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3861:, the self-proclaimed president of the World Federation of the Cossack National Liberation Movement of Cossackia, who enjoyed a prominence in New York as the organizer of the annual Captive Nations parade held every July. In 1978, Nazarenko dressed in his Don Cossack uniform led the Captive Days day parade in New York city, and told a journalist: "Cossackia is a nation of 10 million people. In 1923 the Russians officially abolished Cossackia as a nation. Officially, it no longer exists...America should not spend billions supporting the Soviets with trade. We don't have to be afraid of the Russian army because half of it is made up of Captive Nations. They can never trust the rank and file". The journalist Hal McKenzie described Nazarenko as having "cut a striking figure with his white fur cap, calf-length coat with long silver-sheathed dagger and ornamental silver cartridge cases on his chest". Nazarenko was also the president of Cossack American Republican National Federation, which in turn was part of the National Republican Heritage Groups Council, and he attracted much controversy in the 1980s owing to his wartime career and certain statements he made about Jews. The American journalist Christoper Simpson in his 1988 book
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Russian-Chinese border. The police forces of the
Russian Empire, especially in rural areas, were undermanned owing to the low wages while the officers of the Imperial Russian Army hated having their units deployed to put down domestic unrest, which was viewed as destructive towards morale and possibly a source of mutiny. For the government, deploying Cossacks as a para-military police force was the best solution as the Cossacks were viewed as one of the social groups most loyal to the House of Romanov while their isolation from local populations was felt to make them immune to revolutionary appeals. Traditionally, Cossacks were viewed in Russia as dashing, romantic horsemen with a rebellious and wild aura about them, but their deployment as a mounted police force gave them a "novel" image as a rather violent and thuggish police force fiercely committed to upholding the social order. This change from an irregular cavalry force that fought against the enemies of Russia such as the Ottoman Empire and France to a mounted police force deployed against the subjects of the empire caused much disquiet within the Cossack Hosts as it was contrary to the heroic ethos of frontier warfare that the Cossacks cherished.
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3013:. The shah very much liked the colorful uniforms of the Cossacks and Domantovich devised uniforms for one regiment of the brigade based on the uniforms of the Kuban Cossack Host and another regiment had its uniform based on the Terek Cossack Host. The uniforms of the Cossacks were based on the flamboyant costumes of the peoples of the Caucasus, and what in Russia were viewed as exotic and colorful uniforms were viewed in Iran as a symbol of Russianness. Nasir al-Din, who was widely regarded as a deeply superficial and shallow man, was not interested in having his Cossack Brigade be an effective military force, and for him merely seeing his brigade ride before him while dressed in their brightly colored uniforms was quite enough. Over the shah's indifference, Domantovich and his Cossacks worked hard on training the Cossack Brigade, which became the only disciplined unit in the entire Persian Army, and thus of considerable importance in maintaining the shah's authority.
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to the shah. The
Persian Cossack Brigade had not been paid for months and proved to be dubious loyalty to the House of Qajar during the Constructional revolution while its Russian officers were uncertain what to do with Russia itself in revolution. Liakhov, a vigorous, able, and reactionary officer firmly committed to upholding absolute monarchies whatever in Russia or Iran, transformed the Persian Cossack Brigade into a mounted para-military police force rather than as a combat force. Liakhov was close to the new Shah, Mohammed Ali, who ascended to the Peacock Throne in January 1907, and it was due to the shah's patronage that Liakhov transformed the Persian Cossack Brigade into the main bulwark of the Iranian state. In June 1908, Liakhov led the Cossack Brigade in bombarding the
1527:
1712:) were isolated from those who were excluded from the register, and from the Zaporizhian Host. This, together with intensified socioeconomic and national-religious oppression of the other classes in Ukrainian society, led to many Cossack uprisings in the 1630s. The nobility, which had obtained legal ownership of vast expanses of land on the Dnipro from the Polish kings, attempted to impose feudal dependency on the local population. Landowners utilized the locals in war, by raising the Cossack registry in times of hostility, and then radically decreasing it and forcing the Cossacks back into serfdom in times of peace. This institutionalized method of control bred discontent among the Cossacks. By the end of the 16th century, they began to revolt, in the uprisings of
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2792:, implementing democratic rule and releasing peasants from slavery as they went. Razin envisioned a united Cossack republic throughout the southern steppe, in which the towns and villages would operate under the democratic, Cossack style of government. Their sieges often took place in the runaway peasant Cossacks' old towns, leading them to wreak havoc there and take revenge on their old masters. The elder Cossacks began to see the rebels' advance as a problem, and in 1671 decided to comply with the government in order to receive more subsidies. On April 14, ataman Yakovlev led elders to destroy the rebel camp. They captured Razin, taking him soon afterward to Moscow to be executed.
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land, and townsmen were forced to take on their fathers' occupations. The increased tax burden fell mainly on the peasants, further widening the gap between the poor and wealthy. Human and material resources became limited as the government organized more military expeditions, putting even greater strain on the peasants. War with Poland and Sweden in 1662 led to a fiscal crisis, and rioting across the country. Taxes, harsh conditions, and the gap between social classes drove peasants and serfs to flee. Many went to the
Cossacks, knowing that the Cossacks would accept refugees and free them.
2453:) was either an independent or an autonomous democratic republic, located in present-day Southern Russia. It existed from the end of the 16th century until the early 20th century. There are two main theories of the origin of the Don Cossacks. Most respected historians support the migration theory, according to which they were Slavic colonists. The various autochthonous theories popular among the Cossacks themselves do not find confirmation in genetic studies. The gene pool comprises mainly the East Slavic component, with a significant Ukrainian contribution. There is no influence of the
3032:, although they had a 20-year military service commitment (reduced to 18 years from 1909). They were on active duty for five years, but could fulfill their remaining obligation with the reserves. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian Cossacks numbered 4.5 million. They were organized as independent regional hosts, each comprising a number of regiments. The need for the government to call up Cossack men to serve either with the Army or a mounted police force caused many social and economic problems, which compounded by the growing impoverishment the communities of the Hosts.
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3391:. Some Cossacks, especially in areas of the former Terek host, were resettled so their lands could be turned over to natives displaced from them during the initial Russian and Cossack colonization of the area. At the local level, the stereotype that Cossacks were inherent counterrevolutionaries likely persisted among some Communist officials, causing them to target, or discriminate against, Cossacks despite orders from Moscow to focus on class enemies among Cossacks rather than the Cossack people in general.
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2773:, or Cossack chieftain, to prevent Razin from following through with his plans. But the ataman was Razin's godfather, and was swayed by Razin's promise of a share of expedition wealth. His reply was that the elite Cossacks were powerless against the band of rebels. The elite did not see much threat from Razin and his followers either, although they realized he could cause them problems with the Muscovite system if his following developed into a rebellion against the central government.
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3367:. Many poorer Cossack communities also remained receptive to the communist message. In late 1918 and early 1919, widespread desertion and defection among Don, Ural, and Orenburg Cossacks fighting with the Whites produced a military crisis that was exploited by the Red Army in those sectors. After the main White armies were defeated in early 1920, many Cossack soldiers switched their allegiance to the Bolsheviks, and fought with the Red Army against the Poles and in other operations.
2890:, arrived in the Yaik Host in late 1772. There, he claimed to be Peter III, playing on the Cossack belief that Peter would have been an effective ruler but for his assassination in a plot by his wife, Catherine II. Many Yaik Cossacks believed Pugachev's claim, although those closest to him knew the truth. Others, who may have known of it, did not support Catherine II due to her disposal of Peter III, and also spread Pugachev's claim to be the late emperor.
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2723:. The influx of refugees troubled the Cossacks, not only because of the increased demand for food but also because their large number meant the Cossacks could not absorb them into their culture by way of the traditional apprenticeship. Instead of taking these steps for proper assimilation into Cossack society, the runaway peasants spontaneously declared themselves Cossacks and lived alongside the true Cossacks, laboring or working as barge-haulers to earn food.
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2952:. The service of the Cossacks in the Napoleonic wars led them to be celebrated as Russian folk heroes, and throughout the 19th century a "powerful myth" was promoted by the government that portrayed the Cossacks as having a special and unique bond to the Emperor. This image as the Cossacks as the ultra-patriotic defenders of not only Russia, but also of the House of Romanov was embraced by many ordinary Cossacks, making them into a force for conservatism.
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Host, and destroyed their fortress on the
Dnieper (the Sich itself). This may in part have been due to the participation of some Zaporozhian and other Ukrainian exiles in Pugachev's rebellion. During his campaign, Pugachev issued manifestos calling for restoration of all borders and freedoms of both the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Lower Dnieper (Nyzovyi in Ukrainian) Cossack Host under the joint protectorate of Russia and the Commonwealth.
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2669:. The government began attempting to integrate the Cossacks into the Russian Tsardom by granting elite status and enforcing military service, thus creating divisions among the Cossacks themselves as they fought to retain their traditions. The government's efforts to alter their traditional nomadic lifestyle resulted in the Cossacks being involved in nearly all the major disturbances in Russia over 200 years, including the rebellions led by
3707:. Although it had many attributes of a government-in-exile, the Cossack Central Administration lacked any control over foreign policy or the deployment of Cossack troops in the Wehrmacht. In early 1945, Krasnov and his staff joined a group of 20,000–25,000 Cossack refugees and irregulars known as "Cossachi Stan". This group, then led by Timofey Domanov, had fled the North Caucasus alongside the Germans in 1943 and was moved between
2731:. The old Cossacks started giving up the traditions and liberties that had been worth dying for, to obtain the pleasures of an elite life. The lawless and restless runaway peasants who called themselves Cossacks looked for adventure and revenge against the nobility that had caused them suffering. These Cossacks did not receive the government subsidies that the old Cossacks enjoyed, and had to work harder and longer for food and money.
