Byzantine Empire - Knowledge

2888: 5704: 1838: 4846: 2864: 1140: 4165: 1324: 1834:) from a reactive, defence-oriented citizen army into an army of professional career soldiers, increasingly dependent on foreign mercenaries. Mercenaries were expensive, however, and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century, so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications. Basil II left a burgeoning treasury upon his death, but he neglected to plan for his succession. None of his immediate successors had any particular military or political talent, and the imperial administration increasingly fell into the hands of the civil service. Incompetent efforts to revive the Byzantine economy resulted in severe inflation and a debased gold currency. The army was seen as both an unnecessary expense and a political threat. Several standing local units were demobilised, further augmenting the army's dependence on mercenaries, who could be retained and dismissed on an as-needed basis. 45: 6006: 4527: 4498: 4622: 2336:, Andronikos was determined to root out corruption: under his rule, the sale of offices ceased; selection was based on merit, rather than favouritism; and officials were paid an adequate salary to reduce the temptation of bribery. In the provinces, Andronikos's reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement. Gradually, however, Andronikos's reign deteriorated. The aristocrats were infuriated against him, and to make matters worse, Andronikos seemed to have become increasingly unbalanced; executions and violence became increasingly common, and his reign turned into a reign of terror. Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole. The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter, while the emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime. 2636: 3025: 5719: 4217:. Beginning in the 630s, the Arab wars with the Romans halved Byzantine territory, including rich provinces such as Egypt. These collective disasters led to severe economic deterioration, culminating in large-scale deurbanization and impoverishment throughout the empire. Demographic and urban decline sparked the destruction of trade routes, with trade reaching its lowest point by the 8th century. Isaurian reforms and Constantine V's repopulation, public works, and tax measures marked the beginning of a revival that continued until 1204 despite territorial contraction. From the 10th century until the end of the 12th, the Byzantine Empire projected an image of luxury; travellers were impressed by the wealth accumulated in the capital. 4518: 4507: 1149: 2003: 5511: 2413: 5439: 4654: 27824: 2262:, brought troops from the capital and was able to gather an army along the way, a sign that the Byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western Asia Minor was still successful. John and Manuel pursued active military policies, and both deployed considerable resources on sieges and city defences; aggressive fortification policies were at the heart of their imperial military policies. Despite the defeat at Myriokephalon, the policies of Alexios, John and Manuel resulted in vast territorial gains, increased frontier stability in Asia Minor, and secured the stabilisation of the empire's European frontiers. From 69: 5163: 5156: 5867: 3082: 3918: 3836:) would begin to free enslaved people who were prisoners of war, and from the 9th century onwards, emperors would free the slaves of conquered people. Christianity as an institution had no direct impact, but by the 6th century it was a bishop's duty to ransom Christians, there were established limits on trading them, and state policies which prohibited the enslavement of Christians shaped Byzantine slave-holding from the 8th century onwards. However, slavery persisted due to a steady source of non-Christians with prices remaining stable until 1300, when prices for adult slaves, particularly females, started rising. 4153:. Large sections of the Byzantine population lived within the many urbanized settlements inherited from the previously unified Roman Empire. Constantinople, the capital of the empire, was the largest city in the world at the time; it housed at least 400,000 people. These cities continued to grow during the 6th century, with evidence of massive construction projects suggesting that the Byzantine treasury remained strong. During the 5th and 6th centuries, rural development continued alongside urban development; the number of documented agricultural settlements increased significantly during this period. Although the 2123: 1524: 4697: 3503:, mercenaries and allies instead—and which led to a neglect in defensive capability. Mercenary armies would further fuel political divisions and civil wars that led to a collapse in the Empire's defence and resulting in significant losses such as Italy and the Anatolian heartland in the 11th century. Major military and fiscal reforms under the emperors of the Komnenian dynasty after 1081 re-established a modest-sized, adequately compensated and competent army. However, the costs were not sustainable and the structural weaknesses of the Komnenian approach—namely, the reliance on fiscal exemptions called 5209: 6064: 1668: 5750: 4383: 3496:, that guarded the emperor. The defence-orientated thematic militias were gradually replaced with more specialised offensive field armies but also to counter the generals who would rebel against the emperor. When the Empire was expanding, the state began to commute thematic military service for cash payments: in the 10th century, there were 6,000 Varangians, another 3,000 foreign mercenaries and when including paid and unpaid citizen soldiers, the army on paper was 140,000 (an expeditionary force was 15,000 soldiers and field armies seldom were more than 40,000). 933: 2058: 6045: 5625: 3333: 1335: 3909: 1780: 3889:

artisan guilds. They also worked in disreputable occupations: entertainers, tavern keepers, and prostitutes; a class where some saints and empresses allegedly originated from. Prostitution was widespread, and attempts were made to limit it, especially during Justinian's reign under the influence of Theodora. Women participated in public life, engaging in social events and protests. Women's rights would not be better in comparable societies, Western Europe or America until the 19th century.

27956: 27860: 782: 2465: 1977: 2601:, but the war-ravaged empire was ill-equipped to deal with the enemies that surrounded it. To maintain his campaigns against the Latins, Michael pulled troops from Asia Minor and levied crippling taxes on the peasantry, causing much resentment. Massive construction projects were completed in Constantinople to repair the damage of the Fourth Crusade, but none of these initiatives were of any comfort to the farmers in Asia Minor suffering raids from Muslim ghazis. 3955: 4457:, an indication of a thriving urban aristocracy. The game was introduced to the West by crusaders, who had developed a taste for it particularly during the pro-Western reign of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Chariot races were popular and held at hippodromes across the empire. There were four major factions in chariot racing, differentiated by the colour of the uniform which they wore; the colours were also worn by their supporters. These factions were the Blues ( 3058:, emphasizing peace as a strategic necessity. Even when it had more resources and less threats in the 6th century, the costs of defense were enormous; foreign affairs had become more multi-polar, complex and interconnected; further the challenges in protecting the empire's primarily agricultural income as well as numerous aggressive neighbours made avoiding war a preferred strategy. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, diplomats leveraged the Empire's status as 21893: 27888: 27939: 4243:, where they held special interests. The emperor and his officials intervened at times of crises to ensure the stockpiling of provisions for the capital and to keep the prices of cereals affordable. Finally, the government often collected a part of the economic surplus through taxation, and put it back into circulation through either redistribution in the form of salaries to state officials or in the form of investment in public works. 27848: 27836: 27922: 5805:), as well as differences in religious practices (such as celibacy, and even the growing of beards), underline the increasing separation of their unique social structures and cultures. Theological differences became more pronounced. There was a general lack of charity and respect on both sides. In 1054, the Patriarch of Constantinople refused to submit to the supremacy of the Roman Pope. Eventually, this all led to the 27905: 27812: 10754:: "The fifth century marked a definite turning point in Byzantine higher education. Theodosios ΙΙ founded in 425 a major university with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects. Fifteen chairs were assigned to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university was reorganized by Michael III (842–867) and flourished down to the fourteenth century". 3005:, the preservation of civilisation in eastern Europe was due to the skill and resourcefulness of the Empire's diplomacy, Imperial Diplomacy is one of its lasting contributions to the history of Europe. The Empire's longevity has been said to be due to its aggressive diplomacy in negotiating treaties, the formation of alliances, and partnerships with the enemies of its enemies, notably seen with the 3397:. The double-headed eagle is more confidently attested as a symbol of the emperor in the late era when Andronikos II Palaiologos used it in 1301, but Babuin also says that it never was exclusive to the Empire as other contemporary empires also used it. The tetragrammatic cross was a state symbol during the Palaiologoi, which has a four-fold symmetrical representation of the Greek letter 3017:. Diplomacy often involved long-term embassies, hosting foreign royals as potential hostages or political pawns, and overwhelming visitors with displays of wealth and power (with deliberate efforts that word of it would travel). Other tools in diplomacy included political marriages, bestowing titles, bribery, differing levels of persuasion, and leveraging intelligence as attested in the ‘ 5715:, along the trade and travel routes followed by merchants, soldiers and migrating tribes, moving from fewer than 50,000 adherents to over a million in the hundred years between 150 and 250. Driven by a universalist logic, Christianity has been, from its beginnings, a missionary faith with global aspirations, leading it to become a part of the history of a great many civilizations. 3169:) made the Praetorian Edict permanent and ruled that if all the Jurists agreed on a legal point, it would be considered law. The law eventually became confusing due to conflicting sources, and it was not clear what it should be. Efforts were made to reduce the confusion, such as two private collections collating the imperial constitutions since Hadrian's reign, the 5769:

The ancient state was a religious institution, yet East and West related to that State differently: the Catholic church condemned Roman culture as sinful, kept itself as separate as possible, and struggled to resist State control. This is in pointed contrast with Eastern Christianity which acclaimed harmony with Greek culture, and whose emperors and

3861:. Women usually married at ages 15–20, and were used as a way to connect men and create economic benefit among families. The average family had 2 children, with mortality rates around 40–50%. Divorce could be done by mutual consent but would be restricted over time, for example, only being allowed if a married person was joining a convent. 6224:, or edited collections such as The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies do not even mention the concept. It has been used as a way to distinguish earlier Roman emperors and Byzantine philosophy, but it is now understood that there was no real change and that the concept codified by Justinian originated with the power transition of the 2382:. The internal policy of the Angeloi was characterised by the squandering of the public treasure and fiscal maladministration. Imperial authority was severely weakened, and the growing power vacuum at the centre of the empire encouraged fragmentation. There is evidence that some Komnenian heirs had set up a semi-independent state in 5478:

first transmission of classical Greek knowledge to the West occurred during the Komnenian period. In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the Komnenian period was one of the peaks in Byzantine history, and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size, wealth, and culture. There was a renewed interest in

2683:'s army of 80,000 men and large numbers of irregulars laid siege to the city. Despite a desperate last-ditch defence of the city by the massively outnumbered Christian forces (c. 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreign), Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans after a two-month siege on 29 May 1453. The final Byzantine emperor, 742:", and "Byzantine history" significantly overlap, there is no consensus on a "foundation date" for the Byzantine Empire, if there was one at all. The growth of the study of "late antiquity" has led to some historians setting a start date in the seventh or eighth centuries. Others believe a "new empire" began during changes in 6212:, the "living law", both lawgiver and administrator, claimed as being in accordance with what Justinian I had codified. The concept is associated with Hellenistic ideas of kingship and authoritarianism that influenced medieval thought of absolute power, and is now better understood as being promoted by the pagan rhetorician 3677:) until the East's peak following Justinian's recovery of western territories in 540, the population could have been as high as 27 million, but would fall to as low as 12 million in 800. Plague and loss of territories to the Arab Muslim invaders significantly impacted the Empire, but it recovered, and by the near end of the 5201:– composed to Greek texts as ceremonial, festival, or church music – are today the most well-known forms. Ecclesiastical chants were a fundamental part of this genre. Greek and foreign historians agree that the ecclesiastical tones and in general the whole system of Byzantine music is closely related to the 6085:

As the only stable long-term state in Europe during the Middle Ages, Byzantium isolated Western Europe from newly emerging forces to the East. Constantly under attack, it distanced Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and for a time, the Ottomans. From a different perspective, since the

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This traditional approach towards Byzantium has been partially or wholly disputed and revised by modern studies, which focus on the positive aspects of Byzantine culture and legacy. From the ninth to the twelfth centuries, Byzantine Christianity converted and helped establish multiple nations in what

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in Greek as well, which legal historian Bernard Stolte proposes as a convenient breaking point to demarcate the end of Roman law and the start of Byzantine law. This division is proposed largely due to the legal heritage of Western Europe coming mostly from law written in Latin as transmitted through

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emperor and established himself in Trebizond. Of the three successor states, Epirus and Nicaea stood the best chance of reclaiming Constantinople. The Nicaean Empire struggled to survive the next few decades, however, and by the mid-13th century it had lost much of southern Anatolia. The weakening of

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After the empire's fall, early modern scholars referred to the empire by many names, including the "Empire of Constantinople", the "Empire of the Greeks", the "Eastern Empire", the "Late Empire", the "Low Empire", and the "Roman Empire". The increasing use of "Byzantine" and "Byzantine Empire" likely

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The patriarchs in the East frequently looked to the Pope, the bishop of Rome, to resolve disagreements for them, thereby establishing what would later become important features of papal power and influence. Still, by the end of the sixth century, large sections of both the Western and Eastern church

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Constantine's sponsorship produced an exuberant burst of Christian art and architecture, frescoes and mosaics for church walls, and hieroglyphic type drawings. While classical and Christian culture did coexist into the seventh century, Christian imagery gradually replaced classical images, which had

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The emperor was the centre of the whole administration of the Empire, who the legal historian Kaius Tuori has said was "above the law, within the law, and the law itself"; with a power that is difficult to define and which does not align with our modern understanding of the separation of powers. The

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at the head of the combined forces of the empire and the Crusader states; yet despite his efforts in leading the campaign, his hopes were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies. In 1142, John returned to press his claims to Antioch, but he died in the spring of 1143 following a hunting

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Byzantium has been often identified with absolutism, orthodox spirituality, orientalism and exoticism, while the terms "Byzantine" and "Byzantinism" have been used as bywords for decadence, complex bureaucracy, and repression. Both Eastern and Western European authors have often perceived Byzantium

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is considered the greatest example of Byzantine humanism as he studied both classics and theology. In philosophy, there was a resurgence of classical learning not seen since the 7th century, characterised by a significant increase in the publication of commentaries on classical works. Moreover, the

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claims that these rights may have been what prevented the emergence of large properties and a hereditary nobility capable of intimidating the state. The prevalence of widows (estimated at 20%) meant that women often controlled family assets as heads of households and businesses, contributing to the

2486:, starting a major fire that damaged large parts of the city, and briefly seized control. Alexios III fled from the capital, and Alexios Angelos was elevated to the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father Isaac. Alexios IV and Isaac II were unable to keep their promises and were deposed by 2279:

This allowed the Western provinces to achieve an economic revival that continued until the close of the century. It has been argued that Byzantium under the Komnenian rule was more prosperous than at any time since the Persian invasions of the 7th century. During the 12th century, population levels

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Having achieved stability in the West, Alexios could turn his attention to the severe economic difficulties and the disintegration of the empire's traditional defences. However, he still did not have enough manpower to recover the lost territories in Asia Minor and to the advance by the Seljuks. At

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The historian Sofie Remijsen indicates that there are several reasons to conclude that the Olympic games continued after Theodosius I, as the traditional end day of 393 is linked to his anti-pagan constitution. She argues that the games instead came to an end under Theodosius II when a fire burned

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Its use of vernacular language, and the development of the first Slavic written script, increased education and literacy and influenced the direction of the spiritual, religious, and cultural development of the entire region. The Byzantines also preserved and copied classical manuscripts, and they

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to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The conquest of 1453 destroyed the Orthodox Church as an institution of the Christian empire inaugurated by Constantine, sealing off Greek-speaking Orthodoxy from the West for almost a century and a half. However, the church survived in altered form, and the spiritual

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The Church of this age was seen by its supporters as a universal all-embracing union of separate individual churches. Yet, the tendency for East and West to grow apart was already evident. The western church spoke Latin, while the East spoke, and wrote, in Greek and at least five other languages.

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During the third century, 10–15% of the population was enslaved (numbering around 3 million in the east). Youval Rotman calls the changes to slavery during this period "different degrees of unfreedom". Previous roles fulfilled by slaves became high-demand free market professions (like tutors), and

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claims the fiscally stretched Empire could only handle one major enemy at a time. The Islamic conquests between 634 and 642 led to significant changes, transforming the 4th-7th centuries field forces into provincialised militia-like units with a core of professional soldiers. The state shifted the

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states that the Constantinople patriarch elevated the emperor's credibility, during this challenging time as the Empire battled militant Islam geographically and Latin Christians economically; and ultimately, it was its efficient foreign relations that kept the state alive in this late era and not

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states a change in policies by emperors in the 9th and early 10th centuries was the basis for future activity. This change involved halting, reversing, and attacking Muslim power; cultivating relations with Armenians and Rus; and subjugating the Bulgarians. Telemachos Lounghis notes that diplomacy

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The Ekloge in 741 made marriage a Christian institution and no longer a private contract, and the institution's development correlated with the increased rights of slaves and the change in power relations. Marriage was considered an institution to sustain the population, transfer property rights,

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in 1025, the population is estimated to have been as high as 18 million. A few decades after the recapture of Constantinople in 1282, the Empire's population was in the range of 3–5 million; by 1312, the number had dropped to 2 million. By the time the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, there

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In earlier times, cities had been a collection of self-governing communities with central government and church representatives, whereas the emperor focused on defense and foreign relations. The Arab destruction primarily changed this due to constant war and their regular raids, with a decline in

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succeeded him in 1118 and ruled until 1143. John was a pious and dedicated emperor who was determined to undo the damage to the empire suffered at the Battle of Manzikert half a century earlier. Famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign, John was an exceptional example of a moral

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Constantine did not make Christianity the state religion. Law, literature, rituals, and institutions indicate that converting the empire to Christianity was a complex, long-term, slow-paced, and uneven process with no single moment or event to mark Christianity becoming the Roman Empire's state

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banned the pictorial representation of Christ, saints, and biblical scenes. Bishops, the army and the civil service supported the emperors, while monks, sometimes at the cost of their lives, and the western papacy, refused to participate, leading to further separation between the East and West.

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in the Church from the 7th century onwards, women were mostly assigned household responsibilities that were "labour-intensive". They worked in professions, such as in the food and textile industry, as medical staff, in public baths, had a heavy presence in retail, and were practicing members of

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There was never an official language of the Empire, however, Latin and Greek were the main languages. During the early years of the Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek had been useful to pass the requirements to be an educated noble, and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military,

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claims that over time, the distinction between field troops and garrison units eventually disappeared as resources were strained. The frequent civil wars further drained the Empire, now increasingly instigated by foreigners such as the Serbs and Turks to win concessions, and the emperors were

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rose and extensive tracts of new agricultural land were brought into production. Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a notable upsurge in new towns. Trade was also flourishing; the Venetians, the

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Following the split of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the West fell victim to political instability, social unrest, civil war, and invasions from foreign powers. In contrast, the Byzantines remained comparatively stable, allowing for the growth of a flourishing and resilient economy.

4116:; these were typically the languages of the lower strata of the population and the illiterate, who were the vast majority. The Empire was a multi-lingual state, but Greek bound everyone, and the forces of assimilation would lead to the diversity of its peoples' languages declining over time. 4145:, and the maintenance of infrastructure created a secure environment for economic growth. In the 530s, the territory of the empire encompassed both a massive population of around 30 million people and a wide array of natural resources. The Byzantines had access to resources such as abundant 5796:

According to the early Christian expert Tia Kolbaba, the Arab, Lombard, and Slavic invasions contributed to the alienation between the churches of Rome and Constantinople despite their shared past. Disagreement about Constantinople's jurisdiction compared to Rome's intensified as a result.

3121:(satellite states) and the principle of unbalanced power less effective and eventually abandoned. This meant by the 11th century, the Empire had changed this core diplomatic principle to one of equality, and Byzantine diplomacy evolved instead to solicit and utilise the emperor's presence. 2239:. In an effort to restore Byzantine control over the ports of southern Italy, he sent an expedition to Italy in 1155, but disputes within the coalition led to the eventual failure of the campaign. Despite this military setback, Manuel's armies successfully invaded the southern parts of the 2604:

Rather than holding on to his possessions in Asia Minor, Michael chose to expand the empire, gaining only short-term success. To avoid another sacking of the capital by the Latins, he forced the Church to submit to Rome, again a temporary solution for which the peasantry hated Michael and

716:. "Byzantine" was used adjectivally alongside terms such as "Empire of the Greeks" until the 19th century. It is now the primary term, used to refer to all aspects of the empire; some modern historians believe that, as an originally prejudicial and inaccurate term, it should not be used. 3240:

was inaccessible in Latin, particularly in the Empire's provinces. There was also a stronger association of Christianity with the law, after people questioned how the law was developed and used following the 7th century Islamic conquests. Together, this created the backdrop for Leo III

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were principally responsible for carrying, in person and writing, ancient Greek grammatical, literary, mathematical, and astronomical knowledge to early Renaissance Italy. They also brought with them classical learning and texts on botany, medicine and zoology, as well as the works of

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Regional variations led to competing orthodoxies, and conflicts over defining heresy and orthodoxy dominated fourth century Christianity. These ongoing controversies were a large part of what led the Armenian, Assyrian, and Egyptian churches to combine into what is today known as

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roots, with most changes and different styles being evident only in the upper strata of Byzantine society, however, always with the influence of the Hellenic environment. The Byzantines preferred colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially

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regards this as undeniable, and both Cameron and Obolensky recognize the major role of Byzantium in shaping Orthodoxy, which in turn occupies a central position in the history, societies and culture of Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Georgia, Serbia and other countries.

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In 1439, a reunion agreement between the Eastern and Western church was proposed. Popular resistance in the East interfered, so it wasn't until 1452 that the decree of union was officially published in Constantinople. The agreement was overthrown the very next year by the

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from Syria who fled during the Arab conquest of Syria. However, it has also been argued that no single person invented Greek fire, but rather, that it was "invented by the chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school...".

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Education was voluntary and required financial means to attend, with the most literate people being the ones associated with the church. Reading, writing, and arithmetic were foundational subjects taught in primary education whereas Secondary school focused on the

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submitted to Venice. The Empire of Trebizond, which had split away from the Byzantine Empire just weeks before Constantinople was taken by the Crusaders in 1204, became the last remnant of and de facto successor state to the Byzantine Empire. Efforts by Emperor

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BC onwards, and especially so in the western provinces, but not as much in the eastern provinces with a change due to Diocletian's reforms: there was a decline in the knowledge of Greek in the west, and Latin was asserted as the language of power in the east.

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The navy dominated the eastern Mediterranean and were active also on the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean. Imperial naval forces were restructured to challenge Arab naval dominance in the 7th century, and would later cede its own dominance to the

1607:. Although she was a capable administrator who temporarily resolved the iconoclasm controversy, the empire was destabilized by her feud with her son. The Bulgars and Abbasids meanwhile inflicted numerous defeats on the Byzantine armies, and the papacy crowned 2461:, son of the deposed and blinded Emperor Isaac II, made contact with the Crusaders. Alexios offered to reunite the Byzantine church with Rome, pay the Crusaders 200,000 silver marks, join the crusade, and provide all the supplies they needed to reach Egypt. 3767:

in 212 to all free men residing in its territories transformed the multi-lingual Roman Empire, expanding citizenship to a vast majority of its population and leading to a shift towards societal uniformity, particularly in its citizens' religious practices.

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to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims. The response in Western Europe was overwhelming. Alexios was able to recover a number of important cities, islands and much of western Asia Minor. The Crusaders agreed to become Alexios' vassals under the

3216:) commissioned a complete standardisation of imperial decrees since Hadrian's reign, and also incorporated a comprehensive collection of Jurists' opinions, resolving conflicts to create a final authority. This work was not restricted in its scope to just 4913:. Manuscript painting preserved some of the classical realist tradition that was missing in larger works till the end of the empire. Byzantine art was highly prestigious and sought-after in Western Europe, where it maintained a continuous influence on 3883:

Although women shared the same socio-economic status as men, they faced legal discrimination and had limitations in economic opportunities and vocations. Prohibited from serving as soldiers or holding political office, and restricted from serving as

5482:, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek. Byzantine art and literature held a pre-eminent place in Europe, and the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the West during this period was enormous and of long-lasting significance. 5205:. It remains the oldest genre of extant music, of which the manner of performance and (with increasing accuracy from the 5th century onwards) the names of the composers, and sometimes the particulars of each musical work's circumstances, are known. 1923:, agree with Skylitzes that by demobilising these soldiers, Constantine did catastrophic harm to the empire's eastern defences. The emergency lent weight to the military aristocracy in Anatolia, who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own, 18356: 3844:

Agriculture was the main basis of taxation and the state sought to bind everyone to land for productivity. Most land consisted of small and medium-sized lots around villages, with family farms serving as the primary source of agriculture. The

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Lasting for over one hundred years, this ban led to nearly all figurative religious art being destroyed. It wasn't until the tenth and early eleventh centuries that Byzantine culture fully recovered and Orthodoxy was again manifested in art.

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in 1045. Importantly, both Georgia and Armenia were significantly weakened by the Byzantine administration's policy of heavy taxation and abolishing of the levy. The weakening of Georgia and Armenia played a significant role in the Byzantine

5647:, an incendiary weapon which could even burn on water, is attributed to the Byzantines. It played a crucial role in the empire's victory over the Umayyad Caliphate during the siege of Constantinople (717–718). The discovery is attributed to 5897:. The despotate continued as an independent state by paying an annual tribute to the Ottomans. Incompetent rule, failure to pay the annual tribute, and a revolt against the Ottomans finally led to Mehmed II's invasion of Morea in May 1460. 991:. He was the last emperor to rule both the western and eastern halves of the empire; after his death, the West would be destabilised by a succession of "soldier-emperors", unlike the East, where administrators would continue to hold power. 3787:

in 529 when conversions would be enforced. The confiscation of pagan treasures, diversion of funds, and legal discrimination led to the decline of paganism, resulting in events like the closure of schools of philosophy and the end of the

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about the suffering of the Christians of the East and underscored that without help from the West, they would continue to suffer under Muslim rule. Urban saw Alexios' request as a dual opportunity to cement Western Europe and reunite the

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expressing tolerance for all religions in 313. The Edict was a pluralist policy, and throughout the Roman Empire of the fourth to sixth centuries, people chose between a variety of religious groups in a kind of "religious marketplace".

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Through a combination of luck, cultural factors, and political decisions, the Eastern empire never suffered from rebellious barbarian vassals and was never ruled by barbarian warlords—the problems which ensured the downfall of the West.

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7th century, the evolution and constant reshaping of the Byzantine state were directly related to the respective progress of Islam. Following the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II took the title "

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and sophistication as a state, which influenced the formation of new settlements on former Roman territories. Byzantine diplomacy drew fledgling states into dependency, creating a network of international and inter-state relations (the

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was chosen as patriarch. The lands divided up among the leaders included most of the former Byzantine possessions. Although Venice was more interested in commerce than conquering territory, it took key areas of Constantinople, and the

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The Byzantines pioneered the concept of the hospital as an institution offering medical care and the possibility of a cure for the patients, as a reflection of the ideals of Christian charity, rather than merely being a place to die.

2247:. By 1168, nearly the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast lay in Manuel's hands. Manuel made several alliances with the pope and Western Christian kingdoms, and he successfully handled the passage of the crusaders through his empire. 4356:. The garos fish sauce condiment was also not much appreciated by the unaccustomed; Liutprand of Cremona described being served food covered in an "exceedingly bad fish liquor". The Byzantines also used a soy sauce-like condiment, 881:, the previous capital, was further from the important eastern provinces and in a less strategically important location; it was not esteemed by the "soldier-emperors" who ruled from the frontiers or by the empire's population who, 2190:

in Asia Minor. His campaigns fundamentally altered the balance of power in the East, forcing the Turks onto the defensive, while retaking many towns, fortresses, and cities across the peninsula for the Byzantines. He defeated the

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caused significant demographic decline, negatively affecting the production and demand of the Byzantine economy; consequently, the Imperial treasury took a substantial hit. Economic downturn was worsened by conflicts with the

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states that there were nine dynasties between Heraclius in 610 and 1453, however only 30 of those 843 years was the Empire not ruled by men linked by blood or kinship which was largely due to the practice of co-emperorship.

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The Roman and Byzantine law codes form the basis of the modern world's civil law tradition, underlying the legal system of Western and Eastern Europe, Latin America, African nations like Ethiopia, the countries that follow

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and the Southern Peloponnese Tzacones/Lakones (marines), and Proselontes/Prosalentai (oarsmen)—but similarly could not sustain funding a standing force, largely relying on mercenaries as soldiers and fiscal exemptions to

3572:) and could be used to transport cavalry. The galleys were oar-driven, designed for coastal navigation, and are estimated to be able to operate for up to four days at a time. They were equipped with apparatus to deliver 17342: 6242:

argues that it's a common misconception that they were banned by decree and that instead the declining interest in chariot games, lack of funding (due to state policies) and hostility from zealots is what led to their

5765:, Christians of this era compiled many of Christianity's greatest works as they transformed and defined its art, culture, literature, philosophy and politics, its internal and external relationships, and its theology. 5265:, in Venice, where it is considered by many to have been the predecessor of the contemporary violin, which later flourished there. The bowed "lyra" is still played in former Byzantine regions, where it is known as the 3537:

in the 11th century. The navy's patrols, in addition to chains of watchtowers and fire signals that warned inhabitants of threats, created the coastal defense for the Empire and were the responsibility of three themes

3067:) dominated by the Empire, utilising Christianity as a tool. This network focused on treaty-making, welcoming new rulers into the family of kings, and assimilating social attitudes, values, and institutions into what 17677: 1419:

began almost immediately, and the Byzantines resorted to holding fortified centres and avoiding battle at all costs; although it was invaded annually, Anatolia avoided permanent Arab occupation. The outbreak of the

4348:, wine flavoured with pine resin, was also drunk, as it still is in Greece today. "To add to our calamity the Greek wine, on account of being mixed with pitch, resin, and plaster was to us undrinkable", complained 23537: 5155: 1197:

and Justinian produced extensive legislation on provincial administration; he reasserted imperial control over religion and morality through purges of non-Christians and "deviants"; and having ruthlessly subdued

17365: 5371:(from ancient Greek: angion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον), "the container"), had been played even in Roman times and continue to be played throughout the empire's former realms till the present day. These are namely the Balkan 2678:

Constantinople by this stage was underpopulated and dilapidated. The population of the city had collapsed so severely that it was now little more than a cluster of villages separated by fields. On 2 April 1453,

1484:

sought to build on the stability secured by his father Constantine but was overthrown in 695 after attempting to exact too much from his subjects; over the next twenty-two years, six more rebellions followed in

448:. The term "Byzantine Empire" was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as "Romans". Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to 1412:. By Heraclius' death in 641, the empire had been severely reduced economically as well as territorially—the loss of the wealthy eastern provinces had deprived Constantinople of three-quarters of its revenue. 17581: 3317:

was the basis of Greece's civil code until the mid-20th century. Historians used to think that "there was no continuity between Roman and Byzantine law", but this view has now changed due to new scholarship.

1645:, permanently extinguished the iconoclastic movement; the empire prospered under their sometimes-fraught rule. However, Michael was posthumously vilified by historians loyal to the dynasty of his successor 44: 5840:

schism and the Venetian and Genoese conquests during the Fourth Crusade introduced divisions, but these did not significantly impact the commercial or cultural life of the Jewish or Christian communities.

2046:. Guiscard's death in 1085 temporarily eased the Norman problem. The following year, the Seljuq sultan died, and the sultanate was split due to internal rivalries. By his own efforts, Alexios defeated the 4896:

is mostly religious and, with exceptions during certain periods, is highly conventional, following traditional models that translate carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms. Painting in

4588:

with golden backgrounds. Byzantine architects used marble mostly as interior cladding, in contrast to the structural roles it had for the Ancient Greeks. They used mostly stone and brick, and also thin

17764: 1554:), two of the most capable Byzantine emperors, withstood continued Arab attacks, civil unrest, and natural disasters, and reestablished the state as a major regional power. Leo's reign produced the 12999: 4921:

art. However, few incoming influences affected the Byzantine style. With the expansion of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantine forms and styles spread throughout the Orthodox world and beyond.

3869:

rise of some empresses to power. Women were major taxpayers, landowners, and petitioners to the imperial court, primarily seeking resolution for property-related disputes in the latter capacity.

2582:

that would eventually conquer Constantinople. However, the Mongol invasion also gave Nicaea a temporary respite from Seljuk attacks, allowing it to concentrate on the Latin Empire to its north.

17102: 4228:

tried to revive the economy, but the late Byzantine state could not gain full control of either foreign or domestic economic forces. Eventually, Constantinople also lost its influence on the

5742:

religion. Constantine wrote laws against sacrifice and magic, and laws that favored Christianity, but there was no legislation forcing the conversion of polytheists until the reign of the

20062: 5932:

to the Roman Empire. They considered that they had shifted their religious basis as Constantine had done before, and they continued to refer to their conquered Eastern Roman inhabitants (

768: 5469:, and regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences. In this period, the Byzantines provided the earliest model of 5609:. Unlike Aristotle, who based his physics on verbal arguments, Philoponus relied on observations. Philoponus' criticism of the Aristotelian principles of physics was an inspiration for 1245:

that killed a large proportion of the population and severely weakened the empire's social and financial stability. The most difficult period of the Ostrogothic war, against their king

12403: 837:, when a combination of external threats and internal instabilities caused the Roman state to splinter as regional armies acclaimed their generals as "soldier-emperors". One of these, 5975:, is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine emperors). Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople. The idea of the 626:

in 1261, the reconstituted empire would wield only regional power during its final two centuries of existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans in

634:

to the Ottomans in 1453 ultimately brought the empire to an end. Many refugees who had fled the city after its capture settled in Italy and throughout Europe, helping to ignite the

11820: 10851:

Homeland of origin and elective homelands: multiple citizenships in the Greek world during the Roman period; proceedings of the international conference of Tours, 6–7 November 2009

4917:

till the near end of the period. This was especially true in Italy, where Byzantine styles persisted in modified forms through the 12th century, and became formative influences on

4593:

sheets for windows. Mosaics were used to cover brick walls and any other surface where fresco would not resist. Notable examples of mosaics from the proto-Byzantine era are at the

4250:

were certainly imported into Egypt and appeared also in Bulgaria and the West. The state strictly controlled internal and international trade, and retained the monopoly of issuing

3792:. Christianity was also aided by the prevalence of Greek, and Christianity's debates further increased the importance of Greek, making the emergent church dependent on branches of 12725: 5761:

In the fourth century, the diverse network of separate churches became an organization that mirrored the structure of the Roman Empire. Often referred to as the "golden age" of

852:, or rule of four, and dividing the empire into eastern and western halves. Although the Tetrarchy system quickly failed, the division of the empire proved an enduring concept. 2284:

and others opened up the ports of the Aegean to commerce, shipping goods from the Crusader states and Fatimid Egypt to the west and trading with the empire via Constantinople.

20772: 3078:

has called a "Byzantine Caliphate". Diplomacy with the Muslim states, however, differed and centred on war-related matters such as hostages or the prevention of hostilities.

23581: 17685: 2254:

against the Turks. These losses were quickly recovered, and in the following year Manuel's forces inflicted a defeat upon a force of "picked Turks". The Byzantine commander

4246:

One of the economic foundations of Byzantium was trade, fostered by the maritime character of the empire. Textiles must have been by far the most important item of export;

1257:

failed to make a real difference. Justinian died in 565; his reign saw more success than that of any other Byzantine emperor, yet he left his empire under massive strain.

23548: 17981: 2671:) to establish themselves in Europe. By the time the Byzantine civil wars had ended, the Ottomans had defeated the Serbians and subjugated them as vassals. Following the 680:), due to having a contested legacy to Roman identity and to associate negative connotations from ancient Latin literature. The adjective "Byzantine", which derived from 1837: 1560:, a new code of law to succeed that of Justinian II, and continued to reform the "theme system" in order to lead offensive campaigns against the Muslims, culminating in 23528: 23524: 19187:"K. Buraselis, ΘΕΙΑ ΔΩΡΕΑ. ΜΕΛΕΤΕΣ ΠΑΝΩ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΥΝΑΣΤΕΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΣΕΒΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ CONSTITUTIO ANTONINIANA (with English summary) (Academy of Athens monograph 1)" 17383: 2332:

Andronikos began his reign well; in particular, the measures he took to reform the government of the empire have been praised by historians. According to the historian

15723: 4290:

for the lower. A different border or trimming round the edges was very common, and many single stripes down the body or around the upper arm are seen, often denoting

3355:. It later came to represent the emperor and was used by his successors for legitimisation and is known to have had usage up until the reign of Nikephoros II Phokas ( 2956:

and the army was separated from the civil administration. From the 7th century onwards, the prefectures became provinces and were later divided into districts called

17589: 19959:

Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)

6252:

This is despite Hellenic culture already having a long influence on Roman identity and the entrenchment of the Greek language in the east since the Hellenistic era.

13219: 4081:

claims contact with Western Europe in the 10th century revived Latin studies, and by the 11th century, knowledge of Latin was no longer unusual in Constantinople.

2207:, Prince of Antioch, to recognise Byzantine suzerainty. In an effort to demonstrate the emperor's role as the leader of the Christian world, John marched into the 5663:

were taught in Trebizond; medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 fuelled the era later commonly known as the "

4059:

in the 8th century, following the collapse of the Western Empire after the Muslim invasions broke the connection between speakers. During the reign of Justinian (

2494:, and Constantinople was subjected to pillage and massacre by the rank and file for three days. Many priceless icons, relics and other objects later turned up in 2374:, saw the collapse of what remained of the centralised machinery of Byzantine government and defence. Although the Normans were driven out of Greece, in 1186 the 1799:

in southern Italy in the west. Many successes had been achieved, ranging from the conquest of Bulgaria to the annexation of parts of Georgia and Armenia, and the

528:

The empire experienced several cycles of decline and recovery throughout its history, reaching its greatest extent after the fall of the west during the reign of

28011: 10847:

Patrie d'origine et patries électives: les citoyennetés multiples dans le monde grec d'époque romaine actes du colloque international de Tours, 6–7 novembre 2009

3128:

managed to recover Constantinople in 1261 and its statecraft is what allowed the weakened Empire to act like a great power of the past in the 13–14th centuries.

23551: 3647:. The strategy of employing mercenary Turks to fight civil wars was repeatedly used by emperors and always led to the same outcome: subordination to the Turks. 3366:

also known as the tau-rho, and the cross were the most prominent Christian signs that could be seen, with the labarum-cross becoming the main banner during the

2502:, a prostitute was even set up on the patriarchal throne. When order had been restored, the crusaders and the Venetians proceeded to implement their agreement; 2363:. Andronikos mobilised a small fleet of 100 ships to defend the capital, but other than that he was indifferent to the populace. He was finally overthrown when 28016: 25399: 23522: 4273:

Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire, but was essentially conservative. Popular Byzantine dress remained attached to its

3772:'s reforms significantly altered governmental structure, reach and taxation, and these reforms also had the effect of downgrading the first capital, Rome. The 1814:

The Byzantine Empire then fell into a period of difficulties, caused to a large extent by the undermining of the theme system and the neglect of the military.

16060:

van Dieten, Jan Louis (1980). "Die Byzantinische Literatur – Eine Literatur Ohne Geschichte?" [Byzantine Literature – A Literature Without History?].

7876: 7809: 21005: 7943: 17065: 16913: 12060:"The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment as a philological resource. Latin in the East Roman army and two new loanwords in Greek: palmarium and *recala" 4425:, which is still popular in former Byzantine realms and still known by the same name in Greece. Byzantine nobles were devoted to horsemanship, particularly 3377:

was a symbol that was in continuous usage by the military until the 6th century, with one or two eagles likely representing the emperor through all reigns.

1380:

and Egypt and pushed into Asia Minor, while Byzantine control of Italy slipped and the Avars and Slavs ran riot in the Balkans. Although Heraclius repelled

23439: 17896: 3758: 18513: 6189:

Leo VI was officially the son of Basil I, but a persistent rumour alleged that he had been fathered by Michael III, who had previously taken Leo's mother

5117:. The empire's final centuries saw a renewal of hagiography and increased Western influence, leading to mass Greek to Latin translations. Authors such as 4161:

by Justinian I were expensive and draining campaigns, they reopened Mediterranean trade routes and parts of the Roman west were reconnected with the east.

3825:, tenants bound to the land, as a new legal category between freemen and slaves. From 294, but not completely, the enslavement of children was forbidden; 2613:

marked Byzantium's last genuine attempts to restoring the glory of the empire. However, the use of mercenaries by Andronikos II often backfired, with the

1249:, came during this decade, while divisions among Justinian's advisors undercut the administration's response. He also did not fully heal the divisions in 3068: 2325:. After eliminating his potential rivals, he had himself crowned as co-emperor in September 1183. He eliminated Alexios II and took his 12-year-old wife 17494: 9861: 3986:

Most early emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the

1416: 5797:

Misunderstandings and conflicts over ritual, such as the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and differences in points of doctrine (such as the

24849: 23574: 19985: 1112:

brought occasional issues, Anastasius was a capable administrator and instituted several successful financial reforms including the abolition of the

12991: 5877:

By the time of the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, already an empire in name only since the Fourth Crusade, had been reduced to three

4974:. Most contemporary scholars consider all medieval Greek texts to be literature, but some offer varying constraints. The literature's early period ( 2449:

in the summer of 1202 and hired the Venetian fleet to transport them to Egypt. As a payment to the Venetians, they captured the (Christian) port of

14498: 4561: 2696: 2574:

to set up their own principalities in Anatolia, weakening the Byzantine hold on Asia Minor. Two centuries later, one of the Beys of these beyliks,

23547: 5703: 4437:. Emperor Basil I excelled at it; Emperor Alexander died from exhaustion while playing, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was injured while playing with 28046: 19856: 14540: 2390:, "the dynasty of the Angeloi, Greek in its origin, ... accelerated the ruin of the Empire, already weakened without and disunited within." 16425:"Medieval Sourcebook: Iconoclastic Council, 754 – Epitome of the definition of the iconoclastic Conciliabulum, held in Constantinople, A.D. 754" 5944:(whose rulers also considered themselves the heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors) harboured Orthodox refugees, including some Byzantine nobles. 5698: 4441:, and John I of Trebizond died from a fatal injury during a game. Other than Constantinople and Trebizond, other Byzantine cities also featured 1229:

In the 540s, however, Justinian began to suffer reversals on multiple fronts. Taking advantage of Constantinople's preoccupation with the West,

21881: 20235: 20136: 15462:

The Roman Empire: Essays on the Constitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.)

