2904:in 1894 (currently held by 2878:in 1878 (currently held by 2837:found at Tiger Hill in the 2717:areas of northwest Nelson, 2285:), North Island giant moa ( 2189:was analogous to a pair of 2143:(1939), and under water in 1148:(South Island, New Zealand) 1114:(South Island, New Zealand) 1104:(North Island, New Zealand) 1094:(South Island, New Zealand) 1050:(South Island, New Zealand) 992:(South Island, New Zealand) 982:(North Island, New Zealand) 911: 10: 9992: 9738:New Zealand owlet-nightjar 8812:South Island oystercatcher 8277:Strange Abominable Snowmen 8111:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans 7830: 6658:Yong, Ed (10 March 2010). 6090:Purcell, Rosamond (1999). 4839:Berentson, Quinn. (2012). 4504:Palaeontologia Electronica 3431:"Te Manunui Rock Art Site" 3257:Quaternary Science Reviews 2997:as leading candidates for 2633:Owen's first bone fragment 2268:Pachyornis septentrionalis 2107:Preserved footprints of a 791:Evolutionary relationships 600:) are an extinct group of 295: 178: 132:→‎Distribution and habitat 129: 9966:Miocene first appearances 9785: 9579:Auckland Island merganser 9508: 9388: 9262: 9037: 8913: 8902: 8530: 8458: 8412: 8321: 8154: 7971: 7950: 7892: 7838: 7825: 7803: 7756: 7737: 7728: 7698: 7668: 7659: 7600: 7566: 7528: 7519: 7474: 7452: 7440: 7386: 7355: 7346: 7342: 7329: 7312: 7278: 7233: 7188: 7157: 7125: 7072: 7053: 7042: 6987: 6946: 6942: 6927: 6914: 6874: 6856: 6847: 6829: 6820: 6802: 6789: 6755: 6618:The Lost World of the Moa 6271:10.1080/03014220809510550 6096:. Mariner Books. p. 5595:10.1080/03014220709510542 4905:Wood, J.R., et al. (2008) 4302:Gibbs, George W. (2006). 3016:In literature and culture 2790:Feathers and soft tissues 2624:Royal College of Surgeons 1832: 1814: 1807: 1789: 1782: 1746: 1728: 1721: 1703: 1696: 1683: 1637: 1619: 1612: 1599: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1549: 1469: 1444: 1437: 1399: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1324: 1299: 1292: 1285: 1260: 1253: 1225: 1218: 951:(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901 570: 563: 556: 549: 539: 534: 515: 508: 413:Scientific classification 411: 403: 394: 307: 198: 195: 144: 100: 9921:Extinct flightless birds 9591:Chatham Island merganser 9158:Northern royal albatross 9146:New Zealand storm petrel 5505:Anomalopteryx didiformis 5457:Dieffenbach, E. (1843). 5306:Project: The Taxonomicon 5173: 4695:Purcell, Rosamond (1999) 3654:Bunce, M., et al. (2003) 3159:Brodkob, Pierce (1963). 3149:Stephenson, Brent (2009) 2944:Anomalopteryx didiformis 2474:Relationship with humans 2224:Pseudopanax crassifolius 2069:Anomalopteryx didiformis 2065:Dinornis novaezealandiae 2050:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1928:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1926:) forests that included 1888:Distribution and habitat 1794:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1026:Anomalopteryx didiformis 980:Dinornis novaezealandiae 921:Anomalopteryx didiformis 727:Anomalopteryx didiformis 715:Dinornis novaezealandiae 634:Anomalopteryx didiformis 521:Dinornis novaezealandiae 9211:South Island saddleback 9199:North Island saddleback 9175:Orange-fronted parakeet 8947:North Island brown kiwi 8445:Young Earth creationism 8001:David Hatcher Childress 6712:3D model of a moa skull 6696:TerraNature page on Moa 6234:Pachyornis elephantopus 5971:Millener, P.R. (1982). 5871:10.1073/pnas.0914096107 5618:Gould, Charles (1886). 5476:Dutton, Dennis (1994). 5274:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 5095:Life in the Old Moa Yet 4289:Horrocks, et al. (2004) 3981:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3844:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 3699:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3526:10.1126/science.1251981 3413:"Cave drawing of a moa" 3349:Phillips, et al. (2010) 3208:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003) 2887:Pachyornis elephantopus 2307:D. novaezealandiae 2287:D. novaezealandiae 2180:stable isotope analysis 2150: 1943:Pachyornis elephantopus 1910:Pachyornis elephantopus 1092:Pachyornis elephantopus 962:Owen 1843 (giant moa) 933:Pachyornis elephantopus 625:Dinornis novaezelandiae 99: 9759: 9742: 9730: 9713: 9701: 9659: 9637: 9600: 9583: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9497: 9485: 9463: 9426: 9404: 9377: 9365: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9307: 9290: 9278: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9215: 9203: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9150: 9138: 9126: 9122:New Zealand fairy tern 9089: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9026: 9009: 8987: 8975: 8963: 8951: 8939: 8927: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8853:Variable oystercatcher 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8780: 8768: 8751: 8739: 8717: 8705: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8616: 8604: 8592: 8580: 8568: 8556: 8544: 8404:George Gaylord Simpson 6212:: 1–26. Archived from 6193:; Yaldwyn, JC (1995). 6014:Owen, Richard (1879). 5648:Hartree, W.H. (1999). 5622:. W.H. Allen & Co. 5501:Forrest, R.M. (1987). 5459:Travels in New Zealand 5162:Curnow, Allen (1944). 5023:10.1098/rspb.2009.0755 4803:Dieffenbach, E. (1843) 4266:Burrows, et al. (1981) 4236:Teviotdale D. (1932). 4160:Worthy, Trevor (1998)b 4151:Worthy, Trevor (1998)a 4113:10.3390/biology2010419 3025: 2965: 2880:Natural History Museum 2803: 2698: 2664: 2654:Natural History Museum 2634: 2599: 2488: 2460:period suggests a low 2163: 2112: 2035: 2008:on the west coast and 1913: 986:South Island giant moa 976:North Island giant moa 936: 924: 814: 813:(r), each with its egg 736: 405:North Island giant moa 293:Extinct order of birds 9888:Paleobiology Database 9750:New Zealand musk duck 9697:Scarlett's shearwater 9574:South Island adzebill 9569:North Island adzebill 9459:Erect-crested penguin 9303:Chatham oystercatcher 9134:New Zealand king shag 8776:New Zealand rock wren 8284:The Hunt for the Buru 6075:Polack, J.S. (1838). 6052:10.1093/sysbio/syp079 5993:OSNZ (January 2009). 5627:Hamilton, A. (1894). 5325:Buller, W.L. (1888). 4986:Worthy, Trevor (1989) 4883:"Roger Shepherd Duff" 3884:Worthy, et al. (1988) 3591:10.1093/molbev/msu153 3023: 2957: 2937:Museum of New Zealand 2917:Museum of New Zealand 2870:The type specimen of 2797: 2696: 2662: 2632: 2589: 2486: 2158: 2106: 2099:Behaviour and ecology 2081:Pachyornis geranoides 2063:In the North Island, 2033: 1903: 1102:Pachyornis geranoides 930: 919: 798: 711: 9951:Holocene extinctions 9400:Antipodean albatross 9390:Subantarctic islands 8713:New Zealand dotterel 8612:Double-banded plover 8524:Birds of New Zealand 8435:Hypothetical species 8305:The Secret Saturdays 6670:on 22 September 2020 6299:Journal of Taphonomy 6197:Megalapteryx didinus 5631:Megalapteryx didinus 5240:(Supplement): 39–44. 