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8016:"In 1651, in the face of a growing threat from Poland and forsaken by his Tatar allies, Khmelnytsky asked the tsar to incorporate Ukraine as an autonomous duchy under Russian protection ... the details of the union were negotiated in Moscow. The Cossacks were granted a large degree of autonomy, and they, as well as other social groups in Ukraine, retained all the rights and privileges they had enjoyed under Polish rule."
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3457:(Minister of Foreign Affairs). Skoropadskyi himself supported the idea of reviving the Cossack class in Ukraine as a privileged social group personally loyal to the hetman. However, his initiative was viewed with skepticism by his ministers, and the law on re-establishment of Cossack administration in Ukraine was adopted only in October 1918, shortly before the hetman's resignation, and never realized.
9930:... the Russian used by the Ukrainian elite of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries ... was strongly influenced by the military and bureaucratic terminology of the period (the hallmark of the Cossack elite's imperial experience) ... The increasing influence of Russian ... gave evidence of the new cultural situation in the Hetmanate, which had all the hallmarks of a colonial setting.
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once again to the lands of the
Cossacks, in particular the Yaik Host, whose people were committed to the old Cossack traditions. The changing government also burdened the Cossacks, extending its reach to reform Cossack traditions. Among ordinary Cossacks, hatred of the elite and central government rose. In 1772, a six–month open rebellion ensued between the Yaik Cossacks and the central government.
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3040:. The Imperial Government depended heavily on the perceived reliability of the Cossacks. By the early 20th century, their decentralized communities and semi-feudal military service were coming to be seen as obsolete. The Russian Army Command, which had worked to professionalize its forces, considered the Cossacks less well disciplined, trained, and mounted than the
2004:. The Cossacks considered the Vilnius agreement a breach of the contract they had entered into at Pereiaslav. For the Muscovite tsar, the Pereiaslav Agreement signified the unconditional submission of his new subjects; the Ukrainian hetman considered it a conditional contract from which one party could withdraw if the other was not upholding its end of the bargain.
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6154:, Jews, and various Christian minorities—both Cossack and non-Cossack—to move away from the Don area, usually to the newly conquered frontier areas or abroad. Many Muslim Cossacks moved to Turkey, because of a lack of Muslim brides in their villages. The Don Host resisted this policy and retained its minorities, as in the case of some Muslim Cossacks, and of
3170:, approximately 3,200 Cossacks from the Don, Kuban, and Terek Hosts were stationed in Petrograd. Although they comprised only a fraction of the 300,000 troops in the proximity of the Russian capital, their general defection on the second day of unrest (10 March) enthused raucous crowds and stunned the authorities and remaining loyal units.
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1240:, arms, and supplies for their military service at their own expense, the government providing only firearms and supplies. Lacking horses, the poor served in the Cossack infantry and artillery. In the navy alone, Cossacks served with other peoples as the Russian navy had no Cossack ships and units. Cossack service was considered rigorous.
3383:. This was pursued through resettlement, widespread executions of Cossack veterans from the White armies, and favoring the outlanders within the Cossack hosts. Ultimately, the de-Cossackization campaign led to a renewed rebellion among Cossacks in Soviet-occupied districts and produced a new round of setbacks for the Red Army in 1919.
3005:, who had been impressed with the equestrian skills and distinctive uniforms of the Cossacks while on a visit to Russia the previous year, requested that the Emperor Alexander II sent some Cossacks to train a Cossack force for himself. Alexander granted his request and later in 1879 a group of 9 Cossacks led by Kuban Cossack Colonel
3818:. The movement supported the re-establishment of the Hetman state of Pavlo Skoropadskyi and devoted a lot of energy to military training of Ukrainian emigrés for the future liberation of their homelandgoing as far as to acquire a number of airplanes. In 1940 the Canadian branch of the organization became one of the founders of the
5604:) is responsible for the coordination of the activities of all 11 registered Cossack hosts, particularly in the spheres of patriotic education and the continuity of historical Cossack customs and traditions. Both registered and non-registered Cossack organizations can be part of the society. On 4 November 2019, Russian President
2301:. The oldest mention in the annals is of Cossacks of the Russian principality of Ryazan serving the principality in the battle against the Tatars in 1444. In the 16th century, the Cossacks (primarily of Ryazan) were grouped in military and trading communities on the open steppe, and began to migrate into the area of the Don.
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national traditions. In 1988, the Soviet Union enacted a law permitting the re-establishment of former
Cossack hosts and the formation of new ones. Throughout the 1990s, numerous regional authorities consented to delegate certain local administrative and policing responsibilities to these reconstituted Cossack hosts.
3128:(Parliament) while being appointed military governor of Tehran as the shah attempted to do away with the constitution his father had been forced to grant in 1906 Reza Khan, who became the first Iranian to command the Cossack Brigade led the coup d'état in 1921 and in 1925 deposed the Qajars to found a new dynasty.
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For Poland, the
Dymitriads found their end only at the turn of 1618 and 1619 of the truce contained in Dywilno. As a result of an earlier march of hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, supported by a Cossack army of 20,000, the capital of Russia was threatened again. At the same time, troops of Lisowczyk and
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s, and red crowns on their fleece hats. The Guard
Cossacks of His Majesty and the Ataman's Guard Cossacks, both drawn from the Don Host, wore red, and light blue, coats respectively. The Combined Cossack Guard Regiment, comprising representative detachments from each of the remaining hosts, wore red,
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Cossacks were expected to provide their own uniforms. While these were sometimes manufactured in bulk by factories owned by the individual host, families often handed down garments or made them within the household. Accordingly, individual items might vary from those laid down by regulation, or be of
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era of the Soviet Union of the late 1980s, many descendants of the
Cossacks became enthusiastic about reviving their national traditions. In 1988, the Soviet Union passed a law allowing the reestablishment of former hosts and creation of new ones. The ataman of the largest, the Almighty Don Host, was
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effectively abolished the
Cossack estate by ending their military service requirements and privileges. After the widespread anticommunist rebellions among Cossacks in 1918, the Soviet regime's approach hardened in early 1919, when the Red Army occupied Cossack districts in the Urals and northern Don.
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relied heavily on conscripts from the Don and Kuban Cossack Hosts to fill their ranks. Through the Cossacks, the White armies acquired experienced, skilled horsemen that the Red Army was unable to match until late in the conflict. But the relationship between Cossack governments and the White leaders
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formed by outlanders and soldiers rivaled the Cossack government, and ethnic minorities also tried to acquire a measure of self-rule. Even the Cossack communities themselves were divided, as the atamans tended to represent the interests of prosperous landowners and the officer corps. Poorer Cossacks,
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had annexed the territory of the Cossack Hosts, and controlled them by providing privileges for their service such as exemption from taxation and allowing them to own the land they farmed. At this time, the Cossacks served as military forces in many wars conducted by the Russian Empire. Cossacks were
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had extended freedom to former church serfs, freeing them from obligations and payments to church authorities, and had freed other peasants from serfdom, but Catherine did not follow through on these reforms. In 1767, the Empress refused to accept grievances directly from the peasantry. Peasants fled
1583:), against the Muscovite army. By September 1604, Dmitri I had gathered a force of 2,500 men, of whom 1,400 were Cossacks. Two thirds of these "cossacks", however, were in fact Ukrainian civilians, only 500 being professional Ukrainian Cossacks. On July 4, 1610, 4,000 Ukrainian Cossacks fought in the
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In other cases, individuals may wear Cossack uniform and pass themselves off as Cossack, perhaps because there is a large ethnic Cossack population in the area and the person wants to fit in. Others adopt Cossack clothing in an attempt to take on some of their mythic status. Ethnic Cossacks refer to
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with coloured cloth tops in full dress, and round caps with or without peaks for ordinary duties. These caps were worn sharply slanted to one side by the rank-and-file of Cossack regiments, over hair trimmed longer than that of ordinary Russian soldiers. The two Caucasian hosts wore high fleece caps
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All over the land of Rus', i.e., among the Cossacks, we have noticed a remarkable feature which made us marvel; all of them, with the exception of only a few among them, even the majority of their wives and daughters, can read and know the order of the church-services as well as the church melodies.
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The Cossack emigration consisted largely of relatively young men who had served, and retreated with, the White armies. Although hostile to communism, the Cossack émigrés remained broadly divided over whether their people should pursue a separatist course to acquire independence or retain their close
3386:
When the victorious Red Army again occupied Cossack districts in late 1919 and 1920, the Soviet regime did not officially reauthorize the implementation of de-Cossackization. There is, however, disagreement among historians as to the degree of Cossack's persecution by the Soviet regime. For example,
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to occupy the vast majority of Cossack lands by late spring of 1918. But the Bolsheviks' policy of requisitioning grain and foodstuffs from the countryside to supply Russia's starving northern cities quickly fomented revolt among Cossack communities. These Cossack rebels elected new atamans and made
2913:
Opposition to centralization of political authority led the Cossacks to participate in Pugachev's Rebellion. After their defeat, the Cossack elite accepted government reforms, hoping to secure status within the nobility. The ordinary Cossacks had to follow and give up their traditions and liberties.
