136:
529:, Pakistan. A reconnaissance survey of the area recorded only 181 fatalities, attributing higher figures to heavy snow cover in the affected districts which hindered accessibility and lead to confusion and an overestimate by officials. People were killed in their sleep due to the earthquake occurring early in the morning. The high death toll was attributed to the collapse of poorly-constructed homes when its residents were asleep. Additionally, three people died from heart attacks in the
143:
588:
were not immediately accessible due to snow cover. Local residents conducted their own immediate rescue efforts. They also used their personal funds to provide food and shelter for the displaced. The districts of Swat and Buner were the first to be supplied with aid, more than 24 hours after the earthquake. Rescue works were further hampered by poor weather conditions in remote areas.
620:
provided blankets, shelters and medical supplies. The governments of Japan, Saudi Arabia and United
Kingdom made large contributions of these items which were in shortage during the immediate disaster aftermath. Monetary support also came from the governments of Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands and United States, and the
619:
reported on 3 February; the
Pakistan government supplied blankets, shelter and medicine. To facilitate relief and rescue efforts, the government formed provincial-level emergency parties which provided details about the damage and casualties. Some non-governmental organisations and state governments
559:
said that at least ten people experienced heart attacks. Homes were also destroyed up to 644 km (400 mi) from the epicenter. Landslides, damage to communications, power, transportation, and some residential infrastructure occured in
Tajikistan. The shaking was also felt in parts of central
375:
A concentration of intermediate-depth earthquakes have been observed beneath the Hindu Kush region around the
Afghanistan-Pakistan-Tajikistan border region. Earthquakes with magnitude exceeding 7.0 have been frequently observed, such as ten events recorded between 1900 and 1950, and 1983, 1993, 2002
587:
In the immediate aftermath, many local governments were financially incapable of providing support. State funding was also not readily available as the earthquake occurred during a bank holiday. District and dividion officials maintained contact, however, the districts of
Chitral, Dir and Kohistan
555:. At least 5,187 homes were razed while nearly 80,000 sustained damage. Several villages were totally buried under landslides, and some 300 homes in the mountainous village of Arandu were destroyed. Most homes in the area were constructed of straw and mud, which were razed. Doctors in
367:$ 26 million. In Pakistan, 5,100 homes were destroyed and another 79,900 were damaged in Pakistan. Landslides were reported, some reportedly wiped out entire villages. Over 500 people died in Afghanistan. In present-day Tajikistan, three people died of heart attacks.
517:, at least 545 people died in Afghanistan, while the state government issued a press release citing 1,000 deaths which was unconfirmed. The earthquake also killed 300 people and left 574 injured in the areas of
616:
571:
construction in the city sustained non-structural damage. Older homes sustained particular destruction. An 18 m (59 ft) tall minaret of the city mosque collapsed. Ninety percent of
1743:
848:. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
106:
94:
1181:
514:
110:
90:
1546:
102:
579:, windows rattled for a minute, causing panic among inhabitants. Older and poorly-constructed homes Islamabad and Lahore areas also sustained damage.
551:
In
Pakistan, damage was mainly concentrated near the border with Afghanistan, in a remote tribal region, and ninety percent of reported damage was in
1991:
1343:
404:
7.0+ earthquakes. He explained that the subducted slab is vertically plunging into the Earth's deeper interior, causing it to stretch and eventually
575:
homes were damaged. In Ayun, there were many landslides. Most of its kutcha housing was damaged, and many Afghan refugee shelters were affected. In
572:
248:
1664:
914:
356:). The reverse-faulting earthquake occurred in a seismically active region associated with faulting within a deforming oceanic plate at depth.
