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sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the
Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.
1773:, identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge.
368:
1147:, a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model. Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia,
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1435:
1160:
1053:
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1109:, and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors. Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements. It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of
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1182:. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000, but it was after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki, that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the
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Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance
Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".
3976:
1813:. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light", and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves.
331:
1764:, that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen.
1535:, which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be
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bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement
Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.
1986:
many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "
1985:
as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how
1854:
It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that
Knowledge is currently receiving is a better
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and inconsistency. Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest
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sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between
Knowledge editions, the former through "
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Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any
Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to
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Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The
English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on
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No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to
Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally
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Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to
Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit
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Some take advantage of
Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged
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had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of
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found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of the flaws which had allowed the hoax to
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Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an
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indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003,
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Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's
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Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the
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With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a
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During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition. A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition.
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software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until
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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies are often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be
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consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity,
1477:. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a
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Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of
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An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as
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Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court case, and the
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was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including
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Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe
1427:. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the
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editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case, as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."
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Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively
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Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that
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A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable omissions.
1824:) are more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable.
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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕". In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low
1844:, who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."
805:'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is offered.
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Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal
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in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as
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on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.
2405:. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users.
632:", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It is therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means
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stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".
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history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain
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Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions, for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by
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The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the
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groups. Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.
1933:, the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen. Knowledge editions also often contain
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1922:" or "problem users" and blocked from editing. Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about
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Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include
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Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles). In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.
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Emigh and Herring (2005) in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic quality were:
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specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce
15:
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subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or
726:, and commercial use of content, provided that its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes original material to the project, the
600:. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that, in the eyes of most Wikipedians, is necessary for an article to be considered "high quality". However,
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software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation. Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of
565:, and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity, and has spawned several sister projects. According to
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over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as
675:
are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the
550:. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".
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process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority, and according to
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Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit
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discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead. A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by
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1850:, a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that:
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Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in
706:, early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article.
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violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.
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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for
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Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.
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development as well). It has also been described as "cult-like", although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.
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A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to
1977:
In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles. The idea is to provide
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Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a
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1662:, rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry.
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The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to close the site, or move it to
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In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.
1449:. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running
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Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits. The
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as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven." and former
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The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of
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1711:, a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture.
1123:, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:
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by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through
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1616:"trustworthy" to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined.
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truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more
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The "recent changes" page shows the newest edits to the English Knowledge. This page is often watched by users who revert vandalism.
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687:", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of
1212:, which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view".
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There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to
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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.
1785:, that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes."
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According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.
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1070:(in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Knowledge was founded — and Knowledge began as a complementary project for
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criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him".
1074:, a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on
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Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.
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and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on
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Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".
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28:
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1267:. This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on
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Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Knowledge
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Knowledge receives over 2000 page requests per second. More than 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.
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There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.
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servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.
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for Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being
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Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process)
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Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the
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for the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the
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servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the
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Currently Knowledge has more than 5 million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million in the
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invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a
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Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the
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Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by
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Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed
1253:. Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on
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2002:; this came with a €10,000 ($ 12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in
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project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator,
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of Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "
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database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by
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557:. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have more than 50,000 articles each. The
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1015:, a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to CD.
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use traditional multilingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written
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Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to.
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criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge.
616:. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed".
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repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.
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1999:
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for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a
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2238:"Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature"
8:
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3250:, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. (
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1583:. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.
1503:, an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted
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Knowledge's article count has shown rapid growth in some of the major language editions.
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2109:. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by
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569:, Knowledge ranks among the top 15 most visited sites, and many of its pages have been
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Cross, Tom. "Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative Wikis"
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718:, the license through which Knowledge's articles are made available, is one of many "
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controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on
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Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal
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Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles
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Knowledge is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?
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1941:
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1274:; meanwhile, the millionth user registration had been made just two days before.
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found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the
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3266:"Knowledge and Britannica about as accurate in science entries, reports Nature"
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develops. Some of Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "
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1840:'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow") and technology figure
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source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.
