Knowledge: Difference between revisions

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literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices."<ref name="emigh" /> Editors on ], a ] of Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "]" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.<ref>"", ], 07:28 ] ].</ref> Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about ] development as well).<ref>Andrew Orlowski, "", ], ] ].</ref> It has also been described as "cult-like",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first=Charles|last=Arthur|date=]|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site|date=]|first=Kristie|last=Lu Stout|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What is it with Knowledge?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm|date=]|publisher=]|first=Bill|last=Thompson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/06/wikipedia_bio/|title=Who owns your Knowledge bio?|date=]|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski|publisher=]}}</ref> although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.

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Archive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html}}</ref> It had been, from ], a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news|author=]|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir|date=] ]|publisher=]|url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}</ref> Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia, ] postings, and ] indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"", Knowledge, ] ]</ref> Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Knowledge.

2200:{{cquote|It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Knowledge is currently receiving is a better sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.|20px|20px|]| }} 1679:

participating in ] software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.<ref>Andrea Ciffolilli, "", '']'' December 2003.</ref> Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of ], ], and ] systems, including ], ], and ]. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.<ref>], "", ] ], <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>.</ref> ] of ] has referred to ] as the "]" of Knowledge; however, most ] either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia_talk:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_oligarchy_or_a_dictatorship|title=Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-24|publisher=]|work=Knowledge}}</ref>

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founded on ] ] under the ownership of ], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were ], Bomis ], and ], ] for Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being ], in not having size limitations, due to being on the ], and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors.<ref name=QANupedia>], "", ], March 2000</ref> Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements.<ref name=QANupedia /> It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of ].

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Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest groups.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html | title=Death by Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles | accessdate=2006-11-01 | author=Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post | date=2006-07-09}}</ref> Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.

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vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross<ref>. First Monday.</ref> proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "]", the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt".<ref>Aaron Krowne, "", ], ] ].</ref>

1347:] ].<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref> Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on ] ],<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref> while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on ] ].<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref> This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on ] ]<ref>"", ], ] ]</ref>; meanwhile, the millionth user registration had been made just two days before.<ref>Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.</ref> 1240:{{cquote|No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.}} 2064:

of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge.<ref>{{cite news|title=Knowledge and Britannica about as accurate in science entries, reports Nature|date=] ]|work=]|publisher=]|url=http://en.wikinews.org/Wikipedia_and_Britannica_about_as_accurate_in_science_entries%2C_reports_Nature}}</ref>

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servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a ]. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a on OpenFacts.

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after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki,<ref name=SangerMemoir /> that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the ] project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator, ] figure ], lent his support to Knowledge.<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=The 💕 Project|date=1999|publisher=]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref>

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close the site, or move it to ]. "", a page of the ], discusses this process.</ref> The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Knowledge and Nupedia on ] ].<ref>Jimmy Wales: "", ] ], <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this ]. ], a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; ], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and ], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, detailed below.

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written from a "]", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of ]. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an ] truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more ] ] functionality (''cite.php'', early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article.

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sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Knowledge editions, the former through "]" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the ] repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.<ref>For example, "", Knowledge. (March 9 2005)</ref>

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Light",<ref>{{cite web|author=Linden, Hartmut|year=]| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/297/5582/777|title=A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light|work=]|accessdate=2005}} (subscription access only)</ref> and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves.

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deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".<ref> ] ]. </ref>

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to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a ] ] with a ] database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by ]. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the ] and used by all Wikimedia projects.

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subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or ] by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through ] and, occasionally, by vote. ] retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.<ref>"", ], 10:55 ] ]</ref>

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more than 50,000 articles each. The ] has been distributed on ], and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "", Knowledge Statistics, ] ]</ref> and has spawned several sister projects. According to ], Knowledge ranks among the top 15 most visited sites, and many of its pages have been ] or ] by other sites, such as ].

1711:"trustworthy" to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined. ] stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".<ref>], "", ] ], <CNET News.com></ref> 1584:], an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted ], played a significant part in the early development of Knowledge and the network itself. <ref name="The Hive">{{cite web|title=The Hive|publisher=]|last=Poe|first=Marshall|authorlink=Marshall Poe|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia|accessdate=2006-08-08|year=2006|month=September}}</ref> 1073:

history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain ] statements, ] violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.