1040:
1753:
135:
1986:
78:
37:
396:
estimated an annual slip rate of 9.6 cm (3.8 in) on the fault to explain the ten to fifteen year recurrence intervals of M
1174:
1539:
67:
26:
1951:
1336:
1300:
510:
305:
1224:
820:"Site investigation after Hindu Kush earthquake on February 1, 1991 and its evaluation to earthquake resistant structures"
1956:
1904:
1657:
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1167:
1966:
1748:
1532:
1488:
1275:
1190:
775:
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637:
166:
879:
1555:
1250:
1075:
1033:
1961:
1508:
1329:
1295:
753:
180:
1352:
1229:
642:
1793:
1650:
1616:
845:
661:
A temporary dwelling common in rural areas constructed of leaves, mud, wood, stones, thatch and unburnt bricks.
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1884:
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1803:
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74:
33:
1971:
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1611:
1581:
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1448:
1407:
1305:
1209:
1120:
968:
466:
333:
332:
severely affected
Afghanistan, Pakistan and the USSR (present-day Tajikistan) on 1 February. It was an
155:
98:
417:
219:
1976:
1946:
1858:
1798:
1768:
1723:
1697:
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1498:
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1453:
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1270:
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served as a storage area for supplies before they were distributed across the affected locales.
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757:
345:
209:
185:
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172:
363:. Hundreds of deaths were reported in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and damage was estimated at
1818:
1758:
699:
364:
8:
1833:
1596:
1214:
388:. These earthquakes originated from a deep fault within the stretching oceanic slab that
53:
703:
428:
6.8 and struck at a depth of 143.2 km (89.0 mi). Its epicenter was located in
715:
470:
349:
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552:
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21:
719:
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600:
441:
204:
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482:
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429:
405:
381:
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area, Tajikistan. The total damage in
Afghanistan and Pakistan was estimated at
683:
393:
377:
941:"Reconnaissance report of Pakistan-Afghanistan earthquake on February 1, 1991"
1940:
1159:
884:
462:
283:
263:
250:
1524:
948:
International
Symposium on Natural Disaster Reduction and Civil Engineering
779:
752:
592:
545:
1321:
1018:
711:
688:"Recurring large deep earthquakes in Hindu Kush driven by a sinking slab"
568:
445:
1642:
915:"Afghanistan/Pakistan Earthquake Feb 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1 - 6"
734:
567:, 145–150 km (90–93 mi) from the epicenter, twenty percent of
341:
337:
853:
576:
389:
58:
917:. ReliefWeb. UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 1 February 1991
625:
526:
469:, 145–160 km (90–99 mi) from the epicenter, the assigned
564:
522:
556:
530:
376:
and 2015. Their high frequency was described by seismologists
489:), while Mardan Division registered intensities of VII–VIII (
478:
433:
408:. This process results in the high seismicity of the region.
736:
ISC-GEM Global
Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018)
360:
56:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
818:
Fatima, Maliha; Yamazaki, Fumio; Konagai, Kazuo (1992).
465:
located in various places around the dam. Damage in and
359:
The shaking was felt across parts of South Asia and the
344:
mountains in Afghanistan. The shock measured 6.8 on the
675:
880:"Rescuers search for survivors of Pakistan earthquake"
938:
817:
1147:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
544:
million, respectively. Large landslides occurred in
293:
Afghanistan, Pakistan, USSR (present-day Tajikistan)
142:
611:840) for each deceased individual and Rs 25,000 (
1938:
1001:"Kutcha House: Meaning, Types & Advantages"
615:1050) per family for reconstructing homes. The
1189:
1152:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
939:Maliha, F.; Yamazaki, F.; Konagai, K. (1991).
758:"M 6.9 - 77 km NW of P?r?n, Afghanistan 1991"
444:. Over 330 km (210 mi) away, at the
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1554:
1540:
1337:
1175:
1034:
681:
1351:
1048:
617:United Nations Disaster Relief Organization
66:Revision as of 06:29, 17 September 2024 by
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934:
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809:
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548:and Kohistan, and 5,302 cattle perished.