11357: 6108: 6078:

are thus regarded as transmitters of classical knowledge, as important contributors to modern European civilization, and as precursors of both

2842:) and Singidunum. By water, Crete, Cyprus and Sicily were key naval points and the main ports connecting Constantinople were Alexandria, Gaza, 2407: 1514: 623: 68: 22296: 10487:"John H. Pryor and Elizabeth M. Jeffreys, The Age of the ΔPOMΩN: the Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006. Pp. lxxvii, 754" 8275: 5711:

The first Christian communities began in Judea, in the Roman Empire, in the second quarter of the first century. They swiftly spread into the

25286: 21569: 20146: 20079: 19048: 14853: 13749: 12395: 8313: 7819: 5793:

remained unconvinced they should be submissive to the Roman See. The vision of a universal and united Christendom was slowly coming undone.

3367: 2930:

proclamations of the crowds of Constantinople, and the inaugurations of the patriarch from 457, would legitimise the rule of an emperor. The

1658: 772: 18611: 3776:

dynasty's support for Christianity, as well as the elevation of Constantinople as an imperial seat, further solidified this transformation.

3625:

that ruled until 1453, built on the Komnenian foundation initially with four types of military units—the Thelematarii (volunteer soldiers),

2231:. Manuel reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states, with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with 28051: 25828: 23567: 23503: 20094: 20089: 1129: 1125: 13651: 13516: 10746:. "The Formation of the Hellenic Christian Mind". Christian Hellenism: Essays and Studies in Continuity and Change. 1998: A. D. Caratzas. 8335: 1942:

and was captured. Alp Arslan treated him with respect and imposed no harsh terms on the Byzantines. In Constantinople a coup put in power

27243: 25870: 25858: 23542: 23460: 21170: 20156: 20131: 16780: 13381: 5831: 4824: 4232:

of trade, price mechanisms, control over the outflow of precious metals and, according to some scholars, even over the minting of coins.

3804:

views Christianity as "bringing no economic, social, or political changes to the state other than being more deeply integrated into it".

2348: 2011: 1971: 1510: 572: 23469: 13460: 11055: 10800:. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Vol. 7. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 122. 7744: 1860:

who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century. During a period of strife between Constantinople and Rome culminating in the

25917: 23549: 23535: 23534: 23511: 23510: 21521: 21504: 20161: 20141: 18827:

Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery 1984 & 1985: Cookery: Science, Lore & Books: Proceedings (Introduction by Alan Davidson)

18004: 17155: 12719: 11023:

Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II: Maintaining Imperial Rule Between Rome and Constantinople in the Fourth Century AD

7079: 5427: 2687:, was last seen casting off his imperial regalia and throwing himself into hand-to-hand combat after the walls of the city were taken. 2304: 1518: 23543: 23506: 23478: 23465: 19505: 16436: 12396:"Clothing of the Byzantine Empire. Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages" 9236: 8354: 5913:

to recruit European powers for an anti-Ottoman crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461. After a

27996: 23484: 21220: 21066: 21038: 20682: 20674: 20151: 20084: 3381:

would later be adopted, but the lack of evidence makes it a challenge to confidently identify what was the most prominent. Historian

2996: 1662: 1304: 1280: 776: 548: 23531: 23508: 18896: 13290: 8959:

Eck, Werner (2016). "The Emperor, the Law and Imperial Administration". In DuPlessis, Paul J.; Tuori, Kaius; Ando, Clifford (eds.).

5707:

Map of the Roman empire with the distribution of the Christian congregations of the first three centuries displayed for each century

4024:, a compilation of mostly Roman jurists, was written almost entirely in Latin; however, the laws issued after 534, from Justinian's 3634:

who provided a small force of mostly cavalry. The Fleet was disbanded in 1284 and attempts were made to build it back later but the

3199:) elevated five Jurists to the role of principal authorities and compiled the legislation issued since Constantine's reign into the 885:, considered themselves "Roman". Constantine extensively reformed the empire's military and civil administration and instituted the 28031: 25833: 23496: 23489: 23485: 23432: 21416: 20777: 12565: 6118: 5694: 5538: 5310: 5218: 4028:

onwards, were in both Greek and Latin, which marks the year when the government also officially began to use the former language.

2416: 988: 976: 522: 453: 122: 12526: 11755: 11146: 28001: 27205: 25843: 23932: 21265: 16885:——— (2022). "From "Empire of the Greeks" to "Byzantium"". In Ransohoff, Jake; Aschenbrenner, Nathanael (eds.). 5170: 4845: 4220:

The Fourth Crusade led to the disruption of Byzantine manufacturing and the commercial dominance of the Western Europeans in the

3351:, initially for the army, which was a pole with a transverse bar forming a cross, with the monogram of Christ, also known as the 23546: 23545: 23541: 23490: 23476: 23471: 23463: 23462: 4659:

Diptych Leaf with a Byzantine Empress; 6th century; ivory with traces of gilding and leaf; height: 26.5 cm (10.4 in);

4433:. The game came from Sassanid Persia, and a Tzykanisterion (stadium for playing the game) was built by Theodosius II inside the 4164: 1619:

in 811. Military defeats and societal disorder, especially the resurgence of iconoclasm, characterised the next eighteen years.

28041: 27150: 25838: 25572: 21745: 21270: 19911: 19582:

The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century

17966: 13321: 5770: 4576:

plans favored in medieval Western European churches, Byzantine churches usually had more centralized ground plans, such as the

3462:

states that the field forces of the Eastern Empire between 284 and 602 were the best in the western world, while the historian

1576:

against the Bulgars, and continued to make administrative and military reforms. However, due to both emperors' support for the

894: 23529: 23523: 23518: 14571: 13842: 13718: 2457:, which was a vassal city of Venice, it had rebelled and placed itself under Hungary's protection in 1186. Shortly afterward, 2219:, who campaigned aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and east. In Palestine, Manuel allied with the Crusader 698:

was established on, was only used to describe the inhabitants of that city; it did not refer to the empire, which they called

27120: 25945: 25472: 24842: 23544: 23249: 22631: 21669: 20429: 20422: 19978: 19774: 19738: 19687: 19665: 19590: 19566: 19547: 19494: 19465: 19414: 19395: 19369: 19317: 19296: 19277: 19245: 19057: 18946: 18924: 18890: 18839: 18802: 18783: 18764: 18734: 18707: 18681: 18562: 18540: 18499: 18477: 18443: 18306: 18287: 18268: 18242: 18182: 18148: 18127: 18070: 18014: 17955: 17871: 17801: 17777: 17742: 17721: 17608: 17570: 17548: 17475: 17454: 17406: 17295: 17250: 17231: 17140: 17116: 17054: 16894: 16875: 16839: 16798: 16757: 16696: 16616: 16591: 16560: 16533: 16514: 16495: 16355: 16332: 16310: 16288: 16257: 16233: 16147: 16126: 16107: 15975: 15939: 15781: 15762: 15741: 15545: 15526: 15446: 15401: 15354: 15335: 15307: 15288: 15247: 15219: 15196: 15162: 15075: 15049: 15030: 14995:

Micheau, Françoise. "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In

14951: 14824: 14633: 14606: 14550: 14516: 13536: 13499: 13454: 13374: 13191: 12882: 12833: 12808: 12783: 12702: 12663: 12494: 12379: 12014: 11954: 11806: 11109: 11039: 10906: 10858: 10751: 10437: 9801: 9020: 8978: 8790: 8533: 7738: 5809:, also known as the "Great Schism", which officially separated Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. 4707: 4291: 2924: 1783:

Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe throughout late antiquity and most of the Middle Ages until the

1494: 1455: 1363: 19596: 18154: 18041: 17301: 16763: 16263: 16153: 15981: 15945: 15168: 14556: 13197: 10814: 8539: 6269:

as a resolution, yet more problems continued to develop. Schisms broke out after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 wrote the

27210: 27085: 26238: 24234: 23952: 23493: 21421: 21280: 20568: 19328: 19186: 16428: 15997:

Day, Gerald W. (1977). "Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century".

10486: 8285: 7829: 4602: 3029: 2648: 1315:. Phocas lost Constantinople in 610 and was soon executed, but the destructive civil war accelerated the empire's decline. 444:

in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the

23538: 23536: 23475: 23155: 19952: 17396: 9376: 4235:

The government attempted to exercise formal control over interest rates and to set the parameters for the activity of the

28036: 28026: 27876: 27758: 25791: 24905: 24747: 24490: 24438: 23425: 20412: 19926: 18652: 17417: 14503:. Vol. 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–97. 13246: 5637: 4613:. Christian liturgies were held in the interior of the churches, the exterior usually having little to no ornamentation. 4205:. Heraclius waged numerous campaigns to fend off the mounting threats to the empire, recovering the wealthy provinces of 3282:, but also noteworthy because they show an effort to define the emperor's power according to the prevalent laws. Leo VI ( 3110:

with the West became more challenging from 752/3 and later with the Crusades, as the balance of power shifted. Historian

2920: 2635: 16366: 13227: 12619: 6032:, the focus was mainly on the classical past, while Byzantine tradition had been associated with negative connotations. 6005: 3336:

The Chi-Rho cross with a wreath, above Roman soldiers, symbolising a representation of the resurrection of Christ c. 350

1206:. Justinian took advantage of political instability in Italy to attempt the reconquest of lost western territories. The 27945: 27612: 25462: 24629: 24300: 23459: 23301: 22301: 21750: 21163: 19901: 17377: 17336: 17084: 16969: 11305: 6193:

as his mistress. One of Leo's first acts was to rebury Michael III in Basil's mausoleum, which exacerbated the rumours.

5861: 5446: 5065: 4793: 4409:

because of a very unlucky dice throw for Zeno (red), as he threw 2, 5 and 6 and was forced to leave eight pieces alone.

3661: 3480:

The military structure would diversify to include militia-like soldiers tied to regions, professional thematic forces (

2944:) was the first military overthrow since the third century, his reign also being one of 43 emperors violently removed. 2326: 1954:. By 1081, the Seljuks had expanded their rule over virtually the entire Anatolian plateau from Armenia in the east to 1715: 1693: 1573: 611: 23488: 23477: 18252: 15594:

Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (2007a). "Introduction". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

13346: 5095:, rejected the Encyclopedist emphasis on order, and were interested in individual-focused ideals variously concerning 3434:

In the 5th century the East was fielding five armies of ~20,000 each in two army branches: stationary frontier units (

3305:, published in 1345 by a jurist, was a law book in six volumes compiled from a wide range of Byzantine legal sources. 27130: 25890: 25457: 25452: 25428: 25279: 24741: 24349: 23530: 21945: 21851: 20417: 19706: 19442: 19210: 18965: 18605: 18035: 17702: 17526: 16950: 16670: 16386: 15650: 15603: 15572: 15482: 15269: 15018: 14973: 13876: 13818: 13808: 13788: 13778: 11793:(1st ed.). Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 10805: 10773: 6103: 6000: 5929: 5668: 2026:

in 1081. From the outset of his reign, Alexios faced a formidable attack from the Normans under Guiscard and his son

1865: 1637:, overhaul provincial governance, and wage inconclusive campaigns against the Abbasids. After his death, his empress 23464: 5560:

were cultivated and preserved in Byzantium. Therefore, Byzantine science was in every period closely connected with

4497: 4084:

Many other languages are attested in the Empire, not just in Constantinople but also at its frontiers. They include

2981:) during his legal reforms formally ending the rights of city councils and the legislative authority of the senate. 1725:, which codified Constantinople's trading regulations. In non-literary contexts Leo was less successful: the empire 1191:

was a watershed in Byzantine history. Following his accession in 527, the law-code was rewritten as the influential

27743: 27338: 27145: 25818: 25467: 25394: 24835: 23590: 20914: 19971: 19640: 16716:"The origins of Christianity in the territory of Czech and Slovak republics within the contexts of written sources" 16171:"Spatial constraints on the diffusion of religious innovations: The case of early Christianity in the Roman Empire" 12095: 11026:. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–228, 325. 10165: 7872: 7805: 6216:

from 364 as the Empire transitioned into Christianity. More recent scholarship, such as the narrative histories of

3990:. Classical languages expert Bruno Rochette claims Latin had experienced a period of spread from the second century 3849:

once referred to as proto-serfs, were free citizens; however, their status remains a subject of historical debate.

3612: 3550:) and an imperial fleet that consisted of mercenaries like the Norsemen and Russians that later became Varangians. 2259: 1288: 1254: 1044: 429: 23515: 18852:(1993). "The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the 'Theodosian Code". 17465: 16283:. Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College, London. Aldershot, Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate. 5940:. This claim gradually faded away as the Ottoman Empire assumed a more Islamic political identity. Meanwhile, the 2526:

After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin crusaders, two Byzantine successor states were established: the

2367:, surviving an imperial assassination attempt, seized power with the aid of the people and had Andronikos killed. 27768: 27371: 27236: 25411: 25344: 24759: 23470: 22927: 21886: 21708: 20240: 20008: 19888: 19798: 17090: 17024: 16905: 15434: 15412: 10973: 7543: 6655: 6133: 5006: 4817: 4229: 3813: 3105:

has claimed "defensive imperialism", shaped by the Empire's strategic location and limited resources. Historian

3006: 2293: 2172: 902: 725: 23499: 22089: 19946: 19719:(2008). "Byzantine diplomacy: good faith, trust and co-operation in international relations in Late Antiquity". 17935: 11320: 3299:, a monumental work consisting of 60 books, and that became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law. The 3220:, but also covered the power of the emperor, the organisation of the Empire and other matters now classified as 3024: 1791:

Basil II is considered among the most capable Byzantine emperors and his reign as the apex of the empire in the

1756:

used his fleet to secure power, crowning himself and demoting Constantine to the position of junior co-emperor.

27555: 27388: 27326: 26165: 26090: 25848: 24735: 24639: 24583: 23741: 23525: 23509: 21856: 21846: 21718: 21639: 21457: 21325: 20897: 20841: 20762: 20629: 19533: 17130: 17106: 16727: 15578: 15460: 14902:

Anastos, Milton V. (1962). "The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961".

12374:. The new Middle Ages series (Transferred to digital print ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6. 10237: 8519: 8384: 6171: 6138: 5996: 5980: 5583:, and it is through this manuscript tradition, kept alive by the school of mathematics and engineering founded 5433: 4733: 4621: 4434: 3783:

built on previous emperors' bans and enacted many laws restricting pagan activities; but it would not be until

3429: 3382: 2483: 2387: 1947: 1856:

At the same time, Byzantium was faced with new enemies. Its provinces in southern Italy were threatened by the

1808: 1003: 25041: 23494: 23483: 23466: 16402:

Grosdidier de Matons, Jean (1967). "La femme dans l'empire byzantin" [Women in the Byzantine Empire].

5259:). The first of these, the early bowed stringed instrument known as the Byzantine lyra, came to be called the 27763: 27672: 26661: 24624: 24558: 24357: 24089: 24012: 23863: 23498: 23468: 23365: 21713: 21703: 21618: 21373: 21158: 17150: 16454: 15904:

Cross, Richard (2001). "A Recent Contribution on the Distinction between Monophysitism and Chalcedonianism".

11879: 9824:

Salogubova, Elena; Zenkov, Alan (15 June 2018). "Roman law 's influence on russian civil law and procedure".

6859: 6795: 6699: 5019: 4951: 3898: 3878: 3854: 2971: 1638: 1397: 1381: 1292: 759:. Geoffrey Greatrex believes that it is impossible to precisely date the foundation of the Byzantine Empire. 109: 23521: 20593: 19822: 19020:. "7: Byzantine-Arab diplomacy in the Near East from the Islamic conquests to the mid-eleventh century". In 17486: 11788: 7379: 6915: 2442: 27991: 26501: 26105: 25557: 25272: 25239: 23539: 23360: 23244: 21787: 21755: 21659: 21368: 21340: 21148: 20687: 18492:

The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades

15456: 12302: 12300: 11751: 10853:]. Scripta antiqua (in French). Bordeaux Pessac Paris: Ausonius éd. diff. de Boccard. pp. 79–98 . 10517: 5505: 5060:) saw a renewed proliferation of literature and revived the earlier Hellenic-Christian synthesis. Works by 5043: 3714: 3699: 3327: 2713:

as its capital. In the 5th century, it controlled the eastern basis of the Mediterranean running east from

2590: 2031: 1767:, resulting in the annexation of several Georgian provinces to the empire. Basil's successors also annexed 1634: 1439:", in which troops were allocated to defend specific provinces. With the help of the recently rediscovered 1097:

to take control of Italy from Odoacer, which he did; dying with the empire at peace, Zeno was succeeded by

848:), seeing that the state was too big to be ruled by one man, attempted to fix the problem by instituting a 23500: 23474: 16868:

Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition

14581: 12557: 7035: 6679: 6543: 1733:, while he provoked theological scandal by marrying four times in an attempt to father a legitimate heir. 1139: 27986: 27722: 27717: 27333: 27200: 27125: 26884: 25940: 25823: 25369: 24753: 24705: 24396: 23883: 23519: 23516: 23370: 22407: 21511: 21153: 21000: 20757: 20508: 19255: 18424:

Pryor, John H. (2017). "The Dromōn and the Byzantine navy". In Buchet, Christian; Balard, Michel (eds.).

18348: 17260:

Kenworthy, Scott M. (2008). "Beyond Schism: Restoring Eastern Orthodoxy to the History of Christianity".

16602: 15961: 14804:

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)

10637: 9483: 7487: 5146: 4640: 2360: 2224: 834: 638:. The fall of Constantinople is sometimes used to mark the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the 23540: 23495: 23479: 23467: 23461: 19812: 14625:

Reclaiming Byzantium: Russia, Turkey and the Archaeological Claim to the Middle East in the 19th Century

12297: 11537: 9007:. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. 6523: 4560:, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions ranging from Egypt and Arabia to 3101:

The primary objective of diplomacy was survival, not conquest, and it was fundamentally defensive or as

3010: 2974:

states that due to the Empire's fight for survival, it developed into one centre of power, with Leo VI (

2934:

had its own identity but would become an extension of the emperor's court, becoming largely ceremonial.

1713:, a Greek translation of Justinian I's law-code which included over 100 new laws of Leo's devising; the 1489:. The reconstituted caliphate sought to break Byzantium by taking Constantinople, but the newly crowned 27802: 27778: 27773: 27229: 27160: 26824: 26716: 26486: 26258: 26080: 25988: 25853: 25796: 24699: 24693: 24644: 24634: 24064: 24049: 23912: 23501: 21831: 21777: 21516: 21388: 21378: 21078: 20958: 20836: 20767: 20655: 20624: 20467: 20407: 19836: 18885:. Vol. IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590–1073. Grand Rapids, Michigan: CCEL. pp. 161–162. 18392: 17811: 16320: 13317: 11657: 11290:"Review of: Response: Rotman on Lenski on Youval Rotman, Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World" 6113: 6049: 5850: 5474: 4934: 4810: 4274: 2958: 2684: 2626: 2610: 1951: 1436: 1424:

in 656 gave Byzantium breathing space, which it used wisely: some order was restored in the Balkans by

627: 297: 158: 20: 23533: 23526: 23507: 19853: 18370:

Poppe, Andrzej (1991). "Christianity and Ideological change in Kievan Rus': The First Hundred Years".

15425: 13285: 11855: 11130: 10689: 9782:(2010). "Magna Carta, the ius commune, and English Common Law". In Senderowitz Loengard, Janet (ed.). 9571: 6771: 6503: 3587:) developed professional marines, this combination kept a check on Muslim raiding through piracy. The 3262:

which Zachary Chitwood claims were likely used on a daily basis in the provinces as companions to the

1323: 28021: 27981: 27748: 27502: 27463: 27180: 26273: 26228: 26155: 26075: 26023: 26013: 25965: 25312: 24811: 24094: 23492: 23491: 23487: 23482: 23473: 23328: 22476: 22040: 21691: 21215: 21071: 20856: 20747: 20634: 19434: 17449:. Vol. 2: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–481. 14594: 11174: 5914: 5077: 5076:

was heavily reorganized. After this early flowering of monastic literature, there was a dearth until

5038:), production of literature mostly stopped, although some important theologians were active, such as 3746: 3301: 2606: 2187: 1904: 1804: 1405: 1250: 488: 23502: 12963: 9951: 1795:. By 1025, the date of Basil II's death, the Byzantine Empire stretched from Armenia in the east to 599:, and Constantinople would remain the largest and wealthiest city in Europe until the 13th century. 26781: 26691: 26200: 26180: 26175: 26160: 26113: 26053: 26008: 25810: 24717: 24069: 23922: 23858: 23517: 23514: 23512: 23286: 23261: 23111: 22770: 22765: 20990: 20742: 20229: 20108: 9752: 7303: 6094:

of Rome), since he was determined to make the Ottoman Empire the heir of the Eastern Roman Empire.

6029: 5918: 5917:, David surrendered the city of Trebizond on 14 August 1461. Trebizond's Crimean principality, the 5886: 5648: 5479: 4990: 4905:

and on wood panels and mosaics, especially in earlier periods, were the main media, and figurative

4660: 4158: 3217: 3125: 2598: 2503: 2340: 1912: 1730: 1506: 1486: 1470:. Nevertheless, he and Constans had done enough to secure the empire's position, especially as the 1219: 967:

to settle in Roman territory; he also twice intervened in the western half, defeating the usurpers

23481: 23480: 23472: 19486: 19032:. "18: Blood and ink: some observations on Byzantine attitudes towards warfare and diplomacy". In 14838: 13743: 12418: 10113:(Report) (in Greek). pp. 209–221 – via University of Thessaly Institutional Repository. 8310: 7953: 6028:

as a body of religious, political, and philosophical ideas contrary to those of the West. Even in

1116:. He was the first emperor to die with no serious problems affecting his empire since Diocletian. 28056: 27828: 27753: 27411: 27190: 27170: 27110: 27100: 27090: 26496: 26185: 26085: 26065: 25980: 25970: 25675: 25615: 25595: 25307: 24990: 24805: 24480: 24372: 24334: 23829: 23759: 23505: 23353: 23234: 22775: 22728: 22671: 22370: 22314: 22062: 21896: 21320: 21046: 20866: 20752: 18080: 16343: 16062: 15364: 15148: 11258: 9971: 9779: 9631: 9036: 7619: 7399: 7059: 6603: 6270: 6225: 6162: 6128: 5941: 5730: 5690: 5550: 5202: 4986: 4696: 4025: 3764: 3738: 3225: 2563: 2379: 2355:

who declared his independence from the Byzantine Empire. Yet, none of these troubles compared to

2276:, the Komnenian army assured the empire's security, enabling Byzantine civilisation to flourish. 2251: 2176: 2171:. He thwarted Hungarian and Serbian threats during the 1120s, and in 1130 he allied himself with 2084: 1726: 1589: 1385: 1359: 882: 709: 480: 23513: 19169: 18795:

Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)

6483: 6291: 5947:

At Constantine's death, the role of the emperor as a patron of Eastern Orthodoxy was claimed by

4010:

in 439 expanded its use in legal procedures, the first law in Greek was issued in 448, and when

2232: 2002: 27577: 27406: 27195: 27185: 27135: 27115: 26929: 26904: 26869: 26751: 26476: 26123: 25885: 25416: 24765: 24711: 24659: 24649: 24485: 24428: 24099: 23497: 23486: 23375: 23276: 23271: 22959: 22907: 22827: 22760: 22664: 22649: 22542: 22309: 22263: 22104: 21991: 21821: 21411: 21253: 20697: 20503: 20477: 20472: 20245: 20221: 20217: 20184: 19864: 19612: 19476: 14983: 14802: 13641: 12146: 10743: 10071: 6935: 6751: 6731: 6443: 6123: 5882: 5871: 5814: 5572:, the Greek mathematician and architect of the Hagia Sophia, produced the first compilation of 4902: 4873: 4723: 4606: 4557: 4526: 4487: 4377: 4214: 3793: 3114:

claims the number and nature of the Empire's neighbours also changed significantly, making the

2640: 2630: 2539: 2491: 2255: 1911:

calls the "Iberian Army", which consisted of 50,000 men, and it was turned into a contemporary

1467: 1401: 1393: 1178: 631: 603: 580: 552: 437: 23504: 19920:. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars. 14412: 13378: 9124: 4328:(known as plakountas tetyromenous or tyritas plakountas), and the famed medieval sweet wines ( 2344: 1927:, as emperor. In the summer of 1071, Romanos undertook a massive eastern campaign to draw the 1241:

in 540. Meanwhile, the emperor's internal reforms and policies began to falter, not helped by

752:

AD. Still others hold that these starting points are too early or too late, and instead begin

27911: 27657: 27522: 27165: 27095: 26919: 26671: 26471: 26466: 26263: 26170: 26095: 26058: 26043: 26018: 25998: 25900: 25157: 24729: 24573: 24525: 24511: 24339: 24079: 23992: 23942: 23621: 23604: 23532: 23520: 23306: 23266: 23079: 22954: 22018: 22008: 21967: 21938: 21539: 21393: 20583: 20493: 20457: 20342: 20072: 20067: 18328:

Martín, Inmaculada Pérez. "Modes of Manuscript Transmission (Ninth–Fifteenth Centuries)". In

17996: 16658: 16042: 15863: 14878: 13444: 12281: 9855: 7722: 7583: 7455: 7359: 7263: 7227: 7015: 6879: 6635: 6583: 5952: 5894: 5614: 5595: 5591: 5039: 4994: 4221: 3789: 3773: 3591:

were the most advanced galleys on the Mediterranean, until the 10th century development of a

3106: 3086: 2953: 2809: 2668: 2412: 2318: 2159:

ruler at a time when cruelty was the norm. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine

2135: 2027: 1689: 1633:), who exploited economic growth to complete construction programs, including rebuilding the 1584:, they were later vilified by Byzantine historians; Constantine's reign also saw the loss of 914: 898: 814: 596: 492: 177: 23194: 19766: 17418:"The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 ce: Quantification in the Face of High Uncertainty" 16169:

Fousek, Jan; Kaše, Vojtěch; Mertel, Adam; Výtvarová, Eva; Chalupa, Aleš (26 December 2018).

9700: 9641: 9200: 9160: 6819: 5718: 2647:

The situation became worse for Byzantium during the civil wars after Andronikos III died. A

2186:

In the later part of his reign, John focused his activities on the East, personally leading

28006: 27962: 27712: 27707: 27647: 27582: 27487: 27175: 27140: 26829: 26696: 26596: 26521: 26386: 26349: 25725: 25389: 24777: 24654: 24593: 24578: 24501: 24465: 24421: 24411: 24189: 24161: 23967: 23811: 23709: 23653: 23399: 23229: 23199: 23074: 23005: 22976: 22895: 22229: 22067: 22057: 21782: 21765: 21586: 21345: 21310: 21193: 21130: 21125: 20660: 20603: 19940: 19870: 19756: 19522: 19005: 18831: 18825: 18192: 17967:"The Understanding of Papal Supremacy as revealed in the Letters of Pope Gregory the Great" 17855: 17220: 16743: 16424: 16184: 13528: 12718:

Ousterhout, Robert (2021). "Middle Byzantine Church Architecture". In Freeman, Evan (ed.).

10793: 10261: 9995: 9720: 8970: 6463: 6079: 5806: 5754: 5673: 5606: 5501: 5470: 4939: 4930: 4885: 4778: 4544: 4349: 4135: 4032: 4020: 3691: 3205: 3192:

Eventually, an official reform of Roman law was initiated by the East, when Theodosius II (

3129: 3081: 3073: 3033: 3018: 2356: 2236: 2220: 1861: 1815: 1749: 1649:, who assassinated him in 867 and who was given credit for his predecessor's achievements. 1623: 1577: 1532: 1523: 1490: 1193: 1098: 926: 237: 54: 26819: 23179: 17281: 11637: 10432:. Oxford classical monographs. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 311. 10381: 9056: 8960: 7507: 7207: 6563: 5266: 4580:

plan deployed in many Middle Byzantine churches. They also often featured marble columns,

8: 27840: 27816: 27677: 27607: 27550: 27467: 27293: 27105: 26954: 26756: 26626: 26576: 25895: 25492: 25193: 25138: 25052: 24959: 24937: 24799: 24530: 24433: 24416: 24406: 24261: 24184: 24007: 24002: 23937: 23837: 23747: 23448: 23091: 22971: 22937: 22839: 22659: 22654: 22466: 22185: 22121: 21996: 21981: 20692: 20608: 20598: 20462: 20225: 20213: 20100: 18877: 18115: 17734:

The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal systems of Europe and Latin America

17040: 16378: 15257: 13646: 13440: 13280: 10117: 9551: 9320: 8259: 7419: 7339: 6839: 6423: 5956: 5664: 5557: 5546: 5411: 5130: 5096: 5028: 4918: 4753: 4189: 3682:

were only 50,000 people in the city, which was one-tenth of its population in its prime.

3622: 3386: 3178: 2990: 2535: 2531: 2371: 2310: 2204: 2092: 2075: 2051: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1773: 1753: 1721: 1242: 1223: 1094: 980: 660:

The inhabitants of the empire, now generally termed Byzantines, thought of themselves as

651: 639: 588: 544: 484: 445: 50: 27928: 22807: 22797: 18669: 18629:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?" 17815: 17392: 17290:. Translated and edited by Gary Leiser. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 16509:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi and Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic. 16188: 12372:

Byzantine dress: representations of secular dress in eighth- to twelfth-century painting

11601: 10601: 10573: 10361: 9838: 9340: 8065: 7675: 7655: 6955: 4352:, who was the ambassador sent to Constantinople in 968 by the German Holy Roman Emperor 3749:

who created the Departments of Law (Διδασκαλεῖον τῶν Νόμων) and Philosophy (Γυμνάσιον).

3454:) wove them into the tax system, with provinces evolving into military regions known as 2422: 2062: 921:, religious debates, and anti-corruption campaigns, ended in the East with the death of 918: 591:. Thereafter, periods of civil war and Seljuk incursion resulted in the loss of most of 27864: 27783: 27687: 27471: 27423: 27418: 27321: 27311: 27268: 27260: 27155: 26879: 26686: 26541: 26481: 26401: 26344: 26208: 25444: 25423: 24901: 24723: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24588: 24553: 24548: 24506: 24470: 24329: 24224: 24146: 24119: 24059: 23962: 23947: 23785: 23765: 23527: 23204: 23184: 23167: 23118: 22983: 22792: 22743: 22676: 22594: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22481: 22451: 22343: 22241: 22109: 22084: 21770: 21760: 21634: 21305: 21188: 21105: 20968: 20320: 20300: 20280: 20270: 20036: 19817: 19632: 19537: 19224: 19156: 18861: 18849: 18740: 18453: 18449: 17927: 17843: 17835: 17273: 17199: 17016: 17008: 16930: 16702: 16646: 16580: 16566: 16471: 16432: 16298: 16207: 16170: 16096: 16079: 16022: 16014: 15229: 15110: 15102: 14927: 13735: 13422: 12755:] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică. pp. 92, 93. 12534: 12087: 11963: 11915: 11835: 11812: 11390: 11382: 9940: 8901: 8862: 8763: 8724: 8406: 8389: 7726: 6203: 6010: 5984: 5948: 5910: 5890: 5782: 5778: 5569: 5561: 5523: 5497: 5399: 5092: 4982: 4849: 4783: 4728: 4548: 4373: 4287: 3980: 3826: 3695: 3678: 3543: 3530: 3467: 3421: 3290: 3200: 3155: 2827: 2813: 2780:. In the north and west were the Balkans, the corridors between the mountain ranges of 2738: 2546: 2458: 2446: 2333: 2240: 2180: 2023: 1981: 1943: 1764: 1561: 1409: 1113: 1067: 1059: 1023: 576: 564: 261: 26794: 18958:

Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers of the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies

17638:

Sarris, Peter. "The Eastern Roman Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306–641)". In

15390: 15321: 12121: 11697: 11469: 9630:

Stolte, Bernard (2018). Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.).

8781:

Christov, Ivan (2020). "Political Philosophy, Byzantine". In Lagerlund, Henrik (ed.).

7283: 7107: 5530:' various works. The influence of Archimedes' principles of solid geometry is evident. 4254:, maintaining a durable and flexible monetary system adaptable to the needs of trade. 3643:

dependent on mercenaries to keep control all the while dealing with the impact of the

1688:) continued Michael's policies. His armies campaigned with mixed results in Italy but 818: 27662: 27637: 27617: 27597: 27587: 27477: 27459: 27428: 27361: 27278: 27252: 26789: 26641: 26396: 26356: 26334: 25542: 25184: 25174: 24568: 24563: 24496: 24455: 24449: 24290: 24209: 24204: 24199: 24194: 23997: 23977: 23927: 23917: 23898: 23313: 23209: 23145: 23140: 23069: 22966: 22681: 22609: 22604: 22446: 22375: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22148: 22099: 21892: 21826: 21731: 21664: 21644: 21612: 21544: 21531: 21452: 21447: 21198: 20963: 20813: 20332: 20285: 20275: 20265: 19770: 19734: 19702: 19683: 19661: 19624: 19586: 19562: 19543: 19490: 19461: 19438: 19410: 19391: 19383: 19379: 19365: 19348: 19313: 19292: 19273: 19241: 19216: 19206: 19053: 18975: 18961: 18942: 18934: 18920: 18886: 18835: 18798: 18779: 18760: 18730: 18703: 18677: 18644: 18601: 18558: 18536: 18519: 18509: 18495: 18473: 18439: 18412: 18302: 18283: 18264: 18257: 18238: 18218: 18178: 18170: 18144: 18123: 18066: 18058: 18031: 18010: 17951: 17931: 17919: 17867: 17847: 17797: 17791: 17773: 17748: 17738: 17717: 17698: 17614: 17604: 17566: 17544: 17522: 17471: 17450: 17433: 17402: 17373: 17332: 17291: 17246: 17227: 17191: 17136: 17126: 17112: 17080: 17072: 17050: 17020: 17000: 16965: 16946: 16934: 16890: 16871: 16863: 16853: 16835: 16794: 16753: 16706: 16692: 16680: 16666: 16650: 16612: 16606: 16587: 16556: 16529: 16510: 16491: 16411: 16410:] (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Nouvelle librairie de France. pp. 11–43. 16382: 16351: 16328: 16306: 16284: 16253: 16229: 16212: 16143: 16122: 16103: 16048: 16026: 15971: 15935: 15777: 15758: 15737: 15690: 15646: 15599: 15568: 15541: 15522: 15478: 15442: 15397: 15350: 15331: 15303: 15284: 15265: 15243: 15233: 15215: 15192: 15158: 15135: 15114: 15071: 15064: 15059: 15045: 15026: 14969: 14947: 14919: 14820: 14798: 14629: 14602: 14546: 14512: 14490: 13872: 13814: 13804: 13784: 13774: 13532: 13495: 13450: 13414: 13370: 13187: 13095: 12878: 12829: 12804: 12779: 12756: 12698: 12607: 12490: 12375: 12079: 12010: 11950: 11816: 11802: 11756:

Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of the dialects of Sílli, Cappadocia and Phárasa.

11401: 11394: 11374: 11297: 11105: 11035: 10962: 10923: 10902: 10875: 10854: 10801: 10789: 10769: 10747: 10506: 10433: 9932: 9843: 9797: 9216: 9016: 8974: 8893: 8854: 8786: 8755: 8716: 8529: 7734: 7127: 6975: 6239: 6221: 5960: 5786: 5534: 5491: 5104: 4798: 4768: 4763: 4743: 4738: 4506: 4357: 4303: 4251: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4056: 3971: 3865: 3801: 3635: 3534: 3488:). Foreign mercenaries also increasingly became employed, including the better-known 3463: 3443: 3172: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3002: 2952:

As a result of the Diocletianic–Constantinian reforms, the Empire was organised into

2843: 2789: 2567: 2499: 2430: 2244: 2228: 2216: 2164: 1745: 1569: 1471: 1295:

during the 590s, but although he managed to re-establish Byzantine control up to the

1284: 568: 540: 273: 19307: 16785:. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13313: 12527:"Medieval Sourcebook: Liutprand of Cremona: Report of his Mission to Constantinople" 12458: 10281: 9076: 7900: 7862: 4066:), Latin disappeared in the east, though it may have lingered in the military until 3332: 670:). Their Islamic neighbours similarly called their empire the "land of the Romans" ( 27652: 27567: 27512: 27482: 27433: 27376: 27366: 27301: 27273: 26854: 26814: 26746: 26681: 26606: 26601: 26373: 26296: 26243: 26038: 26033: 25922: 25781: 25730: 25690: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25640: 25562: 25509: 25502: 25487: 25482: 25334: 24785: 24367: 24362: 24285: 24219: 24214: 24084: 24054: 24022: 23878: 23823: 23780: 23559: 23162: 22949: 22944: 22900: 22887: 22817: 22785: 22780: 22644: 22621: 22582: 22515: 22498: 22439: 22429: 22424: 22365: 22321: 22291: 22251: 22217: 22180: 21931: 21696: 21489: 21437: 21383: 21350: 21300: 21093: 21083: 20861: 20549: 20441: 20364: 20347: 20325: 20310: 20295: 20209: 19762: 19726: 19699:

Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century

19514: 19482: 19424: 19340: 19265: 19198: 19124: 19043: 18722: 18636: 18591: 18583: 18431: 18404: 18379: 18352: 18208: 17911: 17827: 17626: 17536: 17425: 17269: 17183: 16992: 16786: 16638: 16548: 16463: 16374: 16202: 16192: 16071: 16038: 16006: 15913: 15729: 15622: 15501: 15492:——— (2016). "Late antiquity and Byzantium: an identity problem". 15376: 15367:(1976). "Eastern and western Christendom in late antiquity: a parting of the way". 15328:

Principate and Dominate: Thoughts on the Periodization of the Roman Imperial Period

15094: 15004: 14911: 14890: 14504: 13864: 13834: 13715: 13524: 13487: 13406: 12939: 12690: 12071: 11794: 11366: 11206: 11097: 11027: 10997: 10954: 10894: 10498: 10221: 9924: 9833: 9789: 9637: 9008: 8966: 8846: 8708: 8398: 8350: 6217: 6190: 5933: 5118: 5047: 4943: 4839: 4594: 4177: 4113: 4093: 3963: 3820: 3618: 3485: 3459: 3014: 2931: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2672: 2559: 2527: 2487: 2364: 2314: 2168: 2155: 2147: 2143: 1928: 1830: 1819: 1768: 1741: 1616: 1308: 1007: 910: 802: 315: 139: 19720: 18337:

Papaioannou, Stratis (2021a). "What Is Byzantine Literature? An Introduction". In

12655: 11553: 11521: 10657: 9515: 6995: 5594:, that such works are known today, primarily through the school's production, the 3979:

government, or law. In the east, Greek was the dominant language, a legacy of the

3258:(the Farmers’ Law, the Seamen’s Law, and the Soldiers’ Law) were derived from the 3021:’ from the 4th century and which is likely the first foreign intelligence agency. 2887: 2863: 865:) secured sole power in 324. Over the following six years, he rebuilt the city of 27692: 27667: 27455: 27438: 27283: 26949: 26761: 26741: 26701: 26636: 26586: 26581: 26456: 26406: 26314: 26148: 26128: 26048: 25497: 25322: 25251: 25220: 25215: 25205: 24915: 24308: 24276: 24271: 24251: 24114: 24074: 24044: 24027: 23987: 23972: 23957: 23888: 23873: 23790: 23770: 23643: 23380: 23348: 23221: 23189: 23172: 23128: 23123: 23101: 23096: 23054: 23047: 23022: 22882: 22877: 22718: 22599: 22493: 22488: 22456: 22281: 22271: 22165: 22158: 22153: 22138: 22094: 21976: 21962: 21841: 21674: 21654: 21649: 21604: 21594: 21554: 21549: 21499: 21494: 21275: 20881: 20798: 20793: 20533: 20523: 20359: 20353: 20337: 20315: 20305: 20290: 19930: 19905: 19860: 19730: 19580: 19428: 19147:

Sinnigen, William G. (1963). "Barbaricarii, Barbari and the Notitia Dignitatum".