4995:Forrest, R.M. (1987) 4713:Heuvelmans, B (1959) 4622:Fuller, Errol (1987) 4216:W & T Avery Ltd. 3624:Turvey et al. (2005) 3435:Heritage New Zealand 3248:Wilmshurst, Janet M. 3223:nzbirdsonline.org.nz 2891:Cambridge University 2872:Megalapteryx didinus 2818:) preserved through 2800:Megalapteryx didinus 2736:and concentrate in ' 2542:Megalapteryx didinus 2377:Megalapteryx didinus 2309:) and South Island ( 2297:were males, and all 2295:D. struthioides 2291:D. struthioides 2289:), and slender moa ( 2002:Megalapteryx didinus 1976:Pachyornis australis 1945:(heavy-footed moa), 1576:Megalapteryx didinus 1179:and the other taxa. 1146:Megalapteryx didinus 1112:Pachyornis australis 877:Megalapteryx benhami 673:arrival of the Māori 655:, once considered a 298:Moa (disambiguation) 9709:North Island takahē 9584:rakiraki maungahuka 9530:New Zealand bittern 9518:South Island piopio 9471:Reischek's parakeet 9117:South Island kōkako 9112:North Island kōkako 9000:South Island takahē 8983:Yellow-eyed penguin 8971:Southern brown kiwi 8935:Little spotted kiwi 8369:Sherrie Lynne Lyons 8334:Robert Todd Carroll 8071:Aleksandr Kondratov 8046:John Willison Green 6585:1996JRSNZ..26..275W 6536:1995JRSNZ..25..333W 6489:1994JRSNZ..24..297W 6444:1993JRSNZ..23..147W 6397:1998JRSNZ..28..537W 6358:1998JRSNZ..28..421W 6263:2008JRSNZ..38..115W 6166:10.1038/nature03635 6158:2005Natur.435..940T 5923:10.1038/nature01838 5915:2003Natur.425..175H 5862:2010PNAS..10716201H 5856:(30): 16201–16206. 5804:2004EmuAO.104..149H 5726:2000Sci...287.2250H 5720:(5461): 2250–2254. 5586:2007JRSNZ..37..139G 5568:Gill, B.J. (2007). 5523:1987JRSNZ..17..399F 5398:on 28 January 2019. 5373:10.1038/nature01871 5365:2003Natur.425..172B 5265:2005PNAS..102.8257B 5205:Saint Bathans Fauna 5164:Sailing or Drowning 5017:(1672): 3395–3402. 4968:Hamilton, A. (1894) 4959:Buller, W.L. (1888) 4785:Polack, J.S. (1838) 4586:1993Ecogr..16..229M 4436:on 28 January 2019. 4411:10.1038/nature01871 4403:2003Natur.425..172B 4349:1979Natur.281..103S 4206:Buick L.T. (1937). 3972:2009PNAS..10620646B 3966:(49): 20646–20651. 3835:2005PNAS..102.8257B 3731:Gill, B.J. (2010). 3690:2009PNAS..10620646B 3684:(49): 20646–20651. 3518:2014Sci...344..898M 3316:2020Ecogr..43..353L 3270:2014QSRv..105..126P 3250:(1 December 2014). 2931:found in a cave on 2927:A complete foot of 2463:Sophora microphylla 2379:) were blue-green. 2218:Pennantia corymbosa 1992:Honeycomb Hill Cave 1990:districts (such as 901:Saint Bathans Fauna 558:6 genera, 9 species 9677:South Island snipe 9672:North Island snipe 9493:Subantarctic snipe 9444:Campbell albatross 9434:Antipodes parakeet 9378:kawau o rangihaute 9049:Black-fronted tern 8923:Great spotted kiwi 8865:White-fronted tern 8730:North Island robin 8725:South Island robin 8684:Long-tailed cuckoo 8624:New Zealand falcon 8056:Bernard Heuvelmans 8011:William R. Corliss 6039:Systematic Biology 5669:Bernard Heuvelmans 4766:Skeptical Inquirer 4727:Laing, Doug (2008) 3950:; Phillips, M.J.; 3901:Tennyson, A.J.D.; 3668:; Phillips, M.J.; 3325:10.1111/ecog.04917 3069:New Zealand portal 3026: 2966: 2804: 2699: 2665: 2652:In July 2004, the 2635: 2600: 2489: 2443:Restoration of an 2252:Euryapteryx curtus 2170:contents of their 2164: 2160:D. novaezealandiae 2113: 2109:D. novaezealandiae 2073:Euryapteryx gravis 2046:Euryapteryx gravis 2036: 1947:Euryapteryx gravis 1914: 1837:Euryapteryx curtus 1642:D. novaezealandiae 1547:†Dinornithiformes 1184:Oligocene Drowning 1070:Euryapteryx curtus 937: 925: 890:Pachyornis mappini 866:Euryapteryx curtus 815: 799:A comparison of a 737: 612:, there were nine 226:===North Island=== 219:===North Island=== 160: 111: 9976:Notopalaeognathae 9903: 9902: 9779:Taxon identifiers 9770: 9769: 9721:New Zealand goose 9542:New Zealand quail 9286:Chatham albatross 9005:Fiordland penguin 8747:Paradise shelduck 8735:New Zealand scaup 8672:Sacred kingfisher 8660:Grey-faced petrel 8552:Black-billed gull 8490: 8489: 8425:Fearsome critters 8193:Destination Truth 8165:Animalia Paradoxa 8126:Ivan T. Sanderson 8091:Vladimir Markotic 8051:Richard Greenwell 7986:Jon-Erik Beckjord 7910: 7909: 7888: 7887: 7821: 7820: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7655: 7654: 7515: 7514: 7436: 7435: 7360:Opisthodactylidae 7336:Notopalaeognathae 7325: 7324: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7284:Notopalaeognathae 7274: 7273: 7038: 7037: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6664:Discover Magazine 6640:"A moa sighting?" 6627:978-0-253-34034-4 6614:Holdaway, Richard 6565:Holdaway, Richard 6516:Holdaway, Richard 6473:Holdaway, Richard 6424:Holdaway, Richard 6226:Dinornis robustus 6152:(7044): 940–943. 6138:Holdaway, Richard 6107:978-0-395-89228-2 6093:Swift as a Shadow 5909:(6954): 175–178. 5750:Holdaway, Richard 5708:Holdaway, Richard 5690:Hill, H. (1913). 5620:Mythical Monsters 5560:978-0-8160-1833-8 5468:978-1-113-50843-0 5449:978-0-618-00583-3 5427:978-0-7876-5784-0 5359:(6954): 172–175. 5329:. London: Buller. 5259:(23): 8257–8262. 5148:. 25 April 2011. 5071:Young, E (1997). 4881:Davidson, Janet. 4637:Radio New Zealand 4467:Gill, B.J. (2007) 4458:Wood, J.R. (2008) 4397:(6954): 172–175. 4343:(5727): 103–104. 4094:Yuri, T. (2013). 4061:Annals of Anatomy 4022:Annals of Anatomy 3952:Holdaway, Richard 3935:on 11 April 2019. 3829:(23): 8257–8262. 3761:on 11 April 2019. 3670:Holdaway, Richard 3512:(6186): 898–900. 