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of food, money, and military supplies in return for acting as border defense. These subsidies fluctuated often; a source of conflict between the Cossacks and the government. The war with Poland diverted necessary food and military shipments to the Cossacks as fugitive peasants swelled the population
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Consecutive treaties between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth called for the governments to keep the Cossacks and Tatars in check, but neither enforced the treaties strongly. The Polish forced the Cossacks to burn their boats and stop raiding by sea, but the activity did not
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was sent to Iran to command the train and lead the Persian Cossack Brigade. Liakhov had led a Cossack squad in putting down the revolution in the Caucasus, and following the outbreak of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran he was sent to Tehran to recognize the Cossack Brigade as a force for power
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divided the Russian population into distinct and fixed hereditary categories. The Code increased tax revenue for the central government and put an end to nomadism, to stabilize the social order by fixing people on the same land and in the same occupation as their families. Peasants were tied to the
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had incurred the hatred of Ukrainian Cossacks by ordering the Don Cossacks to drive away from the Don all the Ukrainian Cossacks fleeing the failed uprisings of the 1590s. This contributed to the Ukrainian Cossacks' willingness to fight against him. In 1604, 2,000 Zaporizhian Cossacks fought on the
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as Ataman of the All-Russia Cossack Society. Cossack General Doluda was appointed two years after the atamans and the Cossacks created it in October 2017. The idea was first proposed in 1994. On 27 November 2018, delegates of the Constitutive Assembly voted for the establishment of the society and
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During the Imperial period, Cossacks acquired an image as the ferocious defenders of the antisemitic Russian state. Still, during the Soviet era, Jews were encouraged to admire Cossacks as the antitheses of the "parasitic" and "feeble dwellers of the shtetl." A number of Yiddish writers, including
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In April 1936, the Soviet regime began to relax its restrictions on Cossacks, allowing them to serve openly in the Red Army. Two existing cavalry divisions were renamed as Cossack divisions, and three new Cossack cavalry divisions were established. Under the new Soviet designation, anyone from the
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and the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic were abolished, with all their powers, as well as command over the military, being transferred to Skoropadskyi, and private land ownership was reinstated. Local administration was entrusted to commissioners personally appointed by the
1804:
The majority of Danubian Sich Cossacks moved first to the Azov region in 1828, and later joined other former Zaporozhian Cossacks in the Kuban region. Groups were generally identified by faith rather than language in that period, and most descendants of Zaporozhian Cossacks in the Kuban region are
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Around the end of the 16th century, increasing Cossack aggression strained relations between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. Cossacks had begun raiding Ottoman territories during the second part of the 16th century. The Polish government could not control them, but was held responsible as
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in August 1914, Cossacks became a key component in the cavalry of the Imperial Russian Army. The mounted Cossacks made up 38 regiments, plus some infantry battalions and 52 horse artillery batteries. Initially, each Russian cavalry division included a regiment of Cossacks in addition to
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Historiography interprets Cossackdom in imperial and colonial terms. In Ukraine, where Cossackdom represents historical and cultural heritage, some people have begun attempting to recreate the images of Ukrainian Cossacks. Traditional Ukrainian culture is often tied in with the Cossacks, and the
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began in ad hoc manner through localized agreements between German field commanders and Cossack defectors from the Red Army. Hitler did not officially sanction the recruitment of Cossacks and lift the restrictions imposed on émigrés until the second year of the Nazi-Soviet conflict. During their
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The importance of cavalry in the frontlines faded after the opening phase of the war settled into a stalemate. During the remainder of the war, Cossack units were dismounted to fight in trenches, held in reserve to exploit a rare breakthrough, or assigned various duties in the rear. Those duties
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in 1775. After the Pugachev rebellion, the Empire renamed the Yaik Host, its capital, the Yaik Cossacks, and the Cossack town of Zimoveyskaya in the Don region to try to encourage the Cossacks to forget the men and their uprisings. It also formally dissolved the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Cossack
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After World War II, the Soviet Union disbanded the Cossack units within the Soviet Army, leading to the suppression of many Cossack traditions during the rule of Joseph Stalin and his successors. However, during the Perestroika era in the late 1980s, descendants of Cossacks began to revive their
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allege that British officers had given them, or their leaders, a guarantee that they would not be forcibly repatriated to the Soviet Union, but there is no hard evidence that such a promise was made. At the end of the month, and in early June 1945, the majority of Cossacks from both groups were
2007:
The Ukrainian hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, who succeeded Khmelnytsky in 1657, believed the Tsar was not living up to his responsibility. Accordingly, he concluded a treaty with representatives of the Polish king, who agreed to re-admit Cossack Ukraine by reforming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to
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also known as "Town Zaporozhian Host") were excluded from this transformation, but were promoted to membership of various civil estates or classes (often Russian nobility), including the newly created civil estate of Cossacks. Similar to the knights of medieval Europe in feudal times, or to the
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Historically, when Cossack men fought in permanent wars far from home, women took over the role of family leaders. Women were also called upon to physically defend their villages and towns from enemy attacks. In some cases, they raided and disarmed neighboring villages composed of other ethnic
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Russian Cossacks are divided into two broad groups: the Stepnoy (Ru:Степной), those of the Steppes, and the Kavkas (Ru:Кавкас), those of the Caucusus. In 1917 the Caucasians were divided into two hosts, the Kuban and the Terek, while the Steppe were divided into 8 hosts; the Don (the largest),
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M. I. Chukhryaeva; I. O. Ivanov; S. A. Frolova; S. M. Koshel; O. M. Utevska; R. A. Skhalyakho; A. T. Agdzhoyan; Yu. V. Bogunova; E. V. Balanovska; O. P. Balanovsky (2016). "The Haplomatch Program for Comparing Y-Chromosome STR-Haplotypes and Its Applicationto the Analysis of the Origin of Don
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Cossacks interacted with nearby peoples and exchanged cultural influences (the Terek Cossacks, for example, were heavily influenced by the culture of North Caucasian tribes). They also frequently intermarried with local non-Cossack settlers and local inhabitants, regardless of race or origin,
1492:
The Cossack structure arose, in part, in response to the struggle against Tatar raids. Socio-economic developments in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were another important factor in the growth of the Ukrainian Cossacks. During the 16th century, serfdom was imposed because of the favorable
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voiced grievances against the regime by defying mobilization orders, or by making relatively liberal political demands. But these infractions were eclipsed by the prominent role of Cossack detachments in stampeding demonstrators and restoring order in the countryside. Subsequently, the wider
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2202:. Yet internal conflict, and the political manoeuvring of the Russian Empire led to splits among the Cossacks. Some of the runaway Cossacks returned to Russia, where the Russian army used them to form new military bodies that also incorporated Greeks, Albanians and Crimean Tatars. After the
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to gather a force of approximately twenty five hundred men, about elven hundred of whom were cavalry and infantry forces drawn from men into the service to the magnates and approximately fourteen hundred of whom were so called "cossacks". About two thirds of the latter group were, in fact,
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was elected hetman of the Zaporizhian Host/Hetmanate, with the endorsement of Moscow and supported by common Cossacks unhappy with the conditions of the Union of Hadiach. In 1660, however, the hetman asked the Polish king for protection, leading to the period of Ukrainian history known as
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sometimes covertly hired Cossack raiders against the Ottomans, to ease pressure on their own borders. Many Cossacks and Tatars developed longstanding enmity due to the losses of their raids. The ensuing chaos and cycles of retaliation often turned the entire southeastern Polish–Lithuanian
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The Cumans, who have been living in the land of the Kipchak since time immemorial, … are known to us as Turks. It is these Turks, no new immigrants from the areas beyond the Yaik, but true descendants of the ancient Scythians, who now again occur in world history under the name Cumans,
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Increasingly as the 19th century went on, the Cossacks served as a mounted para-military police force in all of the various provinces of the vast Russian Empire, covering a territory stretching across Eurasia from what is now modern Poland to the banks of the river Amur that formed the
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that his Cossack subjects from Kiev and Cherkasy had pillaged a Crimean Tatar ship: the duke ordered his "Ukrainian" (meaning borderland) officials to investigate, execute the guilty, and give their belongings to the khan. Sometime in the 16th century, there appeared the old Ukrainian
3621:. Some managed to create farming communities in Yugoslavia and Manchuria, but most eventually took up employment as laborers in construction, agriculture, or industry. A few showcased their lost culture to foreigners by performing stunts in circuses or serenading audiences in choirs.
3702:
and Wehrmacht headquarters issued a joint proclamation promising the Cossacks independence once their homelands were "liberated" from the Red Army. The Germans followed this up by establishing the Cossack Central Administration, under the leadership of the former Don Cossack ataman,
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as idealising freedom and resistance to external authority, and their military exploits against their enemies have contributed to this favorable image. For others, Cossacks are a symbol of repression, for their role in suppressing popular uprisings in the Russian Empire, during the
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Pugachev issued. But the rebellion soon came to be seen as an inevitable failure. The Don Cossacks refused to help the final phase of the revolt, knowing that military troops were closely following Pugachev after lifting the siege of Orenburg, and following his flight from defeated
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Stenka Razin was born into an elite Cossack family, and had made many diplomatic visits to Moscow before organizing his rebellion. The Cossacks were Razin's main supporters, and followed him during his first Persian campaign in 1667, plundering and pillaging Persian cities on the
4998:
and General-polkovnik are used to distinguish the atamans' hierarchy of command, the supreme ataman having the highest rank available. In this case, the shoulder insignia has a dedicated one-, two- and three-star alignment, as is normal in the Russian Army. Otherwise, it will be
1792:
under Ottoman rule. To prevent further defection of Cossacks, the Russian government restored the special Cossack status of the majority of Zaporozhian Cossacks. This allowed them to unite in the Host of Loyal Zaporozhians, and later to reorganize into other hosts, of which the
3873:
granted Marshal rank and the right to form a new host. Simultaneously, many attempts were made to increase Cossack's impact on Russian society, and throughout the 1990s many regional authorities agreed to hand over some local administration and policing duties to the Cossacks.
1514:
granted them certain rights and freedoms in 1578, and they gradually began to create their foreign policy. They did so independently of the government, and often against its interests, as for example with their role in Moldavian affairs, and with the signing of a treaty with
4187:
Cossacks initially relied on raiding, herding, fishing and hunting, despising agriculture as lowly. After the defeat of Stenka Razin in 1672, the cossacks began transitioning to agriculture, but this would remain a secondary concern for cossacks until the late 19th century.