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Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from
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Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:
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4159:, essay within Sanger's English Knowledge user page, wiki revision of
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786:" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the
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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
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Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)
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either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be
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Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of
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Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as
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1239:
1235:
1219:; The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Knowledge and Nupedia on
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Knowledge originally developed out of another encyclopedia project,
734:, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of
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1820:. It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as
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1238:, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and
1226:. Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this
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retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.
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An example of Knowledge's range in language editions: Knowledge in
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illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article,
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Can History be Open Source? Knowledge and the Future of the Past
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For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see
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The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times:
3852:
2455:
1990:", the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt".
1453:, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the
314:
This article is currently under extended confirmed protection.
4108:
Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project
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Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "
1707:
Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including
1610:
1174:
Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to
1040:
4289:
4149:, English Knowledge community newsletter published weekly
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For some articles there is a spoken version available in
562:
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of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university
1519:
Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer
1007:
format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from
4267:
Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with
2914:
1332:
in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the
1234:, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;
722:" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of
4500:
Growing Knowledge Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy
2608:"The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir"
1105:, in not having size limitations, due to being on the
519:
as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct
54:
4134:, policy-related and technical discussions regarding
1438:
Overview of system architecture, May 2006 (see also:
4314:
The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir
1510:
1497:, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget.
691:. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an
1085:, a Web portal company. Its principal figures were
2360:
2358:
2207:", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>
2158:List of media personalities to vandalise Knowledge
1408:by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required
1389:system for page enhancement, and features such as
758:, maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses.
4524:"The Many Voices of Knowledge, Heard in One Place
3124:"Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship"
1753:
5069:
3457:
3455:
3201:"Death by Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles"
3199:Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post (2006-07-09).
2772:Knowledge, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article
2687:
2236:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (March 22, 2006).
1732:Accuracy of information provided within articles
335:to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by
4131:
2591:
2589:
2355:
1059:, Knowledge co-founder and current head of the
1011:, and an editorial team is working on creating
3633:"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults"
2366:Complete list of language Wikipedias available
1792:s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in
1328:, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of
1295:. The mark was granted registration status on
1156:and its text was incorporated into Knowledge.
424:
5042:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects
4612:
4507:Know It All: Can Knowledge conquer expertise?
4441:: The Kid’s All Right (And So’s the Old Man)"
4389:comparison between Knowledge and Britannica,
4113:
3452:
2841:English Knowledge Publishes Millionth Article
2818:Knowledge Publishes 500,000th English Article
2327:
998:
4346:Interview with Jimmy Wales, CEO of WikiPedia
3823:Professor James Fetzer Exposes Knowledge.org
3466:Why Knowledge Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism
2586:
2476:
2474:
1624:
1493:. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000
1066:The Knowledge concept was not novel —
4251:Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You
4208:, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
3397:
2332:
1981:on each interval of text in an article and
1170:, two and a half months after its founding.
636:and disagreement about content are common.
4619:
4605:
4496:, Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46
4119:
3404:"A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light"
2006:later that year. The second was a Judges'
1947:
1937:in which the community answers questions.
1693:work history to gauge the author's merit.
1605:one who rarely gives non-negotiable orders
1139:, as a single English-language edition at
484:. Knowledge is written collaboratively by
4236:Reports and news articles (chronological)
4070:
2471:
1741:Susceptibility to editorial and systemic
1396:Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated
1279:United States Patent and Trademark Office
746:website refers to Knowledge's article on
4626:
4082:
3248:A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias
3240:
3238:
3236:
3058:Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of 💕s
2954:
2595:
2546:
2500:
2168:Congressional staffer edits to Knowledge
1433:
1346:
1342:
1277:The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the
1158:
1051:
1039:
961:
934:
792:
765:
4570:, a library video course on Knowledge,
4381:Internet encyclopaedias go head to head
4023:Knowledge:Why Knowledge is not so great
4008:Knowledge:Knowledge in academic studies
3513:Knowledge attacked by ignorant reporter
1969:, Wales discussed the reasons that the
1611:Future directions for authoring content
1302:. Trademark protection was accorded by
5070:
4092:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
4028:Knowledge:Replies to common objections
3560:Knowledge:Replies to common objections
3317:
3315:
3313:
2795:Knowledge Reaches One Million Articles
1653:
296:Revision as of 03:35, 11 November 2006
195:
151:Revision as of 03:35, 11 November 2006
134:
90:Revision as of 03:35, 11 November 2006
4600:
4418:responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica
3677:"Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site"
3233:
3180:Can German engineering fix Knowledge?