3137:Brands, S. (2008) 2985:Potential revival 2885:The lower leg of 2848:Several bones of 2839:Manuherikia River 2835:Dinornis robustus 2769:Canterbury Museum 2582:Surviving remains 2452:Pre-human forests 1955:Dinornis robustus 1932:Dinornis robustus 1906:Dinornis robustus 1904:A restoration of 1884: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1587: 1586: 1562:Megalapterygidae 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1423: 1422: 1403:Aepyornithiformes 1346: 1345: 1250:Notopalaeognathae 1007: 990:Dinornis robustus 952: 855:sexual dimorphism 825:, the Australian 733:Dinornis robustus 619:Dinornis robustus 588: 587: 582: 576: 504: 483:Notopalaeognathae 286: 146: 102: 82: 39: 9983: 9896: 9895: 9883: 9882: 9873: 9872: 9860: 9859: 9847: 9846: 9834: 9833: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9817:Dinornithiformes 9806: 9805: 9804: 9787:Dinornithiformes 9774: 9773: 9762: 9755:New Zealand swan 9745: 9733: 9716: 9704: 9662: 9640: 9608:Long-billed wren 9603: 9586: 9549: 9537: 9525: 9500: 9488: 9466: 9429: 9407: 9380: 9368: 9351: 9339: 9327: 9315:Chatham parakeet 9310: 9298:Chatham gerygone 9293: 9281: 9254: 9242: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9153: 9141: 9129: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9029: 9012: 8990: 8978: 8966: 8954: 8942: 8930: 8908: 8896: 8884: 8872: 8860: 8843: 8831: 8819: 8807: 8795: 8783: 8771: 8754: 8742: 8720: 8708: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8655: 8643: 8631: 8619: 8607: 8595: 8588:Buff-banded rail 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8494: 8493: 8477: 8476: 8467: 8466: 8430:Folklore studies 8389:Benjamin Radford 8339:Steuart Campbell 8207:Extinct or Alive 8146:Odette Tchernine 8141:Roderick Sprague 7991:John Bindernagel 7973:Cryptozoologists 7963:List of cryptids 7937: 7930: 7923: 7914: 7913: 7900: 7899: 7851:Incognitoolithus 7827: 7826: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7781: 7743: 7735: 7734: 7701: 7686: 7666: 7665: 7554: 7544: 7534: 7526: 7525: 7450: 7449: 7445:Dinornithiformes 7443: 7417: 7407: 7397: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7344: 7343: 7331: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7280: 7279: 7254: 7244: 7191: 7160: 7128: 7075: 7059: 7051: 7050: 7045:Struthioniformes 6990: 6974: 6963: 6952: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6915: 6854: 6853: 6827: 6826: 6800: 6799: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6757: 6756: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6717: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6666:. Archived from 6654: 6652: 6650: 6631: 6605: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6556: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6507: 6506: 6500: 6464: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6337: 6327: 6314: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6245: 6220: 6218: 6203: 6185: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6123:on 25 April 2015 6111: 6086: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6029: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6001:on 25 April 2015 5989: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5952:Hawkes Bay Today 5942: 5893: 5883: 5873: 5840: 5823: 5786: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5745: 5703: 5686: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5607: 5597: 5564: 5543: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5472: 5453: 5436:Dawkins, Richard 5431: 5412: 5399: 5397: 5391:. Archived from 5348: 5334:Bunce, Michael; 5330: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5308:. Archived from 5296: 5286: 5276: 5241: 5231: 5223:Anderson, Atholl 5208: 5201: 5195: 5184: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5127:Tohill, M.-J., " 5125: 5119: 5108: 5102: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4916:"Digitising moa" 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4743:Skeptical Briefs 4734: 4728: 4725: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4704:Gould, C. (1886) 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4679:Anderson, Atholl 4675: 4669: 4666: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4519: 4495: 4489: 4488:Yong, Ed. (2010) 4486: 4480: 4477: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4429:. Archived from 4388: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4357:10.1038/281103b0 4332: 4326: 4325: 4299: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4125: 4115: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4019: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3983: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3928:. Archived from 3911: 3898: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3846: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3754:. Archived from 3737: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3701: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3639: 3636: 3625: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3593: 3584:(7): 1686–1696. 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3554:. Archived from 3537: 3503: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3454: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3327: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3114:Island gigantism 3071: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3050: 2843:Yorkshire Museum 2572:pseudoscientific 2568:Cryptozoologists 2497:carbon-14 dating 2440: 2425: 2413: 2315:D. robustus 2311:D. robustus 2299:D. robustus 2283:D. robustus 2205:ecological niche 2141:Rangitīkei River 2137:Palmerston North 2115:About eight moa 1810: 1809: 1785: 1784: 1724: 1723: 1699: 1698: 1686: 1685: 1615: 1614: 1602: 1601: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1543: 1483: 1458: 1440: 1439: 1414: 1388: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1337: 1336: 1328:Dinornithiformes 1313: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1274: 1256: 1255: 1239: 1228:Struthioniformes 1221: 1220: 1211: 1210: 1124:Megalapterygidae 1088:Heavy-footed moa 1066:Broad-billed moa 1006:(Bonaparte 1854) 1005: 950: 948:Dinornithiformes 694:William Williams 606:Late Pleistocene 602:flightless birds 598:Dinornithiformes 580: 574: 518: 499: 496:Dinornithiformes 494: 421: 420: 399: 389: 326: 311:Temporal range: 305: 304: 185: 184: 183: 174: 159: 154: 136: 135: 134: 125: 110: 83: 74: 73: 71: 66: 64: 56: 53: 32: 31: 21: 19: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9891: 9886: 9878: 9876: 9868: 9863: 9855: 9850: 9842: 9837: 9829: 9824: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9781: 9771: 9766: 9650:Waitaha penguin 9645:Chatham penguin 9510: 9504: 9392: 9384: 9266: 9264:Chatham Islands 9258: 9187:Red-billed gull 9180:kākāriki karaka 9041: 9039: 9033: 8915: 8909: 8900: 8532: 8526: 8521: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8454: 8408: 8399:Michael Shermer 8384:Donald Prothero 8329:Joshua Blu Buhs 8317: 8298:The X Creatures 8228:In Search of... 8156: 8150: 8096:Jeffrey Meldrum 8031:Richard Freeman 7967: 7946: 7941: 7911: 7906: 7884: 7834: 7817: 7805: 7789: 7752: 7724: 7694: 7651: 7596: 7562: 7511: 7470: 7432: 7382: 7377:Opisthodactylus 7338: 7321: 7314: 7298: 7270: 7229: 7193:Ergilornithidae 7184: 7153: 7147:Galligeranoides 7121: 7109:Palaeophasianus 7094:Galligeranoides 7068: 7047: 7034: 7029:Pseudocrypturus 6983: 6936: 6923: 6890: 6870: 6843: 6816: 6810:Avemetatarsalia 6795:Avemetatarsalia 6785: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6745: 6687: 6682: 6673: 6671: 6648: 6646: 6628: 6599: 6550: 6501: 6458: 6409: 6370: 6325: 6283: 6219:on 22 May 2010. 