965:, the southern frontier regions of Ukraine separating Poland-Lithuania from the Crimean Khanate. These were short-term expeditions, to acquire the resources of what was a naturally rich and fertile region teeming with cattle, wild animals, and fish. This lifestyle, based on
6128:
This is also true of the Don Cossacks of the Lower Don, where the local dialect is related to Ukrainian. Many Ukrainian peasants joined the Terek Cossacks in the 1820s–30s, influencing local dialects. But among the Terek Cossacks, the Grebensky (Row) Cossacks, who had deep
5754:
2090:. The city was burnt and looted, and 11,000 to 14,000 of its inhabitants were killed. The destruction of the Hetmanate's capital was a signal to Mazepa and the Hetmanate's inhabitants of severe punishment for disloyalty to the Tsar's authority. The Zaporizhian Sich at
5766:
1546:
living under Ottoman rule launched raids into the Commonwealth, mostly in the southeast territories. Cossack pirates responded by raiding wealthy trading port-cities in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, as these were just two days away by boat from the mouth of the
5802:
4716:(hosts), which lived along the Russian border and internal borders between Russian and non-Russian peoples. Each host originally had its own leadership, ranks, regalia, and uniforms. By the late 19th century, ranks were standardized following the example of the
1428:, although they also sometimes plundered other neighbors. Their actions increased tension along the southern border of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Low-level warfare took place in those territories for most of the period of the Commonwealth (1569–1795).
5028:, including the diamond Marshal Star. This is because the Don Cossack Supreme Ataman is recognized as the official head of all Cossack armies, including those outside the present Russian borders. He also has the authority to recognize and dissolve new hosts.
3895:
In Ukraine the national revival of late 1980s led to the appreciation of Cossack history and culture as symbols of the Ukrainian nation. Cossack symbols and songs were widely used in mass events and demobstrations, particularly during the celebration of the
3187:) were organized at regional level to elect atamans and pass resolutions. At national level, an all-Cossack congress was convened in Petrograd. This congress formed the Union of Cossack Hosts, ostensibly to represent the interests of Cossacks across Russia.
3807:, pan-Ukrainian "toilers’ monarchy" without political parties, ruled by hetman and his dynasty with the help of an agrarian aristocracy and the co-operation of the productive classes. In Canada and the United States the Hetman movement emerged from the pre-
5790:
2394:, Cossacks were the Russian soldiers most feared by the French troops. Napoleon himself stated, "Cossacks are the best light troops among all that exist. If I had them in my army, I would go through all the world with them." Cossacks also took part in the
3351:
As the Red Army gained the initiative in the civil war during late 1919 and early 1920, Cossack soldiers, their families, and sometimes entire stanitsas retreated with the Whites. Some continued to fight with the Whites in the conflict's waning stages in
1618:, prompted the Polish-Lithuanian army to retreat. In 1618, Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny continued his campaign against the Tsardom of Russia on behalf of the Cossacks and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Numerous Russian towns were sacked, including
5583:
The Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation are the Cossack paramilitary formation providing public and other services, under the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2005, No. 154-FZ "On State Service of the Russian Cossacks".
5482:
Others may be initiated as Cossacks, particularly men in military service. Such initiates may be neither ethnic Slavs, nor Christian. Not all agree that such initiates should be considered Cossack. There is no consensus on an initiation rite or rules.
2197:
During the Cossack sojourn under Turkish rule, a new host was founded that numbered around 12,000 people by the end of 1778. Cossack settlement on the Russian border was approved by the Ottoman Empire after the Cossacks officially vowed to serve the
3476:
Rebellions in the former Cossack territories erupted occasionally during the interwar period. In 1920–1921, disgruntlement with continued Soviet grain-requisitioning activities provoked a series of revolts among Cossack and outlander communities in
595:
of various Eastern European states at the time, were allowed a great degree of self-governance in exchange for military service. Although numerous linguistic and religious groups came together to form the Cossacks, most of them coalesced and became
1184:
occupied effective buffer zones on its borders. The expansionist ambitions of the Empire relied on ensuring Cossack loyalty, which caused tension given their traditional exercise of freedom, democracy, self-rule, and independence. Cossacks such as
3624:
Cossacks who were determined to carry on the fight against communism frequently found employment with foreign powers hostile to Soviet Russia. In Manchuria, thousands of Cossacks and White émigrés enlisted in the army of that region's warlord,
4040:. Each Cossack settlement, alone or in conjunction with neighboring settlements, formed military units and regiments of light cavalry or, in the case of Siberian Cossacks, mounted infantry. They could respond to a threat on very short notice.
2564:
Host was created in 1577 by free Cossacks resettling from the Volga to the Terek River. Local Terek Cossacks joined this host later. In 1792, the host was included in the Caucasus Line Cossack Host, from which it separated again in 1860, with
1275:. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Tsarist regime used Cossacks extensively to perform police service. Cossacks also served as border guards on national and internal ethnic borders, as had been the case in the Caucasus War.
4720:. The ranks and insignia were kept after the 1988 law allowing the hosts to reform, and the 2005 law legally recognizing the hosts as a combat service. They are given below as per all military tickets that are standard for the Russian Army.
3722:
In early May 1945, in the closing days of WWII, both Domanov's "Cossachi Stan" and Pannwitz's XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps retreated into Austria, where they surrendered to the British. Many Cossack accounts collected in the two volume work
3444:
To achieve legitimacy among the Ukrainian population, the Skoropadskyi styled his regime as a continuation of Ukrainian Cossack traditions of the 17-18th centuries. The hetman's government included respresentatives of old Cossack nobility
1999:
Relations between the Hetmanate and their new sovereign began to deteriorate after the autumn of 1656, when the Muscovites, going against the wishes of their Cossack partners, signed an armistice with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in
5105:(blouses) and cap covers of standard Russian army pattern. The shoulder straps and cap bands were in the host colour, as detailed below. From 1910 to 1918, they wore a khaki-grey jacket for field wear. The dress uniform had blue or green
3838:
Following the war, Cossack units, and the cavalry in general, were rendered obsolete and released from the Soviet Army. In the post-war years, many Cossack descendants were thought of as simple peasants, and those who lived in one of the
1136:
The Don Cossack Army, an autonomous military state formation of the Don Cossacks under the citizenship of the Moscow State in the Don region in 1671–1786, began a systematic conquest and colonization of lands to secure the borders on the
828:, where they established their self-governing communities. Until at least the 1630s, these Cossack groups remained ethnically and religiously open to virtually anybody, although the Slavic element predominated. There were several major
676:
across the world even though the majority, especially in the Russian Federation, have little to no connection to the original Cossack people because cultural ideals and legacy changed greatly with time. Cossack organizations operate in
3243:(division) led by an Ottoman. All officers of Free Cossacks were elected, and funds were provided from taxation. Most volunteers the organization were peasants, but industrial workers did also enlist themselves, especially in cities.
902:
in the 13th century as the influence of Cumans grew weaker, although some have ascribed their origins to as early as the mid-8th century. Some historians suggest that the Cossack people were of mixed ethnic origin, descending from
3194:
and atamans increasingly challenged the Provisional Government's authority in the borderlands. The various Cossack governments themselves faced rivals, in the form of national councils organized by neighboring minorities, and of
3056:. The Cossack qualities of initiative and rough-riding skills were not always fully appreciated. As a result, Cossack units were frequently broken up into small detachments for use as scouts, messengers, or picturesque escorts.
10048:
3594:
ties with a future post-Soviet Russia. Many quickly became disillusioned with life abroad. Throughout the 1920s, thousands of exiled Cossacks voluntarily returned to Russia through repatriation efforts sponsored by France, the
996:, the first mention of Cossacks dates back to the 14th century, although the reference was to people who were either Turkic or of undefined origin. Hrushevsky states that the Cossacks may have descended from the long-forgotten
2852:
rather than the College of Foreign Affairs. This consolidated the Cossacks' transition from border patrol to military servicemen. Over the next fifty years, the central government responded to Cossack grievances with arrests,
1493:
conditions for grain sales in Western Europe. This subsequently decreased the locals' land allotments and freedom of movement. In addition, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government attempted to impose Catholicism, and to
3497:
at about one million. Government officials expropriated grain and other produce from rural Cossack families, leaving them to starve and die. Many families were forced from their homes in the severe winter and froze to death.
2726:
Divisions among the Cossacks began to emerge as conditions worsened and Mikhail's son Alexis took the throne. Older Cossacks began to settle and become prosperous, enjoying privileges earned through obeying and assisting the
2943:
were varied from the outset. At times they supported Russian military operations, at other times they rebelled against the central power. After one such uprising at the end of the 18th century, Russian forces destroyed the
7675:
The treaty came none to soon for Russia as later that year Poland led a campaign led by Wladyslaw and supported by the Dnieper Cossacks that carried all the way to the gates of Moscow. A truce followed and an exchange of
2398:
war deep inside French-occupied Russian territory, attacking communications and supply lines. These attacks, carried out by Cossacks along with Russian light cavalry and other units, were one of the first developments of
3211:
Similarly to the events in imperial Cossack hosts, a revival of Cossack self-organization also took place in Ukraine, inspired by the traditions of the Zaporozhian Sich and Cossack Hetmanate. In April 1917 a congress in
1509:
were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Commonwealth as their subjects. Foreign and internal pressure on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the government making concessions to the Zaporozhian Cossacks. King
3336:
was frequently acrimonious. Cossack units were often ill-disciplined, and prone to bouts of looting and violence that caused the peasantry to resent the Whites. In Ukraine, Kuban and Terek Cossack squadrons carried out
4462:
9249:
3489:, devastated Ukraine and some parts of South Russia, causing a population decline of about 20–30%. While urban areas were less affected, the decline was even higher in the rural areas, populated largely by Cossacks.