19017: 18813: 18752: 18572:

Rochette, Bruno (2011). "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire". In

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Kaldellis, Anthony. "The Reception of Classical Literature and Ancient Myth". In

18138: 18025: 17915: 17892: 17285: 17111:. Vol. 2. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1234–1237. 17044: 16938: 16829: 16747: 16684: 16483: 16247: 16197: 16137: 16075: 15965: 15929: 15752: 15669: 15420: 15317: 15237: 15184: 15152: 14849: 14623: 13739: 13722: 13385: 13350: 13181: 12689:. The Brill reference library of Judaism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 162. 12117: 10110: 10047: 8523: 8317: 7880: 7813: 7718: 6208: 6071: 5837: 5712: 5610: 5602: 5454: 5383: 5306: 5261: 5208: 5198: 5162: 5142: 5129:

alongside the preservation of classical traditions, which greatly influenced the

5113: 5100: 5088: 5002: 5001:

tradition—sought to synthesize these influences. Important early writers include

4788: 4758: 4748: 4653: 4577: 4418: 4382: 4268: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4011: 3998:

Despite this, Greek's influence gradually grew in the government, beginning when

3945: 3493: 3313:, with ongoing debates about its impact on Islamic countries. As an example, the 2758: 2614: 2571: 2511: 2313:

on the throne. Alexios was highly incompetent in the office, and with his mother

2160: 2105: 2096: 2088: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1846: 1800: 1737: 1697: 1600: 1459: 1389: 1347: 1299:, he pushed his troops too far in 602—they mutinied, proclaimed an officer named 1276: 1234: 1048: 906: 713: 24166: 22802: 19289:

Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204

18577: 18393:"The Constantinian Labarum and the Christianization of Roman Military Standards" 12075: 11899: 11370: 10893:. Empire and after. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 46. 10205: 9455: 4055:

won out as the spoken and written standard. Latin fragmented into the incipient

3779:

In the late 4th century, when the majority of the Empire's citizens were pagan,

3603:

with the development of a late 11th century Western (Southern Italian) variant.

2652: 2122: 27642: 27632: 27627: 27622: 27602: 27592: 27507: 27450: 27343: 27306: 27004: 26646: 26381: 26329: 26301: 26248: 26233: 26213: 26028: 26003: 25960: 25950: 25776: 25750: 25680: 25665: 25630: 25590: 25351: 25189: 24791: 24687: 24681: 24281: 24256: 24129: 24124: 24109: 24104: 24039: 24034: 24017: 23982: 23775: 23753: 23697: 23636: 23323: 23318: 23281: 23256: 23239: 23150: 23135: 23106: 23064: 22912: 22872: 22867: 22822: 22748: 22708: 22698: 22688: 22503: 22382: 22276: 22143: 22025: 21679: 21559: 21292: 21051: 20945: 20931: 20730: 20434: 20189: 19892: 19716: 19675: 19576: 19518: 18587: 18573: 18425: 18230: 17558: 17317: 16849: 16371:

Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900

16091: 15470: 14961: 14939: 11784: 11021: 10916:"Review of: Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition. Empire and After" 10868:"Review of: Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition. Empire and After" 10673: 9783: 9636:. Vol. 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–232. 9276: 9002: 7695: 6202:

Scholars from the previous and current generation who still cite the historian

6091: 6057: 6037: 5976: 5905: 5734: 5286: 5232: 5228: 5213: 5186: 4955: 4869: 4713: 4426: 4395: 4308:

Byzantine cuisine still relied heavily on the Greco-Roman fish-sauce condiment

4279: 4181: 4169: 4131: 3944:, a 10th-century illuminated Greek manuscript possibly made in Constantinople ( 3864:

Inheritance rights were well developed, including for all women. The historian

3722: 3523: 3425: 3374: 3055: 3044: 2750: 2734: 2710: 2656: 2579: 2495: 2469: 2399: 2352: 2117: 1908: 1784: 1604: 1444: 1207: 1079: 968: 886: 874: 822: 810: 739: 695: 607: 584: 518: 457: 441: 421: 417: 388: 311: 126: 104: 82: 27894: 19923: 19344: 19259: 18628: 18435: 17772:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 16996: 16010: 15380: 14508: 14116: 13242: 12694: 11091: 11031: 10502: 10446: 10401: 9868: 9793: 9595: 9012: 8799: 5624: 5617:

many centuries later, as Galileo cites Philoponus substantially in his works.

3362:). By the late fourth and early fifth centuries, the Chi Rho Christogram, the 676:), but the people of medieval Western Europe preferred to call them "Greeks" ( 27975: 27852: 27738: 27537: 26536: 26506: 26421: 25955: 25932: 25745: 25600: 25585: 25532: 25339: 25097: 25093: 24926: 24475: 24313: 23817: 23691: 23663: 23404: 23291: 23086: 23059: 23032: 23010: 22988: 22755: 22738: 22723: 22567: 22520: 22508: 22434: 22326: 22200: 22195: 22170: 22052: 21599: 21476: 21442: 21180: 21115: 21088: 20973: 20588: 20528: 19628: 19352: 19269: 19220: 19112: 18873: 18648: 18416: 18222: 17923: 17859: 17787: 17732: 17598: 17514: 17437: 17195: 17004: 16790: 16626: 16467: 16415: 16243: 16034: 15800: 15711:

Lyman, J. Rebecca. "Heresiology: The invention of 'heresy' and 'schism'". In

15560: 15139: 14923: 14894: 14812: 14494: 13637: 13418: 12629: 12333: 12331: 12083: 11942: 11585: 11378: 11301: 11101: 10966: 10927: 10915: 10886: 10879: 10867: 10510: 9936: 9847: 9360: 8897: 8858: 8830: 8759: 8720: 7323: 7191: 5937: 5866: 5549:. Many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high offices in the 5069: 4910: 4893: 4773: 4718: 4680: 4628: 4517: 4414: 4387: 4321: 4283: 4142: 4044: 4007: 3931: 3547: 3378: 3151: 3142: 2916: 2726: 2664: 2192: 2079: 2066: 1997: 1897: 1857: 1707:) compiled and propagated a huge number of written works. These included the 1544: 1536: 1109: 992: 855: 731: 525:. Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use as Latin fell into disuse. 201: 22832: 22812: 21910: 19898: 19832: 18744: 18383: 17752: 17618: 15931:

Flavours and Delights: Tastes and Pleasures of Ancient and Byzantine Cuisine

15626: 12760: 12487:

Wine and the vine: an historical geography of viticulture and the wine trade

12438: 12035: 11289: 10557: 9888: 8882:"Themistius: A Hellenic Philosopher-Statesman in the Christian Roman Empire" 8607: 8605: 7835: 4224:, both events which amounted to an economic catastrophe for the empire. The 3954: 3499:

The thematic forces faded into insignificance—the government relying on the

27859: 27697: 27527: 27398: 27316: 27014: 26874: 26319: 26268: 26223: 26218: 26070: 25880: 25766: 25710: 25705: 25477: 25361: 25295: 25230: 23848: 23703: 23683: 23296: 23037: 23027: 22993: 22922: 22917: 22844: 22634: 22616: 22577: 22572: 22552: 22547: 22419: 22412: 22402: 22397: 22392: 22286: 22224: 22205: 22190: 22126: 21360: 21335: 21315: 21120: 21098: 20953: 20201: 20196: 20030: 19100: 19088: 19076: 18550: 18101: 17992: 17510: 17429: 16642: 16570: 16216: 16052: 15925: 15754:

Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo

15614: 14834: 13343: 9913:"Review of Byzantine Legal Culture and the Roman Legal Tradition, 867–1056" 9108: 9001:

Christoforou, Panayiotis (31 July 2023). "A History of the Roman Emperor".

7923: 7896: 7858: 6266: 6053: 6014: 5802: 5723: 5542: 5515: 5387: 5380: 5013:, all of whom aimed to reinvent older forms to fit the empire. Theological 4914: 4598: 4536: 4312:, but it also contained foods still familiar today, such as the cured meat 4154: 3967: 3935: 3797: 3780: 3562: 3439: 3037: 2945: 2785: 2722: 2617:

ravaging the countryside and increasing resentment towards Constantinople.

2516: 2507: 2434: 2403: 2131: 2007: 1850: 1667: 1612: 1593: 1481: 1475: 1296: 1211: 1203: 1071: 1014: 953: 890: 870: 826: 786: 735: 661: 655: 619: 507: 503: 413: 285: 189: 58: 25017: 24827: 19963: 15917: 15733: 14765: 13491: 13079: 12347: 12328: 11798: 10958: 10898: 10709: 10621: 10329: 10313: 10149: 5836:

Byzantine Jewry played a prominent role in the medieval Jewish world. The

3974:

in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian Greek-speaking villages in 1910.

3447:

burden of supporting the armies onto local populations and during Leo VI (

2108:

in 1108, which marked the end of the Norman threat during Alexios' reign.

1334: 27682: 27560: 27545: 27517: 27353: 26809: 26431: 26253: 26143: 25537: 25059: 24947: 24897: 24859: 24401: 24266: 23015: 23000: 22849: 22562: 22471: 22461: 22387: 22035: 22030: 21861: 21836: 21330: 21140: 20907: 20513: 20498: 19029: 18726: 18523: 18235:

The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform

18000: 17881:

Cameron, Averil (2006b). "Constantine and the ‘peace of the church’". In

15833: 15821: 15416: 14601:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 407–408. 11621: 11242: 10942: 10189: 8826: 8672: 8602: 7639: 7527: 7439: 7175: 6265:

and whether Christ's divinity was equal to the Father's. It produced the

5819: 5743: 5660: 5565: 5438: 5314: 5294: 5073: 4971: 4963: 4947: 4341: 4337: 4240: 4225: 4213:. However, these short-term fortunes were quickly reversed following the 4206: 4173: 4150: 4146: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4015: 3941: 3784: 3644: 3639: 3539: 3394: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2445:, the centre of Muslim power in the Levant. The Crusader army arrived at 1792: 1642: 1608: 1425: 1421: 1188: 635: 560: 556: 529: 428:. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the 425: 213: 19912:

Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204

19636: 19616: 19160: 18213: 18196: 16929:——— (2021a). "The Byzantine Empire (641–1453 ce)". In 16552: 16475: 16350:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 847–906. 16083: 15123: 13871:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 13. 12091: 12059: 11386: 11352: 9944: 9912: 9672: 8785:. Springer reference (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 1574. 8767: 8743: 8697:"Roman History and Christian Ideology in Justinianic Reform Legislation" 8168: 7567: 7247: 6899: 5510: 2697:

Outline of the Byzantine Empire § Geography of the Byzantine Empire

2057: 1752:, and other influential figures jockeyed for power. In 920, the admiral 1303:

as emperor, and executed Maurice. The Sasanians seized their moment and

27445: 27034: 26974: 26939: 26731: 26666: 26656: 26551: 26436: 26324: 25907: 25875: 25620: 25547: 25379: 25374: 23042: 22859: 22733: 22693: 22626: 21135: 20995: 20985: 20818: 20808: 20518: 18865: 18408: 17203: 17171: 17012: 16980: 16018: 15505: 15208:

Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique

14931: 14017: 13897: 13186:. Vol. 4. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 318. 11761: 10345: 10086: 9304: 9144: 8905: 8881: 8866: 8834: 8728: 8696: 8410: 6311: 6213: 5901: 5878: 5762: 5644: 5629: 5573: 5527: 5302: 5298: 5174: 4967: 4569: 4422: 4333: 3987: 3769: 3710: 3667: 3573: 3558: 3363: 3310: 3279: 3221: 2847: 2714: 2438: 2100: 1939: 1920: 1611:

as Roman emperor in 800. In 802, the unpopular Irene was overthrown by

1565: 1440: 1373: 1351: 1215: 1199: 1166: 838: 830: 794: 615: 476: 464:, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier 396: 100: 25264: 23417: 19228: 18596: 17839: 16943:

The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires

15106: 13426: 12130: 11729: 11421: 11226: 10541: 10297: 9535: 8417: 8365: 7603: 6367: 5925:), lasted another 14 years, falling to the Ottomans in December 1475. 5781:, one of three major branches of Eastern Christianity, along with the 5749: 4572:

architecture was invented in the Byzantine Empire. In contrast to the

27492: 27064: 27059: 27019: 26944: 26914: 26894: 26771: 26711: 26621: 26571: 26566: 26491: 26451: 26339: 26309: 26118: 25993: 25786: 25670: 25645: 25524: 25109: 25079: 23668: 22932: 22703: 22587: 22557: 22338: 22212: 22003: 21684: 21564: 21056: 20924: 20871: 20803: 19936: 19197:. Athens: Academy, Research Centre for Antiquity, 1989, p. 254: 224. 18821: 17678:"Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries" 16683:(2013). "5: Laws' Empire: Roman Universalism and Legal Practice". In 15893:

Stathakopoulos, Dionysios. "Population, Demography, and Disease". In

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Prinzipat und Dominat: Gedanken zur Periodisierung d. röm. Kaiserzeit

13885: 12002: 11713: 11681: 11489: 11453: 11437: 9004:

Imagining the Roman Emperor: Perceptions of Rulers in the High Empire

7475: 7159: 5656: 5403: 5391: 5376: 5122: 5010: 4959: 4906: 4590: 4391: 4067: 4036: 3885: 3729:), was an educational institution that could trace its origins to 425 3626: 3435: 3404: 3203:. This work was completed by what is collectively known today as the 3147: 2680: 2450: 2208: 2047: 1976: 1811:. These were not temporary tactical gains but long-term reconquests. 1564:. Constantine overcame an early civil war against his brother-in-law 1312: 1261: 1230: 1158: 1090: 1018: 932: 866: 849: 790: 699: 682: 681: 665: 449: 225: 151: 27221: 19876: 17793:

A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)

17187: 16715: 16490:(2nd ed.). London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney: Bloomsbury. 16342:

Goldhill, Simon (31 January 2024). "Latin Literature and Greek". In

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Moser, Muriel (2018). "The Senatorial Officials of Constantius II".

10072:"Contributions à l'étude de l'héraldique byzantine et postbyzantine" 8850: 8783:

Encyclopedia of medieval philosophy: philosophy between 500 and 1500

8712: 8457: 8402: 6238:

down the temple of the Olympian Zeus during his reign.The historian

3557:, appeared early in the sixth century. A multi-purpose variant, the 2655:

to overrun most of the empire's remaining territory and establish a

2359:'s invasion force of 300 ships and 80,000 men, arriving in 1185 and 1779: 1148: 769:

Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties

27702: 27497: 27024: 27009: 26999: 26984: 26899: 26889: 26859: 26849: 26844: 26834: 26736: 26651: 26531: 26516: 26446: 26426: 26416: 26411: 26391: 26190: 25771: 25735: 25625: 25552: 25384: 25103: 25088: 25084: 25068: 25034: 25022: 25010: 24985: 24386: 23868: 23673: 23616: 22333: 22116: 22074: 22013: 21210: 21110: 21061: 20919: 20851: 20639: 19202: 18199:[The Official Monolingualism of Byzantine Constantinople]. 18006:

The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350–c. 1450

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Hall, Stuart. "Institutions in the pre-Constantinian ecclēsia". In

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International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa

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came under the pope's protection before the end of 1460, while the

5798: 5519: 5458: 5358: 5290: 5256: 5108: 5027:) were copied in practically every Byzantine monastery. During the 4998: 4861: 4857: 4610: 4573: 4540: 4438: 4399: 4329: 4325: 4313: 3999: 3959: 3858: 3390: 3295: 3094: 2797: 2773: 2718: 2660: 2586: 2554: 2542: 2454: 2043: 2019: 1985: 1955: 1877: 1796: 1760: 1709: 1272: 1010:

to defend Constantinople, now firmly entrenched as Rome's capital.

984: 972: 592: 392: 249: 86: 19761:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–232. 19079:. "Confronting Islam: Emperors Versus Caliphs (641 – c. 850)". In 18640: 17684:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 771–806. Archived from 17588:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 529–537. Archived from 17582:"Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development" 17445:

Lenski, Noel (12 August 2021). "Slavery in the Byzantine Empire".

16431:. New York: Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies at the 15812:

Greatrex, Geoffrey. "Political-Historical Survey, c. 250–518". In

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Aschenbrenner, Nathanael; Ransohoff, Jake (2022). "Introduction".

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and cultural influence of the Eastern church, Constantinople, and

5235:(lūrā) as the typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the 5103:, heroism, humor and love. This included the Hellenistic-inspired 4584:

ceilings and sumptuous decoration, including the extensive use of

4176:(527–565) excavated in India probably in the south, an example of 2482:

The crusaders arrived at Constantinople in the summer of 1203 and

2163:. During his twenty-five-year reign, John made alliances with the 2095:

and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the

1074:

in 480, and the office of western emperor was formally abolished.

27835: 27572: 27383: 27044: 27039: 27029: 26994: 26989: 26979: 26924: 26909: 26726: 26721: 26706: 26676: 26631: 26611: 26591: 26546: 26278: 26133: 25912: 25720: 25715: 25605: 25162: 25127: 25121: 25115: 25005: 24973: 24952: 23648: 23609: 22246: 22175: 22131: 21986: 21576: 21462: 21403: 20902: 20876: 20554: 19847: 19451: 19329:"Not new but novel. Notes on the historiography of Byzantine law" 17487:"Filioque History & Controversy What is the Filioque Clause?" 17172:"Byzantine Hagiography and Sex in the Fifth to Twelfth Centuries" 14844: 14807:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 15–16. 14456: 14106: 14104: 13993: 13681: 13564: 13043: 13033: 13031: 13029: 10798:

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

9688: 8387:(1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)". 5633: 5415: 5407: 5367: 5321:

in 812, beginning its establishment in Western church music. The

5014: 4853: 4644: 4450: 4345: 4317: 3983:. Greek was also the language of the Christian Church and trade. 3927: 3706: 3631: 3577: 3504: 3352: 3348: 3090: 3064: 2772:

The landscape of the Empire was defined by the fertile fields of

2730: 2575: 2550: 2383: 2200: 2196: 2039: 1885: 1646: 1585: 1463: 1238: 1063: 1040: 1036: 781: 134: 22047: 19958: 19478:

The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication

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Bundy, David. "Early Asian and East African Christianities". In

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A few holdouts remained for a time. In the Morea, the island of

5111:

approaches in rhetoric, historiography and the influential epic

3908: 3266:. The Macedonian dynasty started their reform attempts with the 2597:. This led to a short-lived revival of Byzantine fortunes under 2339:

Despite his military background, Andronikos failed to deal with

27054: 26934: 26864: 26804: 26799: 26766: 26526: 26511: 26461: 26441: 25863: 25740: 25635: 24156: 22079: 21954: 21205: 20980: 20846: 19917: 18670:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices" 16808:

Kaiser, Wolfgang. "Justinian and the Corpus Iuris Civilis". In

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Holmes, Catherine. "Political-Historical Survey, 800–1204". In

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13581: 13579: 13552: 9404: 8144: 5466: 5450: 5395: 5318: 5305:

with "great leaden pipes" was sent by Emperor Constantine V to

4898: 4877: 4664: 4585: 4581: 4454: 4446: 4353: 3554: 3250: 3159: 2835: 2781: 2777: 2766: 2762: 2706: 2702: 2594: 2464: 2378:

and Bulgars began a rebellion that led to the formation of the

2375: 2317:'s Frankish background, his regency was unpopular. Eventually, 2127: 1959: 1936: 1915:. Two other knowledgeable contemporaries, the former officials 1893: 1842: 1822:, and Basil II shifted the emphasis of the military divisions ( 1556: 1377: 1300: 1287:

finally emerged victorious in 591; by that time, the Avars and

1246: 1174: 1043:

from the empire; Attilla however switched his attention to the

1028: 922: 23458: 19701:(illustrated ed.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 18996:

Shepherd, Jonathan. "3: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 800–1204". In

18430:. Suffolk and New York: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 401–411. 16249:

Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204

16102:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. 15928:; Bourbou, Chryssa; Koder, Johannes; Leontsinē, Maria (2013). 14256: 14101: 14077: 13146: 13026: 12635: 9431: 8213: 8211: 5699:

History of the Eastern Orthodox Church § Byzantine period

5361:), a bagpipe. The modern descendant of the aulos is the Greek 5231:, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the 3917: 3752: 936:

Division of the empire after the death of Theodosius I in 395.

27870: 26839: 26561: 26288: 25580: 24968: 24134: 23658: 23631: 22713: 19873:(Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime). 19240:. Short histories. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 18987:

Chrysos, Evangelos. "2: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 300–800". In

18280:

Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond

16547:(5th print ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 16367:"Christograms as Signs of Authority in the Late Roman Empire" 14986:. "Orthodoxy and the west: Reformation to Enlightenment". In 14364: 14143: 14005: 12915: 12597: 12595: 12269: 12257: 12245: 12218: 12201: 12186: 11983: 11947:

The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000

9471: 8965:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 108. 8645: 5372: 5362: 5346: 5330: 5322: 5190: 5178: 5061: 4865: 4361: 4309: 4236: 4194: 3481: 2839: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2553:

a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople, found himself

2321:, a grandson of Alexios I, overthrew Alexios II in a violent 2309:

Manuel's death on 24 September 1180 left his 11-year-old son

2281: 2139: 2035: 1823: 1435:), who began the administrative reorganisation known as the " 1013:

Theodosius' reign was marked by the theological dispute over

964: 555:

that followed saw the loss of the empire's richest provinces—

483:, while the eastern parts largely retained their preexisting 461: 19452:

Troianos, Spyros; Velissaropoulou-Karakosta, Julia (1997).

17796:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 17737:(3rd ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. 16817:

Stolte, Bernard H. "The Law of New Rome: Byzantine Law". In

15396:. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. 14678: 14473: 14471: 14444: 14388: 14352: 14304: 13957: 13933: 13576: 13163: 13161: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13114: 12842: 12580: 12316: 11353:"Slave Prices in Late Antiquity (and in the Very Long Term)" 7783: 6719: 6176: 4564:

and Romania. Byzantine architecture is known for the use of

4360:, a fermented barley sauce, which, like soy sauce, provided 3857:

had additionally said that it was needed to restrict sexual

2111: 963:), restored political stability in the east by allowing the 27049: 26616: 26556: 26138: 25514: 24964: 23626: 21484: 19725:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–140. 18533:

Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion

16608:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages

15212:

Vestiges of Empires: The Decay of Central and Balkan Europe

14702: 14666: 14654: 14328: 13945: 13596: 13594: 13067: 10725: 10011: 9611: 8355:"The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople" 8247: 8208: 8132: 8120: 6339: 5326: 5248: 5244: 5182: 5126: 4565: 4430: 4247: 3399: 2250:

In the East, Manuel suffered a major defeat in 1176 at the

1889: 1581: 1032: 878: 575:

dynasty. The empire was able to expand once more under the

21923: 19758:

The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations

19621:

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

18919:. Vol. III. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 17897:"Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary" 17766:

Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes

17513:(2005). "The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century". In 16691:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 73–101. 15924: 15615:"The Corpus Juris Civilis: A Guide to Its History and Use" 14755: 14753: 14738: 14432: 14053: 13909: 12592: 12432: 12023: 9252: 8578: 8566: 8528:. Madison, Wisconsin and London: Univ of Wisconsin Press. 8478: 8476: 8433: 7986: 7911: 2826:

running from Constantinople to the Albanian coast through

1931:

into a general engagement with the Byzantine army. At the

1202:

he rebuilt much of Constantinople, including the original

73:

The change of territory of the Byzantine Empire (476–1400)

25610: 19937:

Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life

19842: 19617:"To Be Roman, Go Greek Thoughts on Hellenization at Rome" 19067:

Auzépy, Marie-France. "State of Emergency (700–850)". In

19049:

The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492

18009:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–79. 16139:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

15465:. London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta: Longmans, Green. 15330:] (in German). Internet Archive. Wisebaden: Steiner. 14468: 14280: 14244: 14208: 14089: 13486:. Oxford and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 51. 13158: 13111: 12854: 11118: 10137: 9443: 8912: 8156: 8108: 8084: 8010: 7998: 7962: 7733:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 62. 5889:. The Morea was ruled by the brothers of Constantine XI, 3407:), with continued debate by historians on what it means. 3254:, 'with a greater view of humanity'. The three so-called 2441:

letters. The stated intent of the crusade was to conquer

2167:

in the West and decisively defeated the Pechenegs at the

1047:, and his people fractured after his death in 453. After 1002:) largely left the rule of the east to officials such as 602:

The empire was largely dismantled in 1204, following the

539:), who briefly reconquered much of Italy and the western 18347: 18237:. Downer's Grove, In.: InterVarsity Press. p. 172. 16452:

Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".

14196: 14029: 13981: 13591: 13482:

Miller, Terry E.; Shahriari, Andrew (19 December 2016).

11790:

Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis

11573: 10035: 10023: 9660: 9503: 9239: 7731:

Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Georgian

7147: 6623: 5676:

and John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian physics.

5473:

through their revival of interest in classical authors.

5297:

originated in the Hellenistic world and was used in the

2970:

city councils and the local elites that supported them.

2675:, much of the Balkans became dominated by the Ottomans. 2521:

Lord of a Quarter and Half a Quarter of the Roman Empire

2014:, has some of the finest Byzantine frescoes and mosaics. 19953:

Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture

19360:

Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).

18535:(illustrated ed.). London: John Wiley & Sons. 18197:"L᾽"Unilinguisme" Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine" 18104:. "The emergence of Byzantine Orthodoxy, 600–1095". In 16945:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 450–467. 16752:(2nd ed.). Leiden, New York and Köln: E.J. Brill. 15641:

Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W., eds. (2007).

15565:

Classics in progress: Essays on ancient Greece and Rome

14819:. New York and West Sussex: Columbia University Press. 14750: 14376: 14340: 14232: 14220: 14041: 13696: 13671: 13669: 13342:

Journal of Sport History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Winter, 1981)

13261: 9648: 9188: 9176: 8590: 8554: 8500: 8488: 8473: 8445: 8323: 8291: 8235: 8196: 8184: 8046: 7895: 7857: 7759: 6411: 3182:, which were developed during the reign of Diocletian ( 3047:

claims diplomacy in the Empire following Theodosius I (

2667:(who were hired as mercenaries during the civil war by 2370:

The reign of Isaac II, and more so that of his brother

18778:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 17866:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17665:

Magdalino, Paul. "The Medieval Empire (780–1204)". In

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On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

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16870:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 15557:"The 'long' late antiquity: a twentieth-century model" 15039: 14726: 14133: 14131: 14065: 13642:"Islamic Science and the Making of Renaissance Europe" 13618: 13606: 13134: 13055: 12951: 10589: 9292: 9264: 8223: 8096: 7974: 7771: 6333: 6301: 5017:

stories were particularly innovative and popular; the

3484:), and imperial units mostly based in Constantinople ( 2812:

range, which served as passages for armies, while the

2091:

under his rule. On 27 November 1095, Urban called the

583:. This came to an end in 1071, with the defeat by the 27800: 19755:

Zhang, Yongjin (2023). "Barbarism and Civilization".

19155:(4). Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles: 806–815. 17731:

Merryman, John Henry; Pérez-Perdomo, Rogelio (2007).

17730: 16323:(2007). "Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism". 16044:

Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization

15567:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 165–191. 15477:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 14642: 14542:

Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica

14400: 14292: 14172: 13921: 13813:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 349. 13783:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 162. 12503: 10865:

Referenced with commentary by Christina Kokkinia in

10466: 9758: 9601: 9419: 8621: 5398:. Other instruments used in Byzantine music were the 2050:, who were caught by surprise and annihilated at the 1965: 1962:, just 90 kilometres (56 miles) from Constantinople. 23589: 18674:

Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West

17463: 17372:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 697–770. 17079:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 639–646. 16526:

Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200

16401: 14944:

The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History

14714: 14690: 14316: 14268: 14184: 13969: 13666: 13014: 12927: 12903: 11703: 10913:

Referenced with commentary by Christina Kokkinia in

9740: 9497: 9096: 8940: 8034: 8022: 6399: 3759:

Anti-paganism policies of the early Byzantine Empire

3745:). The Pandidakterion was re-established in 1046 by 2643:

in 1453, depicted in a 15th-century French miniature

2498:, a large number in Venice. According to chronicler 2223:

and sent a large fleet to participate in a combined

1759:

Between 1021 and 1022, following years of tensions,

1622:

Stability was somewhat restored during the reign of

671: 502:) moved the capital to Constantinople and legalised 491:. These cultural spheres continued to diverge after 19850:. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors. 19170:"Les emblèmes héraldiques de Byzance et les Slaves" 19127:(2009b). "Equilibrium to Expansion (886–1025)". In 18582:. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 549–563. 17948:

Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100

17647:Reinert, Stephen W. "Fragmentation (1204–1453". In 17243:

Forgotten Power: Byzantium: Bulwark of Christianity

17049:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 16545:

Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire

16119:

A Short Introduction to the History of Christianity

15349:(Rev. ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. 14160: 14128: 13361: 13359: 13240: 12687:

Medieval Midrash: the house for inspired innovation

4609:, both in Ravenna (Italy), and the Hagia Sophia in 4282:, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and 4141:Institutional stability, such as the presence of a 3853:support the elderly of the family; and the Empress 3733:AD, when Emperor Theodosius II had established the 3507:—unraveled after the end of the reign of Manuel I ( 2966:who oversaw the civil and military administration. 2850:was considered an internal lake within the Empire. 2816:lay between the Empire and its eastern neighbours. 1615:; he reformed the empire's administration but died 1497:, the first major setback of the Muslim conquests. 1415:The next seventy-five years are poorly documented. 1362:of Constantinople, critically important during the 821:ultimately transformed into the one-person rule of 712:, whose works were widely propagated, including by 630:fought throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The 571:, but the empire subsequently stabilised under the 19454:Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα 19091:(2009a). "Justinian and his legacy (500–600)". In 18278:Papaconstantinou, Arietta (2016). "Introduction". 18256: 17521:. Vol. 1: c. 500 – c. 700. pp. 289–316. 17219: 17154: 16663:Byzantium: Economy, Society, Institutions 600–1100 16579: 16281:Byzantine women: varieties of experience, 800–1200 16095: 15389: 15242:(1st ed.). London & New York: Routledge. 15085:Austin, Roland G. (1934). "Zeno's Game of τάβλη". 15063: 10768:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. xxx. 8744:"Justinian and the Tribulations of Transformation" 2651:devastated the empire, allowing the Serbian ruler 1991: 1958:in the west, and had established their capital at 909:and ended in 363 with the death of his son-in-law 19949:. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium. 19359: 19174:Sbornik statej po archeologii i vizantinovedeniju 19136:Tougher, Shaun. "After Iconoclasm (850–886)". In 18917:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 18555:The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History 18092:Kolbaba, Tia M. "Latin and Greek Christians". In 16887:The Invention of Byzantium in Early Modern Europe 16689:New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World 16629:(1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". 16373:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 50–80, 15791:Brandes, Wolfram. "Revenues and Expenditure". In 15042:The Invention of Byzantium in Early Modern Europe 13748:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13690: 13570: 6273:on the human and divine natures of Christ as one 5613:'s refutation of Aristotelian physics during the 1763:led a series of victorious campaigns against the 27973: 19933:. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history. 19481:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 19103:(2009b). "Byzantium Transforming (600–700)". In 18277: 17603:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 17331:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 3–8. 17135:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 16834:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 16665:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 16348:The Cambridge Critical Guide to Latin Literature 15824:. "Political-Historical Survey, c. 518–800". In 15300:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180 15278: 15228: 15023:Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods 14771: 14262: 14023: 13999: 13760:– via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 13397:Howard, Albert A. (1893). "The Αὐλός or Tibia". 13356: 10891:Law, language, and empire in the Roman tradition 10484: 9823: 5465:During the 12th century, there was a revival in 5173:Late 4th century "Mosaic of the Musicians" with 3466:believes that during the conquest period of the 3236:The researcher Zachary Chitwood claims that the 3158:and the opinions of educated specialists called 19:"Byzantine" redirects here. For other uses, see 24775: 19697:Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). Weitzmann, Kurt (ed.). 19611: 18797:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 18702:. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University press. 18365:] (in Greek). Vol. 4. Eleftheroudakis. 17366:"Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries" 16657: 15934:. Athens and Thessaloniki: Armos Publications. 15862: 13769: 13767: 13514: 13481: 11893: 11152: 10535: 9461: 9413: 9394: 9170: 9066: 9050: 5733:became the Roman emperor in 306 and issued the 4006:AD allowed judges to issue decisions in Greek, 3477:), they were the best in the empire's history. 2393: 2134:of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), depicting 1279:, conquered much of northern Italy by 572. The 479:period, the western parts of the empire became 53:, at its greatest extent since the fall of the 28012:States and territories established in the 390s 20354:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 19895:. Includes links to numerous electronic texts. 19871:18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman 19542:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 19312:(0 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 19235: 18793:Sághy, Marianne; Schoolman, Edward M. (2017). 18792: 18776:From Monophysitism to Nestorianism: AD 431–681 18518:(3rd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 17714:Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic 17390: 17063: 16462:(2). University of California Press: 183–235. 16223: 15892: 15672:"The church, society and political power". In 15593: 15281:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 14110: 14083: 13963: 12641: 12353: 12337: 12306: 12287: 12275: 12263: 12251: 12239: 12227: 12212: 12195: 12009:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 76–81. 11531: 11096:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–49. 11061: 10788: 10699: 10695: 10679: 10663: 10651: 9860:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 8678: 8666: 8654: 8639: 8611: 5457:, considered a superb example of 12th-century 3962:in the late Byzantine Empire through to 1923. 2776:, long mountain ranges and rivers such as the 2433:broached the subject of a new crusade through 2418:The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople 2408:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 1515:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty 28017:States and territories disestablished in 1453 27237: 25280: 24843: 23575: 23433: 21939: 21915: 19979: 19883:Byzantine studies, resources and bibliography 19722:War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History 19532: 19008:. "4: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 1204–1453". In 18978:. "1: The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy". In 18700:Byzantine slavery and the Mediterranean world 18397:Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture 18391:Pozo, Joaquin Serrano del (6 November 2021). 17882: 17854: 17692: 16600: 15712: 15703: 15694: 15682: 15673: 15661: 15640: 15007:. "The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000–1550". In 14801:(1912). "The Sack of Constantinople (1204)". 14154: 13305: 12921: 12897: 12685:Mehlman, Bernard H.; Limmer, Seth M. (2016). 12684: 8349: 8343: 8338: 7845: 7825: 7711: 5325:was a double-reeded woodwind like the modern 4981:) was dominated by the competing cultures of 4868:; diameter: 23 cm (9.1 in); from a 4818: 3926:Left: The Mudil Psalter, the oldest complete 2287: 1935:, Romanos suffered a surprise defeat against 1659:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 773:Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty 23978:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 23396:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 19899:Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet 19585:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 19559:Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking 19458:History of law from ancient to modern Greece 19430:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 18933: 18336: 17904:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17682:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2) 17629:. "The Struggle for Survival (641–780)". In 17586:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2) 17467:The praetor as a promoter of "bonum commune" 17370:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2) 17329:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1) 17226:. Athens: Institute for Byzantine Research. 16962:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium 16742: 16327:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 21–32. 16325:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays 16168: 16041:; Moss, Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort (eds.). 15702:Löhr, Winrich. "Western Christianities". In 15475:Byzantine Christianity: A Very Brief History 15439:Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1 14982: 14660: 14628:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 14545:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 14462: 14450: 13891: 13764: 13515:Touliatos-Miles, Diane H. (1 January 2010). 13365:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (eds.). 13073: 13049: 12653: 12586: 12007:The story of Latin and the Romance languages 11093:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity 10069: 9000: 8962:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society 5773:upheld unanimity between church and state. 5537:played an important and crucial role in the 5317:requested a similar organ for his chapel in 5216:, from a Byzantine ivory casket (900–1100) ( 5080:in the late 10th-century. A new generation ( 3373:Art historian Andrea Babuin claims that the 3293:of Roman law in the Greek language with the 2258:, who destroyed the Turkish invaders at the 1260:Financially and territorially overextended, 1130:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty 1126:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 24857: 19993: 19004: 18338: 18329: 18320: 18299:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Literature 18296: 18263:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 18251: 18191: 18065:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. 18030:(2nd ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis. 17697:. East Lansing: Michigan State University. 17693:Matthews, Roy T.; Platt, F. DeWitt (1997). 17543:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 17322:"Writing the Economic History of Byzantium" 17222:A History of Byzantine Literature (650–850) 16904:——— (18 September 2015). 15906:The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 15883: 15344: 15297: 15017: 14968:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. 13915: 12872: 12823: 12798: 12746: 12520: 12518: 12136: 12041: 11989: 11873: 10731: 10715: 10076:Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 9788:. London: Boydell and Brewer. p. 114. 9477: 9465: 8217: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8004: 7992: 7968: 7917: 5832:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 5421: 5270: 4954:, the vast majority of extant texts are in 3753:Transition into an Eastern Christian empire 3224:. After 534, Justinian would legislate the 1972:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 1511:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty 1307:; Phocas was unable to cope and soon faced 1283:that year, and continued until the emperor 689: 27244: 27230: 25287: 25273: 24894:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 24850: 24836: 23582: 23568: 23440: 23426: 21946: 21932: 19986: 19972: 19513:(Thesis). Miklós Könczöl, Szilárd Tattay. 19305: 19286: 18557:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 18105: 18093: 18084: 18083:. "Introduction: Christendom, c. 600". In 18056: 18027:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 17759: 17656:Pryor, John. "Shipping and Seafaring". In 17579: 17563:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 17557: 17484: 16928: 16364: 16224:Friell, Gerard; Williams, Stephen (2005). 16059: 15239:Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed 14599:The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 14426: 14422: 14382: 14370: 13863: 13089: 12717: 12310: 12291: 11595: 10844: 10267: 10243: 10005: 9981: 9961: 8114: 8090: 7841: 6109:Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles 6052:, Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs, on 5928:Mehmed II and his successors continued to 5870:The Eastern Mediterranean just before the 5428:Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century 5161: 4825: 4811: 2962:governed by a military commander called a 2468:The partition of the empire following the 2305:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty 1519:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty 762: 67: 43: 19696: 19674: 19556: 19487:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744450.001.0001 19423: 19404: 19291:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19264:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19184: 19052:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18854:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 18759:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18721:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 18595: 18318: 18282:. London: Routledge. pp. xv–xxxvii. 18212: 18177:. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. 18169: 17964: 17950:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17716:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17711: 17664: 17625: 17565:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17464:Longchamps de Berier, Franciszek (2014). 17401:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17259: 17149: 16959: 16903: 16884: 16862: 16611:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16206: 16196: 15884:Markopoulos, Athanasios. "Education". In 15728:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 15264:. 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Despite the transition, the historian 3719:University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura 3458:. Despite many challenges, the historian 2997:Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire 2243:in 1167, defeating the Hungarians at the 2112:John II, Manuel I, and the Second Crusade 1663:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty 777:Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty 19390:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 19167: 19146: 19123: 19111: 18995: 18751: 18667: 18626: 18571: 17880: 17675: 17485:Lorenzetti, Jennifer (19 January 2023). 17169: 17160: 17125: 17100: 16981:"Female Deacons in the Byzantine Church" 16858:. Vol. II. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 16778: 16720:European Journal of Science and Theology 16679: 16528:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 16341: 16142:. 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The 551:exhausted the empire's resources; the 27251: 27225: 25268: 25250: 25229: 25219: 25137: 25108: 25040: 25016: 24831: 23563: 23421: 21927: 21914: 21810: 21241: 21026: 20718: 20385: 20006: 19967: 19767:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.15 19754: 19643:from the original on 28 December 2023 19507:A History of the nomos empsychos idea 19474: 19460:] (in Greek). Athens: Sakkoulas. 19254: 19236:Stathakopoulos, Dionysios Ch (2023). 19115:. "Western approaches (500–600)". In 19075: 18423: 18369: 18229: 18157:from the original on 9 September 2017 18100: 18079: 18023: 17991: 17987:from the original on 7 November 2023. 17864:The Cambridge History of Christianity 17666: 17657: 17655: 17648: 17639: 17630: 17596: 17509: 17415: 17304:from the original on 9 September 2017 16964:. New York: Oxford University Press. 16916:from the original on 13 December 2023 16848: 16831:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity 16090: 16033: 15948:from the original on 9 September 2017 15903: 15866:. 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Archived from 12656:"The History of Chogân (Polo)" 12654:Suren-Pahlav, Shapour (1998). 12525:Halsall, Paul (January 1996). 12290:, pp. 3, 45, 49–50, 231; 10823:, pp. 165, 521, 527–533; 10234:, pp. 17, 20–22, 178–179. 9169:, pp. 397, 407–409, 536; 8374:, pp. 11.1–11.2, 127–143. 7096:, pp. 364–367, 369, 372; 6156: 6139:Succession of the Roman Empire 5997:Succession of the Roman Empire 5434:Byzantine army (Komnenian era) 5212:Earliest known depiction of a 4997:—educated in an Ancient Greek 4435:Great Palace of Constantinople 3553:A new type of war galley, the 3430:Byzantine army (Komnenian era) 2492:took the city on 13 April 1204 1876:, the capital of the tagma of 1641:, ruling on behalf of her son 1535:(left), and his son and heir, 1350:at its territorial apex under 1017:, which was eventually deemed 941: The Western Roman Empire 581:a two-century-long renaissance 454:adoption of state Christianity 412:, was the continuation of the 1: 28042:Former countries in West Asia 27764:History of the European Union 24358:County of Apulia and Calabria 23864:Campagna e Marittima Province 19405:Treadgold, Warren T. (1995). 19261:Roman Law in European History 18939:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917 18143:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 17997:"Byzantine political thought" 17597:Mango, Cyril A., ed. (2002). 16779:Johnston, David, ed. (2015). 16404:Histoire Mondiale de la Femme 16226:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay 15298:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). 14125:, A United Church, chapter 1. 13691:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003 13571:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003 13484:World Music: A Global Journey 10294:, pp. 737, 794–796, 810. 10056:, pp. 119–121, 130–132; 6928:, pp. 298–299, 305–306; 6556:, pp. 114–118, 121–123; 6144: 6082:and Slavic-Orthodox culture. 6018: 5584: 5577: 5418:, Tympana and Cheirokymbala. 5081: 5054: 5032: 5020:Sayings of the Desert Fathers 4975: 4924: 4636: 4632: 4403: 4367: 4257: 3899:Languages of the Roman Empire 3879:Women in the Byzantine Empire 3655: 3278:due to its associations with 2910: 2898: 2874: 2853: 2796:. In the south and east were 2506:was elected emperor of a new 2473: 2270: 2263: 1907:disbanded what the historian 1849:and the counterattack by the 1672: 1617:in battle against the Bulgars 1376:, the Sassanids occupied the 753: 743: 25859:Frontiers and fortifications 21788:University of Constantinople 21369:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 20719: 20519:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 20208:Byzantine successor states ( 19823:Resources in other libraries 19731:10.1017/cbo9780511496301.008 19185:Spawforth, A. J. S. (1993). 18358:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 18349:Paparrigopoulos, Constantine 18120:A Short History of Byzantium 17916:10.1177/03058298060340030201 17353:Markis, George. "Ships". In 17241:Kean, Roger Michael (2006). 17127:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich 16198:10.1371/journal.pone.0208744 16076:10.1524/hzhz.1980.231.jg.101 16037:(1948). "Byzantine Art". In 15967:The Oxford Companion to Food 15912:(3). Project MUSE: 361–383. 15772:Cormack, Robin, ed. (2008). 15345:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2007). 14772:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 14263:Berndt & Steinacher 2014 13835:"Greek fire | weaponry" 13441:Flood, William Henry Grattan 12990:Jones, Muffet (1 May 2020). 10790:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich 10111:Είχον οι Βυζαντινοί οικόσημα 7504:, pp. 482–483, 485–491. 7484:, pp. 473–474, 478–481. 6284: 6177: 5506:List of Byzantine inventions 5197:The ecclesiastical forms of 5044:Germanus I of Constantinople 4364:flavouring to their dishes. 3727:Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας 3700:University of Constantinople 3685: 3328:Byzantine flags and insignia 3032:in 829, between the emperor 2984: 2765:, and a small settlement in 2690: 2659:. In 1354, an earthquake at 2564:Mongol invasion in 1242–1243 2394:Fourth Crusade and aftermath 1807:, and the important city of 1089:) convinced the problematic 700: 683: 666: 7: 27723:Russian invasion of Ukraine 27334:Crisis of the Third Century 25918:Decorations and punishments 24760:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 24754:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 24706:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 23884:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 21953: 21458:Saint Catherine's Monastery 20514:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 20509:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 20007: 19658:Sieges: A Comparative Study 19327:Stolte, Bernard H. (1998). 18363:History of the Greek Nation 18122:. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin. 17883:Mitchell & Young (2006) 16979:Karras, Valerie A. (2004). 16305:. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 15713:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15704:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15695:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15683:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15674:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15662:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15262:The Varangians of Byzantium 13523:. Oxford University Press. 13367:The Organ: An Encyclopedia. 12873:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 12824:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 12799:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 12558:"The Soy Sauce That Wasn't" 12076:10.13109/glot.2010.86.14.63 11371:10.25162/historia-2010-0013 9911:Stolte, Bernard H. (2019). 9842:(inactive 26 August 2024). 8880:Stertz, Stephen A. (1976). 6536:, pp. 92–99, 106–111; 6097: 6050:St. Cyril and St. Methodius 5744:Eastern Emperor Justinian I 5679: 5447:church of Saint Panteleimon 5289:in southern Italy, and the 5147:List of Byzantine composers 4708:Aristocracy and bureaucracy 4641:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia 4262: 4155:reconquests of North Africa 3892: 3410: 1652: 1635:sea walls of Constantinople 1580:, which opposed the use of 1408:by the newly-formed Arabic 979:, confirmed the primacy of 977:actively condemned paganism 672: 549:devastating war with Persia 517:), Christianity became the 10: 28073: 28037:Former countries in Europe 28027:Former countries in Africa 27779:Military history of Europe 27774:Maritime history of Europe 26825:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 25400:historiography of the fall 24700:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 24694:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 24095:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 24065:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 24050:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 21847:Neo-Byzantine architecture 21811: 20468:Comes sacrarum largitionum 19889:Byzantine studies homepage 19682:. London: Evans Brothers. 19519:10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2022.010 18588:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 17965:Nicholson, Graham (1960). 16906:"Late Antiquity Dissolves" 16749:The Legacy of Muslim Spain 16746:; Marín, Manuela (1994) . 16578:Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). 16488:Byzantium and the Crusades 15964:(2014). Jaine, Tom (ed.). 15722:Chitwood, Zachary (2017). 15457:Bussell, Frederick William 15189:The Medieval Greek Romance 15070:. New York: Random House. 15025:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms. 14785: 14595:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray 14111:Casiday & Norris 2007a 14084:Sághy & Schoolman 2017 13964:Casiday & Norris 2007a 13318:Metropolitan Museum of Art 12992:"9.1: Early Byzantine Art" 12370:Ball, Jennifer L. (2006). 12354:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12338:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12307:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12288:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12276:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12264:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12252:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12240:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12228:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12213:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12196:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 11294:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 11191:, pp. 27–28, 175–176. 11010:, pp. 85–86, 94, 153. 10920:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 10872:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 10831:, pp. 19–20, 60, 71; 10070:Cernovodeanu, Dan (1982). 9759:MerrymanPérez-Perdomo 2007 9602:MerrymanPérez-Perdomo 2007 7897:MacGillivray Nicol, Donald 7859:MacGillivray Nicol, Donald 7500:, pp. 257, 259, 289; 6166: 6114:Legacy of the Roman Empire 5994: 5859: 5851:Legacy of the Roman Empire 5848: 5829: 5825: 5688: 5669:refugee Byzantine scholars 5638:National Historical Museum 5605:was the first to question 5495: 5489: 5480:classical Greek philosophy 5475:Eustathius of Thessalonica 5445:(1164), a fresco from the 5431: 5425: 5365:. Bagpipes, also known as 5333:. Other forms include the 5185:from a Byzantine villa in 5140: 5066:Ancient Greek philosophers 4950:. Although the Empire was 4935:List of Byzantine scholars 4928: 4678: 4485: 4371: 4301: 4297: 4266: 4129: 4123: 4119: 3896: 3876: 3811: 3807: 3756: 3742: 3689: 3659: 3650: 3610: 3521: 3419: 3325: 3140: 3085:Italian sketch of Emperor 3007:Turks against the Persians 2994: 2988: 2914: 2694: 2685:Constantine XI Palaiologos 2624: 2397: 2386:before 1204. According to 2302: 2291: 2288:Decline and disintegration 2115: 2022:attained full power under 1995: 1969: 1952:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 1880:, was captured in 1060 by 1824: 1656: 1568:, made peace with the new 1504: 1500: 1417:Arab raids into Asia Minor 1123: 1119: 766: 723: 719: 649: 624:recovery of Constantinople 456:, and the predominance of 408:, also referred to as the 316:Late Middle Ages 21:Byzantine (disambiguation) 18: 27749:Genetic history of Europe 27731: 27536: 27352: 27292: 27259: 27206:External wars and battles 27073: 26967: 26780: 26372: 26365: 26287: 26199: 26104: 25979: 25931: 25809: 25759: 25698: 25689: 25571: 25523: 25443: 25360: 25330: 25321: 25303: 25247: 25226: 25214: 25211: 25204: 25201: 25183: 25173: 25156: 25149: 25147: 25113: 25101: 25092: 25083: 25078: 25050: 25033: 25004: 24989: 24984: 24963: 24958: 24946: 24936: 24924: 24914: 24896: 24893: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24866: 24812:Free Territory of Trieste 24672: 24602: 24541: 24524: 24448: 24385: 24348: 24330:Principality of Benevento 24322: 24299: 24244: 24233: 24175: 24145: 23897: 23847: 23801: 23732: 23719: 23682: 23597: 23455: 23389: 23341: 22858: 22262: 21961: 21921: 21916:Links to related articles 21874: 21817: 21806: 21727: 21627: 21585: 21530: 21475: 21430: 21417:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 21402: 21359: 21291: 21261: 21252: 21248: 21237: 21179: 21037: 21033: 21022: 20944: 20890: 20829: 20786: 20738: 20725: 20714: 20673: 20648: 20617: 20576: 20567: 20542: 20486: 20450: 20403: 20396: 20392: 20381: 20254: 20170: 20117: 20048: 20019: 20015: 20002: 19818:Resources in your library 19435:Stanford University Press 19364:. Indianapolis: Hackett. 19345:10.1179/byz.1998.22.1.264 19287:Stephenson, Paul (2000). 18672:. In Mullen, Alex (ed.). 18436:10.1017/9781782049104.037 16997:10.1017/S000964070010928X 16011:10.1017/S0022050700096947 15388:Browning, Robert (1992). 15381:10.1017/S0424208400006574 15369:Studies in Church History 14539:Russell, Eugenia (2013). 14509:10.1017/9781139048880.005 14155:Matthews & Platt 1997 13561:, pp. 179, 185, 190. 13241:Ecumenical Patriarchate. 12922:Matthews & Platt 1997 12898:Matthews & Platt 1997 12695:10.1163/9789004331334_014 12005:; Gaeng, Paul A. (1976). 11908:, pp. 560, 562–563; 11892:, pp. 114–115, 118; 11704:Grosdidier de Matons 1967 11550:, pp. 119, 122, 128. 11203:, pp. 141, 186, 342. 11032:10.1017/9781108646086.004 10646:, pp. 197, 384–385; 10582:, pp. 812, 860–861; 10503:10.1017/S030701310000536X 10428:MacGeorge, Penny (2002). 10254:, pp. 730–734, 737; 10218:, pp. 281, 432, 489. 10174:, pp. 421–422, 437; 9794:10.1515/9781846158124-009 9498:Longchamps de Berier 2014 9373:, pp. 134, 137, 143. 9045:, pp. 35, 189, 222; 9013:10.1017/9781009362504.003 7899:; Teall, John L. (2024). 7861:; Teall, John L. (2024). 7846:Hooper & Bennett 1996 7628:, pp. 493, 496–498; 7316:, pp. 443, 451–452; 6944:, pp. 210–211, 214; 6712:, pp. 209, 214–215; 6692:, pp. 193–196, 200; 6672:, pp. 91–92, 96–99; 6070:, by the Russian painter 5930:consider themselves heirs 5844: 5443:The Lamentation of Christ 5078:Symeon the New Theologian 3819:the state encouraged the 3747:Constantine IX Monomachos 3726: 3717:, sometimes known as the 3713:as their curriculum. The 2353:Stephen Nemanja of Serbia 2235:, Prince of Antioch, and 1562:a decisive victory in 740 1382:a siege of Constantinople 1275:, fearing the aggressive 1251:Chalcedonian Christianity 785:Four-way division of the 730:As the historiographical 610:; its former territories 489:Greek East and Latin West 384: 380: 370: 360: 350: 340: 330: 326: 321: 307: 303: 291: 279: 267: 255: 243: 231: 219: 207: 195: 183: 171: 167: 157: 147: 133: 118: 93: 78: 66: 42: 37: 30: 24875:Northwestern Mesopotamia 24718:Italian United Provinces 24070:Principality of Piombino 23859:Patrimony of Saint Peter 20991:Droungarios of the Fleet 19947:Constantinople Home Page 19848:De Imperatoribus Romanis 19453: 19433:. Stanford, California: 19270:10.1017/cbo9780511814723 19191:Journal of Roman Studies 18915:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). 18531:Robert, Dana L. (2009). 18357: 18106:Noble & Smith (2008) 18094:Noble & Smith (2008) 18085:Noble & Smith (2008) 17245:. Shropshire: Thalamus. 16791:10.1017/cco9781139034401 16468:10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.183 15864:Howard-Johnston, James F 15751:Clark, Victoria (2000). 15514: 14493:(2018). "Byzantium". In 13446:The story of the bagpipe 12587:Jayyusi & Marín 1994 12485:Unwin, P. T. H. (2010). 11102:10.1017/cbo9781107279636 11090:Remijsen, Sofie (2015). 11076:, pp. 72, 94, 113; 10764:Rosser, John H. (2011). 9964:, pp. 54, 55, 56}; 9697:, pp. 23, 132, 364. 9289:, pp. 122–123, 125. 8353:; Dickson, Gary (2024). 7723:"Caucasia and Byzantium" 7564:, pp. 292–293, 296. 6716:, pp. 153, 158–159. 6520:, pp. 31–33, 40–47. 6149: 5919:Principality of Theodoro 5887:Principality of Theodoro 5649:Callinicus of Heliopolis 5601:Alexandrian philosopher 5526:, the first compiler of 5422:12th-century renaissance 5136: 4661:Kunsthistorisches Museum 4635:425–430; mosaic; width: 3930:in the Coptic language ( 3872: 2721:) in a line through the 2599:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2591:recapture Constantinople 2179:against the Norman King 1862:East-West Schism of 1054 1177:, 6th century, from the 1060:468 attempt to reconquer 49:The empire in 555 under 27754:History of Christianity 27201:Roman–Iranian relations 25676:Optimates and populares 24806:Italian Social Republic 24481:Principality of Taranto 24373:Principality of Taranto 24335:Principality of Salerno 24090:Bishopric of Tarantasia 23913:Bishopric of Bressanone 23830:Duchy of the Pentapolis 21505:Early Byzantine mosaics 20867:Domestic of the Schools 19613:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew 18960:. Cambridge: Variorum. 18774:Sabo, Theodore (2018). 18698:Rotman, Youval (2009). 18454:10.7722/j.ctt1kgqt6m.41 18384:10.1163/221023991X00038 18314:(subscription required) 18175:Byzantium and the Slavs 17391:———; 16543:Herrin, Judith (2009). 16423:Halsall, Paul (2021) . 16279:Garland, Lynda (2006). 16136:Faas, Patrick (2005) . 16063:Historische Zeitschrift 15426:Encyclopædia Britannica 14984:Kitromilides, Paschalis 13894:, p. 3/14, Fig. 1. 13839:Encyclopedia Britannica 13517:"Byzantine instruments" 13286:Encyclopædia Britannica 11143:, pp. 71, 252–253. 10986:, pp. 39, 45, 85; 10947:The Classical Quarterly 9897:, pp. 4, 364–365; 9564:, pp. 14, 16, 28; 9496:, pp. 3–4, 8, 16; 9333:, pp. 25, 33, 35; 8742:Atkinson, J.E. (2000). 8359:Encyclopædia Britannica 8070:Encyclopedia Britannica 7905:Encyclopædia Britannica 7873:The Battle of Manzikert 7867:Encyclopædia Britannica 7806:The Battle of Manzikert 6271:Chalcedonian Definition 6226:Julio-Claudian emperors 6129:List of Roman dynasties 5942:Danubian Principalities 5753:Mosaic of Jesus in the 5691:History of Christianity 5667:". During this period, 5551:Eastern Orthodox Church 5072:were translated, while 4903:illuminated manuscripts 4476: 4398:in 480 and recorded by 4026:Novellae Constitutiones 3765:granting of citizenship 3517: 3442:). In the 6th century, 3415: 3389:to be an emblem of the 3150:has its origins in the 3036:and the Abbasid caliph 2649:six-year-long civil war 2641:siege of Constantinople 2620: 2609:and later his grandson 2380:Second Bulgarian Empire 2252:Battle of Myriokephalon 2199:and reconquered all of 2085:Eastern Orthodox Church 1574:campaigned successfully 1495:repel the 717–718 siege 1466:, who soon established 1281:Sasanian wars restarted 919:wars against barbarians 763:Early history (pre-518) 710:Laonikos Chalkokondyles 622:. Despite the eventual 27578:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 27211:Civil wars and revolts 26477:Sextus Pompeius Festus 26124:Conflict of the Orders 25483:Legislative assemblies 25035:Middle Hittite Kingdom 24712:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 24486:Terra Sancti Benedicti 24390:(from the 9th century) 24100:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 21822:Byzantine commonwealth 20584:Praetorian prefectures 20504:Logothetes tou genikou 20478:Quaestor sacri palatii 20473:Comes rerum privatarum 20246:Fall of Constantinople 20185:Sack of Constantinople 19929:14 August 2014 at the 19904:8 October 2014 at the 19865:The Stony Brook School 19863:by Lars Brownworth of 19656:Watson, Bruce (1993). 18850:Salzman, Michele Renee 18812:Salaman, Rena (1986). 17695:The Western Humanities 16714:Ivanič, Peter (2016). 16659:Howard-Johnston, James 16643:10.1353/earl.1998.0035 16408:World History of Women 16303:A History of Byzantium 16039:Baynes, Norman Hepburn 15206:Béhar, Pierre (1999). 14895:10.1093/monist/onab005 14879:Adams, Robert Merrihew 14026:, pp. xxx, xxxii. 12774:Hopkins, Owen (2014). 12123:Byzantine Civilisation 12058:Rance, Philip (2010). 11337:, pp. 37–38, 53; 10744:Demetrios Constantelos 10394:, pp. 16, 29–30; 10109:Τιπάλδος, Γ Ε (1926). 9440:, pp. 11, 13, 20. 8695:Maas, Michael (1986). 7729:; Crego, Paul (eds.). 6124:List of Byzantine wars 6074: 6068:The Baptism of Kievans 6060: 6024: 5883:Despotate of the Morea 5874: 5872:Fall of Constantinople 5815:Fall of Constantinople 5763:patristic Christianity 5758: 5727: 5708: 5641: 5531: 5462: 5224: 4952:linguistically diverse 4881: 4874:Antikensammlung Berlin 4674: 4607:Basilica of San Vitale 4558:Byzantine architecture 4488:Byzantine architecture 4410: 4378:1001 to 1600 in sports 4185: 3975: 3576:in the 670s, and when 3337: 3136: 3098: 3040: 2954:Praetorian prefectures 2834:to Adrianople (modern 2644: 2631:Fall of Constantinople 2627:Byzantine–Ottoman wars 2578:, would establish the 2490:. The crusaders again 2479: 2426: 2151: 2070: 2015: 1988: 1853: 1788: 1731:against the Bulgarians 1694:Paulicians of Tephrike 1678: 1671:The Byzantine Empire, 1540: 1406:of the Sassanid Empire 1396:soon saw the conquest 1394:early Muslim conquests 1386:defeated the Sassanids 1226:was destroyed in 554. 1179:Basilica of San Vitale 1062:the west, the warlord 1039:and exacted a massive 1006:, who constructed the 949: 798: 793:system established by 690: 632:fall of Constantinople 604:Sack of Constantinople 553:early Muslim conquests 481:increasingly Latinised 438:fall of Constantinople 27658:Industrial Revolution 26920:Simplicius of Cilicia 26672:Quintus Curtius Rufus 25901:Siege in Ancient Rome 25510:Executive magistrates 25158:Neo-Babylonian Empire 24991:Old Babylonian Empire 24906:Early Dynastic period 24730:Republic of San Marco 24512:Crown Colony of Malta 24340:Principality of Capua 24080:Marquisate of Saluzzo 23943:County of Santa Fiora 23605:Etruscan civilization 23366:Medieval great powers 21522:Komnenian renaissance 21517:Macedonian period art 21422:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 21394:Walls of Thessaloniki 20494:Logothetes tou dromou 20109:Twenty Years' Anarchy 20073:Valentinianic dynasty 20068:Constantinian dynasty 19660:. Westport: Praeger. 19504:Tussay, Ákos (2022). 19475:Tuori, Kaius (2016). 19006:Oikonomides, Nikolaos 18468:Rahner, Hugo (2013). 18057:Noble, Thomas F. X.; 17856:Mitchell, Margaret M. 17688:on 30 September 2013. 17592:on 30 September 2013. 17416:Lavan, Myles (2016). 17398:The Byzantine Economy 17386:on 30 September 2013. 17348:on 30 September 2013. 17176:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 16744:Jayyusi, Salma Khadra 16707:10.3366/j.ctt3fgt2d.9 16524:Harvey, Alan (2003). 16228:. London: Routledge. 16047:. Oxford: Clarendon. 15918:10.1353/tho.2001.0001 15757:. London: Macmillan. 15734:10.1017/9781316861547 15627:10.31228/osf.io/meq6c 15540:. Oxford: Blackwell. 15417:Lucas, Donald William 14904:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 14850:Dawes, Elizabeth A.S. 14421:, pp. 214, 223; 14397:, pp. xiii, xiv. 14024:Papaconstantinou 2016 14000:Papaconstantinou 2016 13492:10.4324/9781315692791 13314:"Renaissance Violins" 13155:, pp. 1236–1237. 12996:Humanities LibreTexts 11888:, pp. 263, 268; 11799:10.1017/9781108888387 11351:Harper, Kyle (2010). 11183:, pp. 111, 180; 11072:, pp. 138, 178; 10941:Adams, J. N. (2003). 10899:10.9783/9780812204889 10794:Wharton, Annabel Jane 10698:, pp. 310, 314; 10586:, pp. 989, 1024. 10570:, pp. 975, 1084. 10370:, pp. 399, 442; 10354:, pp. 562, 656; 9717:, pp. 25–32, 44. 8886:The Classical Journal 8701:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8426:, pp. 150, 164; 7879:29 April 2016 at the 7812:29 April 2016 at the 7576:, pp. 292, 296; 6696:, pp. 94–95, 98. 6066: 6047: 6008: 5895:Demetrios Palaiologos 5869: 5752: 5731:Constantine the Great 5721: 5706: 5661:mathematical sciences 5636:, 10th–12th century, 5627: 5615:Scientific Revolution 5596:Archimedes Palimpsest 5592:Leo the Mathematician 5513: 5441: 5426:Further information: 5211: 5087:), including Symeon, 5040:Maximus the Confessor 4848: 4679:Further information: 4385: 4222:eastern Mediterranean 4167: 4130:Further information: 3957: 3897:Further information: 3877:Further information: 3812:Further information: 3757:Further information: 3690:Further information: 3599:and which superseded 3438:) and mobile forces ( 3403:(also interpreted as 3335: 3291:complete codification 3107:James Howard-Johnston 3084: 3027: 2937:The reign of Phocas ( 2669:John VI Kantakouzenos 2638: 2467: 2415: 2398:Further information: 2319:Andronikos I Komnenos 2150:(right), 12th century 2125: 2089:Roman Catholic Church 2060: 2005: 1979: 1913:Drungary of the Watch 1840: 1782: 1670: 1657:Further information: 1526: 1507:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1212:was subjugated in 534 935: 915:Valentinianic dynasty 899:Constantine's dynasty 815:eastern Mediterranean 784: 767:Further information: 614:into competing Greek 597:Komnenian restoration 94:Common languages 27713:European debt crisis 27708:European integration 27648:Age of Enlightenment 27488:Republic of Florence 26930:Stephanus Byzantinus 26835:Eusebius of Caesaria 26697:Sidonius Apollinaris 26387:Ammianus Marcellinus 25726:Tribune of the plebs 24885:Southern Mesopotamia 24880:Northern Mesopotamia 24526:French Revolutionary 24466:State of the Presidi 24190:Republic of Florence 24162:Domini di Terraferma 23812:Exarchate of Ravenna 23710:Western Roman Empire 23654:Nuragic civilization 23376:European colonialism 23361:Ancient great powers 21719:Units of measurement 21453:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 21346:Pammakaristos Church 21194:Corpus Juris Civilis 21145:Missionary activity 20604:Exarchate of Ravenna 20430:Imperial bureaucracy 19941:University of Vienna 19914:. Online sourcebook. 19859:18 July 2016 at the 19362:Byzantine Philosophy 18727:10.2307/j.ctv2175h0p 18551:Robins, Robert Henry 18116:Norwich, John Julius 17430:10.1093/pastj/gtv043 17282:Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat 17096:on 18 February 2012. 17041:Kartomi, Margaret J. 16586:. 