6216: 6201: 6126: 6124: 6108: 6065: 6004: 6002: 5975: 5961: 5959: 5958:on 24 July 2011 5812:10.1071/MU03019 5780: 5683: 5652: 5608: 5561: 5537: 5507:from Southland" 5491: 5489: 5488:on 8 March 2016 5469: 5450: 5428: 5395: 5346: 5315: 5313: 5312:on 7 March 2009 5229: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5126: 5122: 5109: 5105: 5092: 5088: 5069: 5065: 5052: 5048: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938:Owen, R. (1879) 4937: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4851: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794:Hill, H. (1913) 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4758: 4754: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4668:Anderson (1989) 4667: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4545: 4541: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4386: 4376: 4372: 4333: 4329: 4314: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4092: 4088: 4053: 4049: 4017: 4011: 4007: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3909: 3899: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3642: 3637: 3628: 3623: 3614: 3604: 3570: 3566: 3561:on 30 May 2019. 3558: 3501: 3491: 3484: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3244: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3029:Heinrich Harder 3018: 2987: 2792: 2645:, and named it 2584: 2508:Nelson Examiner 2481: 2476: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2414: 2272:P. mappini 2264:E. crassus 2248: 2203:Moa filled the 2153: 2101: 2041: 2018:Otago Peninsula 1930:(bush moa) and 1898: 1890: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1772: 1763: 1733:P. elephantopus 1672: 1663: 1654: 1597:†Dinornithidae 1588: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1424: 1347: 1331: 1164: 914: 909: 881:M. didinus 847:Bergmann’s rule 793: 706: 698:William Colenso 685: 530: 524: 498: 492: 415: 390: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 322:17–0.0006 321: 320: 309: 301: 294: 283: 275: 265: 260: 253: 250: 241: 238: 227: 220: 211: 206: 191: 186: 179: 177: 175: 168: 166: 161: 155: 150: 142: 140:← Previous edit 137: 130: 128: 126: 119: 117: 112: 106: 98: 97: 96: 95: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 88: 79: 75: 69: 67: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52:Content deleted 51: 48: 43:← Previous edit 40: 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9989: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9884: 9874: 9861: 9848: 9835: 9822: 9807: 9791: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9752: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9718: 9706: 9694: 9692:Imber's petrel 9689: 9684: 9682:Forbes's snipe 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9655:Eyles' harrier 9652: 9647: 9642: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9593: 9588: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9539: 9527: 9514: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9490: 9481:Snares penguin 9478: 9473: 9468: 9464:tawaki nana hī 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9396: 9394: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9370: 9361:Magenta petrel 9358: 9353: 9341: 9332:Chatham pigeon 9329: 9320:Chatham petrel 9317: 9312: 9300: 9295: 9283: 9270: 9268: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9244: 9232: 9220: 9208: 9196: 9184: 9172: 9160: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9045: 9043: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9019: 9014: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8980: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8919: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8862: 8850: 8845: 8833: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8788:Shining cuckoo 8785: 8773: 8761: 8756: 8744: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8710: 8698: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8549: 8536: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8354:Sharon A. Hill 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8200:Exotic Zoology 8196: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Boris Porshnev 8118: 8116:David Paulides 8113: 8108: 8106:Michael Newton 8103: 8101:John R. Napier 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8016:Peter Costello 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7996:Peter C. Byrne 7993: 7988: 7983: 7981:Henry H. Bauer 7977: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7917: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7738: 7732: 7730:Casuariiformes 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7715: 7707: 7705: 7703:Aepyornithidae 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7674: 7672: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7540: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7413: 7403: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7364: 7362: 7350: 7340: 7339: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7250: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7217:Sinoergilornis 7213: 7206: 7198: 7196: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7165: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7133: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7054: 7048: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6994: 6992:Lithornithidae 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6970: 6959: 6947: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6924: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6803: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6685:External links 6683: 6681: 6680: 6655: 6638:(March 2009). 6636:Worthy, Trevor 6632: 6626: 6610:Worthy, Trevor 6606: 6579:(3): 275–361. 6561:Worthy, Trevor 6557: 6530:(3): 333–370. 6512:Worthy, Trevor 6508: 6483:(3): 297–391. 6469:Worthy, Trevor 6465: 6438:(3): 147–254. 6420:Worthy, Trevor 6416: 6391:(4): 537–589. 6381:Worthy, Trevor 6377: 6352:(3): 421–521. 6342:Worthy, Trevor 6338: 6319:Worthy, Trevor 6315: 6295:Worthy, Trevor 6290: 6257:(3): 115–129. 6246: 6221: 6191:Worthy, Trevor 6186: 6133: 6112: 6106: 6087: 6072: 6030: 6011: 5990: 5968: 5943: 5894: 5841: 5824: 5798:(2): 149–156. 5787: 5754:Worthy, Trevor 5746: 5704: 5687: 5682:978-0710304988 5681: 5665: 5645: 5624: 5615: 5580:(4): 139–150. 