2711:"Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view"
2121:
3804:Knowledge:Researching with Knowledge
3758:
3714:
3670:
3604:Wiki-fiddlers defend Clever Big Book
1431:and used by all Wikimedia projects.
1201:forked from Knowledge to create the
959:disputes when editors do not agree.
761:
588:, uneven quality and inconsistency,
325:. Please discuss any changes on the
299:
80:
46:
3310:
3246:Collaborative Authoring on the Web:
3009:Paragraph's statistics taken from "
2960:
2761:, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>
1132:Knowledge was formally launched on
646:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
202:
191:
160:
148:
141:
130:
99:
87:
13:
4502:The New York Times (June 17, 2006)
4143:, parent organization of Knowledge
3928:
3626:
2926:Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org
2678:,<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>
619:
298:
35:
5124:
4649:Knowledge community (Wikipedians)
4593:, a satirical parody of Knowledge
4038:
3113:, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>.
1511:Authorship and management process
1194:, lent his support to Knowledge.
750:in the "further reading" list of
608:of sections of Knowledge and the
604:performed by the science journal
4081:
4072:
4060:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3944:
2871:
1489:Knowledge is funded through the
366:
357:
347:
304:
4988:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
4362:"A false Knowledge 'biography'"
3901:
3877:
3865:
3845:
3834:Knowledge: "A Work in Progress"
3827:
3816:
3796:
3752:
3708:
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3023:
3003:
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2919:
2908:
2865:
2856:
2833:
2810:
2787:
2764:
2752:Announcing Wikimedia Foundation
2744:
2723:
2703:
2681:
2658:
2639:
2540:
2494:
2448:
2428:
2408:
2394:
2381:
1163:Knowledge's English edition on
709:
4180:, from nostalgia.wikipedia.org
3765:"Who owns your Knowledge bio?"
2735:Proposals for closing projects
2321:
2310:
2290:
2272:
2229:
2210:
2194:
1754:Accuracy and comprehensiveness
1715:
1599:" of Knowledge; however, most
677:GNU Free Documentation License
641:internet encyclopedia projects
1:
4454:The Six Sins of the Knowledge
4297:Heavy metal umlaut: the movie
2188:
2143:Internet encyclopedia project
1650:go undetected for that time.
523:, and is now operated by the
507:Knowledge was launched as an
496:, with additional servers in
381:Internet encyclopedia project
294:
257:
250:
5052:Knowledge for World Heritage
4973:WikiConference North America
3721:"What is it with Knowledge?"
3375:The Faith-Based Encyclopedia
2881:"Growing on volunteer power"
2391:", Knowledge. (March 9 2005)
2205:Knowledge is an encyclopedia
2128:Knowledge in popular culture
1900:
1894:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
1539:to become an administrator.
979:and, occasionally, by vote.
538:; Sanger resigned from both
18:Browse history interactively
7:
4994:Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA
4690:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight
4493:Journal of American History
3580:Critical views of Knowledge
3244:Emigh & Herring (2005)
2136:
1871:
1440:meta:Server layout diagrams
1180:Portland Pattern Repository
754:. Some Knowledge users, or
10:
5129:
4921:List of Wikimedia chapters
3885:The FUD-based Encyclopedia
3449:(subscription access only)
2125:
1931:researching with Knowledge
1865:What is it with Knowledge?
1719:
1628:
1484:
1429:GNU General Public License
1217:September 11, 2001 attacks
1033:
1029:
999:Knowledge in other formats
930:
193:
132:
5108:Advertising-free websites
5010:
4908:
4813:
4708:
4657:
4641:
4634:
4449:Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006
3937:by searching Knowledge's
3933:Find more information on
3013:" (Knowledge Statistics,
2741:, discusses this process.