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Pepin's son 5243:(probably a type of 5203:ancient Greek system 5025:Apophthegmata Patrum 4995:Greek Church Fathers 4940:Byzantine literature 4931:Byzantine literature 4545:Anthemius of Tralles 4350:Liutprand of Cremona 4136:Sino-Roman relations 4033:Nikolaos Oikonomides 4021:Corpus Juris Civilis 3692:Byzantine university 3607:Late era (1204–1453) 3264:Corpus Juris Civilis 3238:Corpus Juris Civilis 3231:Corpus Juris Civilis 3209:, when Justinian I ( 3206:Corpus Juris Civilis 3130:Nikolaos Oikonomides 3089:during his visit in 3019:Bureau of Barbarians 3015:Aghlabids in Siciliy 2538:, was created after 2361:sacking Thessalonica 2357:William II of Sicily 2237:Amalric of Jerusalem 2221:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2146:(left) and his wife 2099:and launch an armed 2032:captured Dyrrhachium 1948:Nikephoros Bryennios 1801:reconquests of Crete 1750:Simeon I of Bulgaria 1578:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1305:reopened hostilities 1243:a devastating plague 1194:Corpus Juris Civilis 952:Valens's successor, 927:Battle of Adrianople 873:, which was renamed 835:the third century AD 829:enjoyed a period of 545:appearance of plague 410:Eastern Roman Empire 55:Western Roman Empire 27992:330s establishments 27678:Revolutions of 1848 27608:Early modern France 27389:Anglo-Saxon England 27294:Classical antiquity 27106:Distinguished women 26757:Velleius Paterculus 26597:Nicolaus Damascenus 26577:Marcellus Empiricus 25966:Republican currency 25139:Neo-Assyrian Empire 25053:Bronze Age Collapse 24986:Old Hittite Kingdom 24960:Old Assyrian period 24938:Third Dynasty of Ur 24800:Free State of Fiume 24748:Kingdom of Sardinia 24491:Neapolitan Republic 24439:Kingdom of Sardinia 24434:Republic of Sassari 24262:Catepanate of Italy 24185:Republic of Cospaia 24008:Duchy of Montferrat 24003:March of Montferrat 23938:County of Guastalla 23838:Exarchate of Africa 23449:History of Anatolia 23371:Modern great powers 21243:Culture and society 21106:Ecumenical councils 20609:Exarchate of Africa 20599:Quaestura exercitus 20463:Magister officiorum 20458:Praetorian prefects 20101:Byzantine Dark Ages 19854:12 Byzantine Rulers 19309:The Byzantine World 19140:, pp. 292–304. 19131:, pp. 493–536. 19107:, pp. 221–248. 19083:, pp. 365–394. 19071:, pp. 251–291. 18635:(1/2018): 107–128. 18633:Lingue e Linguaggio 18332:, pp. 682–706. 18323:, pp. 162–179. 18253:Ostrogorsky, George 18214:10.12681/byzsym.857 18201:Byzantina Symmeikta 18140:A History of Venice 18096:, pp. 213–229. 17974:Theological Studies 17885:, pp. 538–551. 17651:, pp. 248–283. 16931:Fibiger Bang, Peter 16821:, pp. 355–373. 16812:, pp. 119–148. 16685:du Plessis, Paul J. 16553:10.2307/j.ctv6zdbvf 16455:Classical Antiquity 16299:Gregory, Timothy E. 16189:2018PLoSO..1308744F 15715:, pp. 296–314. 15697:, pp. 279–295. 15685:, pp. 413–433. 15676:, pp. 403–428. 15664:, pp. 118–148. 15421:Mackridge, Peter A. 15157:. 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H. 17422:Past & Present 17318:Laiou, Angeliki E. 17073:Laiou, Angeliki E. 16864:Kaldellis, Anthony 16681:Humfress, Caroline 16601:Hooper, Nicholas; 16433:Fordham University 15691:Lieu, Samuel N. C. 15506:10.1017/byz.2015.4 15234:Steinacher, Roland 14799:Choniates, Nicetas 14491:De Lange, Nicholas 14425:, p. intro.; 14313:, pp. 54, 60. 12851:, pp. xix–xx. 12537:on 17 October 2014 12402:. 15 August 2024. 12044:, pp. 25–26; 11872:, pp. 97–98; 11848:, pp. 97–98; 11706:, pp. 23–25; 11267:, pp. 30–31; 11223:, pp. 16, 19. 11167:, pp. 97–98; 11155:, pp. 79–91; 10835:, pp. 32, 34. 10650:, pp. 21–22; 10008:, pp. 52, 77. 9761:, pp. 10–11; 9733:, pp. 32–35; 9729:, pp. 97–98; 9584:, pp. 33–35; 9512:, pp. 14, 16. 9393:, pp. 28–29; 9385:, pp. 7, 10; 8921:, pp. 11, 15. 8808:, pp. 64–65; 8442:, pp. 33, 41. 8282:Vasiliev 1928–1935 8066:"John II Comnenus" 7901:"Byzantine Empire" 7871:; Markham, Paul. " 7863:"Byzantine Empire" 7826:Vasiliev 1928–1935 7088:, pp. 56–58; 6828:, pp. 43–45; 6516:, pp. 81–84; 6476:, pp. 16–20; 6456:, pp. 17–18; 6436:, pp. 16–17; 6204:George Ostrogorsky 6075: 6061: 6025: 6011:Christ Pantocrator 5991:Cultural aftermath 5985:Russian Revolution 5979:as the successive 5959:, whose grandson, 5951:, Grand Prince of 5891:Thomas Palaiologos 5875: 5783:Church of the East 5779:Oriental Orthodoxy 5759: 5728: 5709: 5642: 5570:Isidore of Miletus 5562:ancient philosophy 5532: 5524:Isidore of Miletus 5518:, the patriarchal 5498:Byzantine medicine 5463: 5311:King of the Franks 5225: 5093:Theodore Prodromos 4882: 4870:Constantinopolitan 4549:Isidore of Miletus 4411: 4374:Sports before 1001 4340:and the eponymous 4186: 3981:Hellenistic period 3976: 3696:Byzantine rhetoric 3679:Macedonian dynasty 3617:The rulers of the 3468:Macedonian dynasty 3422:Eastern Roman army 3383:Alexandre Soloviev 3338: 3322:Flags and insignia 3201:Codex Theodosianus 3099: 3043:Ancient historian 3041: 2814:Caucasus mountains 2645: 2480: 2459:Alexios IV Angelos 2427: 2388:Alexander Vasiliev 2334:George Ostrogorsky 2241:Kingdom of Hungary 2193:Danishmend Emirate 2181:Roger II of Sicily 2152: 2071: 2054:on 28 April 1091. 2038:and laid siege to 2016: 1989: 1898:fell in April 1071 1854: 1789: 1765:Kingdom of Georgia 1722:Book of the Eparch 1679: 1541: 1410:Rashidun Caliphate 1220:then invaded Italy 1068:Romulus Augustulus 1035:, who ravaged the 1024:Codex Theodosianus 987:, and established 950: 903:a lengthy conflict 831:relative stability 799: 577:Macedonian dynasty 565:Rashidun Caliphate 432:in the 5th century 110:Regional languages 27798: 27797: 27792: 27791: 27718:COVID-19 pandemic 27663:French Revolution 27638:Habsburg monarchy 27618:Cossack Hetmanate 27598:Portuguese Empire 27588:Absolute monarchy 27583:Thirty Years' War 27478:Holy Roman Empire 27403:Bulgarian Empire 27362:Early Middle Ages 27279:Bronze Age Europe 27253:History of Europe 27219: 27218: 27181:Pontifices maximi 26963: 26962: 26820:Diogenes Laërtius 26642:Pliny the Younger 26397:Asconius Pedianus 26357:Romance languages 26229:Civil engineering 25971:Imperial currency 25844:Political control 25805: 25804: 25439: 25438: 25262: 25261: 25257: 25256: 25185:Macedonian Empire 25175:Achaemenid Empire 25048:c. 1200–1150 BCE 25031:c. 1400–1200 BCE 25002:c. 1600–1400 BCE 24982:c. 1800–1600 BCE 24944:c. 2000–1800 BCE 24934:c. 2100–2000 BCE 24922:c. 2200–2100 BCE 24912:c. 2350–2200 BCE 24891:c. 3500–2350 BCE 24825: 24824: 24821: 24820: 24668: 24667: 24635:Massa and Carrara 24520: 24519: 24497:Hospitaller Malta 24456:Kingdom of Naples 24450:Kingdom of Sicily 24381: 24380: 24291:Duchy of Sorrento 24210:Republic of Genoa 24205:Republic of Siena 24200:Republic of Massa 24195:Republic of Lucca 23928:County of Gorizia 23918:Corsican Republic 23899:Holy Roman Empire 23557: 23556: 23415: 23414: 23337: 23336: 23302:Polish–Lithuanian 22477:Gurjara-Pratihara 21908: 21907: 21870: 21869: 21827:Byzantine studies 21802: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21613:Alexander Romance 21471: 21470: 21448:Nea Moni of Chios 21311:Blachernae Palace 21233: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21199:Code of Justinian 21047:Eastern Orthodoxy 21018: 21017: 21014: 21013: 20940: 20939: 20814:Scholae Palatinae 20710: 20709: 20706: 20705: 20675:Foreign relations 20669: 20668: 20563: 20562: 20377: 20376: 20373: 20372: 20176:(1204–1453) 19867:; audio lectures. 19799:Library resources 19776:978-0-19-887345-7 19740:978-0-521-81703-5 19689:978-0-2374-5645-0 19667:978-0-2759-4034-8 19592:978-0-520-01597-5 19568:978-9-0040-4855-3 19561:. Leiden: Brill. 19549:978-0-2998-0925-6 19496:978-0-19-874445-0 19467:978-9-6023-2594-0 19425:Treadgold, Warren 19416:978-0-8047-3163-8 19397:978-0-226-09791-6 19371:978-0-8722-0563-5 19319:978-1-136-72787-0 19298:978-0-5217-7017-0 19279:978-0-521-64372-6 19247:978-1-350-23340-9 19125:Shepard, Jonathan 19059:978-0-5117-5670-2 19044:Shepard, Jonathan 18948:978-0-1982-2152-4 18926:978-0-295-97290-9 18892:978-1-61025-043-6 18841:978-0-907325-16-1 18804:978-963-386-256-8 18785:978-1-5275-0959-7 18766:978-0-521-39832-9 18736:978-1-64189-172-1 18709:978-0-674-03611-6 18683:978-0-19-888729-4 18564:978-3-11-013574-9 18542:978-0-631-23619-1 18501:978-0-312-26658-5 18479:978-1-68149-099-1 18445:978-1-78204-910-4 18353:Karolidis, Pavlos 18308:978-0-19-935176-3 18289:978-1-4094-5738-1 18270:978-0-8135-1198-6 18244:978-0-8308-1505-0 18184:978-0-88141-008-2 18150:978-0-394-52410-8 18129:978-0-14-025960-5 18108:, pp. 46–64. 18072:978-1-139-05422-5 18016:978-0-52-142388-5 17957:978-0-521-83865-8 17873:978-1-139-05483-6 17803:978-0-520-24703-1 17779:978-0-8232-0967-5 17744:978-0-8047-5568-9 17723:978-0-521-82788-1 17627:Treadgold, Warren 17610:978-0-19-814098-6 17572:978-0-521-52653-1 17550:978-0-472-03127-6 17537:Madden, Thomas F. 17477:978-88-495-2825-1 17456:978-1-139-02472-3 17408:978-0-521-84978-4 17393:Morrisson, Cécile 17297:978-0-7914-0819-3 17252:978-1-902886-07-7 17233:978-960-371-010-3 17142:978-0-19-504652-6 17118:978-0-19-504652-6 17066:"Medieval Athens" 17056:978-0-226-42548-1 16896:978-0-88402-484-2 16877:978-0-521-87688-9 16841:978-0-19-027753-6 16800:978-0-521-89564-4 16759:978-90-04-09599-1 16698:978-0-7486-6817-5 16618:978-0-521-44049-3 16593:978-1-84119-766-1 16562:978-0-691-14369-9 16535:978-0-521-52190-1 16516:978-1-4742-5466-3 16497:978-1-78093-767-0 16357:978-1-108-36330-3 16334:978-90-04-15309-7 16312:978-1-4051-8471-7 16290:978-0-7546-5737-8 16259:978-0-415-14688-3 16235:978-1-135-78262-7 16149:978-0-226-23347-5 16128:978-1-5064-4597-7 16109:978-1-58839-114-8 15977:978-0-19-967733-7 15941:978-960-527-747-5 15836:. "The Army". In 15783:978-0-1917-4352-8 15764:978-0-312-23396-9 15743:978-1-107-18256-1 15547:978-1-4051-9833-2 15528:978-960-453-529-3 15448:978-1-4021-9046-9 15403:978-0-8132-0754-4 15356:978-0-307-42348-1 15337:978-3-515-02876-9 15309:978-90-04-11710-5 15302:. Leiden: Brill. 15290:978-0-415-16111-4 15249:978-1-4094-4659-0 15221:978-2-84321-015-0 15198:978-0-415-12032-6 15164:978-1-84765-441-0 15077:978-1-84511-307-0 15051:978-0-88402-484-2 15032:978-3-487-05765-1 15005:Shepard, Jonathan 14953:978-0-582-29468-4 14871:Secondary sources 14826:978-0-231-04080-8 14813:Cinnamus, Ioannes 14661:Seton-Watson 1967 14635:978-1-78831-012-3 14608:978-0-521-43991-6 14552:978-1-4411-5584-9 14518:978-0-521-51724-9 14463:Kitromilides 2006 14451:Kitromilides 2006 14373:, p. intro.. 14253:, pp. 30–32. 13892:Fousek et al 2018 13865:Partington, J. R. 13714:Alexander Jones, 13640:(27 April 2006). 13538:978-0-19-866262-4 13501:978-1-317-43437-5 13456:978-1-176-34422-8 13449:. Рипол Классик. 13375:978-0-415-94174-7 13243:"Byzantine Music" 13220:"Byzantine Music" 13193:978-1-884964-03-9 13074:Papaioannou 2021a 13050:Papaioannou 2021a 12960:, pp. 62–64. 12884:978-0-7148-7502-6 12835:978-0-7148-7502-6 12810:978-0-7148-7502-6 12785:978-1-78067-163-5 12704:978-90-04-33133-4 12562:Los Angeles Times 12496:978-0-415-14416-2 12433:Dalby et al. 2013 12381:978-1-4039-6700-8 12242:, pp. 29–30. 12016:978-0-06-013312-2 11992:, pp. 12–13. 11956:978-0-670-02098-0 11896:, pp. 80–83. 11876:, pp. 12–13. 11808:978-1-108-88838-7 11710:, pp. 11–39. 11678:, pp. 40–41. 11111:978-1-107-27963-6 11041:978-1-108-64608-6 10908:978-0-8122-4354-3 10860:978-2-35613-061-7 10752:978-0-89241-588-5 10439:978-0-19-925244-2 10099:, pp. 38–39. 9968:, pp. 7, 27. 9803:978-1-84615-812-4 9588:, pp. 2–14; 9544:, pp. 2–14; 9480:, pp. 74–77. 9452:, pp. 20–21. 9249:, pp. 65–67. 9233:, pp. 61–66. 9121:, pp. 82–83. 9022:978-1-009-36250-4 8980:978-0-19-872868-9 8792:978-94-024-1663-3 8669:, pp. 30–31. 8642:, pp. 29–30. 8587:, pp. 84–85. 8575:, pp. 84–86. 8535:978-0-299-80925-6 8351:Madden, Thomas F. 8055:, pp. 95–97. 8019:, pp. 74–75. 7740:978-1-351-92326-2 6652:, pp. 87–90. 6620:, pp. 71–74. 6600:, pp. 74–75. 6560:, pp. 63–67. 6540:, pp. 52–62. 6480:, pp. 39–40. 6460:, pp. 14–18. 6240:Anthony Kaldellis 6222:Anthony Kaldellis 6175: 5787:Eastern Orthodoxy 5547:Renaissance Italy 5535:Byzantine science 5492:Byzantine science 5293:in Dalmatia. The 5105:Byzantine romance 4835: 4834: 4689:Byzantine culture 4304:Byzantine cuisine 4126:Byzantine economy 4057:Romance languages 3866:Anthony Kaldellis 3802:Anthony Kaldellis 3666:From the rule of 3464:Anthony Kaldellis 3444:Anthony Kaldellis 3368:Theodosian period 3347:) introduced the 3248:) to develop the 3112:Alexander Kazhdan 3103:Dimitri Obolensky 3069:Evangelos Chrysos 3011:Umayyads in Spain 3003:Dimitri Obolensky 2846:and Antioch. The 2545:, commanding the 2500:Niketas Choniates 2431:Pope Innocent III 2245:Battle of Sirmium 2217:Manuel I Komnenos 2165:Holy Roman Empire 2020:Komnenian dynasty 1984:, founder of the 1570:Abbasid Caliphate 1476:another civil war 1472:Umayyad Caliphate 1309:a major rebellion 612:were then divided 569:Umayyad Caliphate 402: 401: 293:• 1449–1453 281:• 1261–1282 269:• 1143–1180 257:• 1081–1118 28064: 28022:Christian states 27982:Byzantine Empire 27967: 27959: 27958: 27957: 27950: 27942: 27941: 27940: 27933: 27925: 27924: 27923: 27916: 27908: 27907: 27906: 27899: 27891: 27890: 27889: 27879: 27873:Byzantine Empire 27863: 27862: 27851: 27850: 27849: 27839: 27838: 27829:Byzantine Empire 27827: 27826: 27825: 27815: 27814: 27813: 27806: 27653:Great Divergence 27568:Age of Discovery 27513:Late Middle Ages 27483:High Middle Ages 27394:Byzantine Empire 27377:Christianization 27367:Migration Period 27302:Classical Greece 27274:Neolithic Europe 27246: 27239: 27232: 27223: 27222: 27171:Magistri equitum 27086:Cities and towns 27079: 27005:Constantinopolis 26815:Diodorus Siculus 26747:Valerius Maximus 26682:Seneca the Elder 26602:Nonius Marcellus 26370: 26369: 25923:Hippika gymnasia 25886:Infantry tactics 25792:Consular tribune 25782:Magister equitum 25731:Military tribune 25696: 25695: 25656:Pontifex maximus 25651:Princeps senatus 25641:Magister militum 25407:Byzantine Empire 25328: 25327: 25289: 25282: 25275: 25266: 25265: 25235:Byzantine Empire 25110:Middle Babylonia 25076:c. 1150–911 BCE 24869: 24868: 24852: 24845: 24838: 24829: 24828: 24786:Kingdom of Italy 24773: 24772: 24539: 24538: 24368:County of Sicily 24363:County of Aversa 24286:Byzantine Sicily 24272:Theme of Lucania 24242: 24241: 24220:Republic of Pisa 24215:Republic of Noli 24085:Duchy of Spoleto 24055:Duchy of Merania 23953:Kingdom of Italy 23879:Duchy of Ferrara 23824:Duchy of Perugia 23803:Byzantine Empire 23781:Duchy of Spoleto 23748:Ostrogothic rule 23730: 23729: 23598:Pre-Roman period 23584: 23577: 23570: 23561: 23560: 23442: 23435: 23428: 23419: 23418: 23218: 23217: 22883:Austro-Hungarian 22583:Chagatai Khanate 21948: 21941: 21934: 21925: 21924: 21912: 21911: 21895: 21808: 21807: 21751:Imperial Library 21697:Byzantine Greeks 21438:Daphni Monastery 21389:Panagia Chalkeon 21384:Hagios Demetrios 21351:Prison of Anemas 21301:Basilica Cistern 21259: 21258: 21250: 21249: 21239: 21238: 21094:West Syriac Rite 21084:Alexandrian Rite 21035: 21034: 21028:Religion and law 21024: 21023: 20959:Maritime themata 20915:Palaiologan army 20768:Military manuals 20736: 20735: 20727: 20726: 20716: 20715: 20574: 20573: 20550:Megas logothetes 20401: 20400: 20394: 20393: 20383: 20382: 20256:By modern region 20177: 20124: 20123:(717–1204) 20055: 20017: 20016: 20004: 20003: 19995:Byzantine Empire 19988: 19981: 19974: 19965: 19964: 19939:. Hosted by the 19833:Byzantine Empire 19804:Byzantine Empire 19787: 19785: 19783: 19751: 19749: 19747: 19712: 19693: 19671: 19652: 19650: 19648: 19608: 19606: 19604: 19572: 19553: 19529: 19527: 19521:. Archived from 19512: 19500: 19471: 19448: 19420: 19401: 19375: 19356: 19323: 19302: 19283: 19251: 19232: 19181: 19164: 19141: 19132: 19120: 19108: 19096: 19084: 19072: 19063: 19037: 19025: 19013: 19001: 18992: 18983: 18971: 18952: 18930: 18911: 18909: 18907: 18901: 18884: 18869: 18845: 18808: 18789: 18770: 18753:Runciman, Steven 18748: 18713: 18694: 18692: 18690: 18664: 18662: 18660: 18623: 18621: 18619: 18599: 18568: 18546: 18527: 18505: 18488:Read, Piers Paul 18483: 18464: 18462: 18460: 18420: 18387: 18366: 18342: 18341:, pp. 1–18. 18333: 18324: 18315: 18312: 18293: 18274: 18262: 18248: 18226: 18216: 18188: 18166: 18164: 18162: 18133: 18109: 18097: 18088: 18087:, pp. 1–18. 18076: 18053: 18051: 18049: 18020: 17993:Nicol, Donald M. 17988: 17986: 17971: 17961: 17942: 17941:on 27 July 2020. 17940: 17934:. Archived from 17901: 17893:Neumann, Iver B. 17886: 17877: 17851: 17807: 17783: 17771: 17761:Meyendorff, John 17756: 17727: 17708: 17689: 17670: 17661: 17652: 17643: 17634: 17622: 17593: 17576: 17554: 17532: 17506: 17504: 17502: 17481: 17460: 17441: 17412: 17387: 17382:. Archived from 17358: 17349: 17347: 17341:. Archived from 17326: 17313: 17311: 17309: 17277: 17256: 17237: 17225: 17214: 17212: 17210: 17164: 17158: 17151:Browning, Robert 17146: 17122: 17097: 17095: 17089:. Archived from 17070: 17060: 17036: 17034: 17032: 16975: 16956: 16939:Scheidel, Walter 16925: 16923: 16921: 16900: 16881: 16859: 16845: 16822: 16813: 16804: 16775: 16773: 16771: 16739: 16737: 16735: 16710: 16676: 16654: 16622: 16603:Bennett, Matthew 16597: 16585: 16574: 16539: 16520: 16501: 16484:Harris, Jonathan 16479: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16419: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16361: 16338: 16316: 16294: 16275: 16273: 16271: 16239: 16220: 16210: 16200: 16183:(12): e0208744. 16165: 16163: 16161: 16132: 16113: 16101: 16087: 16070:(H 1): 101–109. 16056: 16030: 15993: 15991: 15989: 15957: 15955: 15953: 15921: 15898: 15889: 15880: 15871: 15859: 15850: 15841: 15829: 15817: 15808: 15796: 15787: 15768: 15747: 15716: 15707: 15706:, pp. 7–51. 15698: 15686: 15677: 15670:Drake, Harold A. 15665: 15656: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15609: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15551: 15532: 15509: 15488: 15466: 15452: 15430: 15407: 15395: 15384: 15360: 15341: 15318:Bleicken, Jochen 15313: 15294: 15275: 15253: 15230:Berndt, Guido M. 15225: 15202: 15185:Beaton, Roderick 15180: 15178: 15176: 15143: 15118: 15081: 15069: 15055: 15036: 15012: 15011:, pp. 1–52. 15000: 14991: 14979: 14957: 14935: 14898: 14865: 14863: 14861: 14848:. Translated by 14830: 14808: 14779: 14769: 14763: 14757: 14748: 14742: 14736: 14730: 14724: 14718: 14712: 14706: 14700: 14694: 14688: 14682: 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14646: 14640: 14639: 14619: 14613: 14612: 14591: 14585: 14575: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14487: 14481: 14475: 14466: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14442: 14436: 14430: 14416: 14410: 14404: 14398: 14392: 14386: 14380: 14374: 14368: 14362: 14356: 14350: 14344: 14338: 14332: 14326: 14320: 14314: 14308: 14302: 14296: 14290: 14284: 14278: 14272: 14266: 14260: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14212: 14206: 14200: 14194: 14188: 14182: 14176: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14152: 14141: 14135: 14126: 14120: 14114: 14108: 14099: 14093: 14087: 14081: 14075: 14069: 14063: 14057: 14051: 14045: 14039: 14038:, pp. 6, 7. 14033: 14027: 14021: 14015: 14009: 14003: 13997: 13991: 13985: 13979: 13973: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13949: 13943: 13937: 13931: 13925: 13919: 13916:Bokenkotter 2007 13913: 13907: 13901: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13882: 13861: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13850: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13801: 13795: 13794: 13771: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13740:Zalta, Edward N. 13732: 13726: 13712: 13706: 13700: 13694: 13688: 13679: 13673: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13634: 13628: 13622: 13616: 13610: 13604: 13598: 13589: 13583: 13574: 13568: 13562: 13556: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13512: 13506: 13505: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13394: 13388: 13363: 13354: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13309: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13298: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13216: 13210: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13156: 13150: 13144: 13138: 13132: 13126: 13109: 13104:, § paras. 1–2; 13099: 13093: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13024: 13018: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13007: 12987: 12981: 12976:, Chapters 2–7; 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12931: 12925: 12919: 12913: 12907: 12901: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12715: 12709: 12708: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12671: 12651: 12645: 12639: 12633: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12599: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12522: 12513: 12507: 12501: 12500: 12482: 12476: 12462: 12456: 12442: 12436: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12400:Encyclopedia.com 12392: 12386: 12385: 12367: 12361: 12351: 12345: 12335: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12304: 12295: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12216: 12210: 12199: 12193: 12184: 12174: 12168: 12150: 12144: 12137:Oikonomides 1999 12134: 12128: 12127: 12118:Runciman, Steven 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12055: 12049: 12042:Apostolides 1887 12039: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12020: 11999: 11993: 11990:Oikonomides 1999 11987: 11981: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11939: 11933: 11919: 11913: 11903: 11897: 11883: 11877: 11874:Oikonomides 1999 11859: 11853: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11781: 11775: 11765: 11759: 11749: 11743: 11733: 11727: 11717: 11711: 11701: 11695: 11685: 11679: 11661: 11655: 11641: 11635: 11625: 11619: 11605: 11599: 11589: 11583: 11577: 11571: 11557: 11551: 11541: 11535: 11525: 11519: 11509: 11503: 11493: 11487: 11473: 11467: 11457: 11451: 11441: 11435: 11425: 11419: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11348: 11342: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11286: 11280: 11262: 11256: 11246: 11240: 11230: 11224: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11178: 11172: 11150: 11144: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11087: 11081: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11017: 11011: 11001: 10995: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10912: 10883: 10864: 10842: 10836: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10761: 10755: 10741: 10735: 10732:Markopoulos 2008 10729: 10723: 10716:Markopoulos 2008 10713: 10707: 10693: 10687: 10677: 10671: 10661: 10655: 10641: 10635: 10625: 10619: 10610:, p. 1881; 10605: 10599: 10593: 10587: 10577: 10571: 10561: 10555: 10545: 10539: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10425: 10419: 10405: 10399: 10385: 10379: 10365: 10359: 10349: 10343: 10333: 10327: 10317: 10311: 10301: 10295: 10285: 10279: 10265: 10259: 10241: 10235: 10225: 10219: 10209: 10203: 10193: 10187: 10169: 10163: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10067: 10061: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10032:, p. 31,33. 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 9999: 9993: 9975: 9969: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9923:(4): 1139–1140. 9908: 9902: 9892: 9886: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9859: 9851: 9841: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9776: 9770: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9724: 9718: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9599: 9593: 9575: 9569: 9555: 9549: 9539: 9533: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9487: 9481: 9478:Oikonomides 1990 9475: 9469: 9466:Oikonomides 1990 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9402: 9380: 9374: 9364: 9358: 9353:, pp. 4–5; 9344: 9338: 9324: 9318: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9234: 9225:, pp. 4–5; 9220: 9214: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9164: 9158: 9148: 9142: 9128: 9122: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9080: 9074: 9060: 9054: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8823: 8817: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8692: 8686: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8609: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8471: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8347: 8341: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8279: 8273: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8218:Ostrogorsky 1969 8215: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8172: 8166: 8163:Birkenmeier 2002 8160: 8154: 8151:Birkenmeier 2002 8148: 8142: 8139:Birkenmeier 2002 8136: 8130: 8127:Birkenmeier 2002 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8005:Birkenmeier 2002 8002: 7996: 7993:Ostrogorsky 1969 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7969:Birkenmeier 2002 7966: 7960: 7947: 7941: 7927: 7921: 7918:Birkenmeier 2002 7915: 7909: 7908: 7893: 7884: 7870: 7855: 7849: 7839: 7833: 7823: 7817: 7804:Markham, Paul. " 7802: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7727:Rapp, Stephen H. 7719:Toumanoff, Cyril 7715: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7679: 7673: 7659: 7653: 7643: 7637: 7623: 7617: 7607: 7601: 7587: 7581: 7571: 7565: 7547: 7541: 7531: 7525: 7511: 7505: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7459: 7453: 7443: 7437: 7423: 7417: 7403: 7397: 7383: 7377: 7363: 7357: 7343: 7337: 7327: 7321: 7307: 7301: 7287: 7281: 7267: 7261: 7251: 7245: 7231: 7225: 7211: 7205: 7195: 7189: 7179: 7173: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7131: 7125: 7111: 7105: 7083: 7077: 7063: 7057: 7039: 7033: 7019: 7013: 6999: 6993: 6979: 6973: 6959: 6953: 6939: 6933: 6919: 6913: 6903: 6897: 6883: 6877: 6863: 6857: 6843: 6837: 6823: 6817: 6799: 6793: 6775: 6769: 6755: 6749: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6703: 6697: 6683: 6677: 6659: 6653: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6607: 6601: 6587: 6581: 6567: 6561: 6547: 6541: 6527: 6521: 6507: 6501: 6487: 6481: 6467: 6461: 6447: 6441: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6387: 6381: 6371: 6365: 6360:, pp. 2–3; 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6315: 6309: 6304:, pp. 1–2; 6295: 6278: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6218:Warren Treadgold 6200: 6194: 6191:Eudokia Ingerina 6187: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6160: 6023: 6020: 5915:month-long siege 5807:East–West Schism 5640:, Athens, Greece 5632:, surrounded by 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5556:The writings of 5514:Interior of the 5301:during races. A 5284: 5281: 5280:lyra of the City 5278: 5275: 5272: 5165: 5158: 5119:Gemistos Plethon 5086: 5085: 1000–1250 5083: 5059: 5056: 5048:John of Damascus 5037: 5034: 4980: 4977: 4958:, albeit in two 4944:Greek literature 4827: 4820: 4813: 4710: 4699: 4685: 4684: 4656: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4595:Hagios Demetrios 4556:Influences from 4529: 4520: 4509: 4500: 4408: 4405: 4178:Indo-Roman trade 4076: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4005: 3993: 3920: 3911: 3835: 3833: 3794:Hellenic thought 3790:Ancient Olympics 3744: 3732: 3728: 3676: 3674: 3619:Empire of Nicaea 3586: 3584: 3571: 3569: 3513: 3512: 1143–1180 3511: 3476: 3474: 3460:Warren Treadgold 3453: 3451: 3361: 3359: 3346: 3344: 3288: 3286: 3247: 3245: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3186: 3168: 3166: 3156:Praetorian Edict 3077: 3053: 3051: 2980: 2978: 2943: 2941: 2903: 2900: 2890: 2879: 2876: 2866: 2802:Pontic Mountains 2673:Battle of Kosovo 2587:Laskarid dynasty 2560:Sultanate of Rûm 2528:Empire of Nicaea 2484:quickly attacked 2478: 2475: 2423:Eugène Delacroix 2365:Isaac II Angelos 2315:Maria of Antioch 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2203:, while forcing 2169:Battle of Beroia 2156:John II Komnenos 2148:Irene of Hungary 2144:John II Komnenos 2063:Sultanate of Rûm 2012:Komnenian period 1986:Komnenos dynasty 1925:Romanos Diogenes 1866:Normans advanced 1827: 1826: 1769:Bagratid Armenia 1744:, the patriarch 1706: 1704: 1696:. His successor 1687: 1685: 1677: 1674: 1632: 1630: 1599:In 780, Empress 1553: 1551: 1543:Leo and his son 1453: 1451: 1434: 1432: 1360:Theodosian Walls 1337: 1326: 1270: 1268: 1210:in North Africa 1181:, Ravenna, Italy 1151: 1142: 1114:chrysargyron tax 1108:). Although his 1107: 1105: 1088: 1086: 1058:) failed in his 1057: 1055: 1008:Theodosian Walls 1001: 999: 962: 960: 946: 940: 917:, occupied with 864: 862: 847: 845: 808: 758: 755: 751: 748: 745: 703: 693: 686: 675: 669: 538: 536: 516: 514: 501: 499: 470:Byzantine Empire 435: 430:fall of the West 406:Byzantine Empire 245:• 976–1025 159:Notable emperors 71: 47: 32:Byzantine Empire 28: 27: 28072: 28071: 28067: 28066: 28065: 28063: 28062: 28061: 27972: 27971: 27970: 27966:from Wikivoyage 27960: 27955: 27953: 27949:from Wikisource 27943: 27938: 27936: 27926: 27921: 27919: 27909: 27904: 27902: 27898:from Wiktionary 27892: 27887: 27885: 27882: 27878:sister projects 27875:at Knowledge's 27869: 27857: 27847: 27845: 27833: 27823: 27821: 27811: 27809: 27801: 27799: 27794: 27793: 27788: 27727: 27693:Interwar period 27668:Napoleonic Wars 27532: 27503:Mongol invasion 27456:Crown of Aragon 27348: 27288: 27284:Iron Age Europe 27255: 27250: 27220: 27215: 27077: 27075: 27069: 26959: 26795:Aëtius of Amida 26776: 26762:Verrius Flaccus 26742:Valerius Antias 26702:Silius Italicus 26637:Pliny the Elder 26582:Marcus Aurelius 26457:Cornelius Nepos 26407:Aurelius Victor 26361: 26283: 26195: 26129:Secessio plebis 26100: 25975: 25927: 25801: 25755: 25685: 25567: 25519: 25435: 25356: 25317: 25299: 25293: 25263: 25258: 25252:Sassanid Empire 25221:Parthian Empire 25216:Seleucid Empire 25206:Seleucid Empire 25125: 25119: 25096: 25087: 24916:Akkadian Empire 24862: 24856: 24826: 24817: 24771: 24674: 24673:Post-Napoleonic 24664: 24598: 24534: 24528: 24516: 24458: 24454: 24453:(1130–1816) and 24452: 24444: 24389: 24377: 24344: 24318: 24309:Emirate of Bari 24295: 24282:Theme of Sicily 24277:Duchy of Naples 24252:Duchy of Amalfi 24237: 24229: 24177: 24176:Other Republics 24171: 24149: 24141: 24135:County of Tenda 24115:County of Savoy 24075:Duchy of Reggio 24045:Duchy of Mantua 23973:March of Friuli 23905: 23903: 23901: 23893: 23889:Duchy of Urbino 23874:Duchy of Castro 23851: 23843: 23797: 23791:Duchy of Tuscia 23771:Duchy of Friuli 23734: 23725: 23723: 23721: 23715: 23694:(753 BC–509 BC) 23678: 23593: 23588: 23558: 23553: 23552: 23550: 23451: 23446: 23416: 23411: 23400:American Empire 23385: 23381:African empires 23333: 23216: 22908:Central African 22854: 22672:Romano-Germanic 22258: 21992:Middle Assyrian 21965: 21957: 21952: 21917: 21909: 21904: 21901: 21866: 21842:Cyrillic script 21813: 21794: 21739: 21723: 21623: 21605:Digenes Akritas 21581: 21526: 21467: 21431:Other locations 21426: 21398: 21355: 21287: 21276:Cross-in-square 21244: 21225: 21175: 21029: 21010: 20936: 20886: 20882:Varangian Guard 20825: 20799:East Roman army 20794:Late Roman army 20782: 20721: 20702: 20665: 20644: 20613: 20559: 20538: 20534:Epi ton deeseon 20524:Epi tou eidikou 20482: 20446: 20388: 20369: 20356: 20259: 20257: 20250: 20236:Palaiologan era 20178: 20175: 20166: 20137:Nikephorian era 20125: 20122: 20113: 20056: 20054:(330–717) 20053: 20044: 20024: 20011: 19998: 19992: 19931:Wayback Machine 19906:Wayback Machine 19861:Wayback Machine 19829: 19828: 19827: 19807: 19806: 19802: 19795: 19790: 19781: 19779: 19777: 19745: 19743: 19741: 19717:Whitby, Michael 19709: 19690: 19676:Weitzmann, Kurt 19668: 19646: 19644: 19602: 19600: 19593: 19577:Vryonis, Speros 19569: 19550: 19528:on 23 May 2023. 19525: 19510: 19497: 19468: 19455: 19445: 19417: 19398: 19372: 19320: 19299: 19280: 19248: 19213: 19060: 18968: 18949: 18927: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18893: 18882: 18842: 18805: 18786: 18767: 18737: 18710: 18688: 18686: 18684: 18658: 18656: 18617: 18615: 18608: 18574:Clackson, James 18565: 18543: 18502: 18480: 18458: 18456: 18446: 18359: 18313: 18309: 18290: 18271: 18245: 18231:Olson, Roger E. 18185: 18160: 18158: 18151: 18130: 18073: 18061:, eds. (2008). 18047: 18045: 18038: 18017: 17984: 17969: 17958: 17938: 17899: 17874: 17862:, eds. (2006). 17812:Miller, William 17804: 17780: 17769: 17745: 17724: 17705: 17611: 17573: 17559:Magdalino, Paul 17551: 17529: 17500: 17498: 17478: 17457: 17409: 17380: 17345: 17339: 17324: 17307: 17305: 17298: 17253: 17234: 17208: 17206: 17188:10.2307/1291623 17161:Kazhdan (1991a) 17143: 17129:, ed. (1991a). 17119: 17093: 17087: 17068: 17057: 17030: 17028: 16972: 16953: 16919: 16917: 16897: 16878: 16850:Jones, A. H. M. 16842: 16801: 16769: 16767: 16760: 16733: 16731: 16699: 16673: 16619: 16594: 16563: 16536: 16517: 16498: 16442: 16440: 16393: 16391: 16389: 16358: 16335: 16321:Goodman, Martin 16313: 16291: 16269: 16267: 16260: 16236: 16159: 16157: 16150: 16129: 16110: 16092:Evans, Helen C. 15987: 15985: 15978: 15951: 15949: 15942: 15784: 15765: 15744: 15653: 15631: 15629: 15606: 15584: 15582: 15575: 15548: 15529: 15516: 15485: 15471:Cameron, Averil 15449: 15404: 15357: 15338: 15310: 15291: 15272: 15258:Blöndal, Sigfús 15250: 15222: 15199: 15174: 15172: 15165: 15078: 15052: 15033: 14976: 14962:Angold, Michael 14954: 14940:Angold, Michael 14916:10.2307/1291170 14873: 14868: 14859: 14857: 14827: 14793: 14791:Primary sources 14788: 14783: 14782: 14770: 14766: 14758: 14751: 14743: 14739: 14731: 14727: 14719: 14715: 14707: 14703: 14695: 14691: 14683: 14679: 14671: 14667: 14659: 14655: 14647: 14643: 14636: 14620: 14616: 14609: 14592: 14588: 14576: 14572: 14562: 14560: 14553: 14537: 14533: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14488: 14484: 14476: 14469: 14461: 14457: 14449: 14445: 14437: 14433: 14427:Lorenzetti 2023 14423:Meyendorff 1979 14417: 14413: 14409:, pp. 6–8. 14405: 14401: 14393: 14389: 14383:Lorenzetti 2023 14381: 14377: 14371:Meyendorff 1979 14369: 14365: 14357: 14353: 14349:, pp. 214. 14345: 14341: 14333: 14329: 14321: 14317: 14309: 14305: 14297: 14293: 14285: 14281: 14273: 14269: 14261: 14257: 14249: 14245: 14237: 14233: 14225: 14221: 14213: 14209: 14201: 14197: 14189: 14185: 14177: 14173: 14165: 14161: 14153: 14144: 14136: 14129: 14121: 14117: 14113:, pp. 1–3. 14109: 14102: 14094: 14090: 14086:, pp. 1–3. 14082: 14078: 14070: 14066: 14058: 14054: 14046: 14042: 14034: 14030: 14022: 14018: 14010: 14006: 14002:, p. xxix. 13998: 13994: 13986: 13982: 13974: 13970: 13962: 13958: 13950: 13946: 13938: 13934: 13926: 13922: 13914: 13910: 13902: 13898: 13890: 13886: 13879: 13862: 13858: 13848: 13846: 13833: 13832: 13828: 13821: 13805:Lindberg, David 13802: 13798: 13791: 13775:Lindberg, David 13772: 13765: 13755: 13753: 13733: 13729: 13723:Wayback Machine 13713: 13709: 13701: 13697: 13689: 13682: 13674: 13667: 13657: 13655: 13635: 13631: 13623: 13619: 13611: 13607: 13599: 13592: 13584: 13577: 13569: 13565: 13557: 13553: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13513: 13509: 13502: 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13457: 13438: 13434: 13395: 13391: 13386:Wayback Machine 13364: 13357: 13351:Wayback Machine 13341: 13337: 13327: 13325: 13310: 13306: 13296: 13294: 13279: 13278: 13274: 13266: 13262: 13252: 13250: 13239: 13235: 13230:on 4 June 2024. 13218: 13217: 13213: 13203: 13201: 13194: 13178: 13174: 13170:, p. 1237. 13166: 13159: 13151: 13147: 13139: 13135: 13131:, p. 1236. 13127: 13112: 13100: 13096: 13090:van Dieten 1980 13084: 13080: 13072: 13068: 13060: 13056: 13048: 13044: 13036: 13027: 13019: 13015: 13005: 13003: 12988: 12984: 12968: 12964: 12956: 12952: 12944: 12940: 12932: 12928: 12920: 12916: 12908: 12904: 12896: 12892: 12885: 12871: 12867: 12859: 12855: 12847: 12843: 12836: 12822: 12818: 12811: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12772: 12768: 12749:Cultura Greciei 12745: 12741: 12731: 12729: 12716: 12712: 12705: 12683: 12679: 12669: 12667: 12652: 12648: 12640: 12636: 12624: 12620: 12612: 12608: 12600: 12593: 12585: 12581: 12571: 12569: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12523: 12516: 12508: 12504: 12497: 12483: 12479: 12471:, p. 482; 12463: 12459: 12451:, p. 184; 12447:, p. 223; 12443: 12439: 12431:, p. 123; 12427:, p. 224; 12423: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12382: 12368: 12364: 12352: 12348: 12344:, pp. 3–4. 12336: 12329: 12321: 12317: 12311:Magdalino 2002b 12305: 12298: 12292:Magdalino 2002b 12286: 12282: 12274: 12270: 12262: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12238: 12234: 12226: 12219: 12211: 12202: 12194: 12187: 12183:, pp. 1–2. 12175: 12171: 12151: 12147: 12135: 12131: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12056: 12052: 12040: 12036: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12000: 11996: 11988: 11984: 11976:, p. 562; 11972:, p. 289; 11968: 11964: 11957: 11940: 11936: 11928:, p. 283; 11924:, p. 191; 11920: 11916: 11904: 11900: 11884: 11880: 11860: 11856: 11844:, p. 108; 11840: 11836: 11826: 11824: 11809: 11785:Dickey, Eleanor 11782: 11778: 11770:, p. 285; 11766: 11762: 11750: 11746: 11738:, p. 529; 11734: 11730: 11718: 11714: 11702: 11698: 11690:, p. 131; 11686: 11682: 11674:, p. xiv; 11670:, p. 133; 11662: 11658: 11642: 11638: 11626: 11622: 11614:, p. 129; 11606: 11602: 11596:Stephenson 2010 11590: 11586: 11578: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11542: 11538: 11526: 11522: 11510: 11506: 11498:, p. 121; 11494: 11490: 11478:, p. 444; 11474: 11470: 11458: 11454: 11442: 11438: 11426: 11422: 11406: 11402: 11349: 11345: 11329:, p. 140; 11325: 11321: 11311: 11309: 11288: 11287: 11283: 11271:, p. 425; 11263: 11259: 11247: 11243: 11231: 11227: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11187:, p. 991; 11179: 11175: 11171:, pp. 5–7. 11163:, p. 108; 11151: 11147: 11135: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11088: 11084: 11068:, p. 236; 11064:, p. 121; 11060: 11056: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11018: 11014: 11002: 10998: 10978: 10974: 10939: 10935: 10914: 10909: 10866: 10861: 10843: 10839: 10827:, p. 254; 10819: 10815: 10808: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10762: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10718:, p. 786; 10714: 10710: 10694: 10690: 10686:, p. 1112. 10682:, p. 313; 10678: 10674: 10666:, p. 312; 10662: 10658: 10642: 10638: 10630:, p. 896; 10626: 10622: 10618:, p. 1112. 10614:, p. 559; 10606: 10602: 10594: 10590: 10578: 10574: 10566:, p. 558; 10562: 10558: 10550:, p. 489; 10546: 10542: 10526:, p. 489; 10522: 10518: 10483: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10459:, p. 403; 10455:, p. 488; 10451: 10447: 10440: 10426: 10422: 10414:, p. 401; 10410:, p. 487; 10406: 10402: 10390:, p. 502; 10386: 10382: 10366: 10362: 10350: 10346: 10338:, p. 557; 10334: 10330: 10322:, p. 557; 10318: 10314: 10306:, p. 634; 10302: 10298: 10290:, p. 557; 10286: 10282: 10274:, p. 555; 10270:, p. 463; 10268:Kaldellis 2021a 10266: 10262: 10250:, p. 556; 10246:, p. 463; 10244:Kaldellis 2021a 10242: 10238: 10230:, p. 556; 10226: 10222: 10214:, p. 555; 10210: 10206: 10198:, p. 562; 10194: 10190: 10170: 10166: 10154: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10130:, p. 554; 10122: 10118: 10107: 10103: 10095:, p. 155; 10091: 10087: 10068: 10064: 10052: 10048: 10040: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10006:Garipzanov 2018 10000: 9996: 9988:, p. 272; 9982:Garipzanov 2018 9980:, pp. 45; 9976: 9972: 9962:Garipzanov 2018 9956: 9952: 9909: 9905: 9893: 9889: 9881:, p. 264; 9877:, p. 358; 9873: 9869: 9853: 9852: 9822: 9818: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9777: 9773: 9757: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9725: 9721: 9713:, p. 529; 9705: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9681:, p. 185; 9677: 9673: 9665: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9628: 9624: 9616: 9612: 9600: 9596: 9580:, p. 135; 9576: 9572: 9560:, p. 168; 9556: 9552: 9540: 9536: 9528:, p. 168; 9524:, p. 135; 9520: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464:, p. 945; 9460: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9412: 9405: 9397:, p. 949; 9389:, p. 134; 9381: 9377: 9365: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9337:, pp. 4–5. 9329:, p. 289; 9325: 9321: 9309: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9285:, p. 309; 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9237: 9221: 9217: 9209:, p. 221; 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9165: 9161: 9149: 9145: 9133:, p. 303; 9129: 9125: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9089:, p. 326; 9085:, p. 338; 9081: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9041: 9037: 9027: 9025: 9023: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8957: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8878: 8874: 8851:10.2307/2708049 8824: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8793: 8779: 8775: 8740: 8736: 8713:10.2307/1291527 8693: 8689: 8677: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8571: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8536: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8474: 8466:, p. 179; 8462: 8458: 8454:, pp. 3–4. 