5565: 5559: 5544: 5517:(4): 399–408. 5498: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5432: 5426: 5413: 5400: 5336:Worthy, Trevor 5331: 5322: 5297: 5242: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5196: 5192:Māori language 5178: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5155: 5137: 5120: 5103: 5086: 5063: 5053:Le Roux, M., " 5046: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4949: 4940: 4928: 4907: 4898: 4873: 4864: 4850:978-1877517846 4849: 4831: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4752: 4729: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4670: 4656: 4642: 4624: 4608: 4599: 4580:(3): 229–250. 4564: 4558:978-1107402171 4557: 4539: 4490: 4481: 4469: 4460: 4448: 4446:Hartree (1999) 4439: 4380:Worthy, Trevor 4370: 4327: 4313:978-1877333484 4312: 4291: 4282: 4268: 4259: 4228: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4106:(1): 419–444. 4086: 4047: 4005: 3948:Worthy, Trevor 3938: 3903:Worthy, Trevor 3886: 3877: 3868: 3809: 3773:Worthy, Trevor 3764: 3723: 3666:Worthy, Trevor 3656: 3640: 3626: 3612: 3564: 3495:Worthy, Trevor 3482: 3440: 3422: 3411:Schoon, Theo. 3403: 3373: 3351: 3339: 3310:(3): 353–364. 3290: 3235: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3151: 3139: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3100: 3099: 3088:Elephant birds 3085: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3058: 3042: 3039: 3017: 3014: 3010:Trevor Mallard 2986: 2983: 2952: 2951: 2942:A skeleton of 2940: 2921: 2920: 2911:The head of a 2909: 2894: 2883: 2868: 2857: 2846: 2791: 2788: 2761:Pyramid Valley 2598:skeleton, 1879 2583: 2580: 2556:South Westland 2526:Alice McKenzie 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2408: 2368:archaeological 2260:Emeus huttonii 2256:E. exilis 2247: 2244: 2152: 2149: 2129:Manawatū River 2123:Creek (1872), 2100: 2097: 2093:E. curtus 2089:E. gravis 2077:E. curtus 2040: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1999: 1959: 1958: 1941:that included 1935: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1434:Casuariiformes 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1377:Apterygiformes 1373: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1209: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1105: 1095: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1031: 1030: 1029: 997: 996: 995: 994: 993: 983: 913: 910: 908: 907:Classification 905: 792: 789: 705: 702: 684: 681: 586: 585: 584: 583: 577: 568: 567: 561: 560: 554: 553: 547: 546: 537: 536: 532: 531: 525: 513: 512: 506: 505: 490: 486: 485: 480: 473: 472: 467: 463: 462: 457: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 422: 409: 408: 401: 400: 392: 391: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 310: 292: 290: 285: 284: 280: 278: 276: 272: 270: 267: 266: 263: 261: 258: 255: 254: 248: 246: 244: 242: 236: 234: 232: 229: 228: 225: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 209: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 181:→‎North Island 165:61.238.199.128 164: 143: 116:61.238.199.128 115: 84: 78: 76: 58: 50: 41: 38: 37: 35: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9988: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9916:Dinornithidae 9914: 9913: 9911: 9894: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9812: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9761: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9727: 9726:Finsch's duck 9724: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Haast's eagle 9557: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9507: 9499: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454:Campbell teal 9452: 9450: 9449:Campbell shag 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9427:tētē kākāriki 9423: 9422:Auckland teal 9420: 9418: 9417:Auckland shag 9415: 9413: 9412:Auckland rail 9410: 9406: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9379: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9356:Chatham snipe 9354: 9350: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9292: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9040:endemic birds 9036: 9028: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8940:kiwi pukupuku 8936: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8912: 8907: 8895: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8793:pīpīwharauroa 8789: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8601: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8564:Brown creeper 8562: 8558: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8480: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440:Pseudoscience 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:Daniel Loxton 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8349:Brian Dunning 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8312:Weird Travels 8309: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8186:Beast Legends 8183: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8136:Gardner Soule 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8076:Grover Krantz 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8036:Charles Gould 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026:Richard Ellis 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:Loren Coleman 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Cryptozoology 7956: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7944:Cryptozoology 7938: 7933: 7931: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7903: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7815: 7809: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7747: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7547:Querandiornis 7541: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7485:Anomalopteryx 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7439: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257:Pachystruthio 7251: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7235:Struthionidae 7232: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7203:Amphipelargus 7200: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130:Palaeotididae 7124: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7063: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7022:Paracathartes 7019: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934:Palaeognathae 6930: 6926: 6922: 6921:Palaeognathae 6917: 6913: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6876:Palaeognathae 6873: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6230:Emeus crassus 6227: 6222: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6045:(1): 90–107. 