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Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as ], which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.php?title=Sympathetic_point_of_view | title=Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view | accessdate=2006-10-27}}</ref>

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the eyes of most Wikipedians, is necessary for an article to be considered "high quality". However, performed by the science journal ] of sections of Knowledge and the ] found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the ]. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed".<ref>{{cite paper

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not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority,<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, "", '']'', ] ].</ref> and according to ], that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes."<ref>], "", Many-to-Many, ] ].</ref>

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for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by ]. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users.</ref><ref name="CompleteLangList" />

2273:''Encyclopædia Britannica's'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case,<ref name="Who" /> as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."<ref name="SangerElitism" /> 2452:

the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the ] was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.

2169:].</ref>) and technology figure ], who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."<ref>], "", Joi Ito's Web, ] ].</ref> 722: 245:<!--Editors, please note that the "Language editions" subsection of this page is currently (as of March 2006) linked from the Main Page "languages" section. The link used on the Main Page is ]. If the name of the subsection is changed, please ask an admin to update the link at Template:Wikipedialang. Thanks. 388:'''Knowledge''' is a ], ]-based ] ] project. The name ''Knowledge'' is a ] of the words '']'' and ''encyclopedia''. Knowledge is written collaboratively by ]s, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website. Knowledge's main ] are in ], with additional servers in ] and ]. 2063:

One of the studies, by '']'', identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations

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Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of ] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the ] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web

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Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the ] forked from Knowledge to create the '']'' in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.

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Knowledge uses a type of ] called a "]", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It is therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means ] and disagreement about content are

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Currently Knowledge has more than 5 million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million  in the ]. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have

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Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to

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Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal ] process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may

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A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to '']'', that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also

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A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias'', Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. ()</ref> in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic

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Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a ] among many ]s, ]s, and the ]s of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university ] discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as

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At the end of 2005, ] after journalist ] found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of

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Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated ] servers located in ] and four other locations around the world.<ref></ref> MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on ] by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required ] for links; later it was also possible

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Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on

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Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit

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Some take advantage of Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged

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The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of ] ].<ref>Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions,

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There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to ], uneven quality and inconsistency, ], and preference for ] or popularity over ]s. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that, in

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Knowledge was launched as an ] project on ], ] as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct ], and is now operated by the ] ]. It was created by ] and ]; Sanger resigned from both ] and Knowledge on ], ]. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual 💕

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Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004.<ref>"", ] (] ]).</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by ]; this came with a €10,000 ($ 12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in ] later that year. The second was a Judges' ] for

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Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe ] and inconsistency.

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Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an

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During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition.<ref>Paragraph's statistics taken from "" (Knowledge Statistics, ] ]).</ref> A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than

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The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the ] to ] ''Knowledge®'' on ] ]. The mark was granted registration status on ] ]. Trademark protection was accorded by ] on ] ] and in the ] on ] ]. Technically a ], the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of ] in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via

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The ], the license through which Knowledge's articles are made available, is one of many "]" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of ]s, and commercial use of content, provided that its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes

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Many other ]s use traditional multilingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written '']'', ], ] and ]. Projects such as ], '']'' and ] are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias,

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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for ]ise.<ref name="SangerElitism">], "", ], ] ].</ref> It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as ]) are

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Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit ''edits'', rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content

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Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer ], ], ], and ], which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy.

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Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed ]. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running ], multiple slave database servers, 21 web

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Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the ];<ref>The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to

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In an with '']'' on ] ], Wales discussed the reasons that the ] had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be

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Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's

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Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as ], a powerful, ] ] system written in ] and built upon ].<ref></ref> As well as allowing articles to be written, it includes a basic internal ], ] and ] ] system for page enhancement, and

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Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to ]'s WikiWikiWeb or ]. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000,<ref>], "", ] ],<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> but it was

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The consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue<ref name="emigh" /> that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system,

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The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the ] on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the

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Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the

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With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a

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In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles.<ref>"", Knowledge (] ]).</ref> The idea is to provide ''source provenance'' on each interval of text in an article and ''temporal provenance'' as to its

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Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'''s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in '']'' as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely

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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies are often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be

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The Knowledge concept was not novel — ] (in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Knowledge was founded — and Knowledge began as a complementary project for ], a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was

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Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of

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original material to the project, the ] over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as ]s, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of ].