8450: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8422: 8418: 8403:10.2307/2846872 8385:Vasiliev, A. A. 8382: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8348: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8318:Wayback Machine 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8280: 8276: 8264: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8115:Magdalino 2002a 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8091:Magdalino 2002a 8089: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7948: 7944: 7936:, p. 124; 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7894: 7887: 7881:Wayback Machine 7856: 7852: 7844:, p. 157; 7842:Stephenson 2000 7840: 7836: 7824: 7820: 7814:Wayback Machine 7803: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7716: 7712: 7700: 7696: 7684:, p. 505; 7680: 7676: 7668:, p. 267; 7660: 7656: 7648:, p. 267; 7644: 7640: 7632:, p. 267; 7624: 7620: 7612:, p. 296; 7608: 7604: 7592:, p. 266; 7588: 7584: 7572: 7568: 7560:, p. 254; 7548: 7544: 7532: 7528: 7520:, p. 265; 7512: 7508: 7496:, p. 265; 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7448:, p. 261; 7444: 7440: 7428:, p. 261; 7424: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7368:, p. 260; 7364: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7328: 7324: 7308: 7304: 7296:, p. 257; 7288: 7284: 7276:, p. 257; 7268: 7264: 7256:, p. 403; 7252: 7248: 7236:, p. 403; 7232: 7228: 7220:, p. 257; 7212: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7184:, p. 389; 7180: 7176: 7168:, p. 257; 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140:, p. 256; 7136:, p. 387; 7132: 7128: 7120:, p. 256; 7116:, p. 375; 7112: 7108: 7092:, p. 255; 7084: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7048:, p. 254; 7040: 7036: 7020: 7016: 7008:, p. 254; 7000: 6996: 6988:, p. 254; 6980: 6976: 6968:, p. 217; 6960: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6904: 6900: 6888:, p. 297; 6884: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6844: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6800: 6796: 6784:, p. 106; 6780:, p. 250; 6776: 6772: 6760:, p. 244; 6756: 6752: 6740:, p. 244; 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6664:, p. 242; 6660: 6656: 6644:, p. 242; 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6608: 6604: 6592:, p. 241; 6588: 6584: 6572:, p. 240; 6568: 6564: 6548: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6472:, p. 335; 6468: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6440:, pp. 4–7. 6432:, p. 233; 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6388: 6384: 6372: 6368: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6316: 6312: 6308:, pp. 8–9. 6296: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6209:nomos empsychos 6201: 6197: 6188: 6184: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6100: 6072:Klavdiy Lebedev 6021: 6003: 5993: 5864: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5834: 5828: 5822:has continued. 5799:Filioque Clause 5713:Jewish diaspora 5701: 5689:Main articles: 5687: 5682: 5611:Galileo Galilei 5603:John Philoponus 5587: 5580: 5508: 5494: 5488: 5455:North Macedonia 5436: 5430: 5424: 5394:, and Romanian 5307:Pepin the Short 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5262:lira da braccio 5219:Museo Nazionale 5199:Byzantine music 5195: 5194: 5193: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5149: 5143:Byzantine music 5139: 5114:Digenes Akritas 5101:authorial voice 5089:Michael Psellos 5084: 5058: 800–1000 5057: 5035: 5003:John Chrysostom 4978: 4937: 4929:Main articles: 4927: 4831: 4706: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4625: 4578:cross-in-square 4554: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4461:), the Greens ( 4445:, most notably 4429:, now known as 4419:Byzantine Greek 4406: 4380: 4370: 4324:κοπτοπλακοῦς), 4306: 4300: 4275:classical Greek 4271: 4269:Byzantine dress 4265: 4260: 4138: 4128: 4122: 4079:Steven Runciman 4071: 4060: 4003: 3991: 3966:in light grey. 3952: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946:Vatican Library 3939: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3842: 3830: 3816: 3810: 3761: 3755: 3730: 3702: 3688: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3615: 3609: 3581: 3566: 3526: 3520: 3508: 3475: 867–1056 3471: 3448: 3432: 3420:Main articles: 3418: 3413: 3379:Heraldic flag's 3356: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3289:) achieved the 3283: 3274:to replace the 3256:leges speciales 3242: 3210: 3193: 3183: 3163: 3145: 3139: 3133:anything else. 3071: 3048: 3028:The embassy of 2999: 2993: 2987: 2975: 2972:Robert Browning 2938: 2927: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2867: 2856: 2699: 2693: 2633: 2625:Main articles: 2623: 2615:Catalan Company 2534:. A third, the 2512:Thomas Morosini 2476: 2410: 2396: 2327:Agnes of France 2307: 2301: 2299:Angelid dynasty 2296: 2290: 2273: 2266: 2161:Marcus Aurelius 2120: 2114: 2106:Treaty of Devol 2000: 1994: 1974: 1968: 1882:Robert Guiscard 1870:Byzantine Italy 1868:gradually into 1847:George Maniakes 1841:The seizure of 1748:, the powerful 1738:Constantine VII 1701: 1682: 1675: 1665: 1655: 1627: 1582:religious icons 1548: 1521: 1503: 1474:was undergoing 1458:, but suffered 1448: 1429: 1390:pyrrhic victory 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1354: 1348:Sasanian Empire 1340: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1265: 1235:Sasanian Empire 1214:by the general 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1122: 1102: 1083: 1052: 996: 957: 948: 944: 942: 938: 859: 842: 806: 779: 765: 756: 749: 746: 728: 722: 714:Hieronymus Wolf 658: 648: 579:, experiencing 533: 523:were proscribed 511: 496: 433: 373: 363: 353: 343: 333: 294: 282: 270: 258: 246: 234: 233:• 717–741 222: 221:• 610–641 210: 209:• 527–565 198: 197:• 408–450 186: 185:• 379–395 174: 173:• 306–337 142: 114: 74: 62: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 28070: 28060: 28059: 28057:Former empires 28054: 28049: 28044: 28039: 28034: 28029: 28024: 28019: 28014: 28009: 28004: 27999: 27994: 27989: 27984: 27969: 27968: 27951: 27934: 27932:from Wikiquote 27917: 27900: 27871: 27868: 27867: 27855: 27843: 27831: 27819: 27796: 27795: 27790: 27789: 27787: 27786: 27781: 27776: 27771: 27766: 27761: 27756: 27751: 27746: 27741: 27735: 27733: 27729: 27728: 27726: 27725: 27720: 27715: 27710: 27705: 27700: 27695: 27690: 27685: 27680: 27675: 27670: 27665: 27660: 27655: 27650: 27645: 27643:Russian Empire 27640: 27635: 27633:British Empire 27630: 27628:Dutch Republic 27625: 27623:Swedish Empire 27620: 27615: 27610: 27605: 27603:Spanish Empire 27600: 27595: 27593:Ottoman Empire 27590: 27585: 27580: 27575: 27570: 27565: 27564: 27563: 27553: 27548: 27542: 27540: 27534: 27533: 27531: 27530: 27525: 27520: 27515: 27510: 27508:Serbian Empire 27505: 27500: 27495: 27490: 27485: 27480: 27475: 27453: 27448: 27443: 27442: 27441: 27436: 27431: 27426: 27416: 27415: 27414: 27409: 27401: 27396: 27391: 27386: 27381: 27380: 27379: 27369: 27364: 27358: 27356: 27350: 27349: 27347: 27346: 27344:Late antiquity 27341: 27336: 27331: 27330: 27329: 27319: 27314: 27309: 27307:Roman Republic 27304: 27298: 27296: 27290: 27289: 27287: 27286: 27281: 27276: 27271: 27265: 27263: 27257: 27256: 27249: 27248: 27241: 27234: 27226: 27217: 27216: 27214: 27213: 27208: 27203: 27198: 27193: 27188: 27183: 27178: 27173: 27168: 27163: 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27133: 27128: 27123: 27118: 27113: 27108: 27103: 27098: 27093: 27088: 27082: 27080: 27071: 27070: 27068: 27067: 27062: 27057: 27052: 27047: 27042: 27037: 27032: 27027: 27022: 27017: 27012: 27007: 27002: 26997: 26992: 26987: 26982: 26977: 26971: 26969: 26965: 26964: 26961: 26960: 26958: 26957: 26952: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26922: 26917: 26912: 26907: 26902: 26897: 26892: 26887: 26882: 26877: 26872: 26867: 26862: 26857: 26852: 26847: 26842: 26837: 26832: 26827: 26822: 26817: 26812: 26807: 26802: 26797: 26792: 26786: 26784: 26778: 26777: 26775: 26774: 26769: 26764: 26759: 26754: 26749: 26744: 26739: 26734: 26729: 26724: 26719: 26714: 26709: 26704: 26699: 26694: 26689: 26684: 26679: 26674: 26669: 26664: 26659: 26654: 26649: 26647:Pomponius Mela 26644: 26639: 26634: 26629: 26624: 26619: 26614: 26609: 26604: 26599: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26579: 26574: 26569: 26564: 26559: 26554: 26549: 26544: 26539: 26534: 26529: 26524: 26519: 26514: 26509: 26504: 26499: 26494: 26489: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26439: 26434: 26429: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26409: 26404: 26399: 26394: 26389: 26384: 26382:Aelius Donatus 26378: 26376: 26367: 26363: 26362: 26360: 26359: 26354: 26353: 26352: 26350:Ecclesiastical 26347: 26342: 26337: 26332: 26327: 26322: 26317: 26312: 26304: 26299: 26293: 26291: 26285: 26284: 26282: 26281: 26276: 26271: 26266: 26261: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26241: 26236: 26231: 26226: 26221: 26216: 26211: 26205: 26203: 26197: 26196: 26194: 26193: 26188: 26183: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26163: 26158: 26153: 26152: 26151: 26141: 26136: 26131: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26110: 26108: 26102: 26101: 26099: 26098: 26093: 26091:Toys and games 26088: 26083: 26078: 26073: 26068: 26063: 26062: 26061: 26051: 26046: 26041: 26036: 26031: 26026: 26021: 26016: 26011: 26006: 26001: 25996: 25991: 25985: 25983: 25977: 25976: 25974: 25973: 25968: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25937: 25935: 25929: 25928: 25926: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25910: 25905: 25904: 25903: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25883: 25873: 25868: 25867: 25866: 25856: 25851: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25821: 25815: 25813: 25807: 25806: 25803: 25802: 25800: 25799: 25794: 25789: 25784: 25779: 25774: 25769: 25763: 25761: 25757: 25756: 25754: 25753: 25748: 25743: 25738: 25733: 25728: 25723: 25718: 25713: 25708: 25702: 25700: 25693: 25687: 25686: 25684: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25663: 25658: 25653: 25648: 25643: 25638: 25633: 25631:Vigintisexviri 25628: 25623: 25618: 25613: 25608: 25603: 25598: 25593: 25591:Cursus honorum 25588: 25583: 25577: 25575: 25569: 25568: 25566: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25550: 25545: 25540: 25535: 25529: 25527: 25521: 25520: 25518: 25517: 25512: 25507: 25506: 25505: 25500: 25495: 25490: 25480: 25475: 25470: 25465: 25460: 25455: 25449: 25447: 25441: 25440: 25437: 25436: 25434: 25433: 25432: 25431: 25421: 25420: 25419: 25414: 25404: 25403: 25402: 25397: 25390:Western Empire 25387: 25382: 25377: 25372: 25366: 25364: 25358: 25357: 25355: 25354: 25349: 25348: 25347: 25337: 25331: 25325: 25319: 25318: 25316: 25315: 25310: 25304: 25301: 25300: 25292: 25291: 25284: 25277: 25269: 25260: 25259: 25255: 25254: 25249: 25245: 25244: 25228: 25227:63 BCE–224 CE 25224: 25223: 25218: 25213: 25209: 25208: 25203: 25199: 25198: 25190:Ancient Greeks 25182: 25178: 25177: 25172: 25168: 25167: 25155: 25151: 25150: 25148: 25146: 25142: 25141: 25136: 25132: 25131: 25112: 25107: 25100: 25091: 25082: 25077: 25073: 25072: 25065: 25049: 25045: 25044: 25042:Middle Assyria 25039: 25037: 25032: 25028: 25027: 25015: 25003: 24999: 24998: 24988: 24983: 24979: 24978: 24962: 24957: 24945: 24941: 24940: 24935: 24931: 24930: 24923: 24919: 24918: 24913: 24909: 24908: 24895: 24892: 24888: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24864: 24863: 24855: 24854: 24847: 24840: 24832: 24823: 24822: 24819: 24818: 24816: 24815: 24809: 24803: 24797: 24796: 24795: 24792:Italian Empire 24782: 24780: 24770: 24769: 24763: 24757: 24751: 24745: 24739: 24736:Roman Republic 24733: 24727: 24721: 24715: 24709: 24703: 24697: 24691: 24688:Duchy of Lucca 24685: 24682:Duchy of Genoa 24678: 24676: 24670: 24669: 24666: 24665: 24663: 24662: 24657: 24652: 24647: 24642: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24606: 24604: 24600: 24599: 24597: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24545: 24543: 24536: 24522: 24521: 24518: 24517: 24515: 24514: 24509: 24504: 24499: 24494: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24468: 24462: 24460: 24446: 24445: 24443: 24442: 24436: 24431: 24426: 24425: 24424: 24419: 24414: 24409: 24404: 24393: 24391: 24383: 24382: 24379: 24378: 24376: 24375: 24370: 24365: 24360: 24354: 24352: 24346: 24345: 24343: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24326: 24324: 24320: 24319: 24317: 24316: 24311: 24305: 24303: 24297: 24296: 24294: 24293: 24288: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24259: 24257:Duchy of Gaeta 24254: 24248: 24246: 24239: 24235:Southern Italy 24231: 24230: 24228: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24197: 24192: 24187: 24181: 24179: 24178:(c. 1000–1797) 24173: 24172: 24170: 24169: 24164: 24159: 24153: 24151: 24143: 24142: 24140: 24139: 24138: 24137: 24132: 24130:County of Nice 24127: 24125:Duchy of Aosta 24122: 24117: 24112: 24105:Savoyard state 24102: 24097: 24092: 24087: 24082: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24062: 24057: 24052: 24047: 24042: 24040:Duchy of Milan 24037: 24035:Duchy of Ivrea 24032: 24031: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23925: 23920: 23915: 23909: 23907: 23895: 23894: 23892: 23891: 23886: 23881: 23876: 23871: 23866: 23861: 23855: 23853: 23845: 23844: 23842: 23841: 23835: 23834: 23833: 23827: 23821: 23808: 23806: 23799: 23798: 23796: 23795: 23794: 23793: 23788: 23783: 23778: 23776:Duchy of Ivrea 23773: 23768: 23757: 23751: 23745: 23742:Odoacer's rule 23738: 23736: 23727: 23717: 23716: 23714: 23713: 23707: 23706:(27 BC–395 AD) 23701: 23700:(509 BC–27 BC) 23698:Roman Republic 23695: 23688: 23686: 23680: 23679: 23677: 23676: 23671: 23666: 23661: 23656: 23651: 23646: 23641: 23640: 23639: 23637:Cisalpine Gaul 23629: 23624: 23619: 23614: 23613: 23612: 23601: 23599: 23595: 23594: 23587: 23586: 23579: 23572: 23564: 23555: 23554: 23457: 23456: 23453: 23452: 23445: 23444: 23437: 23430: 23422: 23413: 23412: 23410: 23409: 23408: 23407: 23402: 23393: 23391: 23387: 23386: 23384: 23383: 23378: 23373: 23368: 23363: 23358: 23357: 23356: 23345: 23343: 23339: 23338: 23335: 23334: 23332: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23310: 23309: 23299: 23294: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23259: 23254: 23253: 23252: 23247: 23237: 23232: 23226: 23224: 23215: 23214: 23213: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23182: 23177: 23176: 23175: 23165: 23160: 23159: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23138: 23133: 23132: 23131: 23126: 23116: 23115: 23114: 23109: 23104: 23099: 23094: 23084: 23083: 23082: 23077: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23051: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23020: 23019: 23018: 23013: 23003: 22998: 22997: 22996: 22991: 22981: 22980: 22979: 22974: 22964: 22963: 22962: 22957: 22947: 22942: 22941: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22910: 22905: 22904: 22903: 22898: 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22864: 22862: 22856: 22855: 22853: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22836: 22835: 22830: 22825: 22820: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22795: 22790: 22789: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22753: 22752: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22726: 22721: 22716: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22685: 22684: 22679: 22669: 22668: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22613: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22592: 22591: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22565: 22560: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22539: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22513: 22512: 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22479: 22474: 22464: 22459: 22454: 22449: 22444: 22443: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22422: 22417: 22416: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22380: 22379: 22378: 22373: 22363: 22362: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22336: 22331: 22330: 22329: 22319: 22318: 22317: 22312: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22268: 22266: 22264:Post-classical 22260: 22259: 22257: 22256: 22255: 22254: 22244: 22239: 22238: 22237: 22232: 22222: 22221: 22220: 22210: 22209: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22173: 22168: 22163: 22162: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22146: 22136: 22135: 22134: 22129: 22119: 22114: 22113: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22092: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22071: 22070: 22065: 22063:Middle Kingdom 22060: 22050: 22045: 22044: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22023: 22022: 22021: 22019:Neo-Babylonian 22016: 22011: 22009:Old Babylonian 22001: 22000: 21999: 21994: 21984: 21979: 21973: 21971: 21959: 21958: 21951: 21950: 21943: 21936: 21928: 21922: 21919: 21918: 21906: 21905: 21903: 21902: 21900: 21899: 21889: 21884: 21878: 21875: 21872: 21871: 21868: 21867: 21865: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21804: 21803: 21800: 21799: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21780: 21775: 21774: 21773: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21742: 21740: 21738: 21737: 21734: 21728: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21721: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21700: 21699: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21682: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21631: 21629: 21625: 21624: 21622: 21621: 21616: 21609: 21608: 21607: 21597: 21591: 21589: 21583: 21582: 21580: 21579: 21574: 21573: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21536: 21534: 21528: 21527: 21525: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21508: 21507: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21481: 21479: 21473: 21472: 21469: 21468: 21466: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21434: 21432: 21428: 21427: 21425: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21408: 21406: 21400: 21399: 21397: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21374:Byzantine Bath 21371: 21365: 21363: 21357: 21356: 21354: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21297: 21295: 21293:Constantinople 21289: 21288: 21286: 21285: 21284: 21283: 21278: 21268: 21262: 21256: 21246: 21245: 21235: 21234: 21231: 21230: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21203: 21202: 21201: 21191: 21185: 21183: 21177: 21176: 21174: 21173: 21168: 21167: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21102: 21101: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21076: 21075: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21052:Byzantine Rite 21043: 21041: 21031: 21030: 21020: 21019: 21016: 21015: 21012: 21011: 21009: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20977: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20956: 20950: 20948: 20942: 20941: 20938: 20937: 20935: 20934: 20932:Grand domestic 20929: 20928: 20927: 20922: 20912: 20911: 20910: 20905: 20898:Komnenian army 20894: 20892: 20888: 20887: 20885: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20833: 20831: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20823: 20822: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20796: 20790: 20788: 20784: 20783: 20781: 20780: 20775: 20773:Military units 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20743:Battle tactics 20739: 20733: 20723: 20722: 20712: 20711: 20708: 20707: 20704: 20703: 20701: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20679: 20677: 20671: 20670: 20667: 20666: 20664: 20663: 20658: 20652: 20650: 20646: 20645: 20643: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20621: 20619: 20615: 20614: 20612: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20580: 20578: 20571: 20565: 20564: 20561: 20560: 20558: 20557: 20552: 20546: 20544: 20540: 20539: 20537: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20490: 20488: 20484: 20483: 20481: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20460: 20454: 20452: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20444: 20439: 20438: 20437: 20435:Medieval Greek 20427: 20426: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20404: 20398: 20390: 20389: 20379: 20378: 20375: 20374: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20330: 20329: 20328: 20323: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20262: 20260: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20249: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20206: 20205: 20204: 20194: 20193: 20192: 20190:Fourth Crusade 20181: 20179: 20171: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20149: 20147:Macedonian era 20144: 20139: 20134: 20128: 20126: 20118: 20115: 20114: 20112: 20111: 20106: 20105: 20104: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20080:Theodosian era 20077: 20076: 20075: 20070: 20059: 20057: 20049: 20046: 20045: 20043: 20042: 20041: 20040: 20027: 20025: 20020: 20013: 20012: 20000: 19999: 19991: 19990: 19983: 19976: 19968: 19962: 19961: 19956: 19950: 19944: 19934: 19921: 19918:De Re Militari 19915: 19909: 19896: 19893:Dumbarton Oaks 19885: 19884: 19880: 19879: 19874: 19868: 19851: 19845: 19826: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19809: 19808: 19797: 19796: 19794: 19793:External links 19791: 19789: 19788: 19775: 19752: 19739: 19713: 19707: 19694: 19688: 19672: 19666: 19653: 19609: 19591: 19573: 19567: 19554: 19548: 19530: 19501: 19495: 19472: 19466: 19449: 19443: 19421: 19415: 19402: 19396: 19388:The Byzantines 19376: 19370: 19357: 19324: 19318: 19303: 19297: 19284: 19278: 19252: 19246: 19233: 19211: 19203:10.2307/301038 19182: 19165: 19144: 19143: 19142: 19138:Shepard (2009) 19133: 19129:Shepard (2009) 19121: 19117:Shepard (2009) 19113:Moorhead, John 19109: 19105:Shepard (2009) 19097: 19093:Shepard (2009) 19085: 19081:Shepard (2009) 19073: 19069:Shepard (2009) 19058: 19040: 19039: 19038: 19034:Shepard (1990) 19026: 19022:Shepard (1990) 19014: 19010:Shepard (1990) 19002: 18998:Shepard (1990) 18993: 18989:Shepard (1990) 18984: 18980:Shepard (1990) 18966: 18953: 18947: 18931: 18925: 18912: 18891: 18874:Schaff, Philip 18870: 18846: 18840: 18809: 18803: 18790: 18784: 18771: 18765: 18749: 18735: 18714: 18708: 18695: 18682: 18665: 18624: 18606: 18569: 18563: 18547: 18541: 18528: 18506: 18500: 18484: 18478: 18465: 18444: 18421: 18388: 18367: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18334: 18325: 18307: 18294: 18288: 18275: 18269: 18249: 18243: 18227: 18189: 18183: 18167: 18149: 18134: 18128: 18112: 18111: 18110: 18098: 18089: 18071: 18054: 18036: 18021: 18015: 17989: 17962: 17956: 17943: 17910:(3): 865–888. 17889: 17888: 17887: 17872: 17860:Young, Frances 17852: 17832:10.2307/624442 17808: 17802: 17788:Millar, Fergus 17784: 17778: 17757: 17743: 17728: 17722: 17709: 17703: 17690: 17673: 17672: 17671: 17662: 17653: 17644: 17635: 17609: 17594: 17577: 17571: 17555: 17549: 17533: 17527: 17515:Fouracre, Paul 17507: 17482: 17476: 17461: 17455: 17442: 17413: 17407: 17388: 17379:978-0884022886 17378: 17361: 17360: 17359: 17338:978-0884022886 17337: 17314: 17296: 17278: 17268:(2): 171–178. 17257: 17251: 17238: 17232: 17215: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17141: 17123: 17117: 17098: 17086:978-0884022886 17085: 17061: 17055: 17037: 16991:(2): 272–316. 16985:Church History 16976: 16971:978-0197549322 16970: 16957: 16951: 16926: 16901: 16895: 16882: 16876: 16860: 16846: 16840: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16819:Johnson (2015) 16814: 16810:Johnson (2015) 16799: 16776: 16758: 16740: 16726:(6): 123–130. 16711: 16697: 16677: 16671: 16655: 16637:(2): 185–226. 16627:Hopkins, Keith 16623: 16617: 16598: 16592: 16575: 16561: 16540: 16534: 16521: 16515: 16502: 16496: 16480: 16449: 16420: 16399: 16387: 16362: 16356: 16339: 16333: 16317: 16311: 16295: 16289: 16276: 16258: 16244:Garland, Lynda 16240: 16234: 16221: 16166: 16148: 16133: 16127: 16114: 16108: 16088: 16057: 16035:Diehl, Charles 16031: 16005:(2): 289–301. 15994: 15976: 15962:Davidson, Alan 15958: 15940: 15922: 15901: 15900: 15899: 15895:Cormack (2008) 15890: 15886:Cormack (2008) 15881: 15877:Cormack (2008) 15872: 15868:Cormack (2008) 15860: 15856:Cormack (2008) 15851: 15847:Cormack (2008) 15842: 15838:Cormack (2008) 15834:Haldan, John F 15830: 15826:Cormack (2008) 15822:Haldon, John F 15818: 15814:Cormack (2008) 15809: 15805:Cormack (2008) 15801:Bryer, Anthony 15797: 15793:Cormack (2008) 15782: 15769: 15763: 15748: 15742: 15719: 15718: 15717: 15708: 15699: 15687: 15678: 15666: 15651: 15638: 15610: 15604: 15591: 15573: 15561:Wiseman, T. P. 15552: 15546: 15538:The Byzantines 15533: 15527: 15519:The Byzantines 15510: 15489: 15483: 15467: 15453: 15447: 15431: 15408: 15402: 15385: 15361: 15355: 15342: 15336: 15314: 15308: 15295: 15289: 15276: 15270: 15254: 15248: 15226: 15220: 15203: 15197: 15181: 15163: 15145: 15119: 15099:10.2307/626864 15093:(2): 202–205. 15082: 15076: 15056: 15050: 15037: 15031: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15001: 14992: 14974: 14964:, ed. (2006). 14958: 14952: 14936: 14899: 14889:(3): 366–375. 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14866: 14839:"Books X–XIII" 14831: 14825: 14809: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14774:, p. 71; 14764: 14762:, p. 261. 14749: 14737: 14735:, p. 127. 14725: 14713: 14701: 14689: 14677: 14665: 14653: 14651:, p. 213. 14641: 14634: 14614: 14607: 14586: 14570: 14551: 14531: 14517: 14495:Chazan, Robert 14482: 14480:, p. 173. 14478:Kenworthy 2008 14467: 14455: 14453:, p. 187. 14443: 14431: 14411: 14399: 14387: 14375: 14363: 14351: 14339: 14327: 14315: 14311:Nicholson 1960 14303: 14301:, p. 363. 14291: 14279: 14277:, p. vii. 14267: 14255: 14243: 14241:, p. 346. 14231: 14229:, p. 375. 14219: 14207: 14195: 14183: 14181:, p. 418. 14171: 14159: 14157:, p. 181. 14142: 14127: 14115: 14100: 14088: 14076: 14064: 14052: 14050:, p. 364. 14040: 14028: 14016: 14004: 13992: 13990:, p. 542. 13980: 13968: 13956: 13944: 13932: 13930:, p. 118. 13920: 13908: 13896: 13884: 13877: 13856: 13826: 13819: 13796: 13789: 13763: 13727: 13707: 13705:, p. 409. 13695: 13693:, p. 189. 13680: 13665: 13638:Saliba, George 13629: 13617: 13605: 13603:, p. 218. 13590: 13575: 13573:, p. 110. 13563: 13551: 13537: 13507: 13500: 13474: 13455: 13432: 13411:10.2307/310399 13389: 13355: 13335: 13304: 13272: 13270:, p. 124. 13260: 13233: 13211: 13192: 13172: 13157: 13145: 13143:, p. 685. 13133: 13110: 13106:Kaldellis 2021 13094: 13078: 13066: 13062:Browning 1991a 13054: 13042: 13025: 13013: 12982: 12974:Weitzmann 1982 12972:, Chapter 17; 12962: 12950: 12938: 12926: 12924:, p. 185. 12914: 12902: 12890: 12883: 12875:The Art Museum 12865: 12863:, p. xix. 12861:Weitzmann 1979 12853: 12849:Weitzmann 1979 12841: 12834: 12826:The Art Museum 12816: 12809: 12801:The Art Museum 12791: 12784: 12766: 12739: 12710: 12703: 12677: 12646: 12644:, p. 643. 12634: 12618: 12606: 12591: 12589:, p. 729. 12579: 12548: 12514: 12512:, p. 672. 12502: 12495: 12477: 12475:, p. 184. 12457: 12455:, p. 482. 12437: 12417: 12387: 12380: 12362: 12360:, p. 723. 12356:, p. 13; 12346: 12340:, p. 18; 12327: 12315: 12313:, p. 535. 12296: 12294:, p. 532. 12280: 12268: 12256: 12244: 12232: 12217: 12200: 12185: 12179:, p. 95; 12177:Kaldellis 2007 12169: 12161:Versteegh 1977 12155:, p. 10; 12145: 12139:, p. 20; 12129: 12109: 12070:(1–4): 63–64. 12050: 12048:, p. 283. 12034: 12022: 12015: 11994: 11982: 11980:, p. 283. 11970:Kaldellis 2023 11962: 11955: 11943:Wickham, Chris 11934: 11932:, p. 562. 11922:Kaldellis 2023 11914: 11912:, p. 109. 11898: 11878: 11868:, p. 77; 11866:McDonnell 2006 11864:, p. 59; 11854: 11852:, p. 5–7. 11850:Treadgold 1997 11834: 11807: 11776: 11774:, p. 850. 11760: 11744: 11742:, p. 133. 11736:Kaldellis 2023 11728: 11726:, p. 310. 11722:, p. 40; 11720:Kaldellis 2023 11712: 11696: 11694:, p. 136. 11680: 11676:Kaldellis 2023 11656: 11646:, p. 40; 11644:Kaldellis 2023 11636: 11630:, p. 40; 11628:Kaldellis 2023 11620: 11618:, p. xvi. 11608:Kaldellis 2023 11600: 11592:Kaldellis 2023 11584: 11580:Kaldellis 2023 11572: 11570:, p. xiv. 11566:, p. 41; 11564:Kaldellis 2023 11562:, p. 13; 11552: 11544:Kaldellis 2023 11536: 11530:, p. 41; 11528:Kaldellis 2023 11520: 11518:, p. 121. 11514:, p. 83; 11504: 11502:, p. 132. 11488: 11482:, p. 85; 11476:Kaldellis 2023 11468: 11466:, p. 331. 11462:, p. 39; 11460:Kaldellis 2023 11452: 11450:, p. 329. 11446:, p. 39; 11444:Kaldellis 2023 11436: 11434:, p. 563. 11430:, p. 38; 11428:Kaldellis 2023 11420: 11414:, p. 53; 11410:, p. 40; 11408:Kaldellis 2023 11400: 11343: 11327:Kaldellis 2023 11319: 11281: 11279:, p. 470. 11275:, p. 42; 11269:Kaldellis 2023 11257: 11251:, p. 39; 11249:Kaldellis 2023 11241: 11225: 11219:, p. 32; 11215:, p. 40; 11213:Kaldellis 2023 11205: 11201:Kaldellis 2023 11193: 11189:Treadgold 1997 11181:Kaldellis 2023 11173: 11169:Treadgold 1997 11145: 11141:Treadgold 1997 11137:Kaldellis 2023 11129: 11127:, p. 138. 11125:Kaldellis 2023 11117: 11110: 11082: 11080:, p. 364. 11074:Treadgold 1997 11070:Kaldellis 2023 11054: 11040: 11012: 11008:Treadgold 1997 11006:, p. 34; 11004:Kaldellis 2023 10996: 10984:Treadgold 1997 10982:, p. 34; 10980:Kaldellis 2023 10972: 10933: 10907: 10887:Ando, Clifford 10859: 10837: 10829:Kaldellis 2023 10825:Spawforth 1993 10813: 10806: 10781: 10774: 10756: 10736: 10734:, p. 789. 10724: 10722:, p. 798. 10708: 10704:Kaldellis 2023 10702:, p. 31; 10688: 10684:Treadgold 1997 10672: 10668:Treadgold 1997 10656: 10654:, p. 310. 10648:Kaldellis 2023 10644:Treadgold 1997 10636: 10628:Kaldellis 2023 10620: 10616:Treadgold 1997 10608:Kaldellis 2023 10600: 10598:, p. 558. 10588: 10584:Treadgold 1997 10580:Kaldellis 2023 10572: 10568:Treadgold 1997 10556: 10540: 10538:, p. 947. 10534:, p. 33; 10532:Treadgold 1995 10530:, p. 29; 10524:Kaldellis 2023 10516: 10477: 10475:, p. 489. 10465: 10445: 10438: 10420: 10400: 10398:, p. 560. 10388:Kaldellis 2023 10380: 10378:, p. 555. 10374:, p. 29; 10368:Kaldellis 2023 10360: 10352:Kaldellis 2023 10344: 10340:Treadgold 1997 10328: 10324:Treadgold 1997 10312: 10310:, p. 557. 10304:Kaldellis 2023 10296: 10292:Treadgold 1997 10280: 10276:Treadgold 1997 10260: 10256:Treadgold 1995 10252:Treadgold 1997 10236: 10220: 10216:Treadgold 1997 10204: 10202:, p. 206. 10200:Treadgold 1995 10196:Kaldellis 2023 10188: 10180:Treadgold 1997 10172:Kaldellis 2023 10164: 10162:, p. 555. 10156:Kaldellis 2023 10148: 10146:, p. 331. 10144:Kaldellis 2023 10136: 10132:Treadgold 1997 10124:Kaldellis 2023 10116: 10101: 10085: 10062: 10060:, pp. 36. 10046: 10044:, p. 472. 10034: 10022: 10010: 9994: 9970: 9950: 9929:10.1086/704909 9903: 9901:, p. 264. 9887: 9867: 9832:(2): 118–133. 9816: 9802: 9771: 9751: 9739: 9737:, p. 529. 9735:Kaldellis 2023 9719: 9711:Kaldellis 2023 9709:, p. 97; 9699: 9687: 9671: 9669:, p. 185. 9659: 9647: 9622: 9610: 9594: 9570: 9568:, p. 120. 9558:Kaldellis 2023 9550: 9548:, p. 120. 9534: 9526:Kaldellis 2023 9514: 9502: 9492:, p. 16; 9482: 9470: 9454: 9442: 9430: 9418: 9416:, p. 949. 9403: 9401:, p. 286. 9375: 9359: 9357:, p. 338. 9355:Kaldellis 2023 9339: 9319: 9317:, p. 289. 9303: 9301:, p. 282. 9291: 9283:Kaldellis 2023 9275: 9273:, p. 283. 9263: 9251: 9235: 9229:, p. 35; 9215: 9211:Kaldellis 2023 9199: 9195:Obolensky 1994 9187: 9175: 9167:Kaldellis 2023 9159: 9157:, p. 185. 9155:Kaldellis 2023 9153:, p. 98; 9143: 9139:Kaldellis 2023 9135:Treadgold 1997 9123: 9119:Treadgold 1997 9107: 9095: 9087:Treadgold 1997 9083:Kaldellis 2023 9075: 9065:, p. 35; 9063:Kaldellis 2023 9055: 9049:, p. 63; 9043:Kaldellis 2023 9035: 9021: 8993: 8979: 8951: 8939: 8933:, p. 25; 8923: 8911: 8872: 8831:Voegelin, Eric 8818: 8798: 8791: 8773: 8734: 8687: 8681:, p. 30; 8671: 8659: 8644: 8632: 8620: 8614:, p. 29; 8601: 8599:, p. 300. 8589: 8577: 8565: 8563:, p. 270. 8553: 8534: 8511: 8509:, p. 268. 8499: 8497:, p. 261. 8487: 8485:, p. 257. 8472: 8470:, p. 260. 8456: 8444: 8432: 8430:, p. 162. 8416: 8376: 8364: 8342: 8334: 8332:, p. 301. 8322: 8302: 8300:, p. 299. 8290: 8274: 8272:, p. 216. 8258: 8246: 8244:, p. 293. 8234: 8232:, p. 118. 8222: 8220:, p. 397. 8207: 8205:, p. 292. 8195: 8193:, p. 291. 8183: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8141:, p. 196. 8131: 8129:, p. 128. 8119: 8107: 8105:, p. 372. 8095: 8083: 8072:. 4 April 2024 8057: 8045: 8033: 8021: 8009: 7997: 7995:, p. 377. 7985: 7983:, p. 267. 7973: 7961: 7942: 7932:, p. 55; 7922: 7920:, p. 234. 7910: 7885: 7850: 7834: 7818: 7794: 7790:Treadgold 1997 7782: 7770: 7768:, p. 116. 7758: 7739: 7710: 7702:Kaldellis 2023 7694: 7692:, p. 267. 7686:Kaldellis 2023 7674: 7672:, p. 503. 7662:Kaldellis 2023 7654: 7650:Kaldellis 2023 7638: 7630:Kaldellis 2023 7618: 7616:, p. 526. 7614:Kaldellis 2023 7602: 7598:Treadgold 1997 7594:Kaldellis 2023 7582: 7580:, p. 266. 7566: 7554:Kaldellis 2023 7542: 7540:, p. 266. 7534:Kaldellis 2023 7526: 7514:Kaldellis 2023 7506: 7502:Kaldellis 2023 7486: 7482:Kaldellis 2023 7474: 7472:, p. 261. 7466:Magdalino 2002 7462:Kaldellis 2023 7454: 7450:Kaldellis 2023 7438: 7436:, p. 170. 7434:Magdalino 2002 7430:Treadgold 2002 7418: 7410:Kaldellis 2023 7406:Treadgold 2002 7398: 7386:Kaldellis 2023 7378: 7374:Treadgold 2002 7370:Kaldellis 2023 7358: 7356:, p. 450. 7354:Kaldellis 2023 7338: 7330:Kaldellis 2023 7322: 7314:Kaldellis 2023 7302: 7300:, p. 265. 7290:Treadgold 2002 7282: 7278:Kaldellis 2023 7270:Treadgold 2002 7262: 7260:, p. 135. 7258:Treadgold 2002 7254:Kaldellis 2023 7246: 7242:Treadgold 2002 7234:Kaldellis 2023 7226: 7214:Treadgold 1997 7206: 7198:Treadgold 1997 7190: 7182:Kaldellis 2023 7174: 7172:, p. 387. 7170:Kaldellis 2023 7158: 7156:, p. 387. 7154:Kaldellis 2023 7146: 7144:, p. 129. 7142:Treadgold 2002 7134:Kaldellis 2023 7126: 7114:Kaldellis 2023 7106: 7102:Treadgold 1997 7094:Kaldellis 2023 7078: 7074:Kaldellis 2023 7070:Treadgold 1997 7058: 7056:, p. 241. 7054:Treadgold 1997 7042:Kaldellis 2023 7034: 7032:, p. 254. 7026:Treadgold 1997 7022:Kaldellis 2023 7014: 6994: 6990:Treadgold 1997 6984:, p. 51; 6974: 6966:Treadgold 1997 6962:Kaldellis 2023 6954: 6952:, p. 253. 6942:Treadgold 1997 6934: 6926:Kaldellis 2023 6922:Treadgold 1997 6914: 6910:Kaldellis 2023 6908:, p. 49; 6898: 6890:Treadgold 1997 6886:Kaldellis 2023 6878: 6870:Kaldellis 2023 6868:, p. 46; 6858: 6850:Kaldellis 2023 6838: 6830:Kaldellis 2023 6818: 6814:Treadgold 1997 6812:, p. 45; 6806:Kaldellis 2023 6794: 6792:, p. 174. 6790:Treadgold 1997 6786:Kaldellis 2023 6770: 6766:Treadgold 1997 6762:Kaldellis 2023 6750: 6746:Treadgold 1997 6742:Kaldellis 2023 6730: 6726:Kaldellis 2023 6718: 6714:Treadgold 1997 6710:Kaldellis 2023 6698: 6694:Treadgold 1997 6690:Kaldellis 2023 6678: 6670:Treadgold 1997 6666:Kaldellis 2023 6654: 6650:Treadgold 1997 6646:Kaldellis 2023 6634: 6632:, p. 136. 6630:Kaldellis 2023 6622: 6618:Treadgold 1997 6614:Kaldellis 2023 6602: 6598:Treadgold 1997 6594:Kaldellis 2023 6582: 6578:Treadgold 1997 6574:Kaldellis 2023 6562: 6558:Treadgold 1997 6554:Kaldellis 2023 6542: 6538:Treadgold 1997 6534:Kaldellis 2023 6522: 6518:Treadgold 1997 6514:Kaldellis 2023 6502: 6498:Treadgold 1997 6494:Kaldellis 2023 6482: 6478:Treadgold 1997 6474:Kaldellis 2023 6462: 6458:Treadgold 1997 6454:Kaldellis 2023 6442: 6438:Treadgold 1997 6434:Kaldellis 2023 6422: 6420:, p. 232. 6410: 6398: 6392:, p. 34; 6390:Kaldellis 2023 6382: 6378:Kaldellis 2015 6366: 6358:Kaldellis 2023 6350: 6346:Kaldellis 2022 6338: 6326: 6318:Kaldellis 2022 6310: 6298:Kaldellis 2023 6289: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6254: 6245: 6230: 6195: 6182: 6163:Medieval Greek 6154: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6096: 6058:Czech Republic 6038:Averil Cameron 6013:mosaic in the 5992: 5989: 5977:Russian Empire 5906:Mani Peninsula 5860:Main article: 5857: 5854: 5849:Main article: 5846: 5843: 5830:Main article: 5827: 5824: 5789:in Byzantium. 5785:in Persia and 5735:Edict of Milan 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5490:Main article: 5487: 5484: 5423: 5420: 5287:Calabrian lira 5229:Ibn Khordadbeh 5169: 5168: 5160: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5138: 5135: 5036: 650–800 4979: 330–650 4956:medieval Greek 4926: 4923: 4911:carved ivories 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4676: 4673: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4627:Christ as the 4626: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4601:(Greece), the 4534: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486:Main article: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4390:played by the 4388:τάβλι (tabula) 4369: 4366: 4302:Main article: 4299: 4296: 4280:Byzantine silk 4267:Main article: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4215:Arab conquests 4182:British Museum 4132:Byzantine silk 4124:Main article: 4121: 4118: 4075: 610–641 4064: 527–565 3925: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3891: 3874: 3871: 3841: 3840:Socio-economic 3838: 3834: 393–423 3809: 3806: 3754: 3751: 3743:Πανδιδακτήριον 3739:Medieval Greek 3735:Pandidakterion 3687: 3684: 3675: 284–305 3660:Main article: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3611:Main article: 3608: 3605: 3585: 867–886 3570: 685–711 3524:Byzantine Navy 3522:Main article: 3519: 3516: 3492:regiment, the 3452: 886–912 3426:Byzantine army 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3385:considers the 3360: 963–969 3345: 306–337 3326:Main article: 3323: 3320: 3287: 886–912 3246: 717–741 3214: 527–565 3197: 402–450 3187: 284–305 3167: 117–138 3141:Main article: 3138: 3135: 3056:Roman Republic 3052: 379–395 3045:Michael Whitby 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2979: 886–912 2942: 602–610 2912: 2909: 2892: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2868: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2751:Aegean islands 2711:Constantinople 2695:Main article: 2692: 2689: 2657:Serbian Empire 2622: 2619: 2611:Andronikos III 2580:Ottoman Empire 2562:following the 2549:expedition in 2496:Western Europe 2470:Fourth Crusade 2400:Fourth Crusade 2395: 2392: 2349:reincorporated 2341:Isaac Komnenos 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2292:Main article: 2289: 2286: 2177:German Emperor 2154:Alexios's son 2118:Second Crusade 2113: 2110: 1993: 1990: 1967: 1964: 1944:Michael Doukas 1909:John Skylitzes 1905:Constantine IX 1884:, followed by 1820:John Tzimiskes 1785:Fourth Crusade 1727:lost in Sicily 1705: 886–912 1686: 867–886 1654: 1651: 1631: 829–842 1605:Constantine VI 1552: 741–775 1502: 1499: 1452: 668–685 1445:Constantine IV 1433: 641–668 1342: 1341: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1269: 565–578 1208:Vandal Kingdom 1156: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1121: 1118: 1106: 491–518 1087: 474–491 1056: 457–474 1000: 408–450 969:Magnus Maximus 961: 379–395 943: 937: 907:Sasanid Persia 875:Constantinople 863: 306–337 846: 284–305 819:its government 811:Roman Republic 764: 761: 740:late antiquity 732:periodizations 724:Main article: 721: 718: 704:—"Romanland". 