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5988:(1): 165–170. 5987: 5983: 5982: 5974: 5969: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5663:(4): 457–460. 5662: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5550:Extinct Birds 5545: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5077:New Scientist 5074: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4820: 4819:teara.govt.nz 4816: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4517:10.26879/1169 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4443: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4263: 4248:(162): 81–120 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4140: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3881: 3875:Worthy (1987) 3872: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783:(2): 87–153. 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3361: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3090:, flightless 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3056: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999:de-extinction 2996: 2992: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2975:Darwin’s rhea 2972: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2902:Old Man Range 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850:Emeus crassus 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827:Central Otago 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2748:, Otago, and 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2521:Otago Witness 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493:Haast's eagle 2485: 2471: 2469: 2468:Central Otago 2465: 2464: 2459: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2430:Emeus crassus 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Central Otago 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111:found in 1911 2110: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:P. geranoides 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2032: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Central Otago 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1951:Emeus crassus 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Southern Alps 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819:Emeus crassus 1812: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751:P. geranoides 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1407:elephant bird 1404: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1215:Palaeognathae 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:Southern Alps 1193: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1159: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098:Mantell's moa 1096: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1048:Emeus crassus 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015:Anomalopteryx 1010: 1009: 1008:(lesser moa) 1004: 1003: 998: 991: 987: 984: 981: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 970: 964: 963: 961: 960: 959:Dinornithidae 955: 954: 949: 946: 942: 941: 940: 934: 929: 922: 918: 904: 902: 899: 894: 892: 891: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 862: 861: 856: 853:) as well as 852: 848: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 812: 811: 806: 802: 797: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 734: 729: 728: 723: 722: 721:Emeus crassus 717: 716: 710: 701: 699: 695: 690: 680: 678: 677:Haast's eagle 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626: 621: 620: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 596: 592: 578: 572: 571: 569: 566: 562: 559: 555: 552: 548: 545: 544: 538: 533: 528: 523: 522: 514: 511: 507: 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470:Palaeognathae 468: 465: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 438: 435: 434: 431: 428: 425: 424: 419: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 325: 318: 314: 306: 303: 299: 288: 279: 277: 271: 269: 268: 264: 262: 259: 257: 256: 245: 233: 230: 224: 222: 217: 215: 214: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202: 194: 190: 182: 172: 167: 158: 153: 149: 141: 133: 123: 118: 109: 105: 87: 72: 65: 55:Content added 47: 44: 36: 34: 33: 20: 9786: 9633:Laughing owl 9628:Chatham kākā 9623:Lyall's wren 9563: 9476:Snares snipe 9344:Chatham shag 9223:Shore plover 9097:Foveaux shag 9022:Blue penguin 8959:Okarito kiwi 8824:Spotted shag 8752:pūtangitangi 8648:Grey warbler 8374:Darren Naish 8344:Peter Dendle 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8249:MonsterQuest 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8179:Beast Hunter 8177: 8170: 8163: 8061:Ralph Izzard 8041:Rupert Gould 8021:Tim Dinsdale 7879:Tsondabornis 7877: 7870: 7863: 7858:Medioolithus 7856: 7849: 7844:Diamantornis 7842: 7782: 7772: 7765: 7744: 7717: 7710: 7687: 7677: 7661:Novaeratitae 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7589: 7582: 7577:Crypturellus 7575: 7557:Roveretornis 7555: 7545: 7535: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7465:Megalapteryx 7463: 7456: 7444: 7425: 7418: 7408: 7398: 7375: 7367: 7263: 7255: 7245: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7177: 7170: 7145: 7138: 7114: 7107: 7102:Geranodornis 7100: 7092: 7087:Eogeranoides 7085: 7077:Geranoididae 7060: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6975: 6964: 6953: 6672:. Retrieved 6668:the original 6663: 6647:. Retrieved 6643: 6617: 6576: 6572: 6527: 6523: 6480: 6476: 6435: 6431: 6388: 6384: 6349: 6345: 6333: 6329: 6302: 6298: 6293:Wood, J.R.; 6254: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6214:the original 6209: 6205: 6196: 6149: 6145: 6125:. Retrieved 6121:the original 6092: 6077: 6042: 6038: 6016: 6003:. Retrieved 5999:the original 5985: 5979: 5960:. Retrieved 5956:the original 5951: 5906: 5902: 5853: 5849: 5836: 5832: 5795: 5791: 5765: 5761: 5717: 5711: 5699: 5695: 5672: 5660: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5619: 5577: 5573: 5549: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5490:. Retrieved 5486:the original 5481: 5458: 5439: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5393:the original 5356: 5350: 5341: 5326: 5314:. Retrieved 5310:the original 5305: 5256: 5250: 5237: 5233: 5199: 5190:is from the 5187: 5182: 5163: 5158: 5140: 5132: 5123: 5115: 5110:O'Brien, T. 5106: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5059:Courier Mail 5058: 5049: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4943: 4919:. Retrieved 4910: 4901: 4886: 4876: 4867: 4840: 4834: 4822:. Retrieved 4818: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4769:. Retrieved 4765: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4602: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4548: 4542: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4484: 4463: 4442: 4431:the original 4394: 4390: 4373: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4303: 4285: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4245: 4241: 4231: 4211: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4067:(1): 36–51. 