10480:
3035:
Treated as a separate and elite community by the Tsar, the Cossacks rewarded his government with strong loyalty. His administration frequently used Cossack units to suppress domestic disorder, especially during the
2077:
Historian Gary Dean Peterson writes: "With all this unrest, Ivan Mazepa of the Ukrainian Cossacks was looking for an opportunity to secure independence from Russia and Poland". In response to Mazepa's alliance with
68:
5527:
On April 24, 1999, the founding meeting of the International Armenian-Cossack Friendship and Cooperation Association was held in Yerevan. There is a Separate Cossack District of the Great Don Army operating in
4451:
4440:
2847:
gave Cossacks a subordinate role in border defense. When the Yaik Cossacks sent a delegation to Peter with their grievances, Peter stripped the Cossacks of their autonomous status, and subordinated them to the
5076:
and wide trousers typical of Russian regular troops from 1881 to 1908, and shown in the two photographs opposite. In marked contrast the two Caucasian hosts (Kuban and Terek) wore the very long, open-fronted,
7534:
The bulk of the rebels supporting Dmitrii were cossacks, petty gentry, lower status military servitors, and townsmen It is well known that Tsar Dmitrii maintained good relations with the Zaporizhian cossacks
4471:, presented fictionalized accounts of peaceful Jewish-Cossack coexistence, while efforts were made by the pro-Soviet press to present Khmelnytsky as a heroic figure and Cossacks as liberators from the Nazis.
1857:
arrogance towards them, resulted in several Cossack uprisings against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 17th century. Finally, the King's adamant refusal to accede to the demand to expand the
1629:
7639:
Cossacks spread terror, ravaging nearby towns. Faced with the country's poor internal situation, Moscow could not afford to repeat the devastating struggle. Tsar Michał I Romanow decided to end the war.
3417:. However, after a number of battles against the Bolsheviks, Free Cossacks were disarmed in compliance with orders of the German command, whose troops had occupied Ukraine in March-April 1918 after the
3428:
at a congress of the conservative All-Ukrainian Union of Landowners. This coup was backed by generals of German and Austrian armies which were occupying Ukraine at that time. The previously democratic
1677:
to turn the Zaporozhian Cossacks into peasants eroded the formerly strong Cossack loyalty towards the Commonwealth. The government constantly rebuffed Cossack ambitions for recognition as equal to the
2312:
Cossacks served as border guards and protectors of towns, forts, settlements, and trading posts. They performed policing functions on the frontiers, and also came to represent an integral part of the
8176:
2948:. Many of the Cossacks who had remained loyal to the Russian Monarch and continued their service later moved to the Kuban. Others, choosing to continue a mercenary role, escaped control in the large
3291:, went as far as to invite opponents of the Bolsheviks to the Don Host. But the position of many Cossack governments was far from secure, even within the boundaries of their hosts. In some areas,
2371:), the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Cossacks also served as guides to most Russian expeditions of civil and military geographers and surveyors, traders, and explorers. In 1648, the Russian Cossack
3340:
against Jews, despite orders from Denikin condemning such activity. Kuban Cossack politicians, wanting a semi-independent state of their own, frequently agitated against the AFSR command. In the
992:
of independent communities, which often formed local armies and were entirely independent from neighboring states such as Poland, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and the Crimean Khanate. According to
9600:
1587:, on the side of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They helped to defeat a combined Muscovite-Swedish army and facilitate the occupation of Moscow from 1610 to 1611, riding into Moscow with
5548:. The association was established in 1992 and registered with the Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan on 16 November 1994, with 1,500 members. Many Cossacks under the association join the
2831:, noble status within the empire came at the price of their old liberties in the 18th century. Advancing agricultural settlement began to force the Cossacks to give up their traditional
2304:
10044:
7879:
1047:. They were given significant autonomous privileges, operating as an autonomous state (the Zaporozhian Host) within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by a treaty with Poland in 1649.
7708:
When Hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny not only spread their fame through his successful campaigns against the Tatars and the Turks and his aid to the Polish army at Moscow in 1618
10390:
9541:
883:, who had assimilated the previous population on that territory. It is known that new settlers inherited a lifestyle that long pre-dated their presence, including that of the Turkic
7626:
6167:"Сопредельные с ними (поселенцами – Ред.) по 'Горькой линии' казаки ... поголовно обучались Киргизскому наречию и переняли некоторые, впрочем, безвредные привычки кочевого народа."
1892:
in Moscow helped to create the Russian–Polish alliance against Khmelnitsky's Cossacks, portrayed as rebels against order and against the private property of the Ruthenian Orthodox
2893:
The first of three phases of Pugachev's Rebellion began in September 1773. Most of the rebels' first prisoners were Cossacks who supported the elite. After a five-month siege of
5467:), Cossacks are those who can trace, or claim to trace, their ancestry to people and families identified as Cossack in the Tsarist era. They tend to be Christian, practicing as
4705:
4225:
When the Malorossian Cossack regiments were disbanded, those Cossacks who were not promoted to nobility, or did not join other estates, were united into a civil Cossack estate.
3880:, 140,028 people self-identified as ethnic Cossacks. Between 3.5 and 5 million people associate themselves with the Cossack identity in post-Soviet Russia and around the world.
2661:, succeeded by Russian Empire. Their tendency to act independently of the Tsardom of Russia increased friction. The Tsardom's power began to grow in 1613, with the ascension of
661:, while others remained and assimilated into the Communist state. Cohesive Cossack-based units were organized and many fought for both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during
5498:, 67,573 people identify as ethnic Cossack in Russia. Between 3.5 and 5 million people associate themselves with the Cossack identity in Europe and across the world.
1813:. Their folklore is largely Ukrainian. The predominant view of ethnologists and historians is that its origins lie in the common culture dating back to the Black Sea Cossacks.
3680:
were Cossack émigrés who had received training at one of the cadet schools established by the White Army in Yugoslavia. The division was deployed to occupied Croatia to fight
1505:
The major powers tried to exploit Cossack military power for their own purposes. In the 16th century, with the area of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the
1205:
and harsh bureaucracy, and to maintain independence. The Empire responded with executions and tortures, the destruction of the western part of the Don Cossack Host during the
7341:
3287:
seized power in Petrograd on 7–8 November 1917, most Cossack atamans and their government refused to recognize the legitimacy of the new regime. The Don Cossack ataman,
2960:
considered excellent for scouting and reconnaissance duties, and for ambushes. Their tactics in open battle were generally inferior to those of regular soldiers, such as the
9245:
5842:
as barbarian with non-human bodily functions, who allegedly felt great joy when destroying civilian housing, farmland, and even entire human settlements. This stereotype of
10472:
5013:
s, the rank Polkovnik is applied automatically, but with no stars on the shoulder. As the hosts continue to grow, starless shoulder patches are becoming increasingly rare.
8205:
5003:
As with the ranks Polkovnik and General, the Colonel ranks are only stable for small hosts, being given to atamans of regional and district status. The smallest unit, the
653:
The Cossack way of life persisted via both direct descendants and acquired ideals in other nations into the twentieth century, though the sweeping societal changes of the
4222:
were relatively egalitarian. The American historian Thomas Barrett wrote "The history of Cossack women complicates general notions of patriarchy within Russian society".
3227:
The revived Cossack structure in Ukraine was organized according to the territorial principle, with villages providing companies of volunteers, which were grouped into a
1941:
later becoming king. The last, ultimately unsuccessful, attempt to rebuild the Polish–Cossack alliance and create a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth was the 1658
4990:*The application of the ranks Polkovnik and General is only stable for small hosts. Large hosts are divided into divisions, and consequently the Russian Army sub-ranks
4699:
4466:
2864:, beginning in 1762, the Russian peasants and Cossacks again faced increased taxation, heavy military conscription, and grain shortages, as before Razin's rebellion.
2210:
together with Loyal Zaporozhians. Most of the remaining Cossacks who had stayed in the Danube Delta returned to Russia in 1828. They settled in the area north of the
1008:, then a part of the Grand Duchy of Halych. There, the Cossacks may have served as self-defence formations, organized to defend against raids conducted by neighbors.
9814:
9409:
6316:
3388:
7995:
7841:
7696:
7373:
6589:
3652:
had no intention of entertaining the political aspirations of the Cossacks, or any minority group, in the USSR. As a result, collaboration between Cossacks and the
1408:. The group became well known, and its numbers increased greatly between the 15th and 17th centuries. The Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in European
265:
202:
1497:
the local Ukrainian population. The basic form of resistance and opposition by the locals and burghers was flight and settlement in the sparsely populated steppe.
10009:
3557:, many Cossacks continued to serve in the Red Army. Some fought as cavalry in the Cossack divisions, such as the 17th Kuban Cossack Cavalry Corps and the famous
2425:
2839:
increased Cossack service obligations, and mobilized their forces to fight in far-off wars. Peter began establishing non-Cossack troops in fortresses along the
3565:, although the partisan movement did not acquire significant traction during the German occupation of the traditional Cossack homelands in the North Caucasus.
1972:
As a result of the mid–17th century Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Zaporozhian Cossacks briefly established an independent state, which later became the autonomous
1914:(nobility), their property, and their autonomy under his rule; and freed the Cossacks from the Polish sphere of influence and the land claims of the Ruthenian
1776:, and its own land. In 1775, the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host was destroyed. Later, its high-ranking Cossack leaders were exiled to Siberia, its last chief,
9740:
4524:
signed the act of surrender to allied forces. That same day, he left for Moscow and by the evening of 9 May, the song was written. The lyrics are as follows:
4180:, mentions in his 1918 memoir that one of his Cossacks, Sotnik Khoperski, was a native Chinese who had been brought back as a child from Manchuria during the
2154:
With the destruction of the Zaporizhian Sich, a number of Ukrainian-speaking Eastern Orthodox Zaporozhian Cossacks fled to the territory under control of the
1701:-dominated Commonwealth. Tensions increased when Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to suppression of the Eastern Orthodox Church after the
11331:
9567:
8168:
7563:
7910:
3962:
as were the other important officials: the judge, the scribe, the lesser officials, and the clergy. The ataman's symbol of power was a ceremonial mace, a
3112:
reinforced this concept by issuing new charters, medals, and bonuses to Cossack units in recognition for their performance during the Revolution of 1905.