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An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as

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In a page on ], the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.<ref>"", Knowledge (] ]).</ref> Knowledge editions also often contain ]s in which the

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a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead.<ref></ref> A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by ], accusing Knowledge of having "…a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information."<ref>www.wikipedia-watch.org/</ref>

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Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that ] develops. Some of

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Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles).<ref name="CompleteList">"", ], ] ]</ref> In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.<ref name="CompleteLangList">"", ], ]

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Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in ''Science''. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue

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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕".<ref>], "", ], ] ].</ref> In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low ]s of

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Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include ], ] (re-applying ]'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow"<ref>"", ]

1903:# Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively emulates"). 679:

Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court

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case,<ref></ref> and the ] website refers to Knowledge's article on ] in the "further reading" list of ].<ref>"", LEGISINFO (] ])</ref> Some Knowledge users, or ''Wikipedians'', maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses.<ref></ref>

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Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including ], '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' (London), '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by '']'' in

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incident.<ref>Cited by (] ]) and Chicago Times (] ])</ref> Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.<ref>"", Knowledge, 22:53 ] ].</ref>

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Knowledge is funded through the ]. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000 ], with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=Budget/2005|publisher=]|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/Budget/2005|accessdate=2006-03-11}}</ref>

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more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable.

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For some articles there is a spoken version available in ] format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from ], and an editorial team is working on creating ], a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to

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A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable

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100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition. According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.<ref>"", ], 08:02 ] ].</ref>

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According to ]'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is

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Knowledge was formally launched on ] ], as a single English-language edition at http://www.wikipedia.com/, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=Knowledge is up!|date=] ]|publisher=Internet

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I HATE TO BREAK IT TOO YA, BUT HUMAN KNOWLEDGE IS DYING AND BEING GAINED EVERY DAY! YOU CAN'T ACHIEVE THE TOTAL SUM OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE! STEP INTO REALITY LIKE ] DID! OH YEAH: ALL GANGSTAEB IMPERSONATORS WERE ME! I AM SABERTIGER AND MRCEO!

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suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen.

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unproven."<ref name="Who" /> and former ''Britannica'' editor ] criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him". <ref>], "", ], ] ].</ref>

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On ] ], Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=Let's make a wiki|date=] ]|publisher=Internet

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There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Vipin|last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power|date=] ]|publisher=Business

1914:# Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including ], a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture. 15: 2189:], a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that: 423:

of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref>], "", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref>

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Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be ] to become an administrator.

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I HATE TO BREAK IT TOO YA, BUT HUMAN KNOWLEDGE IS DYING AND BEING GAINED EVERY DAY! YOU CAN'T ACHIEVE THE TOTAL SUM OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE! STEP INTO REALITY LIKE

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servers running the ] software, and seven ] servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.

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In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.

192: 142: 2730:<div class="infobox sisterproject" style="font-size: 90%;">Find more information on '''Knowledge''' by searching Knowledge's ]:<br> 1220:

Archive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref>

3131:* Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "", CHI 2004 ] – ] ]. Preliminary report "" available on the ] website. 2367:

Professor ] criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge. <ref></ref>

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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.

118: 1892:# Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia". 72: 154: 93: 31: 28: 1989::* Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process) 234: 172: 1869:

Emigh and Herring (2005)<ref name="emigh">Emigh & Herring (2005) ''Collaborative Authoring on the Web:

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Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "] ] process".<ref>"", ], 23:30 ]</ref>

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Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref>

100: 487:| title = Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature 66: 8: 168: 3142:* Udell, Jon, , ] illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article, ] ] 1125:

Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from ], a ] service.

1978::* Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles 107: 16: 5121:

DID! OH YEAH: ALL GANGSTAEB IMPERSONATORS WERE ME! I AM SABERTIGER AND MRCEO!

5118: 2992:* ], , essay within Sanger's English Knowledge user page, wiki revision of ] ] 1020:

disputes when editors do not agree.<ref>"", Knowledge (] ])</ref>

47: 2527:

source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.

2011::* Identification of reputable third party source references (citations) 1956:

Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:

531:| url = http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf 3109::''For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see ]'' 3263:* Rosenzweig, Roy, , '']'', Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46 1775:

the flaws which had allowed the hoax to go undetected for that time.

3197:* Giles, Jim, , ] comparison between Knowledge and Britannica, ] ] 3003:* The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times: 3153:* Sanger, Larry, , from Slashdot and ''Open Sources 2.0'', ] ] 2926:;Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project 3329:* Hubbard, John, , a library video course on Knowledge, ] ] 2981:* , English Knowledge community newsletter published weekly 2959:* , policy-related and technical discussions regarding ] 3230:* Berinstein, Paula, , '']'' Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006 606:

Knowledge has licensed its content under the ] (GFDL).