696:Constantinople 688:(Latinised as 647: 644: 628:perennial wars 608:Fourth Crusade 537: 527–565 519:state religion 515: 379–395 500: 324–337 468:and the later 442:Ottoman Empire 422:Late Antiquity 418:Constantinople 400: 399: 386: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 371: 368: 367: 364: 361: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 319: 318: 312:Late Antiquity 309: 308:Historical era 305: 304: 301: 300: 298:Constantine XI 295: 292: 289: 288: 283: 280: 277: 276: 271: 268: 265: 264: 259: 256: 253: 252: 247: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 211: 208: 205: 204: 199: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 181: 180: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 137: 131: 130: 120: 116: 115: 113: 112: 107: 97: 95: 91: 90: 83:Constantinople 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28069: 28058: 28055: 28053: 28050: 28048: 28045: 28043: 28040: 28038: 28035: 28033: 28030: 28028: 28025: 28023: 28020: 28018: 28015: 28013: 28010: 28008: 28005: 28003: 28000: 27998: 27995: 27993: 27990: 27988: 27985: 27983: 27980: 27979: 27977: 27965: 27964: 27963:Travel guides 27952: 27948: 27947: 27935: 27931: 27930: 27918: 27914: 27913: 27901: 27897: 27896: 27884: 27883: 27880: 27874: 27866: 27861: 27856: 27854: 27844: 27842: 27837: 27832: 27830: 27820: 27818: 27808: 27807: 27804: 27785: 27782: 27780: 27777: 27775: 27772: 27770: 27767: 27765: 27762: 27760: 27757: 27755: 27752: 27750: 27747: 27745: 27742: 27740: 27739:Art of Europe 27737: 27736: 27734: 27730: 27724: 27721: 27719: 27716: 27714: 27711: 27709: 27706: 27704: 27701: 27699: 27696: 27694: 27691: 27689: 27686: 27684: 27681: 27679: 27676: 27674: 27671: 27669: 27666: 27664: 27661: 27659: 27656: 27654: 27651: 27649: 27646: 27644: 27641: 27639: 27636: 27634: 27631: 27629: 27626: 27624: 27621: 27619: 27616: 27614: 27611: 27609: 27606: 27604: 27601: 27599: 27596: 27594: 27591: 27589: 27586: 27584: 27581: 27579: 27576: 27574: 27571: 27569: 27566: 27562: 27559: 27558: 27557: 27554: 27552: 27549: 27547: 27544: 27543: 27541: 27539: 27538:Modern period 27535: 27529: 27526: 27524: 27521: 27519: 27516: 27514: 27511: 27509: 27506: 27504: 27501: 27499: 27496: 27494: 27491: 27489: 27486: 27484: 27481: 27479: 27476: 27473: 27469: 27465: 27461: 27457: 27454: 27452: 27449: 27447: 27444: 27440: 27437: 27435: 27432: 27430: 27427: 27425: 27422: 27421: 27420: 27417: 27413: 27410: 27408: 27405: 27404: 27402: 27400: 27397: 27395: 27392: 27390: 27387: 27385: 27382: 27378: 27375: 27374: 27373: 27370: 27368: 27365: 27363: 27360: 27359: 27357: 27355: 27351: 27345: 27342: 27340: 27337: 27335: 27332: 27328: 27325: 27324: 27323: 27320: 27318: 27315: 27313: 27310: 27308: 27305: 27303: 27300: 27299: 27297: 27295: 27291: 27285: 27282: 27280: 27277: 27275: 27272: 27270: 27267: 27266: 27264: 27262: 27258: 27254: 27247: 27242: 27240: 27235: 27233: 27228: 27227: 27224: 27212: 27209: 27207: 27204: 27202: 27199: 27197: 27194: 27192: 27189: 27187: 27184: 27182: 27179: 27177: 27174: 27172: 27169: 27167: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27122: 27119: 27117: 27114: 27112: 27109: 27107: 27104: 27102: 27099: 27097: 27094: 27092: 27089: 27087: 27084: 27083: 27081: 27072: 27066: 27063: 27061: 27058: 27056: 27053: 27051: 27048: 27046: 27043: 27041: 27038: 27036: 27033: 27031: 27028: 27026: 27023: 27021: 27018: 27016: 27013: 27011: 27008: 27006: 27003: 27001: 26998: 26996: 26993: 26991: 26988: 26986: 26983: 26981: 26978: 26976: 26973: 26972: 26970: 26966: 26956: 26953: 26951: 26948: 26946: 26943: 26941: 26938: 26936: 26933: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26916: 26913: 26911: 26908: 26906: 26903: 26901: 26898: 26896: 26893: 26891: 26888: 26886: 26883: 26881: 26878: 26876: 26873: 26871: 26868: 26866: 26863: 26861: 26858: 26856: 26853: 26851: 26848: 26846: 26843: 26841: 26838: 26836: 26833: 26831: 26828: 26826: 26823: 26821: 26818: 26816: 26813: 26811: 26808: 26806: 26803: 26801: 26798: 26796: 26793: 26791: 26788: 26787: 26785: 26783: 26779: 26773: 26770: 26768: 26765: 26763: 26760: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26750: 26748: 26745: 26743: 26740: 26738: 26735: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26703: 26700: 26698: 26695: 26693: 26690: 26688: 26685: 26683: 26680: 26678: 26675: 26673: 26670: 26668: 26665: 26663: 26660: 26658: 26655: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26643: 26640: 26638: 26635: 26633: 26630: 26628: 26625: 26623: 26620: 26618: 26615: 26613: 26610: 26608: 26605: 26603: 26600: 26598: 26595: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26578: 26575: 26573: 26570: 26568: 26565: 26563: 26560: 26558: 26555: 26553: 26550: 26548: 26545: 26543: 26540: 26538: 26537:Julius Paulus 26535: 26533: 26530: 26528: 26525: 26523: 26520: 26518: 26515: 26513: 26510: 26508: 26505: 26503: 26500: 26498: 26495: 26493: 26490: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26472:Fabius Pictor 26470: 26468: 26465: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26445: 26443: 26440: 26438: 26435: 26433: 26430: 26428: 26425: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26413: 26410: 26408: 26405: 26403: 26400: 26398: 26395: 26393: 26390: 26388: 26385: 26383: 26380: 26379: 26377: 26375: 26371: 26368: 26364: 26358: 26355: 26351: 26348: 26346: 26343: 26341: 26338: 26336: 26333: 26331: 26328: 26326: 26323: 26321: 26318: 26316: 26313: 26311: 26308: 26307: 26305: 26303: 26300: 26298: 26295: 26294: 26292: 26290: 26286: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26265: 26262: 26260: 26257: 26255: 26252: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26240: 26237: 26235: 26232: 26230: 26227: 26225: 26222: 26220: 26217: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26209:Amphitheatres 26207: 26206: 26204: 26202: 26198: 26192: 26189: 26187: 26184: 26182: 26179: 26177: 26174: 26172: 26169: 26167: 26164: 26162: 26159: 26157: 26154: 26150: 26147: 26146: 26145: 26142: 26140: 26137: 26135: 26132: 26130: 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26111: 26109: 26107: 26103: 26097: 26094: 26092: 26089: 26087: 26084: 26082: 26079: 26077: 26074: 26072: 26069: 26067: 26064: 26060: 26057: 26056: 26055: 26052: 26050: 26047: 26045: 26042: 26040: 26037: 26035: 26032: 26030: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25995: 25992: 25990: 25987: 25986: 25984: 25982: 25978: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25964: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25946:Deforestation 25944: 25942: 25939: 25938: 25936: 25934: 25930: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25896:Siege engines 25894: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25882: 25879: 25878: 25877: 25874: 25872: 25869: 25865: 25862: 25861: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25850: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25829:Establishment 25827: 25825: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25816: 25814: 25812: 25808: 25798: 25795: 25793: 25790: 25788: 25785: 25783: 25780: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25764: 25762: 25760:Extraordinary 25758: 25752: 25749: 25747: 25746:Promagistrate 25744: 25742: 25739: 25737: 25734: 25732: 25729: 25727: 25724: 25722: 25719: 25717: 25714: 25712: 25709: 25707: 25704: 25703: 25701: 25697: 25694: 25692: 25688: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25667: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25649: 25647: 25644: 25642: 25639: 25637: 25634: 25632: 25629: 25627: 25624: 25622: 25619: 25617: 25614: 25612: 25609: 25607: 25604: 25602: 25599: 25597: 25594: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25584: 25582: 25579: 25578: 25576: 25574: 25570: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25539: 25536: 25534: 25533:Twelve Tables 25531: 25530: 25528: 25526: 25522: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25504: 25501: 25499: 25496: 25494: 25491: 25489: 25486: 25485: 25484: 25481: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25469: 25466: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25450: 25448: 25446: 25442: 25430: 25427: 25426: 25425: 25422: 25418: 25415: 25413: 25410: 25409: 25408: 25405: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25392: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25367: 25365: 25363: 25359: 25353: 25350: 25346: 25343: 25342: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25332: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25320: 25314: 25311: 25309: 25306: 25305: 25302: 25297: 25290: 25285: 25283: 25278: 25276: 25271: 25270: 25267: 25253: 25246: 25242: 25241: 25236: 25232: 25225: 25222: 25217: 25210: 25207: 25200: 25196: 25195: 25191: 25186: 25180: 25179: 25176: 25170: 25169: 25165: 25164: 25159: 25153: 25152: 25144: 25143: 25140: 25134: 25133: 25130: 25129: 25124: 25123: 25118: 25117: 25111: 25106: 25105: 25099: 25095: 25090: 25086: 25081: 25075: 25074: 25071: 25070: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25055: 25054: 25047: 25046: 25043: 25038: 25036: 25030: 25029: 25025: 25024: 25019: 25013: 25012: 25007: 25001: 25000: 24996: 24992: 24987: 24981: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24970: 24966: 24961: 24956: 24954: 24949: 24943: 24942: 24939: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24928: 24921: 24920: 24917: 24911: 24910: 24907: 24903: 24899: 24890: 24889: 24886: 24881: 24876: 24871: 24870: 24865: 24861: 24853: 24848: 24846: 24841: 24839: 24834: 24833: 24830: 24813: 24810: 24807: 24804: 24801: 24798: 24793: 24790: 24789: 24787: 24784: 24783: 24781: 24779: 24774: 24767: 24764: 24761: 24758: 24755: 24752: 24749: 24746: 24743: 24740: 24737: 24734: 24731: 24728: 24725: 24722: 24719: 24716: 24713: 24710: 24707: 24704: 24701: 24698: 24695: 24692: 24689: 24686: 24683: 24680: 24679: 24677: 24671: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24653: 24651: 24648: 24646: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24621: 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24607: 24605: 24601: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24546: 24544: 24540: 24537: 24532: 24527: 24523: 24513: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24498: 24495: 24492: 24489: 24487: 24484: 24482: 24479: 24477: 24476:Duchy of Sora 24474: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24463: 24461: 24457: 24451: 24447: 24440: 24437: 24435: 24432: 24430: 24427: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24399: 24398: 24395: 24394: 24392: 24388: 24384: 24374: 24371: 24369: 24366: 24364: 24361: 24359: 24356: 24355: 24353: 24351: 24347: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24327: 24325: 24321: 24315: 24314:Muslim Sicily 24312: 24310: 24307: 24306: 24304: 24302: 24298: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24249: 24247: 24243: 24240: 24236: 24232: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24191: 24188: 24186: 24183: 24182: 24180: 24174: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24154: 24152: 24148: 24144: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24107: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24051: 24048: 24046: 24043: 24041: 24038: 24036: 24033: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23955: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23911: 23910: 23908: 23900: 23896: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23856: 23854: 23850: 23846: 23839: 23836: 23831: 23828: 23825: 23822: 23819: 23818:Duchy of Rome 23816: 23815: 23813: 23810: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23800: 23792: 23789: 23787: 23784: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23755: 23752: 23749: 23746: 23743: 23740: 23739: 23737: 23731: 23728: 23718: 23711: 23708: 23705: 23702: 23699: 23696: 23693: 23692:Roman Kingdom 23690: 23689: 23687: 23685: 23681: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23664:Magna Graecia 23662: 23660: 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23645: 23642: 23638: 23635: 23634: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23611: 23608: 23607: 23606: 23603: 23602: 23600: 23596: 23592: 23585: 23580: 23578: 23573: 23571: 23566: 23565: 23562: 23454: 23450: 23443: 23438: 23436: 23431: 23429: 23424: 23423: 23420: 23406: 23405:Soviet empire 23403: 23401: 23398: 23397: 23395: 23394: 23392: 23390:Miscellaneous 23388: 23382: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23372: 23369: 23367: 23364: 23362: 23359: 23355: 23352: 23351: 23350: 23347: 23346: 23344: 23340: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23308: 23305: 23304: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23258: 23255: 23251: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23242: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23227: 23225: 23223: 23219: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23187: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23174: 23171: 23170: 23169: 23166: 23164: 23161: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23144: 23143: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23121: 23120: 23117: 23113: 23110: 23108: 23105: 23103: 23100: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23089: 23088: 23085: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23041: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23025: 23024: 23021: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23008: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22989:German Empire 22987: 22986: 22985: 22982: 22978: 22975: 22973: 22970: 22969: 22968: 22965: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22952: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22915: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22893: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22865: 22863: 22861: 22857: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22824: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22800: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22758: 22757: 22754: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22735: 22732: 22731: 22730: 22729:Turco-Persian 22727: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22717: 22715: 22712: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22674: 22673: 22670: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22637: 22636: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22597: 22596: 22593: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22570: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22517: 22514: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22491: 22490: 22487: 22483: 22480: 22478: 22475: 22473: 22470: 22469: 22468: 22465: 22463: 22460: 22458: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22448: 22445: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22427: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22385: 22384: 22381: 22377: 22374: 22372: 22369: 22368: 22367: 22364: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22328: 22325: 22324: 22323: 22320: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22307: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22269: 22267: 22265: 22261: 22253: 22250: 22249: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22227: 22226: 22223: 22219: 22216: 22215: 22214: 22211: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22178: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22142: 22141: 22140: 22137: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22124: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22087: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22055: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22027: 22024: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22006: 22005: 22002: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21989: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21964: 21960: 21956: 21949: 21944: 21942: 21937: 21935: 21930: 21929: 21926: 21920: 21913: 21898: 21894: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21879: 21877: 21876: 21873: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21819: 21816: 21809: 21805: 21789: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21772: 21769: 21768: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21746:Encyclopedias 21744: 21743: 21741: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21729: 21726: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21693: 21690: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21677: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21670:Hellenization 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21632: 21630: 21628:Everyday life 21626: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21614: 21610: 21606: 21603: 21602: 21601: 21600:Acritic songs 21598: 21596: 21593: 21592: 21590: 21588: 21584: 21578: 21575: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21557: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21537: 21535: 21533: 21529: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21506: 21503: 21502: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21482: 21480: 21478: 21474: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21443:Hosios Loukas 21441: 21439: 21436: 21435: 21433: 21429: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21409: 21407: 21405: 21401: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21366: 21364: 21362: 21358: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21298: 21296: 21294: 21290: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21273: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21263: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21251: 21247: 21240: 21236: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21200: 21197: 21196: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21186: 21184: 21182: 21178: 21172: 21169: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21146: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21116:Monophysitism 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21089:Armenian Rite 21087: 21085: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21077: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21049: 21048: 21045: 21044: 21042: 21040: 21036: 21032: 21025: 21021: 21007: 21006:Naval battles 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20951: 20949: 20947: 20943: 20933: 20930: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20917: 20916: 20913: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20900: 20899: 20896: 20895: 20893: 20889: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20828: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20791: 20789: 20785: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20740: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20728: 20724: 20717: 20713: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20680: 20678: 20676: 20672: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20653: 20651: 20647: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20622: 20620: 20616: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20581: 20579: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20566: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20547: 20545: 20541: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20529:Protasekretis 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20491: 20489: 20485: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20459: 20456: 20455: 20453: 20449: 20443: 20440: 20436: 20433: 20432: 20431: 20428: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20409: 20406: 20405: 20402: 20399: 20395: 20391: 20384: 20380: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20355: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20253: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20231: 20227: 20223: 20219: 20215: 20211: 20207: 20203: 20200: 20199: 20198: 20195: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20186: 20183: 20182: 20180: 20174: 20169: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20157:Komnenian era 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20129: 20127: 20121: 20116: 20110: 20107: 20102: 20098: 20097: 20096: 20095:Heraclian era 20093: 20091: 20090:Justinian era 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20065: 20064: 20061: 20060: 20058: 20052: 20047: 20039: 20038: 20034: 20033: 20032: 20029: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20018: 20014: 20010: 20005: 20001: 19996: 19989: 19984: 19982: 19977: 19975: 19970: 19969: 19966: 19960: 19957: 19954: 19951: 19948: 19945: 19943:; in English. 19942: 19938: 19935: 19932: 19928: 19925: 19922: 19919: 19916: 19913: 19910: 19907: 19903: 19900: 19897: 19894: 19890: 19887: 19886: 19882: 19881: 19878: 19875: 19872: 19869: 19866: 19862: 19858: 19855: 19852: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19840: 19839: 19834: 19831: 19830: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19805: 19800: 19778: 19772: 19768: 19764: 19760: 19759: 19753: 19742: 19736: 19732: 19728: 19724: 19723: 19718: 19714: 19710: 19708:9780870991790 19704: 19700: 19695: 19691: 19685: 19681: 19677: 19673: 19669: 19663: 19659: 19654: 19642: 19638: 19634: 19630: 19626: 19623:(71): 79–91. 19622: 19618: 19614: 19610: 19598: 19594: 19588: 19584: 19583: 19578: 19574: 19570: 19564: 19560: 19555: 19551: 19545: 19541: 19540: 19536:(1928–1935). 19535: 19531: 19524: 19520: 19516: 19509: 19508: 19502: 19498: 19492: 19488: 19484: 19480: 19479: 19473: 19469: 19463: 19459: 19450: 19446: 19444:0-8047-2630-2 19440: 19436: 19432: 19431: 19426: 19422: 19418: 19412: 19408: 19403: 19399: 19393: 19389: 19385: 19381: 19377: 19373: 19367: 19363: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19338: 19334: 19330: 19325: 19321: 19315: 19311: 19310: 19304: 19300: 19294: 19290: 19285: 19281: 19275: 19271: 19267: 19263: 19262: 19257: 19253: 19249: 19243: 19239: 19234: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19214: 19212:960-7099-00-1 19208: 19204: 19200: 19196: 19192: 19188: 19183: 19179: 19175: 19171: 19166: 19162: 19158: 19154: 19150: 19145: 19139: 19134: 19130: 19126: 19122: 19118: 19114: 19110: 19106: 19102: 19101:Louth, Andrew 19098: 19094: 19090: 19089:Louth, Andrew 19086: 19082: 19078: 19074: 19070: 19065: 19064: 19061: 19055: 19051: 19050: 19045: 19041: 19035: 19031: 19027: 19023: 19019: 19018:Kennedy, Hugh 19015: 19011: 19007: 19003: 18999: 18994: 18990: 18985: 18981: 18977: 18973: 18972: 18969: 18967:9780860783381 18963: 18959: 18954: 18950: 18944: 18940: 18936: 18932: 18928: 18922: 18918: 18913: 18898: 18894: 18888: 18881: 18880: 18875: 18871: 18867: 18863: 18859: 18855: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18837: 18833: 18829: 18828: 18823: 18819: 18817: 18810: 18806: 18800: 18796: 18791: 18787: 18781: 18777: 18772: 18768: 18762: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18732: 18728: 18724: 18720: 18715: 18711: 18705: 18701: 18696: 18685: 18679: 18675: 18671: 18666: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18642: 18641:10.1418/90426 18638: 18634: 18630: 18625: 18613: 18609: 18607:9781405186056 18603: 18598: 18593: 18589: 18585: 18581: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18566: 18560: 18556: 18552: 18548: 18544: 18538: 18534: 18529: 18525: 18521: 18517: 18516: 18515:Byzantine Art 18511: 18507: 18503: 18497: 18493: 18489: 18485: 18481: 18475: 18471: 18466: 18455: 18451: 18447: 18441: 18437: 18433: 18429: 18428: 18422: 18418: 18414: 18410: 18406: 18402: 18398: 18394: 18389: 18385: 18381: 18378:(1–4): 3–26. 18377: 18373: 18368: 18364: 18360: 18354: 18350: 18346: 18340: 18335: 18331: 18326: 18322: 18317: 18316: 18310: 18304: 18300: 18295: 18291: 18285: 18281: 18276: 18272: 18266: 18261: 18260: 18254: 18250: 18246: 18240: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18206: 18203:(in French). 18202: 18198: 18194: 18190: 18186: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18168: 18156: 18152: 18146: 18142: 18141: 18135: 18131: 18125: 18121: 18117: 18113: 18107: 18103: 18102:Louth, Andrew 18099: 18095: 18090: 18086: 18082: 18078: 18077: 18074: 18068: 18064: 18060: 18055: 18043: 18039: 18037:0-246-10559-3 18033: 18029: 18028: 18022: 18018: 18012: 18008: 18007: 18002: 17998: 17994: 17990: 17983: 17979: 17975: 17968: 17963: 17959: 17953: 17949: 17944: 17937: 17933: 17929: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17913: 17909: 17905: 17898: 17894: 17890: 17884: 17879: 17878: 17875: 17869: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17849: 17845: 17841: 17837: 17833: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17817: 17813: 17809: 17805: 17799: 17795: 17794: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17775: 17768: 17767: 17762: 17758: 17754: 17750: 17746: 17740: 17736: 17735: 17729: 17725: 17719: 17715: 17710: 17706: 17704:9781559344333 17700: 17696: 17691: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17674: 17668: 17663: 17659: 17654: 17650: 17645: 17641: 17636: 17632: 17628: 17624: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17612: 17606: 17602: 17601: 17595: 17591: 17587: 17583: 17578: 17574: 17568: 17564: 17560: 17556: 17552: 17546: 17542: 17538: 17534: 17530: 17528:9781139053938 17524: 17520: 17516: 17512: 17511:Louth, Andrew 17508: 17496: 17492: 17488: 17483: 17479: 17473: 17469: 17468: 17462: 17458: 17452: 17448: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17424:(230): 3–46. 17423: 17419: 17414: 17410: 17404: 17400: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17385: 17381: 17375: 17371: 17367: 17362: 17356: 17355:Laiou (2002a) 17351: 17350: 17344: 17340: 17334: 17330: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17303: 17299: 17293: 17289: 17288: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17258: 17254: 17248: 17244: 17239: 17235: 17229: 17224: 17223: 17216: 17205: 17201: 17197: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17168: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17148: 17147: 17144: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17114: 17110: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17092: 17088: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17067: 17062: 17058: 17052: 17048: 17047: 17042: 17038: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17014: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16977: 16973: 16967: 16963: 16958: 16954: 16952:9780197532768 16948: 16944: 16940: 16936: 16932: 16927: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16892: 16888: 16883: 16879: 16873: 16869: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16847: 16843: 16837: 16833: 16832: 16826: 16820: 16815: 16811: 16806: 16805: 16802: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16784: 16783: 16777: 16765: 16761: 16755: 16751: 16750: 16745: 16741: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16694: 16690: 16686: 16682: 16678: 16674: 16672:9780198897880 16668: 16664: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16636: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16620: 16614: 16610: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16584: 16583: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16558: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16541: 16537: 16531: 16527: 16522: 16518: 16512: 16508: 16503: 16499: 16493: 16489: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16469: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16456: 16450: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16421: 16417: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16400: 16390: 16388:0-19-881501-8 16384: 16380: 16376: 16372: 16368: 16363: 16359: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16340: 16336: 16330: 16326: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16292: 16286: 16282: 16277: 16265: 16261: 16255: 16251: 16250: 16245: 16241: 16237: 16231: 16227: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16155: 16151: 16145: 16141: 16140: 16134: 16130: 16124: 16120: 16115: 16111: 16105: 16100: 16099: 16093: 16089: 16085: 16081: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16066:(in German). 16065: 16064: 16058: 16054: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15995: 15983: 15979: 15973: 15969: 15968: 15963: 15959: 15947: 15943: 15937: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15926:Dalby, Andrew 15923: 15919: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15902: 15896: 15891: 15887: 15882: 15878: 15873: 15869: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15852: 15848: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15779: 15775: 15770: 15766: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15749: 15745: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15726: 15720: 15714: 15709: 15705: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15663: 15658: 15657: 15654: 15652:9781139054133 15648: 15644: 15639: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15611: 15607: 15605:9781139054133 15601: 15597: 15592: 15580: 15576: 15574:9780197263235 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15553: 15549: 15543: 15539: 15534: 15530: 15524: 15520: 15515:Οι Βυζαντινοί 15511: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15490: 15486: 15484:9780281076147 15480: 15476: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15428: 15427: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15409: 15405: 15399: 15394: 15393: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15352: 15348: 15343: 15339: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15315: 15311: 15305: 15301: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15282: 15277: 15273: 15271:9780521035521 15267: 15263: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15245: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15223: 15217: 15213: 15209: 15204: 15200: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15170: 15166: 15160: 15156: 15155: 15150: 15146: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15083: 15079: 15073: 15068: 15067: 15061: 15057: 15053: 15047: 15043: 15038: 15034: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15010: 15009:Angold (2006) 15006: 15002: 14998: 14997:Angold (2006) 14993: 14989: 14988:Angold (2006) 14985: 14981: 14980: 14977: 14975:9781139054089 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14955: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14875: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14846: 14840: 14836: 14835:Komnene, Anna 14832: 14828: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14778:, p. 38. 14777: 14773: 14768: 14761: 14756: 14754: 14746: 14741: 14734: 14729: 14723:, p. 25. 14722: 14717: 14710: 14705: 14698: 14693: 14686: 14681: 14674: 14669: 14663:, p. 31. 14662: 14657: 14650: 14645: 14637: 14631: 14627: 14626: 14618: 14610: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14590: 14583: 14579: 14574: 14558: 14554: 14548: 14544: 14543: 14535: 14520: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14501: 14496: 14492: 14486: 14479: 14474: 14472: 14464: 14459: 14452: 14447: 14440: 14435: 14428: 14424: 14420: 14415: 14408: 14403: 14396: 14391: 14384: 14379: 14372: 14367: 14360: 14355: 14348: 14343: 14336: 14331: 14325:, p. 47. 14324: 14319: 14312: 14307: 14300: 14295: 14288: 14283: 14276: 14271: 14264: 14259: 14252: 14247: 14240: 14235: 14228: 14223: 14216: 14211: 14204: 14199: 14193:, p. 14. 14192: 14187: 14180: 14175: 14168: 14163: 14156: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14139: 14134: 14132: 14124: 14119: 14112: 14107: 14105: 14097: 14092: 14085: 14080: 14074:, p. xx. 14073: 14068: 14061: 14056: 14049: 14044: 14037: 14032: 14025: 14020: 14013: 14012:Cameron 2006b 14008: 14001: 13996: 13989: 13988:Cameron 2006b 13984: 13977: 13972: 13965: 13960: 13953: 13948: 13941: 13936: 13929: 13924: 13918:, p. 18. 13917: 13912: 13905: 13904:Humfress 2013 13900: 13893: 13888: 13880: 13878:9780801859540 13874: 13870: 13866: 13860: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13830: 13822: 13820:9780226482057 13816: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13800: 13792: 13790:9780226482057 13786: 13782: 13781: 13776: 13770: 13768: 13751: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13737: 13731: 13724: 13720: 13717: 13711: 13704: 13699: 13692: 13687: 13685: 13677: 13672: 13670: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13627:, p. 47. 13626: 13621: 13615:, p. 42. 13614: 13609: 13602: 13601:Browning 1992 13597: 13595: 13587: 13586:Browning 1992 13582: 13580: 13572: 13567: 13560: 13555: 13540: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13511: 13503: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13478: 13462: 13458: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13442: 13436: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13360: 13352: 13348: 13345: 13339: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13308: 13292: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13269: 13264: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13215: 13199: 13195: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13176: 13169: 13168:Kazhdan 1991b 13164: 13162: 13154: 13153:Kazhdan 1991b 13149: 13142: 13137: 13130: 13129:Kazhdan 1991b 13125: 13123: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13115: 13107: 13103: 13102:Browning 2022 13098: 13091: 13088:, p. 1; 13087: 13082: 13076:, p. 10. 13075: 13070: 13063: 13058: 13051: 13046: 13039: 13038:Browning 2022 13034: 13032: 13030: 13022: 13017: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12966: 12959: 12954: 12947: 12942: 12936:, p. 46. 12935: 12930: 12923: 12918: 12911: 12906: 12899: 12894: 12886: 12880: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12857: 12850: 12845: 12837: 12831: 12827: 12820: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12795: 12787: 12781: 12777: 12770: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12753:Greek Culture 12750: 12743: 12727: 12723: 12722: 12714: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12681: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12650: 12643: 12638: 12631: 12627: 12622: 12615: 12614:Kazhdan 1991a 12610: 12603: 12598: 12596: 12588: 12583: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12552: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12521: 12519: 12511: 12506: 12498: 12492: 12488: 12481: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12461: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12441: 12435:, p. 81. 12434: 12430: 12429:Davidson 2014 12426: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12383: 12377: 12373: 12366: 12359: 12355: 12350: 12343: 12339: 12334: 12332: 12324: 12323:Matschke 2002 12319: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12293: 12289: 12284: 12278:, p. 39. 12277: 12272: 12266:, p. 27. 12265: 12260: 12254:, p. 26. 12253: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12230:, p. 25. 12229: 12224: 12222: 12215:, p. 24. 12214: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12198:, p. 23. 12197: 12192: 12190: 12182: 12178: 12173: 12167:, p. 12. 12166: 12163:, p. 1; 12162: 12158: 12154: 12149: 12143:, p. 12. 12142: 12138: 12133: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12113: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12054: 12047: 12046:Rochette 2023 12043: 12038: 12031: 12026: 12018: 12012: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11991: 11986: 11979: 11978:Rochette 2023 11975: 11974:Rochette 2011 11971: 11966: 11958: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11931: 11930:Rochette 2011 11927: 11926:Rochette 2023 11923: 11918: 11911: 11910:Rochette 2018 11907: 11906:Rochette 2011 11902: 11895: 11891: 11890:Rochette 2018 11887: 11886:Rochette 2023 11882: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11858: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11842:Rochette 2018 11838: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11780: 11773: 11772:Goldhill 2024 11769: 11768:Rochette 2023 11764: 11757: 11753: 11752:Dawkins, R.M. 11748: 11741: 11737: 11732: 11725: 11721: 11716: 11709: 11705: 11700: 11693: 11692:Kazhdan 1990a 11689: 11684: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11660: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11640: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11604: 11598:, p. 66. 11597: 11593: 11588: 11582:, p. 40. 11581: 11576: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11556: 11549: 11545: 11540: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11517: 11513: 11508: 11501: 11500:Kazhdan 1990a 11497: 11492: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11461: 11456: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11433: 11429: 11424: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11404: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11336: 11333:, Chapter 2; 11332: 11328: 11323: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11261: 11254: 11250: 11245: 11239:, p. 59. 11238: 11234: 11229: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11209: 11202: 11197: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11177: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11161:Rochette 2018 11158: 11157:Goldhill 2024 11154: 11149: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11126: 11121: 11113: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11094: 11086: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11066:Greatrex 2008 11063: 11058: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11024: 11016: 11009: 11005: 11000: 10993: 10992:Greatrex 2008 10989: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10937: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10841: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10809: 10807:9780520069626 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10777: 10775:9780810874770 10771: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10740: 10733: 10728: 10721: 10720:Jeffreys 2008 10717: 10712: 10706:, p. 21. 10705: 10701: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10604: 10597: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10576: 10569: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10469: 10463:, p. 93. 10462: 10458: 10454: 10449: 10441: 10435: 10431: 10424: 10418:, p. 92. 10417: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10258:, p. 29. 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10240: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10168: 10161: 10157: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10134:, p. 50. 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10094: 10093:Soloviev 1935 10089: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10055: 10054:Soloviev 1935 10050: 10043: 10042:Kazhdan 1991a 10038: 10031: 10026: 10019: 10014: 10007: 10003: 9998: 9991: 9987: 9986:Kazhdan 1991a 9983: 9979: 9974: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9896: 9895:Chitwood 2017 9891: 9885:, p. 35. 9884: 9880: 9876: 9871: 9863: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9820: 9805: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9769:, p. 36. 9768: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9749:, p. 35. 9748: 9743: 9736: 9732: 9731:Chitwood 2017 9728: 9727:Browning 1992 9723: 9716: 9715:Chitwood 2017 9712: 9708: 9707:Browning 1992 9703: 9696: 9695:Chitwood 2017 9691: 9685:, p. 65. 9684: 9680: 9679:Chitwood 2017 9675: 9668: 9667:Chitwood 2017 9663: 9657:, p. 23. 9656: 9655:Chitwood 2017 9651: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9633:Byzantine Law 9626: 9619: 9614: 9608:, p. 21. 9607: 9604:, p. 8; 9603: 9598: 9591: 9587: 9586:Dingledy 2019 9583: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9547: 9543: 9542:Dingledy 2019 9538: 9532:, p. 27. 9531: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9511: 9506: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9490:Chitwood 2017 9486: 9479: 9474: 9468:, p. 74. 9467: 9463: 9458: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9379: 9372: 9369:, p. 4; 9368: 9363: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9343: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9295: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9247:Shepherd 1990 9244: 9240: 9232: 9231:Shepherd 1990 9228: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9196: 9191: 9185:, p. 98. 9184: 9183:Browning 1992 9179: 9173:, p. 67. 9172: 9168: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9151:Browning 1992 9147: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9120: 9116: 9111: 9105:, p. 63. 9104: 9099: 9093:, p. 64. 9092: 9088: 9084: 9079: 9073:, p. 98. 9072: 9071:Browning 1992 9069:, p. 8; 9068: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9005: 8997: 8982: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8955: 8949:, p. 11. 8948: 8943: 8937:, p. 11. 8936: 8932: 8931:Bleicken 1978 8927: 8920: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8815: 8812:, p. 6; 8811: 8810:Bleicken 1978 8807: 8802: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8748:Acta Classica 8745: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8685:, p. 25. 8684: 8680: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8657:, p. 30. 8656: 8651: 8649: 8641: 8636: 8630:, p. 24. 8629: 8624: 8618:, p. 24. 8617: 8613: 8608: 8606: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8585:Runciman 1990 8581: 8574: 8573:Runciman 1990 8569: 8562: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8515: 8508: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8479: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8453: 8448: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8425: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8373: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8311:Siege of Zara 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8255: 8250: 8243: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8117:, p. 67. 8116: 8111: 8104: 8099: 8093:, p. 74. 8092: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8043:, p. 93. 8042: 8037: 8031:, p. 87. 8030: 8025: 8018: 8017:Cinnamus 1976 8013: 8007:, p. 90. 8006: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7971:, p. 46. 7970: 7965: 7958: 7957:13.348–13.358 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940:, p. 12. 7939: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7848:, p. 82. 7847: 7843: 7838: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7791: 7786: 7780:, p. 96. 7779: 7778:Browning 1992 7774: 7767: 7766:Browning 1992 7762: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7706:Shepard 2009b 7703: 7698: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7682:Shepard 2009b 7678: 7671: 7670:Shepard 2009b 7667: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7626:Shepard 2009b 7622: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7012:, p. 51. 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6972:, p. 51. 6971: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6930:Moorhead 2009 6927: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6874:Moorhead 2009 6871: 6867: 6862: 6856:, p. 46. 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6758:Greatrex 2008 6754: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6738:Greatrex 2008 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6706:Greatrex 2008 6702: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6686:Greatrex 2008 6682: 6676:, p. 23. 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6662:Greatrex 2008 6658: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6642:Greatrex 2008 6638: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6610:Greatrex 2008 6606: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6590:Greatrex 2008 6586: 6580:, p. 73. 