1380:
7964:
3699:
9590:
5613:
adopted its official statute. Doluda was then nominated for head of the society, in which he was backed by the Presidential Council on Cossack Affairs.
5132:—the tsar's mounted escort. The Imperial Guard regiments wore tailored, government-issue uniforms, which were colourful and elaborate. For example, the
4261:, including those perpetrated by the Terek Cossacks during the Russian revolution and by various Cossack atamans in Ukraine in 1919, among them atamans
2649:. By 1591, they were fighting on behalf of the government in Moscow. Over the next century, they were officially recognized by the imperial government.
1797:
was most important. Because of land scarcity resulting from the distribution of Zaporozhian Sich lands among landlords, they eventually moved on to the
3537:. Aged 52 when WWII began, he did not qualify for the regular draft and volunteered in the 41st Don Cossack Cavalry division. He was awarded the title
197:
3687:. There, its performance was generally effective, although at times brutal. In late 1944, the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division was admitted into the
497:
3748:
After his abdication on 14 December 1918, Ukrainian hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi emigrated to Germany. From there he led the so-called Hetman movement (
1035:
In the 16th century, these Cossack societies merged into two independent territorial organizations, as well as other smaller, still-detached groups:
494:
260:
9370:
7131:
9877:
8857:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
8832:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
8807:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
8720:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
8695:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
8661:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
8610:
Cronin, Stephanie (2013). "Deserters, convicts, Cossacks, and revolutionaries: Russians in Iranian service, 1800-1920". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.).
4457:
3418:
3327:
Throughout the civil war, Cossacks sometimes fought as an independent ally, and other times as an auxiliary, of White armies. In South Russia, the
2375:
discovered a passage between North America and Asia. Cossack units played a role in many wars in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, including the
1682:
1133:(1654) brought most of the Cossack state under Russian rule. The Sich, with its lands, became an autonomous region under the Russian protectorate.
10228:
Pilkington, Hilary; Popov, Anton (2009). "Understanding Neo-paganism in Russia: Religion? Ideology? Philosophy? Fantasy?". In George McKay (ed.).
8277:
7152:
3903:
Cossacks have taken an active part in many of the conflicts that have taken place since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. These include the
657:
disrupted Cossack society as much as any other part of Russia; many Cossacks migrated to other parts of Europe following the establishment of the
4435:
4431:
3784:
1117:
during feudal times. Under increasing pressure from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent
970:
3661:. The Germans even experimented with a self-governing district of Cossack communities in the Kuban region. When the Wehrmacht withdrew from the
12291:
7198:
5564:: the All-Belarusian United Cossacks, the All-Belarusian Unified Cossacks and the Belarusian Cossacks, which have existed since the mid-1990s.
2254:
The native land of the Cossacks is defined by a line of Russian town-fortresses located on the border with the steppe, and stretching from the
891:
Kassaks. In contrast, Slavic settlements in southern Ukraine started to appear relatively early during Cuman rule, with the earliest, such as
7863:
6454:
6439:
5903:
5578:
5452:
All details are based on the 1909–1914 dress uniforms portrayed in coloured plates published by the Imperial War Ministry (Shenk 1910–1911).
4446:
3541:
for his fight against Nazi invaders, credited in particular with killing some 70 Nazi combatants during the 1942 defence of Maratuki village.
3136:
regular units of hussars, lancers, and dragoons. By 1916, the Cossacks' wartime strength had expanded to 160 regiments, plus 176 independent
10420:
9511:
7000:
1980:
of the Russian Tsar from 1667 but was ruled by local hetmans for a century. The principal political problem of the hetmans who followed the
10382:
9533:
6171:
Among the 'Gor'kaya Liniya' Cossacks ... everyone learnt Kyrgys' language and adopted some customs, though harmless, of the nomadic people
958:
chronicles. Historical records of the Cossacks before the 16th century are scant, as is the history of the Ukrainian lands in that period.
10473:"Казаки Азербайджана: Мы с нетерпением ждем отправки на фронт, чтобы присоединиться к нашим азербайджанским солдатам | Общественная жизнь"
9384:
12059:
11934:
8367:
7618:
6855:
6817:
2367:
From the 16th to 19th centuries, Russian Cossacks played a key role in the expansion of the Russian Empire into Siberia (particularly by
10830:
7779:
7456:
6893:
6362:
6133:
roots through intermarriage, still speak an old northern Russian Viatka dialect which likely has connections to the old dialects of the
1708:
After the Ottoman-Polish and Polish-Muscovite warfare ceased, the official Cossack register was again reduced. The registered Cossacks (
11944:
10030:
8050:
7740:
6611:
3296:
and those serving in the army, were susceptible to Bolshevik propaganda promising to spare "toiling Cossacks" from land appropriation.
974:
5778:
5069:
obsolete pattern. Each host had distinctive uniform colourings. Similar uniforms are in service today amongst the Cossacks of Russia.
2015:
12202:
3897:
2101:
Under Russian rule, the Cossack nation of the Zaporozhian Host was divided into two autonomous republics of the Russian Tsardom: the
824:. By the end of the 15th century, the term was also applied to peasants who had fled to the devastated regions along the Dnieper and
10475:[Cossacks of Azerbaijan: We are looking forward to being sent to the front to join our Azerbaijani soldiers | Social life].
9769:
5716:
2795:
Razin's rebellion marked the beginning of the end of traditional Cossack practices. In August 1671, Russian envoys administered the
1326:
famine. As a result, during the Second World War, their loyalties were divided and both sides had Cossacks fighting in their ranks.
11100:
10297:
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dialects of Ukrainian. The Volyn dialects are close to Belarusian dialects, only the Upper Don dialects being from southern Russia.
9356:
9149:
9121:
4060:
Besides that, their priests take care and educate the orphans, not allowing them to wander in the streets ignorant and unattended.
3989:
split Ukraine along the Dnieper River in 1667, Ukrainian Cossacks were known as Left-bank and Right-bank Cossacks. The ataman had
623:
were mostly cavalry soldiers. The various Cossack groups were organized along military lines, with large autonomous groups called
12051:
11989:
10964:
10875:
2657:
As a largely independent nation, the Cossacks had to defend their liberties and democratic traditions against the ever-expanding
2049:. One army comprised Cossacks, Tatars, and Poles, and the other was led by a top Muscovite military commander of the era, Prince
1929:
region, who had their origins in the Moscow state, saved their lands from division among Cossacks and became part of the Cossack
1904:, in which, in order to overcome the Russian–Polish alliance against them, the Khmelnitsky Cossacks pledged their loyalty to the
10542:[Federal Law of the Russian Federation from 5 December 2005 No 154-FZ – On the State Service of Russian Cossacks].
8197:
4387:) were known as "Cossacophiles" who wholeheartedly celebrated the Cossack history and lifestyle in their works. Others, such as
3665:
region in early 1943, tens of thousands of Cossacks retreated with them, either out of conviction or to avoid Soviet reprisals.
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12031:
11362:
11008:
4411:
3657:
brief occupation of the North Caucasus region, the Germans actively recruited Cossacks into detachments and local self-defense
2633:
of 1773–1775. The Ural Cossacks spoke Russian, and identified as having primarily Russian ancestry, but also incorporated many
6506:
3144:
included rounding up deserters, providing escorts to war prisoners, and razing villages and farms in accordance with Russia's
2901:, similar to Razin's vision of a united Cossack republic. The peasantry across Russia stirred with rumors and listened to the
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9013:
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8891:
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8841:
8816:
8754:
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8704:
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8619:
8552:
8496:
8454:
8429:
8257:
8143:
8119:
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6887:
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6811:
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6234:
6201:
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The Cossack Congress in America unites the Cossack communities of the North American Continent. It has branches in the U.S.,
4379:
Polish Romantic literature also commonly dealt with Cossack themes. Some of the Polish writers of this period (for instance,
2570:
863:(which had a Romanian origin with large Slavic influences) began to settle in the lower reaches of major rivers such as the
9918:
9320:
8558:
1900:
left Khmelnitsky without the aid of his usual Tatar allies. From the Russian perspective, the rebellion ended with the 1654
1570:
The Zaporizhian Cossacks became particularly strong in the first quarter of the 17th century under the leadership of hetman
12036:
10624:
10539:Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 5 декабря 2005 г. N 154-ФЗ – О государственной службе российского казачества
9959:
4995:
3344:, anticommunist Transbaikal and Ussuri Cossacks undermined the rear of Siberia's White armies by disrupting traffic on the
1652:
1222:
650:
river basins, and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and parts of Russia.
337:
10800:
10740:
The Brazen Cross: Brazen Cross of Courage: Russian Opochenie, Partizans and Russo-German Legion during the Napoleonic Wars
9803:
9402:
6300:
5532:. The organization was established by the decision of the Council of Atamans on December 15, 2015. It is a partner of the
2094:, which had existed since 1652, was also destroyed by Peter I's forces in 1709, in retribution for decision of its otaman
12069:
10847:
7985:
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7688:
7588:
7365:
969:, hunting, and either returning home in the winter or settling permanently, came to be known as the Cossack way of life.
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9208:
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2218:. The majority of Zaporizhian Cossacks who had remained loyal to Russia despite the destruction of Sich became known as
13127:
13039:
12284:
12217:
12197:
12176:
10547:
7969:[Kuban – Ukraine: Historical and political questions] (in Russian). Institute of Social Studies. Archived from
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2403:
tactics and, to some extent, special operations as we know them today. Several thousands of Cossacks were commended by
2057:
on the other side of the border. The battle is regarded as one of the Zaporizhian Cossacks' most impressive victories.
1485:
in 1552. The Zaporozhian Host adopted a lifestyle that combined the ancient Cossack order and habits with those of the
1413:
1114:
608:
528:
7809:
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called Nazarenko a leading Republican activist who made "explicit pro-Nazi, anti-semitic" statements in his speeches.