2220:", Knowledge Statistics,
1993:
1885:Encyclopædia Britannica's
1625:Criticism and controversy
1141:http://www.wikipedia.com/
977:consensus decision-making
624:Knowledge uses a type of
438:
430:
425:http://www.wikipedia.org/
420:
406:
396:
386:
374:
365:
356:
213:
210:
147:
86:
4242:Knowledge:Press coverage
4018:Knowledge:Press coverage
4013:Knowledge:Press releases
3230:www.wikipedia-watch.org/
2697:Free Software Foundation
2389:Translation into English
2328:http://he.wikipedia.org/
1790:Encyclopædia Britannica'
1722:Reliability of Knowledge
577:by other sites, such as
561:has been distributed on
555:English-language version
180:Extended confirmed users
119:Extended confirmed users
4836:Censorship of Knowledge
4406:Encyclopedia Britannica
4358:Seigenthaler, John, Sr.
4116:, multi-lingual portal
4090:Error: no date provided
3220:Wide World of WIKIPEDIA
3189:, <CNET News.com>
2647:Multilingual statistics
2485:Q & A about Nupedia
1948:Responses to criticisms
1767:One of the studies, by
1761:Encyclopædia Britannica
1228:non-profit organization
1081:under the ownership of
610:Encyclopædia Britannica
559:German-language edition
319:policy on community use
85:
5032:Wikimedian of the Year
4716:Hampton Lintorn-Catlin
4284:. Preliminary report "
4225:Open Directory Project
4045:Listen to this article
3998:Knowledge:Introduction
3950:Dictionary definitions
3889:Free Software Magazine
3784:Check date values in:
3740:Check date values in:
3696:Check date values in:
3652:Check date values in:
3428:Check date values in:
3352:Academia and Knowledge
3298:Check date values in:
3157:Check date values in:
3104:Re: Illegitimate block
2896:Check date values in:
2627:Check date values in:
2574:Check date values in:
2528:Check date values in:
2260:Cite journal requires
2178:User-generated content
1869:
1647:John Seigenthaler, Sr.
1629:Further information: ]
1447:multitier architecture
1442:
1352:
1171:
1130:
1063:
1049:
967:
940:
798:
775:
332:submit an edit request
5113:General encyclopedias
4551:Textbook free for all
3542:) and Chicago Times (
2317:Knowledge as a source
2148:List of encyclopedias
1852:
1545:Arbitration Committee
1505:soft-core pornography
1437:
1350:
1343:Software and hardware
1162:
1125:
1055:
1043:
965:
938:
796:
769:
685:neutral point of view
592:, and preference for
323:arbitration sanctions
5083:Online encyclopedias
5047:Google and Knowledge
4968:WikiConference India
4628:Wikimedia Foundation
4544:The Atlantic Monthly
4316:, from Slashdot and
4230:Template:SourceWatch
4157:Origins of Knowledge
4141:Wikimedia Foundation
4101:More spoken articles
4033:Knowledge:Statistics
3853:Knowledge:Provenance
3562:", Knowledge, 22:53
3379:Tech Central Station
3132:Wikimedia Foundation
3080:Andrea Ciffolilli, "
2970:The Atlantic Monthly
2942:Wikimedia Foundation
2845:Wikimedia Foundation
2822:Wikimedia Foundation
2799:Wikimedia Foundation
2776:Wikimedia Foundation
2669:Re: Sanger's memoirs
2000:Prix Ars Electronica
1924:open-source software
1641:At the end of 2005,
1555:of participating in
1491:Wikimedia Foundation
1457:software, and seven
1061:Wikimedia Foundation
1036:History of Knowledge
946:open-source software
744:Parliament of Canada
530:. It was created by
528:Wikimedia Foundation
401:Wikimedia Foundation
5103:Virtual communities
5078:2001 establishments
4526:", New York Times,
4435:Berinstein, Paula,
4330:Worldwide Wikimania
4288:" available on the
3671:Lu Stout, Kristie (
2739:Wikimedia Meta-Wiki
2561:. Internet Archive.