6579: 6575: 6571: 6570:Greatrex 2008 6566: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6550:Greatrex 2008 6546: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6530:Greatrex 2008 6526: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6510:Greatrex 2008 6506: 6500:, p. 40. 6499: 6496:, chapter 2; 6495: 6491: 6490:Greatrex 2008 6486: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6470:Greatrex 2008 6466: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450:Greatrex 2008 6446: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6430:Greatrex 2008 6426: 6419: 6418:Greatrex 2008 6414: 6408:, p. 26. 6407: 6402: 6396:, p. 22. 6395: 6391: 6386: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6300:, p. 2; 6299: 6294: 6290: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5921:(part of the 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5852: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5746:in A.D. 529. 5745: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5677: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5543:Islamic world 5540: 5536: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5406:, Semantron, 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5268: 5267:Politiki lyra 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942:concerns all 4941: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4894:Byzantine art 4890: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4681:Byzantine art 4666: 4662: 4655: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4629:Good Shepherd 4623: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4519: 4508: 4499: 4489: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4465:), the Reds ( 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443:tzykanisteria 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4292:class or rank 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4209:, Egypt, and 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4077:). Historian 4069: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4045:Demotic Greek 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008:Theodosius II 4001: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3932:Coptic Museum 3929: 3919: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3887: 3880: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3354: 3350: 3340:Constantine ( 3334: 3329: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3179:Hermogenianus 3175: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152:Twelve Tables 3149: 3144: 3143:Byzantine law 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3060:Orbis Romanus 3057: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001:According to 2998: 2992: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917:Roman emperor 2896: 2889: 2872: 2865: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727:Cyrene, Libya 2725:and south to 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2681:Sultan Mehmed 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:Andronikos II 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589:, managed to 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566:allowed many 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2329:for himself. 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2261: 2257: 2256:John Vatatzes 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229:Fatimid Egypt 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2142:, flanked by 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2080:Pope Urban II 2077: 2068: 2067:First Crusade 2064: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1998:First Crusade 1987: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1817: 1816:Nikephoros II 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1545:Constantine V 1538: 1537:Constantine V 1534: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:of the Levant 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1364:717–718 siege 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1187:The reign of 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1141: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1110:Monophysitism 1100: 1096: 1092: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 994: 993:Theodosius II 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 955: 934: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 857: 856:Constantine I 853: 851: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 804: 796: 792: 788: 783: 778: 774: 770: 760: 741: 737: 736:Roman history 733: 727: 717: 715: 711: 705: 702: 697: 692: 687: 685: 679: 674: 668: 663: 657: 653: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 531: 526: 524: 520: 509: 505: 494: 493:Constantine I 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 398: 394: 390: 387: 383: 379: 375: 369: 365: 359: 355: 349: 345: 339: 335: 329: 325: 320: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 296: 290: 287: 284: 278: 275: 272: 266: 263: 260: 254: 251: 248: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 215: 212: 206: 203: 202:Theodosius II 200: 194: 191: 188: 182: 179: 178:Constantine I 176: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 153: 150: 146: 141: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 111: 108: 106: 102: 99: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 77: 70: 65: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 27961: 27944: 27927: 27915:from Commons 27910: 27893: 27872: 27841:Christianity 27817:Ancient Rome 27698:World War II 27551:Early modern 27528:Kalmar Union 27399:Papal States 27393: 27317:Roman Empire 27151:Institutions 27015:Leptis Magna 26968:Major cities 26875:Philostratus 26662:Quadrigarius 26482:Rufus Festus 26345:Contemporary 26066:Romanization 25989:Architecture 25596:Collegiality 25445:Constitution 25406: 25296:Ancient Rome 25238: 25234: 25231:Ancient Rome 25202:311–129 BCE 25188: 25181:336–301 BCE 25171:539–331 BCE 25161: 25154:626–539 BCE 25145:729–609 BCE 25135:911–729 BCE 25126: 25120: 25114: 25102: 25067: 25057: 25051: 25021: 25009: 24994: 24971: 24950: 24925: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24858:Timeline of 24788:(1861–1946) 24766:Papal States 24594:Transpadania 24167:Stato da Màr 23849:Papal States 23802: 23760:Lombard rule 23724:Early Modern 23712:(395–476 AD) 23704:Roman Empire 23684:Ancient Rome 23156:Contemporary 23006:Indo-Persian 22994:Nazi Germany 22938:Contemporary 22840:Vijayanagara 22739:Great Seljuk 22650:Thessalonica 22639: 22578:Golden Horde 22234: 22218:Carthaginian 21997:Neo-Assyrian 21982:Neo-Sumerian 21611: 21379:Hagia Sophia 21361:Thessalonica 21336:Hagia Sophia 21316:Chora Church 21254:Architecture 21131:Great Schism 21121:Paulicianism 21099:Miaphysitism 20954:Karabisianoi 20258:or territory 20218:Thessalonica 20202:Latin Empire 20197:Frankokratia 20172: 20132:Isaurian era 20119: 20050: 20035: 20031:Roman Empire 20021: 19994: 19837: 19813:Online books 19803: 19780:. Retrieved 19757: 19744:. Retrieved 19721: 19698: 19679: 19657: 19645:. Retrieved 19620: 19601:. Retrieved 19581: 19558: 19538: 19523:the original 19506: 19477: 19457: 19429: 19406: 19387: 19361: 19336: 19332: 19308: 19288: 19260: 19256:Stein, Peter 19237: 19194: 19190: 19177: 19173: 19152: 19148: 19047: 19030:Haldon, John 18957: 18938: 18916: 18904:. Retrieved 18878: 18857: 18853: 18826: 18818:Prolegomena" 18815: 18794: 18775: 18756: 18745:j.ctv2175h0p 18718: 18699: 18687:. Retrieved 18673: 18657:. Retrieved 18632: 18616:. Retrieved 18578: 18554: 18532: 18514: 18491: 18469: 18457:. Retrieved 18426: 18400: 18396: 18375: 18371: 18362: 18298: 18279: 18258: 18234: 18204: 18200: 18174: 18159:. Retrieved 18139: 18119: 18081:Brown, Peter 18062: 18046:. Retrieved 18026: 18005: 18001:Burns, J. H. 17977: 17973: 17947: 17936:the original 17907: 17903: 17863: 17823: 17819: 17816:"Monemvasia" 17792: 17765: 17733: 17713: 17694: 17686:the original 17681: 17667:Mango (2002) 17658:Mango (2002) 17649:Mango (2002) 17640:Mango (2002) 17631:Mango (2002) 17599: 17590:the original 17585: 17562: 17540: 17518: 17499:. Retrieved 17490: 17466: 17446: 17421: 17397: 17384:the original 17369: 17343:the original 17328: 17306:. Retrieved 17286: 17265: 17261: 17242: 17221: 17207:. Retrieved 17179: 17175: 17131: 17107: 17103:"Literature" 17091:the original 17076: 17045: 17029:. Retrieved 16988: 16984: 16961: 16942: 16935:Bayly, C. A. 16918:. Retrieved 16909: 16886: 16867: 16854: 16830: 16781: 16768:. Retrieved 16748: 16732:. Retrieved 16723: 16719: 16688: 16662: 16634: 16630: 16607: 16581: 16544: 16525: 16506: 16487: 16459: 16453: 16441:. Retrieved 16407: 16403: 16392:, retrieved 16370: 16347: 16324: 16302: 16280: 16268:. Retrieved 16248: 16225: 16180: 16174: 16158:. Retrieved 16138: 16118: 16097: 16067: 16061: 16043: 16002: 15998: 15986:. Retrieved 15966: 15950:. Retrieved 15930: 15909: 15905: 15773: 15753: 15724: 15642: 15630:. Retrieved 15618: 15595: 15583:. Retrieved 15564: 15537: 15518: 15500:(1): 27–37. 15497: 15493: 15474: 15461: 15438: 15435:Bryce, James 15424: 15391: 15372: 15368: 15365:Brown, Peter 15346: 15327: 15322: 15299: 15280: 15261: 15238: 15211: 15207: 15188: 15173:. Retrieved 15153: 15144:</ref> 15131: 15127: 15090: 15086: 15065: 15041: 15022: 14965: 14943: 14907: 14903: 14886: 14882: 14858:. Retrieved 14842: 14816: 14803: 14767: 14760:Cameron 2009 14740: 14728: 14716: 14709:Cameron 2009 14704: 14699:, p. 7. 14692: 14685:Shepard 2006 14680: 14673:Cameron 2009 14668: 14656: 14644: 14624: 14617: 14598: 14589: 14573: 14561:. Retrieved 14541: 14534: 14522:. Retrieved 14499: 14485: 14458: 14446: 14434: 14419:Kolbaba 2008 14414: 14402: 14390: 14378: 14366: 14359:Kolbaba 2008 14354: 14347:Kolbaba 2008 14342: 14335:Kolbaba 2008 14330: 14318: 14306: 14294: 14282: 14270: 14265:, p. 9. 14258: 14251:Goodman 2007 14246: 14239:Bussell 1910 14234: 14227:Micheau 2006 14222: 14210: 14198: 14186: 14174: 14169:, p. 8. 14162: 14140:, p. 2. 14123:Cameron 2017 14118: 14091: 14079: 14072:Johnson 2015 14067: 14055: 14048:Salzman 1993 14043: 14036:Cameron 2016 14031: 14019: 14007: 13995: 13983: 13978:, p. 1. 13971: 13966:, p. 4. 13959: 13952:Hopkins 1998 13947: 13940:Harnett 2017 13935: 13923: 13911: 13899: 13887: 13868: 13859: 13847:. Retrieved 13838: 13829: 13809: 13799: 13779: 13754:. Retrieved 13744: 13730: 13710: 13703:Anastos 1962 13698: 13678:, p. 8. 13656:. Retrieved 13645: 13632: 13625:Cameron 2006 13620: 13613:Cameron 2006 13608: 13566: 13554: 13542:. Retrieved 13520: 13510: 13483: 13477: 13465:. Retrieved 13445: 13435: 13402: 13398: 13392: 13366: 13338: 13328:22 September 13326:. Retrieved 13307: 13295:. Retrieved 13284: 13275: 13268:Kartomi 1990 13263: 13251:. Retrieved 13236: 13228:the original 13223: 13214: 13202:. Retrieved 13182: 13175: 13148: 13136: 13097: 13086:Kazhdan 1999 13081: 13069: 13057: 13045: 13040:, § para. 1. 13016: 13004:. Retrieved 12995: 12985: 12965: 12953: 12946:Cameron 2017 12941: 12929: 12917: 12910:Halsall 2021 12905: 12893: 12874: 12868: 12856: 12844: 12825: 12819: 12800: 12794: 12775: 12769: 12752: 12748: 12742: 12730:. Retrieved 12720: 12713: 12686: 12680: 12668:. Retrieved 12659: 12649: 12637: 12626:Komnene 1928 12621: 12609: 12582: 12570:. Retrieved 12561: 12551: 12539:. Retrieved 12535:the original 12530: 12505: 12486: 12480: 12473:Salaman 1986 12469:Vryonis 1971 12460: 12453:Vryonis 1971 12440: 12420: 12408:. Retrieved 12399: 12390: 12371: 12365: 12349: 12318: 12283: 12271: 12259: 12247: 12235: 12172: 12148: 12132: 12122: 12112: 12100:. Retrieved 12067: 12063: 12053: 12037: 12025: 12006: 11997: 11985: 11965: 11946: 11937: 11917: 11901: 11881: 11857: 11837: 11825:. Retrieved 11789: 11779: 11763: 11747: 11731: 11715: 11708:Garland 1999 11699: 11683: 11672:Garland 2006 11659: 11639: 11623: 11616:Garland 2006 11603: 11587: 11575: 11568:Garland 2006 11555: 11539: 11523: 11507: 11491: 11471: 11455: 11439: 11432:Brandes 2008 11423: 11403: 11362: 11356: 11346: 11322: 11310:. Retrieved 11293: 11284: 11260: 11244: 11228: 11208: 11196: 11176: 11148: 11132: 11120: 11092: 11085: 11078:Salzman 1993 11057: 11045:. Retrieved 11022: 11015: 10999: 10975: 10950: 10946: 10936: 10919: 10890: 10871: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10816: 10797: 10784: 10765: 10759: 10739: 10727: 10711: 10691: 10675: 10659: 10639: 10623: 10603: 10591: 10575: 10559: 10543: 10528:Blöndal 1979 10519: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10468: 10461:Markis 2002a 10448: 10429: 10423: 10416:Markis 2002a 10403: 10392:Blöndal 1979 10383: 10372:Blöndal 1979 10363: 10347: 10331: 10315: 10299: 10283: 10263: 10239: 10232:Blöndal 1979 10223: 10207: 10191: 10186:, p. 7. 10184:Neville 2004 10167: 10151: 10139: 10119: 10104: 10088: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10049: 10037: 10025: 10013: 9997: 9992:, p. 9. 9973: 9953: 9920: 9916: 9906: 9890: 9870: 9856:cite journal 9829: 9825: 9819: 9807:. 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229–301. 17182:: 131–143. 16920:12 December 16571:j.ctv6zdbvf 16394:4 September 16344:Gibson, Roy 15585:12 December 15175:28 December 15149:Beard, Mary 15134:(1): 5–59. 14910:: 409–411. 14745:Schaff 1953 14733:Ivanič 2016 14697:Harris 2014 14578:Miller 1907 14524:2 September 14439:Dowley 2018 14395:Rahner 2013 14289:, abstract. 14098:, abstract. 13976:Robert 2009 13676:Robins 1993 13544:1 September 13253:23 November 13141:Martín 2021 13006:1 September 12732:30 December 12670:1 September 12602:Austin 1934 12410:7 September 12358:Laiou 2002b 12342:Laiou 2002a 12165:Harris 2014 12153:Beaton 1996 12141:Harris 2014 12102:23 December 12030:Sedlar 1994 11870:Millar 2006 11846:Millar 2006 11827:21 December 11740:Harris 2017 11724:Karras 2004 11688:Talbot 1997 11668:Harris 2017 11664:Talbot 1997 11652:Karras 2004 11648:Talbot 1997 11632:Talbot 1997 11612:Talbot 1997 11560:Harris 2017 11548:Talbot 1997 11516:Talbot 1997 11512:Rotman 2022 11496:Talbot 1997 11484:Lenski 2021 11480:Rotman 2022 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2022 8683:Herrin 2009 8628:Herrin 2009 8616:Herrin 2009 8464:Madden 2005 8428:Madden 2005 8397:(1): 18ff. 8266:Angold 1997 8230:Harris 2014 8179:Harvey 2003 8103:Sedlar 1994 8076:2 September 8053:Harris 2014 8041:Harris 2014 8029:Harris 2014 7938:Watson 1993 7930:Harris 2014 7751:30 December 7690:Holmes 2008 7666:Holmes 2008 7646:Holmes 2008 7634:Holmes 2008 7590:Holmes 2008 7578:Holmes 2008 7558:Auzépy 2009 7550:Holmes 2008 7538:Holmes 2008 7522:Auzépy 2009 7518:Holmes 2008 7498:Auzépy 2009 7494:Holmes 2008 7470:Haldon 2008 7446:Haldon 2008 7426:Haldon 2008 7414:Auzépy 2009 7394:Auzépy 2009 7390:Haldon 2008 7366:Haldon 2008 7346:Auzépy 2009 7334:Auzépy 2009 7318:Auzépy 2009 7310:Haldon 2008 7298:Auzépy 2009 7294:Haldon 2008 7274:Haldon 2008 7238:Haldon 2008 7222:Louth 2009b 7218:Haldon 2008 7202:Louth 2009b 7186:Louth 2009b 7166:Haldon 2008 7138:Haldon 2008 7122:Louth 2009b 7118:Haldon 2008 7098:Louth 2009b 7090:Haldon 2008 7086:Sarris 2002 7066:Haldon 2008 7050:Louth 2009b 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Radhošť 6022: 1261 5879:rump states 5674:Dioscorides 5566:metaphysics 5410:, Boukina, 5390:, Armenian 5315:Charlemagne 5295:water organ 5074:hagiography 4972:Koine Greek 4964:Attic Greek 4948:Middle Ages 4342:Rumney wine 4338:Commandaria 4284:resist-dyed 4226:Palaiologoi 4174:Justinian I 4049:Attic Greek 4016:Justinian I 3972:Cappadocian 3970:in orange. 3942:Joshua Roll 3940:Right: The 3886:deaconesses 3645:Black Death 3640:John Haldon 3623:Palaiologos 3395:Palaiologoi 3375:Roman Eagle 3173:Gregorianus 3162:. Hadrian ( 3072: [ 2832:Via Traiana 2824:Via Egnatia 2820:Roman roads 2810:Anti-Taurus 2753:along with 2477: 1204 2372:Alexios III 2343:of Cyprus, 2323:coup d'état 2274: 1180 2267: 1081 2173:Lothair III 2069:(1095–1099) 2065:before the 1793:Middle Ages 1643:Michael III 1609:Charlemagne 1493:managed to 1426:Constans II 1422:First Fitna 1384:in 626 and 1189:Justinian I 636:Renaissance 616:rump states 530:Justinian I 460:instead of 426:Middle Ages 416:centred in 352:• 775 342:• 565 332:• 457 214:Justinian I 27976:Categories 27929:Quotations 27446:Viking Age 27261:Prehistory 27035:Mediolanum 26975:Alexandria 26940:Themistius 26905:Porphyrius 26732:Tertullian 26667:Quintilian 26657:Propertius 26552:Lactantius 26502:Fulgentius 26437:Censorinus 26259:Sanitation 26244:Metallurgy 26201:Technology 26166:Demography 26114:Patricians 26081:Spectacles 26039:Literature 26034:Hairstyles 25871:Technology 25621:Praefectus 25573:Government 25563:Litigation 25548:Auctoritas 25493:Centuriate 25380:Principate 25375:Pax Romana 25335:Foundation 24972:and other 24951:and other 24645:Pontecorvo 24603:Monarchies 24589:Subalpinia 24554:Cispadania 24549:Cisalpinia 24531:Napoleonic 24238:(774–1139) 24150:(697–1797) 23852:(754–1870) 23814:(584–751) 23762:(568–774) 23314:Portuguese 23195:Revival Le 23185:Vietnamese 22828:Later Tran 22798:Vietnamese 22694:Singhasari 22682:Holy Roman 22306:Bulgarian 22242:Satavahana 22213:Phoenician 22149:Achaemenid 22110:Indo-Greek 22090:Macedonian 22004:Babylonian 21857:Third Rome 21783:University 21766:Philosophy 21756:Inventions 21619:Historians 21587:Literature 21570:Varangians 21412:San Vitale 21341:Hippodrome 21321:City Walls 21221:Mutilation 21216:Hexabiblos 21136:Bogomilism 21126:Iconoclasm 20996:Megas doux 20986:Greek fire 20969:Aegean Sea 20842:Kleisourai 20819:Excubitors 20809:Bucellarii 20661:Despotates 20630:Kleisourai 20569:Provincial 20413:Coronation 20387:Governance 20152:Doukid era 20085:Leonid era 19180:: 119–164. 18822:Jaine, Tom 18597:2268/35932 17209:30 January 17031:2 February 15619:dx.doi.org 14883:The Monist 14776:Béhar 1999 14721:Poppe 1991 14649:Clark 2000 14580:, p. 14407:Brown 2008 14323:Louth 2008 14299:Cross 2001 14215:Adams 2021 14191:Olson 1999 14179:Drake 2007 14167:Brown 1976 14138:Brown 1976 14060:Drake 2007 13928:Bundy 2007 13559:Diehl 1948 13467:23 October 13204:23 October 12978:Evans 2004 12934:Louth 2008 12660:Pars Times 12510:Bryer 2008 12181:Nicol 1993 12157:Jones 1986 12003:Pei, Mario 11862:Bryce 1901 11365:(2): 237. 11221:Lavan 2016 11185:Jones 1986 10833:Lavan 2016 10821:Beard 2015 10552:Pryor 2017 10548:Pryor 2002 10497:(2): 240. 10473:Pryor 2002 10457:Pryor 2017 10453:Pryor 2002 10412:Pryor 2017 10408:Pryor 2002 10356:Pryor 2002 9883:Stein 1999 9767:Stein 1999 9747:Stein 1999 9683:Nicol 1988 9606:Stein 1999 9582:Stein 1999 9562:Stein 1999 9530:Stein 1999 9510:Stein 1999 9494:Stein 1999 9207:Zhang 2023 9131:Louth 2005 9115:Louth 2005 9103:Nicol 1988 9091:Nicol 1988 9047:Nicol 1988 8947:Tuori 2016 8935:Tuori 2016 8892:(4): 358. 8845:(3): 444. 8806:Nicol 1988 8284:, p. 7828:, p. 7350:Kaegi 2009 6214:Themistius 6145:References 6017:, painted 5995:See also: 5981:Third Rome 5971:, meaning 5902:Monemvasia 5771:Patriarchs 5757:, Istanbul 5659:and other 5645:Greek fire 5630:Greek fire 5588: 850 5581: 530 5574:Archimedes 5528:Archimedes 5496:See also: 5432:See also: 5349:, and the 5339:πλαγίαυλος 5335:plagiaulos 5303:pipe organ 5299:Hippodrome 5251:) and the 5221:, Florence 5214:bowed lyra 5141:See also: 5070:tragedians 4968:vernacular 4925:Literature 4892:Surviving 4880:, Germany) 4872:workshop; 4779:Literature 4667:, Austria) 4570:pendentive 4423:backgammon 4407: 530 4386:A game of 4372:See also: 4368:Recreation 4334:Monemvasia 4320:(known as 4258:Daily life 4230:modalities 4147:gold mines 4031:Historian 3988:Punic Wars 3781:Theodosius 3770:Diocletian 3711:quadrivium 3668:Diocletian 3656:Demography 3574:Greek fire 3544:Aegean Sea 3540:Cibirriote 3494:Varangians 3405:firesteels 3315:Hexabiblos 3311:Common law 3302:Hexabiblos 3280:iconoclasm 3268:Procheiron 3222:public law 3117:Limitrophe 3034:Theophilos 2995:See also: 2915:See also: 2911:Governance 2902: 950 2878: 750 2854:Government 2848:Aegean sea 2715:Singidunum 2439:encyclical 2212:accident. 2116:See also: 2101:pilgrimage 1996:See also: 1980:Mosaic of 1970:See also: 1940:Alp Arslan 1921:Kekaumenos 1676: 867 1624:Theophilos 1566:Artabasdos 1505:See also: 1460:a reversal 1441:Greek fire 1374:Khosrow II 1352:Khosrow II 1216:Belisarius 1167:Belisarius 1124:See also: 839:Diocletian 823:an emperor 795:Diocletian 789:under the 757: 500 747: 300 650:See also: 593:Asia Minor 477:Pax Romana 397:hyperpyron 366:12,000,000 346:26,000,000 336:16,000,000 322:Population 148:Government 135:Demonym(s) 27493:Feudalism 27464:Catalonia 27191:Quaestors 27121:Empresses 27111:Dynasties 27101:Dictators 27076:and other 27065:Volubilis 27060:Vindobona 27020:Londinium 26945:Theodoret 26915:Procopius 26895:Polyaenus 26870:Pausanias 26772:Vitruvius 26717:Symmachus 26712:Suetonius 26622:Petronius 26607:Obsequens 26572:Macrobius 26567:Lucretius 26492:Frontinus 26467:Eutropius 26452:Columella 26402:Augustine 26392:Appuleius 26340:Neo-Latin 26315:Classical 26306:Versions 26214:Aqueducts 26156:Patronage 26076:Sexuality 26049:Mythology 26024:Education 26014:Cosmetics 25839:Campaigns 25834:Structure 25787:Decemviri 25646:Imperator 25345:overthrow 25163:Chaldeans 25080:Phoenicia 25018:Karduniaš 24620:Guastalla 24610:Benevento 24542:Republics 24397:Judicates 24245:Byzantine 23902:and other 23840:(585–698) 23832:(554–752) 23826:(554–752) 23820:(533–751) 23805:(584–751) 23756:(435–534) 23750:(493–553) 23744:(476–493) 23735:(476–774) 23669:Iapygians 23307:Couronian 22945:Ethiopian 22933:Manchukuo 22888:Brazilian 22734:Ghaznavid 22704:Srivijaya 22655:Trebizond 22640:Byzantine 22622:North Sea 22617:Norwegian 22605:Almoravid 22588:Ilkhanate 22558:Majapahit 22531:Muromachi 22440:Solomonic 22425:Ethiopian 22339:Caliphate 22272:Aragonese 22100:Ptolemaic 21685:Octoechos 21565:Silk Road 21057:Hesychasm 20925:Paramonai 20872:Hetaireia 20804:Foederati 20693:Diplomacy 20688:Diplomats 20594:Provinces 20423:Empresses 20226:Trebizond 20022:Preceding 19647:1 January 19629:2398-3264 19353:0307-0131 19221:0075-4358 18816:Dolmathon 18649:1720-9331 18490:(2000) . 18459:18 August 18417:1754-517X 18223:1105-1639 17980:: 25–51. 17932:144773343 17924:1569-2981 17848:250246026 17561:(2002a). 17491:Study.com 17438:0031-2746 17320:(2002a). 17196:0070-7546 17021:161817885 17005:0009-6407 16651:170769034 16416:490034792 16027:155065665 15632:26 August 15140:0378-2506 15128:Byzantion 15115:163212104 15060:Ash, John 14924:0070-7546 14563:2 October 14287:Löhr 2007 14275:Sabo 2018 14203:Lieu 2007 14096:Hall 2007 13419:0073-0688 13021:Rice 1968 12970:Rice 1968 12958:Rice 1968 12465:Faas 2005 12449:Faas 2005 12084:0017-1298 11817:258920619 11395:160720781 11379:0018-2311 11312:9 January 11302:1055-7660 11047:16 August 10967:0009-8388 10928:1055-7660 10880:1055-7660 10511:0307-0131 10002:Pozo 2021 9978:Pozo 2021 9958:Pozo 2021 9937:0038-7134 9848:2312-3605 9809:24 August 9028:15 August 8986:15 August 8898:0009-8353 8859:0022-5037 8760:0065-1141 8721:0070-7546 8424:Kean 2006 7934:Read 2000 6285:Citations 6172:romanized 5657:astronomy 5459:Komnenian 5404:Tambouras 5392:Parkapzuk 5386:, Cretan 5377:Tsampouna 5239:(organ), 5123:Bessarion 5109:Chivalric 5097:mysticism 5011:Procopius 4983:Hellenism 4970:based on 4960:diglossic 4946:from the 4907:sculpture 4862:amethysts 4754:Diplomacy 4591:alabaster 4427:tzykanion 4392:Byzantine 4211:Palestine 4203:Sassanids 4068:Heraclius 4037:diglossic 3934:, Egypt, 3785:Justinian 3686:Education 3632:pronoiars 3627:Gasmouloi 3595:called a 3559:chelandia 3531:Venetians 3436:limitanei 3218:civil law 3148:Roman law 3087:John VIII 3065:oikouménē 3038:Al-Ma'mun 2985:Diplomacy 2964:strategos 2828:Macedonia 2739:Palestine 2691:Geography 2661:Gallipoli 2488:Alexios V 2429:In 1198, 2384:Trebizond 2209:Holy Land 2130:from the 2087:with the 2048:Pechenegs 2024:Alexios I 1982:Alexios I 1888:in 1068. 1776:in 1071. 1754:Romanos I 1681:Basil I ( 1313:Heraclius 1262:Justin II 1253:, as the 1231:Khosrow I 1159:Justinian 1095:Theodoric 1091:Ostrogoth 1019:heretical 1004:Anthemius 867:Byzantium 850:Tetrarchy 791:Tetrarchy 691:Byzantium 684:Byzantion 450:Byzantium 376:2,000,000 356:7,000,000 262:Alexios I 226:Heraclius 152:Autocracy 140:Byzantine 119:Religion 27732:See also 27703:Cold War 27498:Crusades 27468:Valencia 27196:Tribunes 27186:Praetors 27136:Generals 27116:Emperors 27025:Lugdunum 27010:Eboracum 27000:Carthage 26985:Aquileia 26900:Polybius 26890:Plutarch 26860:Libanius 26850:Josephus 26845:Herodian 26737:Tibullus 26652:Priscian 26627:Phaedrus 26587:Manilius 26532:Jordanes 26517:Hydatius 26447:Claudian 26427:Catullus 26417:Boëthius 26412:Ausonius 26330:Medieval 26302:Alphabet 26274:Theatres 26249:Numerals 26234:Concrete 26224:Circuses 26191:Bagaudae 26181:Adoption 26176:Marriage 26149:Assembly 26054:Religion 26029:Folklore 26009:Clothing 26004:Calendar 25961:Currency 25951:Commerce 25849:Strategy 25811:Military 25797:Triumvir 25777:Dictator 25772:Interrex 25751:Governor 25736:Quaestor 25699:Ordinary 25681:Province 25671:Tetrarch 25661:Augustus 25626:Vicarius 25616:Officium 25553:Imperium 25503:Plebeian 25463:Republic 25385:Dominate 25352:Republic 25313:Timeline 25104:Arameans 25098:Damascus 25069:Arameans 25023:Kassites 25011:Hurrians 24579:Piedmont 24429:Oristano 24422:Logudoro 24412:Cagliari 24387:Sardinia 24120:Piedmont 23869:Holy See 23720:Medieval 23674:Picentes 23617:Samnites 23287:Japanese 23250:Scottish 23230:American 23222:Colonial 23151:Imperial 23119:Moroccan 23055:Japanese 23033:Afsharid 22892:Burmese 22878:Austrian 22833:Later Le 22808:Early Le 22793:Venetian 22719:Tiwanaku 22632:Hellenic 22595:Moroccan 22526:Kamakura 22516:Japanese 22499:Saffarid 22452:Georgian 22366:Chalukya 22344:Rashidun 22334:Calakmul 22302:Bruneian 22181:Haryanka 22159:Sasanian 22154:Parthian 22105:Bactrian 22095:Seleucid 22075:Goguryeo 22053:Egyptian 21987:Assyrian 21977:Akkadian 21968:Colonies 21778:Scholars 21771:Rhetoric 21761:Medicine 21736:Learning 21635:Calendar 21512:Painters 21211:Basilika 21149:Bulgaria 21111:Arianism 21062:Hayhurum 21039:Religion 21001:Admirals 20920:Allagion 20852:Droungos 20758:Generals 20720:Military 20683:Treaties 20589:Dioceses 20408:Emperors 20321:Sardinia 20301:Dalmatia 20281:Bulgaria 20271:Anatolia 20230:Theodoro 20224: / 20220: / 20212: / 19927:Archived 19902:Archived 19857:Archived 19680:The Icon 19678:(1982). 19641:Archived 19637:43767621 19615:(1998). 19597:Archived 19579:(1971). 19427:(1997). 19258:(1999). 19161:41524218 18937:(1967). 18897:Archived 18876:(1953). 18755:(1990). 18653:Archived 18612:Archived 18553:(1993). 18512:(1968). 18355:(1925). 18255:(1969). 18233:(1999). 18207:: 9–22. 18195:(1999). 18173:(1994). 18155:Archived 18118:(1998). 18042:Archived 17995:(1988). 17982:Archived 17895:(2006). 17814:(1907). 17790:(2006). 17763:(1979). 17753:81252739 17619:50270189 17539:(2005). 17495:Archived 17395:(2007). 17302:Archived 17284:(1992). 17156:Language 17043:(1990). 17025:Archived 16941:(eds.). 16914:Archived 16866:(2007). 16852:(1986). 16764:Archived 16728:Archived 16661:(2024). 16605:(1996). 16486:(2014). 16476:26362608 16443:11 April 16437:Archived 16301:(2010). 16264:Archived 16246:(1999). 16217:30586375 16176:PLOS One 16154:Archived 16094:(2004). 16084:27621785 15982:Archived 15946:Archived 15579:Archived 15473:(2017). 15459:(1910). 15437:(1901). 15423:(eds.). 15375:: 1–24. 15320:(1978). 15236:(2014). 15187:(1996). 15169:Archived 15151:(2015). 15062:(1995). 15021:(1887). 14942:(1997). 14854:Archived 14837:(1928). 14815:(1976). 14597:(2004). 14557:Archived 13867:(1999). 13843:Archived 13807:(1992). 13777:(1992). 13750:Archived 13738:(2018). 13719:Archived 13652:Archived 13461:Archived 13405:: 1–60. 13382:Archived 13347:Archived 13322:Archived 13291:Archived 13289:. 2009. 13247:Archived 13198:Archived 13000:Archived 12761:64273966 12726:Archived 12664:Archived 12566:Archived 12445:Ash 1995 12425:Ash 1995 12404:Archived 12120:(1933). 12096:Archived 12092:41219881 11945:(2009). 11821:Archived 11787:(2023). 11754:(1916). 11387:27809564 11306:Archived 10889:(2011). 10796:(1990). 9945:26845546 9917:Speculum 8829:(1958). 8768:24595080 8540:Archived 8522:(1964). 8390:Speculum 8314:Archived 8175:Day 1977 7877:Archived 7810:Archived 7745:Archived 7721:(2018). 6263:Arianism 6178:Rhōmaîoi 6098:See also 5949:Ivan III 5923:Perateia 5680:Religion 5634:caltrops 5576:' works 5520:basilica 5400:Kanonaki 5375:, Greek 5359:wineskin 5351:askaulos 5291:lijerica 5241:shilyani 5187:Maryamin 4999:rhetoric 4991:Paganism 4966:, and a 4858:sapphire 4784:Medicine 4729:Calendar 4647:, Italy) 4611:Istanbul 4605:and the 4582:coffered 4574:basilica 4541:Istanbul 4439:Tatikios 4400:Agathias 4394:emperor 4330:Malvasia 4326:tiropita 4314:pastirma 4263:Clothing 4184:, London 4110:Thracian 4106:Illyrian 4102:Georgian 4098:Armenian 4094:Slavonic 4051:) until 4043:(later, 4000:Arcadius 3960:Anatolia 3893:Language 3859:hedonism 3855:Theodora 3827:Honorius 3796:such as 3411:Military 3391:Komnenoi 3296:Basilika 3272:Eisagoge 3270:and the 3176:and the 3171:Codices 3095:Florence 3013:and the 2844:Caesarea 2830:and the 2804:and the 2798:Anatolia 2792:and the 2790:Rhodopes 2774:Anatolia 2719:Belgrade 2717:(modern 2665:Ottomans 2555:de facto 2547:Georgian 2543:Komnenos 2530:and the 2455:Dalmatia 2225:invasion 2197:Melitene 2044:Thessaly 1956:Bithynia 1878:Calabria 1797:Calabria 1787:in 1204. 1761:Basil II 1746:Nicholas 1710:Basilika 1690:defeated 1653:867–1081 1639:Theodora 1590:Lombards 1402:of Egypt 1273:Lombards 1157:Emperor 1066:deposed 985:Arianism 973:Eugenius 929:in 378. 905:against 897:in 312. 893:, which 817:, while 809:BC, the 573:Isaurian 563:—to the 506:. Under 424:and the 393:denarius 385:Currency 274:Manuel I 250:Basil II 127:official 87:Istanbul 61:in pink) 38:330–1453 27803:Portals 27573:Baroque 27472:Majorca 27384:Francia 27166:Legions 27126:Fiction 27096:Consuls 27091:Climate 27045:Ravenna 27040:Pompeii 27030:Lutetia 26995:Bononia 26990:Berytus 26980:Antioch 26955:Zosimus 26950:Zonaras 26925:Sozomen 26910:Priscus 26885:Photius 26727:Terence 26722:Tacitus 26707:Statius 26692:Servius 26677:Sallust 26632:Plautus 26612:Orosius 26592:Martial 26547:Juvenal 26522:Hyginus 26507:Gellius 26366:Writers 26297:History 26279:Thermae 26269:Temples 26219:Bridges 26186:Slavery 26134:Equites 26106:Society 26086:Theatre 26059:Deities 26019:Cuisine 25999:Bathing 25981:Culture 25956:Finance 25933:Economy 25824:Borders 25819:History 25721:Tribune 25716:Praetor 25606:Legatus 25601:Emperor 25488:Curiate 25458:Kingdom 25453:History 25429:History 25412:decline 25370:History 25340:Kingdom 25323:History 25308:Outline 25006:Mitanni 24974:Amorite 24953:Amorite 24927:Gutians 24660:Corsica 24650:Tuscany 24615:Etruria 24564:Liguria 24417:Gallura 24407:Arborea 24323:Lombard 24023:Tuscany 24013:Trieste 23649:Ligures 23610:Etruria 23354:largest 23349:Empires 23329:Swedish 23324:Spanish 23319:Russian 23282:Italian 23257:Chinese 23245:English 23240:British 23235:Belgian 23210:Vietnam 23200:Tay son 23146:Tsarist 23141:Russian 23136:Ottoman 23102:Dzungar 23097:Khoshut 23070:Mexican 23065:Maratha 23048:Pahlavi 23028:Safavid 23023:Iranian 22950:Haitian 22913:Chinese 22873:Ashanti 22845:Wagadou 22771:Eastern 22766:Western 22749:Timurid 22709:Tibetan 22699:Songhai 22689:Serbian 22610:Almohad 22600:Idrisid 22504:Samanid 22494:Tahirid 22489:Iranian 22467:Kannauj 22447:Genoese 22383:Chinese 22376:Eastern 22371:Western 22359:Fatimid 22354:Abbasid 22349:Umayyad 22322:Burmese 22282:Ayyubid 22277:Angevin 22247:Xianbei 22235:Eastern 22230:Western 22176:Magadha 22139:Iranian 22132:Xiongnu 22117:Hittite 22026:Chinese 22014:Kassite 21963:Ancient 21955:Empires 21887:Outline 21832:Museums 21732:Science 21709:Slavery 21665:Gardens 21645:Cuisine 21577:Dynatoi 21545:Coinage 21532:Economy 21500:Mosaics 21463:Mystras 21404:Ravenna 21266:Secular 21154:Moravia 20903:Pronoia 20877:Akritai 20862:Tagmata 20837:Themata 20778:Revolts 20748:Battles 20656:Kephale 20625:Themata 20555:Mesazon 20397:Central 20333:Maghreb 20286:Corsica 20276:Armenia 20266:Albania 20009:History 19841:at the 19782:26 July 19746:26 July 19603:25 June 19386:(ed.). 19149:Latomus 18866:4436297 18832:184–187 18824:(ed.). 18576:(ed.). 18161:25 June 18003:(ed.). 17517:(ed.). 17501:21 June 17308:25 June 17204:1291623 17075:(ed.). 17013:4146526 16770:25 June 16687:(ed.). 16270:21 June 16208:6306252 16185:Bibcode 16160:20 June 16053:1058121 16019:2118759 15988:20 June 15952:25 June 15563:(ed.). 14932:1291170 14845:Alexiad 14786:Sources 14497:(ed.). 13849:1 March 13756:8 March 13742:(ed.). 13658:1 March 12572:25 June 12541:25 June 8906:3298499 8867:2708049 8833:(ed.). 8729:1291527 8546:19 July 8411:2846872 7955:Alexiad 6277:entity. 6174:: 6167:Ῥωμαῖοι 6056:in the 5961:Ivan IV 5953:Muscovy 5838:Karaite 5826:Judaism 5545:and to 5541:to the 5416:Crotala 5408:Salpinx 5368:dankiyo 5353:(ἀσκός 5343:πλάγιος 5341:, from 5274: 5257:bagpipe 5253:salandj 5015:miracle 4886:Leo III 4854:emerald 4850:Collier 4799:Science 4769:Gardens 4764:Economy 4744:Cuisine 4739:Coinage 4645:Ravenna 4586:mosaics 4467:Russati 4463:Prasini 4451:Ephesus 4346:Retsina 4318:baklava 4298:Cuisine 4288:printed 4252:coinage 4170:solidus 4168:Golden 4120:Economy 3964:Demotic 3948:, Rome) 3928:psalter 3847:coloni, 3808:Slavery 3707:trivium 3651:Society 3636:Genoese 3601:dromons 3578:Basil I 3535:Genoans 3505:pronoia 3501:tagmata 3486:tagmata 3482:tourmai 3456:themata 3353:Chi Rho 3349:Labarum 3260:Ecloga, 3160:Jurists 3097:in 1438 3091:Ferrara 2959:themata 2794:Balkans 2731:Balkans 2576:Osman I 2568:beyliks 2551:Chaldia 2540:Alexios 2435:legates 2282:Genoese 2233:Raynald 2201:Cilicia 2040:Larissa 1929:Seljuks 1886:Otranto 1858:Normans 1831:tagmata 1825:τάγματα 1809:Antioch 1716:Tactica 1647:Basil I 1588:to the 1586:Ravenna 1539:(right) 1533:Leo III 1529:solidus 1501:718–867 1491:Leo III 1464:Bulgars 1356:Bottom: 1311:led by 1285:Maurice 1239:Antioch 1233:of the 1175:Mosaics 1120:518–717 1064:Odoacer 1041:tribute 1037:Balkans 925:at the 901:fought 720:History 701:Romanía 667:Romaioi 587:at the 440:to the 420:during 389:Solidus 238:Leo III 79:Capital 59:vassals 27853:Greece 27460:Aragon 27439:Amalfi 27424:Venice 27412:Second 27176:Nomina 27161:Legacy 27141:Gentes 27078:topics 27074:Lists 27055:Smyrna 26935:Strabo 26865:Lucian 26855:Julian 26805:Arrian 26800:Appian 26790:Aelian 26767:Vergil 26542:Justin 26527:Jerome 26512:Horace 26497:Fronto 26487:Florus 26462:Ennius 26442:Cicero 26422:Caesar 26320:Vulgar 26144:Tribes 26071:Romans 25881:Legion 25864:castra 25741:Aedile 25711:Censor 25706:Consul 25666:Caesar 25636:Lictor 25558:Status 25498:Tribal 25478:Senate 25468:Empire 25362:Empire 25298:topics 24726:(1848) 24720:(1831) 24675:states 24640:Naples 24350:Norman 24157:Dogado 24028:Verona 23993:Mantua 23988:Istria 23968:Finale 23958:Ancona 23906:states 23726:states 23644:Veneti 23622:Latins 23292:Mongol 23277:German 23272:French 23262:Danish 23205:Dainam 23180:Tongan 23168:Somali 23163:Sokoto 23129:'Alawi 23107:Kalmyk 23087:Mongol 23080:Second 23060:Korean 23011:Mughal 23001:Indian 22984:German 22977:Second 22967:French 22960:Second 22896:Second 22868:Afghan 22860:Modern 22786:Kyrgyz 22781:Uighur 22776:Second 22756:Turkic 22724:Toltec 22660:Epirus 22645:Nicaea 22568:Mongol 22521:Yamato 22457:Huetar 22315:Second 22252:Rouran 22201:Shunga 22196:Maurya 22171:Kushan 22144:Median 22122:Hunnic 22080:Harsha 21897:Portal 21812:Impact 21692:People 21640:Cities 21490:Enamel 21271:Sacred 21206:Ecloga 21072:Saints 20981:Dromon 20857:Bandon 20847:Tourma 20830:Middle 20753:Beacon 20635:Bandon 20618:Middle 20487:Middle 20442:Senate 20365:Thrace 20348:Serbia 20326:Sicily 20311:Greece 20296:Cyprus 20214:Epirus 20210:Nicaea 20120:Middle 19997:topics 19801:about 19773: 19737: 19705: 19686: 19664: 19635: 19627: 19589: 19565: 19546: 19493: 19464: 19441: 19413: 19394: 19368: 19351: 19316: 19295: 19276: 19244: 19229:301038 19227: 19219: 19209: 19159: 19056: 18964: 18945: 18923: 18906:9 June 18889: 18864: 18838: 18801: 18782: 18763: 18743: 18733: 18706: 18680: 18647: 18604: 18561: 18539: 18522: 18498: 18476: 18452: 18442: 18415: 18305: 18286: 18267: 18241: 18221: 18181: 18147: 18126: 18069: 18034: 18013: 17954: 17930: 17922: 17870: 17846: 17840:624442 17838: 17800: 17776: 17751: 17741: 17720: 17701: 17617: 17607: 17569: 17547: 17525: 17474: 17453: 17436: 17405: 17376: 17335: 17294: 17249: 17230: 17202: 17194: 17159:". In 17139: 17115: 17083: 17053: 17019: 17011: 17003: 16968: 16949: 16893: 16874: 16838: 16797: 16756: 16734:9 June 16705: 16695: 16669: 16649: 16615: 16590: 16569: 16559: 16532: 16513: 16494: 16474: 16414: 16385: 16354: 16331: 16309: 16287: 16256: 16232: 16215: 16205: 16146: 16125: 16106: 16082: 16051: 16025: 16017: 15974: 15938: 15780: 15761: 15740: 15649: 15602: 15571: 15544: 15525: 15481: 15445: 15400: 15353: 15334: 15306: 15287: 15268: 15246: 15218: 15195: 15161: 15138: 15113: 15107:626864 15105: 15074: 15048: 15029: 14972: 14950: 14930: 14922: 14860:18 May 14823: 14632: 14605: 14549: 14515: 13875: 13817: 13787: 13535: 13498: 13453: 13427:310399 13425: 13417: 13379:p. 327 13373: 13297:2 June 13281:"lira" 13190: 12881: 12832: 12807: 12782: 12759: 12701: 12493: 12378: 12090: 12082: 12064:Glotta 12013: 11953: 11815: 11805: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11300: 11108: 11038: 10965: 10926: 10905: 10878: 10857: 10804: 10772: 10750: 10509: 10436: 10082:: 412. 9943: 9935: 9846: 9800: 9019: 8977: 8904: 8896: 8865: 8857: 8789: 8766: 8758: 8754:: 18. 8727: 8719: 8707:: 29. 8532: 8409: 7737: 6092:Caesar 5973:caesar 5881:: the 5845:Legacy 5697:, and 5504:, and 5467:mosaic 5451:Nerezi 5412:Syrinx 5396:Cimpoi 5381:Pontic 5363:Zourna 5319:Aachen 5237:urghun 5181:, and 4993:. The 4899:fresco 4878:Berlin 4866:pearls 4794:People 4734:Cities 4665:Vienna 4568:, and 4562:Russia 4471:Albati 4459:Veneti 4455:Athens 4453:, and 4447:Sparta 4354:Otto I 4237:guilds 4201:, and 4114:Celtic 4112:, and 4090:Coptic 4086:Syriac 4004: 4002:in 397 3992: 3968:Pontic 3822:coloni 3731: 3698:, and 3597:galeai 3593:dromon 3589:dromon 3555:dromon 3428:, and 3276:Ecloga 3251:Ecloga 3119:system 2932:senate 2923:, and 2895:themes 2871:themes 2836:Edirne 2806:Taurus 2800:, the 2788:, the 2784:, the 2782:Pindos 2778:Danube 2767:Crimea 2763:Sicily 2759:Cyprus 2749:; the 2707:Turkey 2703:Greece 2595:Epirus 2572:ghazis 2447:Venice 2425:(1840) 2406:, and 2376:Vlachs 2175:, the 2128:mosaic 2030:, who 1960:Nicaea 1937:Sultan 1894:Apulia 1874:Reggio 1864:, the 1843:Edessa 1805:Cyprus 1698:Leo VI 1557:Ecloga 1517:, and 1404:, and 1392:. The 1378:Levant 1372:Under 1301:Phocas 1297:Danube 1247:Totila 1222:; the 1218:, who 1029:Attila 945: 939: 923:Valens 911:Julian 833:until 825:. The 807: 775:, and 750: 678:Graeci 662:Romans 547:and a 543:. The 452:, the 434: 395:, and 163: 27946:Texts 27912:Media 27429:Genoa 27407:First 26840:Galen 26782:Greek 26752:Varro 26562:Lucan 26374:Latin 26289:Latin 26264:Ships 26254:Roads 26239:Domes 26171:Women 26119:Plebs 26044:Music 25586:Forum 25581:Curia 25240:Syria 25116:Chal- 25094:Aram- 24969:Larsa 24776:Post- 24625:Italy 24569:Lucca 24559:Italy 24110:Savoy 24018:Turin 23998:Milan 23983:Ivrea 23659:Umbri 23632:Celts 23342:Lists 23297:Omani 23267:Dutch 23173:Isaaq 23124:Saadi 23092:Oirat 23075:First 23043:Qajar 22972:First 22955:First 22928:China 22901:Third 22761:First 22714:Tikal 22665:Morea 22635:Roman 22553:Latin 22548:Khmer 22543:Kanem 22509:Buyid 22435:Zagwe 22430:Aksum 22420:Chola 22327:First 22310:First 22297:Bornu 22292:Benin 22287:Aztec 22225:Roman 22206:Gupta 22191:Nanda 22127:White 21882:Index 21714:Death 21704:Women 21675:Music 21655:Dress 21650:Dance 21595:Novel 21555:Trade 21550:Mints 21495:Glass 21485:Icons 21281:Domes 21159:Serbs 20974:Samos 20787:Early 20577:Early 20451:Early 20360:Syria 20338:Malta 20316:Italy 20306:Egypt 20291:Crete 20222:Morea 20051:Early 19633:JSTOR 19526:(PDF) 19511:(PDF) 19456:[ 19225:JSTOR 19157:JSTOR 18900:(PDF) 18883:(PDF) 18862:JSTOR 18820:. In 18741:JSTOR 18524:39485 18450:JSTOR 18403:(0). 18361:[ 17999:. In 17985:(PDF) 17970:(PDF) 17939:(PDF) 17928:S2CID 17900:(PDF) 17844:S2CID 17836:JSTOR 17770:(PDF) 17346:(PDF) 17325:(PDF) 17200:JSTOR 17094:(PDF) 17071:. In 17069:(PDF) 17017:S2CID 17009:JSTOR 16703:JSTOR 16647:S2CID 16567:JSTOR 16472:JSTOR 16406:[ 16080:JSTOR 16023:S2CID 16015:JSTOR 15559:. In 15517:[ 15415:. In 15326:[ 15210:[ 15111:S2CID 15103:JSTOR 14928:JSTOR 13423:JSTOR 13344:p. 44 12751:[ 12088:JSTOR 11813:S2CID 11391:S2CID 11383:JSTOR 10849:[ 9941:JSTOR 8902:JSTOR 8863:JSTOR 8764:JSTOR 8725:JSTOR 8407:JSTOR 7725:. In 6150:Notes 5967:, or 5936:) as 5911:David 5384:Tulum 5373:Gaida 5355:askos 5347:flute 5331:duduk 5323:aulos 5191:Syria 5179:aulos 5175:organ 5137:Music 5127:vices 5062:Homer 4789:Music 4759:Dress 4749:Dance 4639:3 m; 4566:domes 4415:tavli 4362:umami 4358:murri 4332:from 4310:garos 4248:silks 4207:Syria 4199:Avars 4195:Slavs 4159:Italy 4151:Egypt 4053:Koine 4041:Koine 4012:Leo I 3873:Women 3723:Greek 3548:Samos 3490:tagma 3076:] 2840:Sofia 2755:Crete 2747:Libya 2743:Egypt 2735:Syria 2709:with 2443:Egypt 2421:, by 2140:Jesus 2097:Cross 2036:Corfu 1601:Irene 1527:Gold 1277:Avars 1171:right 1093:king 1049:Leo I 983:over 965:Goths 869:as a 801:In a 561:Syria 557:Egypt 462:Latin 458:Greek 143:Roman 105:Greek 101:Latin 57:(its 27434:Pisa 27156:Laws 27131:Film 27050:Roma 26617:Ovid 26557:Livy 26325:Late 26139:Gens 26096:Wine 25908:Navy 25876:Army 25515:SPQR 25417:fall 25395:fall 25192:and 24965:Isin 24948:Mari 24655:Elba 24584:Rome 24533:eras 24529:and 24502:Gozo 24301:Arab 24284:and 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