1885:, which greatly weakened the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and set the stage for its disintegration 100 years later.
13137:
12181:
12064:
11907:
10651:
10577:
9714:
9491:
9443:
9177:
8250:
7519:
7486:
6941:
6706:
6116:
5641:
3648:, Cossack émigrés were initially barred from political activity or travelling into the occupied Eastern territories.
2714:
The Cossacks experienced difficulties under Tsar Alexis as more refugees arrived daily. The Tsar gave the Cossacks a
2376:
2203:
1643:
Commonwealth border into a low-intensity war zone. It catalyzed escalation of Commonwealth–Ottoman warfare, from the
74:
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group during the civil war, there were many Cossacks who fought with the Red Army throughout the conflict, known as
1526:
13122:
11929:
10927:
10329:
9730:
6579:
3940:
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Corps, later awarded the honorific designation "guard" in recognition of its performance. Other Cossacks fought as
2391:
1938:
615:
endowed Cossacks with certain special privileges in return for the military duty to serve in the irregular troops:
9563:
3822:. The North American Hetman movement reached the height of its influence around 1937-1938, when it was visited by
3356:
and the Russian Far East. As many as 80,000–100,000 Cossacks eventually joined the defeated Whites in exile.
12997:
9804:"Between History and Myth: Perceptions of the Cossack Past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian Romantic Literature"
7547:
7093:
5494:
Because of the lack of consensus on how to define Cossacks, accurate numbers are not available. According to the
3908:
3815:
3460:
During Skoropadskyi's tenure in power the Ukrainian State developed diplomatic ties with Cossack entities in the
2776:
Razin and his followers began to capture cities at the start of the rebellion, in 1669. They seized the towns of
1330:
10450:
5740:
2753:
The divisions between the elite and the lawless led to the formation of a Cossack army, beginning in 1667 under
2645:. Some escaped to flee southeast to the Ural River, where they joined the Yaik Cossacks. In 1580, they captured
1602:
to seize the throne of Muscovy was launched on April 6, 1617. Although Wladyslav was the nominal leader, it was
1043:, centered on the lower bends of the Dnieper, in the territory of modern Ukraine, with the fortified capital of
12960:
11919:
9459:
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brought from distant lands were also common in Cossack families. General Bogaevsky, a commander in the Russian
4105:
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3174:
2298:
1588:
558:
10603:
10264:
9200:Голод 1932–1933 годов, рассказы очевидцев. Голод в Казахстане, Поволжье, Северном Кавказе и Украине. Голодомор
7970:
3803:. In his "Letters to Brothers Agrarians", published in 1926, Lypynskyi elaborated the idea of an independent,
3064:
12336:
12277:
12212:
11984:
11979:
11463:
9948:. Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies (Reprint ed.). Indiana University Press.
8486:
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5888:
3936:
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3224:
as a volunteer militia in order "to defend the liberties of the Ukrainian people" and maintain civil order.
2629:. Their alternative name, Yaik Cossacks, comes from the river's former name, changed by the government after
1571:
1516:
1157:. Cossack communities had developed along the latter two rivers well before the arrival of the Don Cossacks.
378:
10359:
10324:[Here's what we are – the Russians: Russtat on the outcome of the National Population Census 2010].
6388:
Toje, Hege (November 2006). "Cossack Identity in the New Russia: Kuban Cossack Revival and Local Politics".
6150:
After the Caucasus war, both Russian Imperial policy and internal problems caused some Muslims, Subbotniks,
5704:
3359:
Although the Cossacks were sometimes portrayed by Bolsheviks and, later, émigré historians, as a monolithic
2835:
ways and adopt new forms of government. The government steadily changed the entire culture of the Cossacks.
1626:. In September 1618, with Chodkiewicz, Konashevych-Sahaidachny laid siege to Moscow, but peace was secured.
12207:
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12006:
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shores. The Middle Don dialects are related to northern Russian dialects, the Belarusian language, and the
4044:
3669:
3478:
3380:
3328:
3313:
3203:
formed by non-Cossack Russians, especially the so-called "outlanders" who had immigrated to Cossack lands.
3173:
In the aftermath of the February Revolution, the Cossacks hosts were authorized by the War Ministry of the
2066:
1832:
9345:. Translated by Dritschilo, William. New York: CreateSpace Independent Publisher; Slavic Publishing House.
7931:
2603:
Yaik (Orenburg) Cossacks from Sakmara settlement; Alexander Mertemianovich Pogadaev standing at left, 1912
13117:
12416:
12161:
12151:
12018:
11226:
5593:
4690:'s Second Symphony is marked "Scherzo alla Cosacca", which means "scherzo in the style of the Cossacks".
3819:
3692:
1882:
1705:. The Cossacks became strongly anti-Roman Catholic, an attitude that became synonymous with anti-Polish.
1614:
had surrendered. But a defeat, when the counterattack on Moscow by Chodkiewicz failed between Vyasma and
1213:
after Mazepa's rebellion in 1708, and the formal dissolution of the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host after
347:
322:
9843:
6721:
historians support that. According to this view, by 1261, Cossacks lived in the area between the rivers
5668:
4887:
4372:) depict Cossack soldiers, and were based on Babel's experiences as a war correspondent attached to the
4276:
1243:
Cossack forces played an important role in Russia's wars of the 18th–20th centuries, including the
12950:
12141:
11480:
11001:
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7250:
7162:
6605:
3916:
3461:
3414:
2522:
1299:
1294:. In 1918, Russian Cossacks declared their complete independence, creating two independent states, the
122:
5846:
was later mingled with observations on Russian soldiers fighting on the European continent. In Europe
3740:, and resulted in sentences of hard labour or execution for the majority of the repatriated Cossacks.
13132:
13064:
12723:
12166:
12106:
4520:
and Daniil Pokrass, with lyrics being made by Caesar Solodar. Solodar was present when Field Marshal
3830:
and in the following years due to internal splits and government investigations into their activity.
3088:
2038:
1575:
1393:
1221:
By the end of the 18th century, Cossack nations had been transformed into a special military estate (
813:
576:
42:
3299:
The unwillingness of rank-and-file Cossacks to vigorously defend the Cossack government enabled the
13112:
13007:
12331:
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11458:
11270:
9107:
8962:
6035:
5883:
5549:
4287:
3737:
3677:
3569:
3538:
3167:
3095:
In 1905, the Cossack hosts experienced deep mobilization of their menfolk amid the fighting of the
3076:
2027:
1448:
935:
898:
Early "Proto-Cossack" groups are generally reported to have come into existence within what is now
7302:
3506:
document the conditions and widespread deaths, as do eyewitness accounts. Besides starvation, the
3115:
In September 1906, reflecting the success of the Cossacks in putting down the Revolution of 1905,
2910:. In September 1774, Pugachev's own Cossack lieutenants turned him over to the government troops.
12738:
12258:
12156:
12091:
10803:[The Cossack Corps]. US Army Historical Division. Hailer Publishing. 2007. Archived from
10412:
9503:
5893:
5868:
5468:
5125:
4666:
4490:
4419:
4341:
3100:
3010:
3002:
2808:
2630:
2454:
1694:
1648:
1214:
1050:
The Don Cossack State, on the River Don. Its capital was initially Razdory, then it was moved to
966:
780:
601:
332:
276:
245:
17:
7271:
5109:
with broad, coloured stripes in the host colour, which were often worn with the service jacket.
5087:
s (waistcoats). These have come to epitomize the popular image of the Cossacks. Most hosts wore
4384:
3028:
By the end of the 19th century, Cossack communities enjoyed a privileged tax-free status in the
2012:
provoked a war between the Cossacks and the Muscovites/Russians that began in the fall of 1658.
13107:
12982:
12955:
12861:
12832:
12792:
12777:
12116:
11745:
11487:
9907:. New Studies in European History (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 357.
6990:
6440:"Whose Cossacks Are They Anyway? A Movement Torn by the Ukraine-Russia Divide – PONARS Eurasia"
5545:
5399:
4845:
3684:
3529:
3345:
2569:
as its capital. In 1916, the population of the host was 255,000, within an area of 1.9 million
2514:
2294:
2219:
2207:
2130:
1794:
1644:
1599:
521:
112:
10958:
10782:
Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598–1725: Manipulation, Rebellion and Expansion into Siberia
10721:
Cossack Hurrah: Russian Irregular Cavalry Organisation and Uniforms during the Napoleonic Wars
10129:
10078:
9169:
9163:
8359:
8169:"Excavations at Baturyn in 2016-2017: ceramic decorations of the hetman's palaces and offices"
6839:
6801:
3481:. The former Cossack territories of South Russia and the Urals also experienced a devastating
2008:
create a third constituent, comparable in status to that of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The
1689:
of the idea of Ruthenian Cossacks being equal to them and their elite becoming members of the
12886:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12652:
12341:
12326:
12316:
12171:
12146:
12136:
12126:
12121:
11974:
11042:
10994:
10506:[Belarusian Cossacks: Patriots of Belarus with the "Russian World" in their Heads?].
8298:
7763:
7576:
Ukrainians, and only about five hundred of Dmitrii's "cossacks" were true Ukrainian Cossacks.
7440:
6877:
6346:
5495:
4717:
4671:
3877:
3610:
3482:
2765:. They returned in 1669, ill and hungry, tired from fighting, but rich with plundered goods.
2641:, the government sent troops to disperse pirates and raiders along the Volga. Among them was
2313:
2270:. This area was settled by a population of free people practicing various trades and crafts.
2079:
1603:
1455:
1338:
1334:
1040:
931:
709:
597:
569:
10385:[Armenian Cossacks guarding centuries-old Armenian-Russian friendship - interview].