2515:. Internet Archive.
2513:"Let's make a wiki"
2416:Knowledge sociology
2106:The Daily Telegraph
2082:The Financial Times
2022:The Washington Post
1983:temporal provenance
1907:Knowledge community
1654:The Knowledge model
1571:systems, including
1400:servers located in
661:. Projects such as
596:or popularity over
353:
196:→Language editions
135:→Language editions
5093:Wikimedia projects
5026:Knowledge Monument
4916:Wikimedia movement
4898:Abstract Knowledge
4831:List of Wikipedias
4675:Dariusz Jemielniak
4670:Lisa Seitz-Gruwell
4471:The Knowledge FAQK
4147:Knowledge Signpost
3759:Orlowski, Andrew (
3602:Andrew Orlowski, "
3515:", Joi Ito's Web,
3011:Active wikipedians
2991:Unknown parameter
2915:MediaWiki Homepage
2559:"Knowledge is up!"
2340:List of Wikipedias
2122:In popular culture
2012:Japanese Knowledge
1443:
1366:system written in
1353:
1204:Enciclopedia Libre
1178:'s WikiWikiWeb or
1172:
1064:
1050:
968:
950:socially Darwinian
941:
799:
776:
752:Civil Marriage Act
668:Enciclopedia Libre
466:project. The name
346:
158:
97:
5060:
5059:
4848:Wikimedia Commons
4809:
4808:
4731:Florence Devouard
4680:Rebecca MacKinnon
4486:Rosenzweig, Roy,
4065:
3627:Arthur, Charles (
3443:CS1 maint: year (
3430:|accessdate=
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1979:source provenance
1971:Seigenthaler hoax
1645:after journalist
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2163:List of wikis
2161:
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2129:
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2112:TIME Magazine
2108:
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2088:Time Magazine
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2028:The Economist
2024:
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2018:
2013:
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1989:
1984:
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1929:In a page on
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1861:Bill Thompson
1856:
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1848:Bill Thompson
1845:
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1836:(re-applying
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1635:systemic bias
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1466:Squid caching
1462:
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1188:free-software
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1153:search engine
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590:systemic bias
587:
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41:Content added
33:
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20:
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5019:The Signpost
5017:
4992:
4820:
4786:Larry Sanger
4766:Guy Kawasaki
4591:Uncyclopedia
4587:Uncyclopedia
4580:
4579:
4559:15 September
4491:
4457:
4444:
4438:
4421:
4415:
4400:
4385:
4379:Giles, Jim,
4365:
4334:The Guardian
4317:
4295:Udell, Jon,
4286:History Flow
4273:", CHI 2004
4269:history flow
4268:
4258:20 September
4239:
4200:Main Page on
4184:Main Page on
4172:Main Page on
3990:News stories
3982:from Commons
3943:
3934:
3903:
3879:
3867:
3847:
3829:
3818:
3798:
3769:The Register
3754:
3710:
3666:
3637:The Guardian
3622:
3608:The Register
3598:
3574:
3554:
3527:
3504:
3494:September 24
3484:
3462:Larry Sanger
3407:
3393:
3366:
3343:
3328:The Guardian
3326:
3269:
3260:
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3226:
3215:
3204:. Retrieved
3194:
3171:
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3127:
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3087:First Monday
3085:
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3054:Larry Sanger
3049:
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2993:|month=
2973:. Retrieved
2956:
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2803:September 20
2789:
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2705:
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2641:
2597:Larry Sanger
2548:Larry Sanger
2542:
2502:Larry Sanger