418:
384:as "abnormal" in their 1954 publication;
340:143.2 km (89.0 mi) beneath the
220:
1992:February 1991 events in the Soviet Union
909:
907:
47:
929:
432:, 78 km (48 mi) northwest of
65:
14:
1939:
969:"Quake Kills at Least 109 in Pakistan"
963:
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959:
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836:
796:
1646:
1528:
1325:
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904:
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44:
25:
846:"Significant Earthquake Information"
595:visited the devastated districts of
17:
954:
833:
746:
732:
726:
603:where he pledged the allocation of
461:were recorded by six of its eleven
119:
88:
867:
776:International Seismological Centre
774:
768:
741:International Seismological Centre
638:List of earthquakes in Afghanistan
120:
2003:
392:beneath the region. Seismologist
52:. The present address (URL) is a
1987:February 1991 events in Pakistan
141:
134:
1003:. Times Property. 28 April 2022
993:
655:
643:List of earthquakes in Pakistan
298:
13:
1:
648:
411:
1952:February 1991 events in Asia
692:Geophysical Research Letters
582:
560:Asia, India and Uzbekistan.
238:143.2 km (89.0 mi)
7:
784:. Thatcham, United Kingdom.
631:
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
2008:
1957:Earthquakes in Afghanistan
1191:Earthquakes in Afghanistan
668:
591:On 2 February, Pakistan's
493:). In Peshawar, Kohat and
485:experienced intensity IX (
370:
330:1991 Hindu Kush earthquake
126:1991 Hindu Kush earthquake
1967:Earthquakes in Tajikistan
1913:
1867:
1716:
1680:
1562:
1556:Earthquakes in Tajikistan
1431:
1380:
1359:
1238:
1197:
1142:
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764:. U.S. Geological Survey.
504:
495:Dera Ismail Khan Division
440:solution corresponded to
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242:
234:
215:
199:
191:
178:
165:
154:
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122:Earthquake in Afghanistan
1905:2017 Komandorski Islands
1494:December 2015 Hindu Kush
1281:December 2015 Hindu Kush
416:The earthquake measured
45:06:29, 17 September 2024
1962:Earthquakes in Pakistan
1749:February 1923 Kamchatka
1489:October 2015 Hindu Kush
1353:Earthquakes in Pakistan
1276:October 2015 Hindu Kush
386:Seismicity of the Earth
1926:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
346:moment magnitude scale
1921:Kamchatka earthquakes
1674:Earthquakes in Russia
762:Comprehensive Catalog
1759:1926 Kars earthquake
1754:April 1923 Kamchatka
712:10.1002/2016GL069603
450:ground accelerations
1972:1991 in Afghanistan
1794:1952 Severo-Kurilsk
1617:2011 Fergana Valley
1053:Earthquakes in 1991
704:2016GeoRL..43.7433Z
622:Kuwait Red Crescent
260: /
161:1991-01-31 23:03:33
127:
95:← Previous revision
69:Dora the Axe-plorer
28:Dora the Axe-plorer
1982:1991 in Tajikistan
1890:2007 Kuril Islands
1885:2006 Kuril Islands
1849:1994 Kuril Islands
1804:1963 Kuril Islands
1744:1918 Kuril Islands
1135:(4.7, November 22)
781:Event Bibliography
491:Very Strong–Severe
471:Mercalli intensity
350:Mercalli intensity
348:and had a maximum
336:earthquake with a
334:intermediate-depth
125:
1934:
1933:
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1639:
1522:
1521:
1499:2019 Azad Kashmir
1403:1981 Darel Valley
1319:
1318:
1157:
1156:
981:. 2 February 1991
974:Los Angeles Times
892:. 3 February 1991
698:(14): 7433–7441.