54: 1967::* Accuracy of information provided within articles 1178:], Knowledge co-founder and current head of the ]]] 711:].<ref>http://he.wikipedia.org/</ref>]] 3036:** ] ], from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine 1272:] ], two and a half months after its founding.]] 3078:* {{SourceWatch|id=Knowledge|page=Knowledge}} 2915:{{Spoken Knowledge|Knowledge.ogg|2005-06-25}} 2000::* Susceptibility to editorial and systemic ] 1699:===Future directions for authoring content=== 3098:;Reports and news articles (chronological) 1849:work history to gauge the author's merit. 3296:* Levine, Robert, ", New York Times, ] ] 3241:* Vaknin, Sam, , ''YoursDaily.com'', ] ] 476:| author = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5113:Revision as of 13:00, 11 November 2006 2031:====Accuracy and comprehensiveness==== 151:Revision as of 13:00, 11 November 2006 134: 90:Revision as of 03:35, 11 November 2006 3371:*: ], a satirical parody of Knowledge 3274:* The New York Times (June 17, 2006) 3014:** ] ], from nostalgia.wikipedia.org 2515:{{main|Knowledge in popular culture}} 1604:==Authorship and management process== 2970:* , parent organization of Knowledge 1807:may be intermingled within an entry. 80: 46: 3025:** ] ], from the ] Wayback Machine 191: 186: 160: 148: 141: 130: 99: 87: 13: 5115: 1093:=== Knowledge in other formats === 35: 5133: 1945:{{main|Reliability of Knowledge}} 300:| url = http://www.wikipedia.org/ 1: 5111: 5100: 5089: 5078: 5067: 5056: 5045: 5034: 5023: 5012: 5001: 4990: 4979: 4968: 4957: 4946: 4935: 4924: 4913: 4902: 4891: 4880: 4869: 4858: 4847: 4836: 4825: 4814: 4803: 4792: 4781: 4770: 4759: 4748: 4737: 4726: 4715: 4704: 4693: 4682: 4671: 4660: 4649: 4638: 4627: 4616: 4605: 4594: 4583: 4572: 4561: 4550: 4539: 4528: 4517: 4506: 4495: 4484: 4473: 4462: 4451: 4440: 4429: 4418: 4407: 4396: 4385: 4374: 4363: 4352: 4341: 4330: 4319: 4308: 4297: 4286: 4275: 4264: 4253: 4242: 4231: 4220: 4209: 4198: 4187: 4176: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4132: 4121: 4110: 4099: 4088: 4077: 4066: 4055: 4044: 4033: 4022: 4011: 4000: 3989: 3978: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3934: 3923: 3912: 3901: 3890: 3879: 3868: 3857: 3846: 3835: 3824: 3813: 3802: 3791: 3780: 3769: 3758: 3747: 3736: 3725: 3714: 3703: 3692: 3681: 3670: 3659: 3648: 3637: 3626: 3615: 3604: 3595: 3584: 3575: 3564: 3553: 3542: 3531: 3520: 3509: 3498: 3487: 3478: 3467: 3458: 3447: 3438: 3427: 3418: 3407: 3398: 3387: 3378: 3367: 3356: 3345: 3336: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3281: 3270: 3259: 3248: 3237: 3226: 3215: 3204: 3193: 3182: 3171: 3160: 3149: 3138: 3127: 3116: 3105: 3094: 3085: 3074: 3063: 3052: 3043: 3032: 3021: 3010: 2999: 2988: 2977: 2966: 2955: 2944: 2933: 2922: 2911: 2900: 2891: 2880: 2869: 2858: 2847: 2836: 2825: 2814: 2803: 2792: 2781: 2770: 2759: 2748: 2741:] ] from Wiktionary<br> 2737: 2726: 2715: 2706: 2695: 2684: 2673: 2664: 2653: 2642: 2631: 2620: 2609: 2598: 2587: 2576: 2565: 2554: 2543: 2534: 2522: 2511: 2500: 2491: 2480: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2436: 2427: 2415: 2406: 2394: 2387:===Responses to criticisms=== 2383: 2374: 2363: 2354: 2342: 2333: 2321: 2310: 2301: 2289: 2280: 2269: 