4064: 4060: 4050: 4028:(1): 36–51. 4025: 4021: 4008: 3963: 3959: 3941: 3930:the original 3917: 3913: 3880: 3871: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3756:the original 3743: 3739: 3726: 3681: 3677: 3659: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3556:the original 3509: 3505: 3463:(1): 36–51. 3460: 3456: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3406: 3364:. Retrieved 3360:"Story: Moa" 3354: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3281:. Retrieved 3261: 3255: 3226:. Retrieved 3222: 3213: 3177:. Retrieved 3175:(4): 180–293 3172: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3133: 3102: 3101: 3055:Birds portal 3035:Allen Curnow 3033: 3027: 3007: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2967: 2961:Megalapteryx 2959: 2958:A preserved 2943: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2906:Otago Museum 2897: 2886: 2871: 2865:Otago Museum 2861:D. giganteus 2860: 2854:Otago Museum 2849: 2834: 2805: 2799: 2780:Otago Museum 2773: 2758: 2742:midden sites 2731: 2702: 2700: 2666: 2651: 2646: 2636: 2620:Richard Owen 2611: 2601: 2595: 2592:Richard Owen 2576: 2541: 2539: 2519: 2507: 2505: 2490: 2461: 2455: 2429: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2365: 2338: 2333: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2246:Reproduction 2239: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2202: 2194: 2187:elephantopus 2183: 2165: 2159: 2114: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039:North Island 2001: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1896:South Island 1891: 1835: 1833: 1817: 1815: 1792: 1790: 1749: 1747: 1731: 1729: 1708:P. australis 1706: 1704: 1690: 1640: 1638: 1622: 1620: 1606: 1574: 1572: 1539: 1470: 1445: 1400: 1375: 1357:Novaeratitae 1327: 1325: 1302:Tinamiformes 1300: 1261: 1226: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1181: 1177:Megalapteryx 1176: 1169:Megalapteryx 1168: 1165: 1157: 1145: 1135:Megalapteryx 1133: 1132: 1122: 1111: 1101: 1091: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1057: 1056: 1047: 1035: 1034: 1025: 1013: 1012: 1000: 989: 979: 967: 966: 957: 947: 938: 932: 920: 895: 888: 880: 876: 874: 869: 865: 858: 851:Allen’s rule 835: 816: 808: 772: 768: 758: 738: 731: 725: 719: 713: 688: 686: 657:sister group 646: 633: 623: 617: 597: 590: 589: 581:Newton, 1884 573:Dinornithes 540: 519: 510:Type species 495: 476: 466:Infraclass: 302: 9811:Wikispecies 9743:ruru hinapō 9439:Bounty shag 9274:Black robin 9061:Black stilt 8894:ngutuparore 8858:tōrea pango 8769:tītipounamu 8718:tūturiwhatu 8593:moho-pererū 8394:Brian Regal 8379:Joe Nickell 8235:Is It Real? 8131:Karl Shuker 7951:Core topics 7758:Casuariidae 7746:Diogenornis 7719:Mullerornis 7670:Apterygidae 7618:Nothoprocta 7584:Nothocercus 7499:Euryapteryx 7369:Diogenornis 7247:Orientornis 6955:Asteriornis 6864:Maniraptora 6849:Maniraptora 6748:Palaeognath 6706:Moa article 6674:14 February 6649:14 February 6005:14 February 5962:14 February 5492:14 February 5133:stuff.co.nz 4510:(1): 1–41. 4378:Bunce, M.; 4280:Wood (2007) 3946:Bunce, M.; 3920:: 105–114. 3746:: 115–122. 3664:Bunce, M.; 3283:22 December 3264:: 126–135. 3196:OSNZ (2009) 3179:30 December 2874:found near 2820:desiccation 2754:Marlborough 2676:sedimentary 2626:in London. 2615:Poverty Bay 2603:Joel Polack 2401:Euryapteryx 2389:Euryapteryx 2328:and a long 2232:gastroliths 2058:Cook Strait 1967:D. robustus 1624:D. robustus 1447:Casuariidae 1108:Crested moa 1059:Euryapteryx 1044:Eastern moa 842:ancient DNA 785:guinea fowl 769:Euryapteryx 704:Description 642:Polynesians 575:Gadow, 1893 189:Next edit → 46:Next edit → 9910:Categories 9731:manutahora 9687:Snipe-rail 9601:mātuhituhi 9247:Yellowhead 9235:Stitchbird 9163:Otago shag 9151:takahikare 9038:Endangered 8914:Flightless 8829:pārekareka 8641:pīwakawaka 8576:Brown teal 8242:Lost Tapes 8221:Fortean TV 8157:television 8086:Roy Mackal 7872:Psammornis 7689:Proapteryx 7632:Rhynchotus 7602:Nothurinae 7537:Miniothura 7506:Pachyornis 7400:Heterorhea 7348:Rheiformes 7293:see below↓ 7210:Ergilornis 7008:Fissuravis 6966:Eremopezus 6885:see below↓ 6311:2440/62495 6026:2152/16251 5839:: 138–144. 5768:: 69–121. 5643:: 232–238. 5411:: 309–336. 5316:4 February 5215:References 4921:2 February 4252:3 February 4221:3 February 4219:Retrieved 3535:2328/35953 3366:15 January 3096:Madagascar 2971:M. didinus 2933:Mount Owen 2929:M. didinus 2913:M. didinus 2898:M. didinus 2876:Queenstown 2765:Roger Duff 2750:Wairau Bar 2746:Shag River 2669:Quaternary 2479:Extinction 2445:upland moa 2372:sand dunes 2370:sites and 2330:maturation 2322:K-selected 2185:Pachyornis 2176:coprolites 2168:fossilised 2145:Lake Taupō 1923:Nothofagus 1692:Pachyornis 1472:Dromaiidae 1263:Rheiformes 1142:Upland moa 1081:Pachyornis 671:until the 669:ecosystems 665:herbivores 535:Subgroups 9486:pokotiwha 9373:Pitt shag 9228:tūturuatu 9192:tarāpunga 9139:kawau tūī 9073:Blue duck 9054:tarapiroe 8882:pōpokotea 8877:Whitehead 8800:Silvereye 8359:Henry Lee 8155:Books and 8081:Willy Ley 8066:John Keel 7767:Casuarius 7712:Aepyornis 7646:Tinamotis 7639:Taoniscus 7568:Tinaminae 7521:Tinamidae 7420:Protorhea 7224:Urmiornis 7162:Eogruidae 7140:Palaeotis 7062:Remiornis 7015:Lithornis 7001:Calciavis 6977:Limenavis 6837:Theropoda 6822:Theropoda 6765:Kingdom: 6279:129645654 5186:The word 4859:819110163 4574:Ecography 4534:245807815 4526:1094-8074 3552:206555952 3419:. Te Ara. 3362:. govt.nz 3334:0906-7590 3304:Ecography 3125:Footnotes 3119:Megafauna 2734:paleosols 2711:limestone 2560:Fiordland 2530:Fiordland 2326:fecundity 2191:secateurs 2117:trackways 2006:Punakaiki 1998:district. 