553:Malakand Division
326:
325:
264:35.911°N 70.478°E
1999:
1977:1991 in Pakistan
1947:1991 earthquakes
1914:Related articles
1900:2013 Okhotsk Sea
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1643:
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1509:2022 Durand Line
1504:2021 Balochistan
1474:2013 Balochistan
1393:1945 Balochistan
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195:1 February 1991
192:Local date
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624:. The city of
593:prime minister
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394:Hiroo Kanamori
378:Beno Gutenberg
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322:729–1,303 dead
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290:Areas affected
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269:35.911; 70.478
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1078:(7.1, Apr 5)
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1868:21st century
1838:
1779:1946 Chatkal
1764:1927 Crimean
1729:1907 Qaratog
1717:20th century
1601:
1567:1907 Qaratog
1469:2013 Laghman
1464:2013 Saravan
1444:2005 Kashmir
1432:21st century
1412:
1381:20th century
1372:1885 Kashmir
1367:1555 Kashmir
1291:January 2022
1271:2013 Laghman
1256:October 2009
1239:21st century
1219:
1205:1956 Baghlan
1198:20th century
1149:
1144:
1127:
1124:
1111:(6.7, Jul 5)
1103:Sierra Madre
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1007:17 September
1005:. Retrieved
995:
983:. Retrieved
972:
947:
919:. Retrieved
894:. Retrieved
883:
857:. Retrieved
826:
780:
770:
761:
748:
735:
733:ISC (2022),
728:
695:
691:
684:Kanamori, H.
677:
657:
590:
586:
562:
550:
508:
498:
490:
486:
474:
456:
452:of 0.08–0.11
415:
385:
374:
358:
353:
329:
327:
308:
22:old revision
19:
18:
1708:1889 Chilik
1592:1989 Gissar
1454:2008 Ziarat
1423:1997 Harnai
1398:1974 Pattan
1388:1935 Quetta
859:25 December
446:Tarbela Dam
267: /
169: event
20:This is an
1941:Categories
1875:2003 Altai
1844:1991 Racha
1789:1949 Khait
1739:1911 Sarez
1734:1911 Kebin
1703:1887 Verny
1693:1840 Ahora
1681:Historical
1577:1949 Khait
1572:1911 Sarez
1514:March 2023
1418:1992 Kohat
1311:2023 Herat
1251:April 2009
1121:Uttarkashi
1067:Hindu Kush
921:14 October
682:Zhan, Z.;
649:References
412:Earthquake
342:Hindu Kush
338:hypocenter
319:Casualties
255:70°28′41″E
252:35°54′40″N
158: time
1296:June 2022
1115:Guatemala
1076:Alto Mayo
827:Bull. ERA
583:Aftermath
577:Islamabad
477:). Ayun,
406:shear off
390:subducted
301:intensity
243:Epicenter
216:Magnitude
208:04:03:33
203:03:33:33
1230:May 1998
1109:Kalabahi
720:31948667
686:(2016).
632:See also
626:Peshawar
607:20,000 (
527:Peshawar
519:Malakand
79:contribs
38:contribs
985:19 July
950:. JSCE.
896:19 July
700:Bibcode
669:Sources
601:Chitral
565:Chitral
523:Chitral
487:Violent
475:Extreme
473:was X (
400:
371:Geology
354:Extreme
309:Extreme
307:MMI X (
284:Reverse
793:].
791:346020
788:
718:
597:Bajaur
573:kutcha
557:Lahore
542:
539:US$ 10
535:US$ 26
531:Khorog
525:, and
505:Impact
499:Strong
483:Bajaur
467:Arandu
454:
436:. Its
426:
402:
352:of X (
228:
186:ComCat
173:346020
84:(type)
49:(type)
1133:Yemen
1094:Racha
1085:Limon
944:(PDF)
829:(25).
823:(PDF)
716:S2CID
569:pucca
479:Drosh
434:Parun
235:Depth
179:USGS-
1286:2016
1266:2012
1261:2010
1009:2024
987:2022
923:2023
898:2022
861:2021
754:ANSS
613:US$
609:US$
599:and
537:and
515:CRED
513:and
511:OFDA
481:and
380:and
361:USSR
328:The
299:Max.
280:Type
181:ANSS
111:diff
105:) |
103:diff
91:diff
75:talk
34:talk
850:doi
708:doi
563:In
546:Dir
230:6.8
210:PST
205:AFT
167:ISC
156:UTC
43:at
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