2260: 2248: 2239: 2227: 2216: 2207: 2196: 2185: 2176: 2164: 2155: 2143: 2134: 2122: 2113: 2101: 2092: 2080: 2071: 2059: 2050: 2038: 2027: 2018: 2007: 1996: 1985: 1974: 1963: 1952: 1941: 1930: 1921: 1910: 1899: 1888: 1876: 1865: 1856: 1844: 1835: 1823: 1814: 1802: 1791: 1782: 1770: 1761: 1749: 1738: 1731:==Criticism and controversy== 1727: 1718: 1706: 1695: 1686: 1674: 1665: 1653: 1644: 1632: 1623: 1611: 1600: 1591: 1580: 1571: 1560: 1549: 1540: 1528: 1519: 1507: 1498: 1487: 1478: 1466: 1457: 1445: 1436: 1425: 1416: 1405: 1396: 1384: 1375: 1363: 1354: 1342: 1333: 1321: 1312: 1300: 1291: 1279: 1268: 1256: 1247: 1236: 1227: 1215: 1206: 1194: 1185: 1174: 1163: 1156:{{main|History of Knowledge}} 1152: 1141: 1132: 1121: 1112: 1100: 1089: 1080: 1068: 1059: 1047: 1036: 1027: 1015: 1006: 994: 985: 974: 963: 954: 943: 932: 921: 910: 899: 888: 877: 866: 855: 844: 833: 824: 812: 803: 791: 780: 771: 759: 750: 738: 729: 718: 707: 696: 687: 675: 666: 654: 643: 634: 622: 613: 601: 592: 580: 569: 560: 549: 538: 527: 516: 505: 494: 483: 472: 460: 451: 439: 430: 418: 409: 384: 373: 362: 351: 340: 329: 318: 307: 296: 285: 274: 263: 252: 241: 230: 219: 209: 2763:] ] from Wikiquote<br> 2752:] ] from Wikibooks<br> 2347:community answers questions. 18:Browse history interactively 7: 10: 5138: 3318:* Pearson, Helen, , ], ] ] 2774:] ] from Commons<br> 132: 5107: 5096: 5085: 5074: 5063: 5052: 5041: 5030: 5019: 5008: 4997: 4986: 4975: 4964: 4953: 4942: 4931: 4920: 4909: 4898: 4887: 4876: 4865: 4854: 4843: 4832: 4821: 4810: 4799: 4788: 4777: 4766: 4755: 4744: 4733: 4722: 4711: 4700: 4689: 4678: 4667: 4656: 4645: 4634: 4623: 4612: 4601: 4590: 4579: 4568: 4557: 4546: 4535: 4524: 4513: 4502: 4491: 4480: 4469: 4458: 4447: 4436: 4425: 4414: 4403: 4392: 4381: 4370: 4359: 4348: 4337: 4326: 4315: 4304: 4293: 4282: 4271: 4260: 4249: 4238: 4227: 4216: 4205: 4194: 4183: 4172: 4161: 4150: 4139: 4128: 4117: 4106: 4095: 4084: 4073: 4062: 4051: 4040: 4029: 4018: 4007: 3996: 3985: 3974: 3963: 3952: 3941: 3930: 3919: 3908: 3897: 3886: 3875: 3864: 3853: 3842: 3831: 3820: 3809: 3798: 3787: 3776: 3765: 3754: 3743: 3732: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3688: 3677: 3666: 3655: 3644: 3633: 3622: 3611: 3600: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3560: 3549: 3538: 3527: 3516: 3505: 3494: 3483: 3474: 3463: 3454: 3443: 3434: 3423: 3414: 3403: 3394: 3383: 3374: 3363: 3352: 3341: 3332: 3321: 3310: 3299: 3288: 3285:* Schiff, Stacy, , ], ] ] 3277: 3266: 3255: 3252:* Sjöberg, Lore, , ], ] ] 3244: 3233: 3222: 3211: 3200: 3189: 3178: 3167: 3156: 3145: 3134: 3123: 3112: 3101: 3090: 3081: 3070: 3059: 3048: 3039: 3028: 3017: 3006: 2995: 2984: 2973: 2962: 2951: 2940: 2929: 2918: 2907: 2896: 2887: 2876: 2865: 2854: 2843: 2832: 2821: 2810: 2799: 2788: 2777: 2766: 2755: 2744: 2733: 2722: 2711: 2702: 2691: 2680: 2669: 2660: 2649: 2638: 2627: 2616: 2605: 2594: 2583: 2572: 2561: 2550: 2539: 2530: 2518: 2507: 2496: 2487: 2476: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2432: 2423: 2411: 2402: 2390: 2379: 2370: 2359: 2350: 2338: 2329: 2317: 2306: 2297: 2285: 2276: 2265: 2256: 2244: 2235: 2223: 2212: 2203: 2192: 2181: 2172: 2160: 2151: 2139: 2130: 2118: 2109: 2097: 2088: 2076: 2067: 2055: 2046: 2034: 