2496:
2491:, March 2000
2481:Larry Sanger
2450:
2430:
2410:
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2383:
2334:
2323:
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2253:cite journal
2231:
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2131:
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2110:
2104:
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2092:
2086:
2080:
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2070:Toronto Star
2068:
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2052:The Guardian
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1959:BusinessWeek
1957:
1951:
1939:
1928:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1853:
1846:
1838:Eric Raymond
1834:Larry Sanger
1826:
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1795:The Guardian
1793:
1789:
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1768:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1725:
1709:self-norming
1695:
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1518:
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1354:
1338:
1326:service mark
1290:September 17
1285:
1276:
1255:September 20
1244:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1173:
1131:
1126:
1115:
1103:open content
1095:Larry Sanger
1065:
1017:
1009:SOS Children
1002:
991:statements,
985:
969:
957:
953:evolutionary
942:
807:
800:
780:
777:
755:
740:
713:
710:Free content
703:
681:
666:
644:
638:
623:
583:
552:
532:Larry Sanger
506:
482:encyclopedia
481:
475:
467:
464:encyclopedia
461:free content
453:multilingual
448:
447:
439:Registration
411:Larry Sanger
387:Headquarters
376:Type of site
313:
4963:Wiki Indaba
4931:Deutschland
4883:Wikiversity
4873:Wikispecies
4781:Erik Möller
4751:Mike Godwin
4741:Sue Gardner
4700:Jimmy Wales
4391:14 December
4372:29 November
4192:, from the
4187:10 December
4175:20 December
4161:16 February
3837:December 14
3786:|date=
3742:|date=
3698:|date=
3654:|date=
3474:December 31
3434:|year=
3383:November 15
3300:|date=
3280:December 14
3159:|date=
3100:Jimmy Wales
2898:|date=
2665:Jimmy Wales
2629:|date=
2576:|date=
2530:|date=
2201:Jimmy Wales
2094:Irish Times
2008:Webby award
1964:December 13
1779:peer review
1716:Reliability
1704:emulates").
1669:among many
1618:Jimbo Wales
1593:Jimbo Wales
1529:bureaucrats
1479:status page
1459:Squid cache
1417:wiki engine
1391:redirection
1384:transcluded
1361:open source
1330:information
1313:and in the
1308:December 16
1087:Jimmy Wales
1068:Everything2
1057:Jimmy Wales
981:Jimmy Wales
973:copyrighted
756:Wikipedians
659:Everything2
639:Many other
598:credentials
579:Answers.com
536:Jimmy Wales
511:project on
472:portmanteau
415:Jimmy Wales
204:Next edit →
155:view source
94:view source
32:Next edit →
5072:Categories
4983:Litigation
4926:Bangladesh
4888:Wikivoyage
4868:Wikisource
4843:Wiktionary
4801:Luis Villa
4572:October 10
4475:Wired News
4439:Britannica
4410:March 2006
4350:November 1
4348:," nPost,
4305:22 January
4301:screencast
4203:2 December
4097:Audio help
3970:Quotations
3909:Trophy Box
3761:2005-12-06
3717:2005-12-16
3673:2003-08-04
3629:2005-12-15
3544:January 16
3400:2002-08-02
3348:Danah Boyd
3333:October 26
3323:Who knows?
3206:2006-11-01
3141:2006-05-24
3136:2006-05-05
3108:January 26
2975:2006-08-08
2966:"The Hive"
2947:2006-03-11
2874:December 5
2780:January 21
2716:2006-10-27
2552:January 17
2506:January 10
2283:v. Peters
2279:Bourgeois
2189:References
2067:(London),
1940:Professor
1830:Danah Boyd
1800:Britannica
1783:Danah Boyd
1677:, and the
1671:librarians
1521:developers
1410:camel case
1406:UseModWiki
1387:templating
1319:January 20
1297:January 10
1286:Knowledge®
1248:January 22
1232:Wiktionary
1145:January 10
1134:January 15
1118:January 10
1083:Bomis, Inc
1020:PediaPress
955:process".
890:Portuguese
810:November 9
673:WikiZnanie
663:Susning.nu
628:called a "
525:non-profit
513:January 15
486:volunteers
431:Commercial
329:; you may
5088:Knowledge
4978:MediaWiki
4958:Wikimania
4863:Wikibooks
4858:Wikiquote
4821:Knowledge
4568:Why Wiki?