1963:subalpine 1451:cassowary 1232:ostriches 1201:volcanism 1189:Oligocene 1162:Phylogeny 870:E. gravis 831:cassowary 807:(c), and 754:adzebills 687:The word 683:Etymology 661:vestigial 551:Diversity 501:Bonaparte 436:Kingdom: 430:Eukaryota 407:skeleton 199:Line 172: 196:Line 172: 9796:Wikidata 9596:Bushwren 9498:tutukiwi 9127:tara-iti 9085:Fernbird 9042:(flying) 8841:miromiro 8781:pīwauwau 8764:Rifleman 8706:pīhoihoi 8653:riroriro 8629:kārearea 8617:pohowera 8600:Dabchick 8557:tarāpuka 8545:korimako 8540:Bellbird 8479:Category 8413:See also 7902:Category 7865:Namornis 7784:Emuarius 7774:Dromaius 7611:Eudromia 7458:Dinornis 7410:Hinasuri 7265:Struthio 7179:Sonogrus 7116:Paragrus 6773:Chordata 6771:Phylum: 6767:Animalia 6616:(2002). 6567:(1996). 6518:(1995). 6426:(1993). 6336:: 36–38. 6330:Notornis 6321:(1989). 6305:: 1–20. 6244:: 27–39. 6174:15959513 6140:(2005). 6061:20525622 5981:Notornis 5931:12968179 5890:20805485 5820:86345660 5756:(1997). 5742:10731144 5671:(1959). 5657:Notornis 5604:85006853 5438:(2004). 5381:12968178 5342:Dinornis 5293:15928096 5225:(1989). 5150:Archived 5041:19570784 4681:(1990). 4419:12968178 4365:33405428 4322:83611783 4132:24832669 4081:21596537 4042:21596537 4000:19923428 3863:15928096 3797:83768608 3718:19923428 3600:24825849 3544:24855267 3477:21596537 3103:General: 3082:Moa-nalo 3041:See also 2950:in 1980. 2824:semiarid 2816:feathers 2738:blowouts 2707:sinkhole 2673:Holocene 2647:Dinornis 2607:Struthio 2596:Dinornis 2564:red deer 2458:Holocene 2397:Dinornis 2385:Dinornis 2334:Dinornis 2303:Dinornis 2279:Dinornis 2240:Dinornis 2236:gizzards 2209:antelope 2196:Phormium 2172:gizzards 2135:(1896), 2131:(1895), 2127:(1887), 2121:Waikanae 2022:Karitane 2014:Kaikōura 1681:Emeidae 1608:Dinornis 1306:tinamous 1022:Bush moa 969:Dinornis 923:skeleton 912:Taxonomy 860:Dinornis 838:synonyms 819:tinamous 810:Dinornis 746:rock art 653:tinamous 630:bush moa 610:Holocene 579:Immanes 565:Synonyms 450:Chordata 446:Phylum: 440:Animalia 426:Domain: 317:Holocene 70:Wikitext 9941:Ratites 9844:4433427 9802:Q452969 9660:kērangi 9535:kaoriki 9509:Extinct 9325:ranguru 8976:tokoeka 8889:Wrybill 8740:pāpango 8689:koekoeā 8636:Fantail 8469:Commons 8450:Zoology 8420:Biology 8322:Critics 7679:Apteryx 7625:Nothura 7591:Tinamus 7476:Emeidae 7388:Rheidae 6777:Class: 6581:Bibcode 6532:Bibcode 6485:Bibcode 6440:Bibcode 6393:Bibcode 6354:Bibcode 6259:Bibcode 6182:4308841 6154:Bibcode 5939:4413995 5911:Bibcode 5881:2941315 5858:Bibcode 5800:Bibcode 5722:Bibcode 5713:Science 5582:Bibcode 5519:Bibcode 5389:1515413 5361:Bibcode 5284:1149408 5261:Bibcode 5083:(2063). 5032:2817183 4582:Bibcode 4427:1515413 4399:Bibcode 4345:Bibcode 4123:4009869 4100:Biology 3991:2791642 3968:Bibcode 3854:1149408 3831:Bibcode 3709:2791642 3686:Bibcode 3514:Bibcode 3506:Science 3312:Bibcode 3266:Bibcode 3228:24 July 3092:ratites 2948:Te Anau 2784:Dunedin 2727:Te Anau 2723:Waitomo 2719:Karamea 2643:ostrich 2551:sealers 2547:Whalers 2501:middens 2054:Ice Age 1988:Karamea 1980:middens 1173:Miocene 1121:Family 1002:Emeidae 999:Family 956:Family 898:Miocene 805:ostrich 765:trachea 614:species 489:Order: 456:Class: 313:Miocene 9877:NZOR: 9831:751501 9702:ōiruki 9638:whēkau 9547:koreke 9523:piopio 9279:karure 9168:Matapo 9090:mātātā 9027:kororā 9010:tawaki 8995:Kākāpō 8836:Tomtit 8805:tauhou 8759:Pūkeko 8696:Kererū 8677:kōtare 8605:weweia 8581:pāteke 8569:pipipi 8531:Common 7832:Ootaxa 7172:Eogrus 6750:genera 6624: 6277: 6180: 6172: 6146:Nature 6127:10 May 6104: 6085:, 307. 6059: 5937: 5929: 5903:Nature 5888: 5878: 5818: 5740: 5702:: 330. 5679: 5602: 5557: 5465: 5446: 5424: 5387: 5379: 5352:Nature 5291: 5281: 5039: 5029: 4857: 4847: 4771:12 May 4555: 4532: 4524: 4425: 4417: 4391:Nature 4363: 4337:Nature 4320: 4310: 4130: 4120: 4079: 4040: 3998: 3988: 3861: 3851: 3795: 3716: 3706: 3598: 3550: 3542: 3475: 3332: 2808:muscle 2725:, and 2715:marble 2688:swamps 2686:, and 2535:takahē 2516:Riwaka 2512:Tākaka 2391:, and 2361:pollen 2349:pumice 2266:, and 2213:llamas 2133:Marton 2125:Napier 2079:, and 2020:, and 1996:Wānaka 1984:Nelson 1953:, and 1330:(moa) 1205:et al. 1077:Genus 1055:Genus 1033:Genus 1011:Genus 965:Genus 953:(moa) 943:Order 829:, and 783:, and 781:cranes 649:ratite 638:turkey 529:, 1843 503:, 1853 81:Inline 63:Visual 9893:39294 9857:10316 9852:IRMNG 9760:poūwa 9511:birds 9405:Toroa 9393:birds 9366:tāiko 9349:papua 9337:parea 9308:tōrea 9291:toroa 9267:birds 9252:mōhua 9216:tīeke 9204:tīeke 8988:hoiho 8952:roroa 8928:roroa 8916:birds 8817:tōrea 8701:Pipit 8533:birds 7492:Emeus 6326:(PDF) 6275:S2CID 6217:(PDF) 6202:(PDF) 6178:S2CID 5976:(PDF) 5935:S2CID 5816:S2CID 5653:(PDF) 5600:S2CID 5396:(PDF) 5385:S2CID 5347:(PDF) 5230:(PDF) 5174:Notes 5116:3news 4824:4 May 4530:S2CID 4434:(PDF) 4423:S2CID 4387:(PDF) 4361:S2CID 4018:(PDF) 3933:(PDF) 3910:(PDF) 3793:S2CID 3759:(PDF) 3736:(PDF) 3559:(PDF) 3548:S2CID 3502:(PDF) 3453:(PDF) 2900:from 2802:head. 2684:dunes 2680:caves 2639:femur 2393:Emeus 2357:Seeds 2345:nests 2341:caves 2198:tenax 1130:Genus 1037:Emeus 885:cline 803:(l), 777:swans 773:Emeus 761:calls 750:geese 595:order 477:Clade 9870:8808 9865:NCBI 9826:BOLD 9714:moho 9554:Huia 9240:hihi 9102:Kākā 9078:whio 9066:kakī 9017:Weka 8964:rowi 8870:tara 7427:Rhea 6862:see 6835:see 6808:see 6779:Aves 6676:2011 6651:2011 6622:ISBN 6228:and 6170:PMID 6129:2010 6102:ISBN 6057:PMID 6007:2011 5964:2011 5927:PMID 5886:PMID 5738:PMID 5677:ISBN 5555:ISBN 5494:2011 5463:ISBN 5444:ISBN 5422:ISBN 5377:PMID 5318:2009 5289:PMID 5252:PNAS 5037:PMID 4923:2022 4855:OCLC 4845:ISBN 4826:2019 4773:2019 4553:ISBN 4522:ISSN 4415:PMID 4318:OCLC 4308:ISBN 4254:2015 4223:2015 4128:PMID 4077:PMID 4038:PMID 3996:PMID 3859:PMID 3714:PMID 3596:PMID 3540:PMID 3473:PMID 3368:2022 3330:ISSN 3285:2014 3230:2020 3181:2015 2995:dodo 2812:skin 2703:tomo 2671:and 2590:Sir 2558:and 2549:and 2514:and 2399:and 2359:and 2211:and 2174:and 2151:Diet 2091:and 2067:and 1986:and 1908:and 1381:kiwi 1267:rhea 1182:The 868:and 849:and 823:kiwi 801:kiwi 771:and 742:kiwi 696:and 622:and 543:text 541:See 527:Owen 460:Aves 330:PreꞒ 171:talk 157:undo 152:edit 122:talk 108:edit 9839:EoL 9564:Moa 9107:Kea 8848:Tūī 6589:doi 6540:doi 6493:doi 6448:doi 6401:doi 6362:doi 6307:hdl 6267:doi 6162:doi 6150:435 6083:303 6047:doi 6022:hdl 5919:doi 5907:425 5876:PMC 5866:doi 5854:107 5808:doi 5796:104 5792:Emu 5770:doi 5730:doi 5718:287 5590:doi 5527:doi 5369:doi 5357:425 5279:PMC 5269:doi 5257:102 5188:moa 5131:", 5114:", 5097:", 5081:153 5057:", 5027:PMC 5019:doi 5015:276 4590:doi 4512:doi 4407:doi 4395:425 4353:doi 4341:281 4118:PMC 4108:doi 4069:doi 4065:194 4030:doi 4026:194 3986:PMC 3976:doi 3964:106 3922:doi 3849:PMC 3839:doi 3827:102 3785:doi 3748:doi 3704:PMC 3694:doi 3682:106 3586:doi 3530:hdl 3522:doi 3510:344 3465:doi 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