2023: 2014: 2003: 1992: 1981: 1970: 1959: 1948: 1937: 1926: 1917: 1906: 1895: 1884: 1872: 1861: 1852: 1840: 1831: 1819: 1810: 1798: 1795:===The Knowledge model=== 1787: 1778: 1766: 1757: 1745: 1734: 1723: 1714: 1702: 1691: 1682: 1670: 1661: 1649: 1640: 1628: 1619: 1607: 1596: 1587: 1576: 1567: 1556: 1545: 1536: 1524: 1515: 1503: 1494: 1483: 1474: 1462: 1453: 1441: 1432: 1421: 1412: 1409:==Software and hardware== 1401: 1392: 1380: 1371: 1359: 1350: 1338: 1329: 1317: 1308: 1296: 1287: 1275: 1264: 1252: 1243: 1232: 1223: 1211: 1202: 1190: 1181: 1170: 1159: 1148: 1137: 1128: 1117: 1108: 1096: 1085: 1076: 1064: 1055: 1043: 1032: 1023: 1011: 1002: 990: 981: 970: 959: 950: 939: 928: 917: 906: 895: 884: 873: 862: 851: 840: 829: 820: 808: 799: 787: 776: 767: 755: 746: 734: 725: 714: 703: 700:=== Language editions === 692: 683: 671: 662: 650: 639: 630: 618: 609: 597: 588: 576: 565: 556: 545: 534: 523: 512: 501: 490: 479: 468: 456: 447: 435: 426: 407: 391: 380: 369: 358: 347: 344:| registration = Optional 336: 325: 314: 303: 292: 281: 270: 259: 248: 237: 226: 207: 202: 199: 147: 86: 3391:{{Wikimedia Foundation}} 3307:* ], , ], September 2006 3120:* Meyers, Peter, , ] ] ] 2937:* , multi-lingual portal 119:Extended confirmed users 520:| date = March 22, 2006 256:-->{{Infobox Website 85: 2558: 2504:==In popular culture== 1450:features such as ]ion. 573:== Characteristics == 3219:** , ''Nature'', ] ] 647:=== Free content === 267:| name = ] Knowledge 2719:==Further reading== 135:→‎Language editions 2904:==External links== 366:| author = ] and ] 158: 97: 5110: 3186:* ], , '']'', ] ] 2785:] ] from Wikinews 1934:===Reliability=== 311:| commercial = No 149: 88: 68: 5129: 2220:====Coverage==== 289:| screenshot = ] 189: 181: 176: 157: 139: 138: 137: 125: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 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3381: 3372: 3361: 3350: 3339: 3330: 3319: 3308: 3297: 3286: 3275: 3264: 3253: 3242: 3231: 3220: 3209: 3198: 3187: 3176: 3175:* ," nPost, ] ] 3165: 3154: 3143: 3132: 3121: 3110: 3099: 3088: 3079: 3068: 3057: 3046: 3037: 3026: 3015: 3004: 2993: 2982: 2971: 2960: 2949: 2938: 2927: 2916: 2905: 2894: 2885: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2797: 2786: 2775: 2764: 2753: 2742: 2731: 2720: 2709: 2700: 2689: 2678: 2667: 2658: 2647: 2636: 2625: 2614: 2603: 2592: 2581: 2570: 2559: 2548: 2537: 2528: 2516: 2505: 2494: 2485: 2474: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2430: 2421: 2409: 2400: 2388: 2377: 2368: 2357: 2348: 2336: 2327: 2315: 2314:===Community=== 2304: 2295: 2283: 2274: 2263: 2254: 2242: 2233: 2221: 2210: 2201: 2190: 2179: 2170: 2158: 2149: 2137: 2128: 2116: 2107: 2095: 2086: 2074: 2065: 2053: 2044: 2032: 2021: 2012: 2001: 1990: 1979: 1968: 1957: 1946: 1935: 1924: 1915: 1904: 1893: 1882: 1870: 1859: 1850: 1838: 1829: 1817: 1808: 1796: 1785: 1776: 1764: 1755: 1743: 1732: 1721: 1712: 1700: 1689: 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2964: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948:** , ] edition 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677:==References== 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2615: 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