4367:USA Today
4338:11 August
4221:Knowledge
4215:Overviews
4136:Wikimedia
4132:Meta-Wiki
3960:Textbooks
3935:Knowledge
3913:Meta-Wiki
3777:cite news
3733:cite news
3689:cite news
3645:cite news
3537:January 8
3531:Cited by
3517:August 29
3356:January 4
3291:cite news
3276:Wikimedia
3184:August 23
3128:Knowledge
3035:Meta-Wiki
3031:Knowledge
2995:ignored (
2889:cite news
2620:cite news
2567:cite news
2521:cite news
2460:Meta-Wiki
2420:Meta-Wiki
2370:Meta-Wiki
2344:Meta-Wiki
2222:January 1
2153:Open Site
2115:in 2006.
2064:The Times
1954:interview
1901:Community
1818:expertise
1683:lecturers
1675:academics
1581:communism
1577:democracy
1565:political
1537:nominated
1380:variables
1357:MediaWiki
1283:trademark
1240:Wikibooks
1236:Wikiquote
1026:service.
993:copyright
824:1,477,251
784:InterWiki
728:copyright
693:objective
634:vandalism
594:consensus
586:vandalism
498:Amsterdam
468:Knowledge
449:Knowledge
352:Knowledge
337:consensus
327:talk page
4878:Wikinews
4853:Wikidata
4814:Projects
4642:Projects
4540:The Hive
4528:7 August
4479:19 April
4446:Searcher
4426:23 March
4416:Nature's
4322:18 April
4292:website.
4279:April 29
4275:April 24
4099: ·
3917:March 28
3808:March 28
3588:March 30
3586:, 07:28
3564:April 13
3470:Kuro5hin
3421:cite web
3271:Wikinews
3150:cite web
3062:Kuro5hin
3039:March 30
3037:, 08:02
3015:April 13
2984:cite web
2964:(2006).
2826:March 18
2691:(1999).
2673:April 20
2651:March 30
2612:Slashdot
2601:April 18
2462:, 10:55
2440:March 26
2436:Edit war
2424:March 24
2422:, 23:30
2374:April 15
2348:April 15
2302:March 28
2137:See also
2034:Newsweek
2017:BBC News
1872:Coverage
1858:—
1597:dictator
1595:as the "
1569:economic
1543:elected
1525:stewards
1334:Internet
1262:March 18
1184:GNUpedia
1165:March 30
1149:Slashdot
1107:Internet
1089:, Bomis
989:libelous
874:238, 848
860:Japanese
736:fair use
720:copyleft
704:cite.php
700:citation
679:(GFDL).
626:software
571:mirrored
442:Optional
214:Line 65:
211:Line 65:
173:contribs
112:contribs
56:Wikitext
5098:Web 2.0
5011:Related
4951:Ukraine
4826:history
4658:Current
4515:July 31
4462:7 April
4223:at the
4126:edition
4053:minutes
3893:March 1
3612:July 23
3584:Wikinfo
3509:Joi Ito
3409:Science
3066:July 25
2849:March 1
2756:June 20
2489:Nupedia
2464:April 4
2046:Science
2004:Austria
1912:Wikinfo
1842:Joi Ito
1811:Science
1802:editor
1679:editors
1573:anarchy
1485:Funding
1470:Perlbal
1419:with a
1402:Florida
1269:March 1
1221:June 20
1210:Wikinfo
1190:figure
1076:March 9
1072:Nupedia
1046:Nupedia
1030:History
931:Editing
924:115,647
920:Russian
914:168,910
910:Spanish
904:192,397
900:Swedish
894:195,013
884:213,223
880:Italian
864:284,047
854:313,544
844:390,869
834:493,912
820:English
651:Nupedia
563:DVD-ROM
544:March 1
540:Nupedia
521:Nupedia
492:are in
490:servers
459:-based
163:Kimyu12
102:Kimyu12
4941:Polska
4936:Israel
4635:People
4555:Nature
4422:Nature
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