10070:
9789:
Reproduction first published in "Album malarzy polskich", 1885, vol. 11, M. Robiczek Publ.,
8066:
7724:
6761:
802:
The origins of the Cossacks are disputed. Originally, the term referred to semi-independent
12850:
12689:
12508:
12402:
12232:
12227:
12131:
12001:
11952:
11346:
11312:
11297:
11133:
11080:
10895:
10443:""Землячество казаков в АР" - Посольство Российской Федерации в Азербайджанской Республике"
9078:
G. O. Matsievsky, "Political Life of the Cossacks in Emigration: Tendencies and Features,"
4840:
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4360:
4315:
4254:
4213:
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4048:
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custody at the Soviet demarcation line in Judenburg, Austria. This episode is known as the
3673:
3645:
3550:
3410:
3360:
2637:
into their ranks. In 1577, twenty years after Moscow had conquered the Volga from Kazan to
2518:
1984:
was defending the autonomy of the Hetmanate from Russian/Muscovite centralism. The hetmans
1901:
1863:
1749:
1506:
1375:
1130:
1126:
849:
616:
305:
192:
12707:
10861:
7228:
Cossacks and Pomory are accounted in the records as separate ethnic subgroups of Russians.
5933:
5025:
4380:
1744:
and Karpo Skydan (1638). All were brutally suppressed and ended by the Polish government.
1713:
1424:. The Zaporozhians gained a reputation for their raids against the Ottoman Empire and its
295:
8:
13054:
13049:
13012:
12896:
12881:
12822:
12817:
11616:
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11280:
10757:
9763:
8136:
Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
7653:
Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
6929:
6249:
5973:
5965:
5898:
5476:
4676:
4364:, depicts their autonomy and estrangement from Moscow and from centralized rule. Many of
4350:
4043:
A high regard for education was a tradition among the Cossacks of Ukraine. In 1654, when
3986:
3904:
3850:
3840:
3826:, the hetman's son and successor. However, the organizations lost their influence during
3780:
3728:
3708:
3676:. While its ranks mostly comprised deserters from the Red Army, many of its officers and
3562:
3534:
3424:
On 29 April 1918 Pavlo Skoropadskyi, the earlier leader of Free Cossacks, was proclaimed
3406:
3255:
3251:
3006:
2987:
2928:
2865:
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2642:
2395:
2387:
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2110:
1881:. The uprising was one of a series of catastrophic events for the Commonwealth, known as
1520:
1486:
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1385:
1248:
1232:
1173:
1146:
1020:
993:
413:
285:
162:
127:
10824:
10287:
8579:
Raeff, Marc (1975). "Pugachev's Rebellion". In Greene, Jack P.; Forster, Robert (eds.).
8100:
Plokhy, Serhii (2012), "Konotop 1659: exploring alternatives in East European history",
8019:
4770:
4392:
3887:
Ukrainians in Cossack dress during the celebrations of Zaporozhian Sich anniversary, in
3767:. Most prominent of these organizations were the Ukrainian Union of Agrarians-Statists (
2807:, the Cossacks became Russian subjects, a transition that was a dividing point again in
2174:
river, and founded a new Sich. Many Ukrainian peasants and adventurers later joined the
1067:
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13059:
13022:
12970:
12837:
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12544:
11773:
11755:
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Cossack society and government were heavily militarized. The nation was called a host (
3928:
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3259:
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3037:
2965:
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1981:
1859:
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1717:
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Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty
7512:
Russia's first civil war: the Time of Troubles and the founding of the Romanov dynasty
7479:
Russia's first civil war: the Time of Troubles and the founding of the Romanov dynasty
4009:, the Cossacks were governed by the "Cossack Traditions" – the common, unwritten law.
3883:
3846:
2680:
2143:
1964:
were divided on the issue, and it had even less support among rank-and-file Cossacks.
1511:
13102:
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12642:
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12385:
12380:
11778:
11696:
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11324:
11153:
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10321:Вот какие мы – россияне: Росстат об итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года
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At the Edge of Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700-1860
6875:
4991:
4229:'s mother was the daughter of a leader of the civil estate of the Zaporozhian Sich.
3080:
13017:
12856:
12718:
12520:
12222:
12096:
11996:
11826:
11634:
11524:
11475:
11448:
11201:
11196:
11049:
9851:
8333:
8105:
6710:
6498:
6397:
6226:
6222:
6072:
6058:
6015:
6007:
5943:
5938:
5597:
5056:
5017:
4486:
4373:
4333:
4266:
4161:
4070:
Siberia, Orenburg, Astrakhan, Trans-Baikal, Semiretchi, Amur, and Ussurki voiskos.
3533:
Konstantin I. Nedorubov: Don Cossack, Hero of the Soviet Union, full Knight of the
3507:
3405:
Until January 1918, the Free Cossacks of Ukraine were subordinate to the Ukrainian
3341:
3292:
3217:
3196:
3120:
3109:
2945:
2897:, a military college became Pugachev's headquarters. Pugachev envisioned a Cossack
2728:
2703:
2702:
regained stability, discontent grew within the serf and peasant populations. Under
2666:
2587:
2543:
2539:
2442:
2106:
1989:
1773:
1737:
1729:
1319:
1306:
emerged in Ukraine. Cossack troops formed the effective core of the anti-Bolshevik
1190:
1044:
764:
751:
725:
572:
363:
9635:[Report of Governor-General Kaznakov to Tzar Alexander III] (Report).
8637:
Uniforms of the World: A Compendium of Army, Navy and Air Force Uniforms 1700–1937
8345:
6751:
1016:
13074:
12647:
12588:
12467:
12395:
12364:
11967:
11659:
11470:
11216:
11206:
10839:
10819:
10780:
10383:"Армянское казачество на страже многовековой армяно-российской дружбы - интервью"
9943:
9902:
9534:"Армянское казачество на страже многовековой армяно-российской дружбы - интервью"
9304:
8542:
7115:
6473:
6086:
6078:
6052:
6044:
5923:
5918:
5908:
5843:
5424:
5349:
4830:
4815:
4803:
4415:
4407:
4388:
4237:
4117:
4097:
3990:
3968:. Today, Russian Cossacks are led by atamans, and Ukrainian Cossacks by hetmans.
3681:
3634:
3490:
3433:
3400:
3348:
and engaging in acts of banditry that fueled a potent insurgency in that region.
3288:
2983:
2836:
2662:
2430:
2404:
2372:
2321:
2317:
2191:
2095:
2091:
2083:
1303:
1256:
1082:. These groups were assimilated by the Don Cossacks, but had their own irregular
1029:
1012:
943:
841:
759:
584:
502:
235:
182:
142:
107:
10628:
8110:
7417:
3979:
2148:
1937:
refrained from plans to have a Moscow Tsar as king of the Commonwealth, its own
1633:
One of the unique granite columns with which the Cossacks marked their territory
12787:
12760:
12684:
12407:
12390:
12375:
11924:
11868:
11707:
11664:
11592:
11336:
11307:
11232:
11186:
11128:
11085:
10804:
10537:
10511:
9898:
7720:
5987:
5979:
5609:
5605:
5249:
5224:
4760:
4745:
4700:
Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation § Cossack ranks and insignia
4687:
4521:
4517:
4475:
Ukrainian government actively supports these attempts. The traditional Cossack
4403:
4270:
4262:
4226:
4177:
4052:
3900:
in 1990. A number of Ukrainian Cossack organizations emerged during that time.
3662:
3641:, led collaboration efforts between Cossack émigrés and the Japanese military.
3606:
3511:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3145:
3029:
2956:
2933:
2849:
2789:
2691:
2555:
2510:
2502:
2489:
2235:
2231:
2155:
1870:
in Ukraine, converted to Eastern Orthodoxy, divided the lands of the Ruthenian
1843:
1798:
1721:
1702:
1698:
1580:
1556:
1552:
1421:
1397:
1333:, the Cossacks made a systematic return to Russia. Many took an active part in
1311:
1287:
1201:
led major anti-imperial wars and revolutions in the Empire in order to abolish
1181:
908:
612:
373:
187:
172:
147:
12669:
9855:
8337:
8299:"French invasion of Russia | Napoleon, Battles, & Casualties | Britannica"
7596:
6976:
6401:
4870:
3583:
1681:. Plans for transforming the Polish–Lithuanian two-nation Commonwealth into a
13096:
12987:
12945:
12933:
12918:
12632:
11765:
11562:
11351:
11221:
11211:
11169:
11143:
11138:
11075:
11035:
9980:
9198:
8389:
8153:
7670:
7529:
7496:
7212:
7054:
7023:
6841:
One Europe, Many Nations: A historical dictionary of European national groups
6409:
6155:
6130:
5913:
5472:
5374:
5199:
4497:
4323:
4137:
3800:
3704:
3630:
3503:
3450:
3332:
3221:
2991:
2582:
2561:
2465:
2199:
2186:
and Dniester rivers did not achieve such fame. Other Cossacks settled on the
2175:
2163:
2114:
1985:
1957:
1908:. In return, the Tsar guaranteed them his protection; recognized the Cossack
1875:
1789:
1725:
1530:
1454:. Merchants, peasants, and runaways from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,
1358:
1228:
1154:
1055:
938:
grew in power, new political entities appeared in the region. These included
803:
698:
643:
418:
403:
250:
230:
177:
137:
92:
12728:
10670:
Havelock, H. (April 1898). "The Cossacks in the Early Seventeenth Century".
4084:) and fortresses along troublesome borders. These included the forts Verny (
3955:) commanded a Cossack band. He was elected by the Host members at a Cossack
2607:
1579:
side of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their proposal for the Tsar (
13027:
13002:
12977:
12370:
11798:
11725:
11504:
11494:
11413:
11163:
11070:
11020:
7801:
6879:
Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland colonization in Eurasian history
6530:
6342:
6138:
5873:
5174:
4932:
4922:
4917:
4825:
4291:
4157:
4149:
4109:
3888:
3757:
3649:
3626:
3554:
3546:
3465:
3437:
3364:
3213:
2978:
2949:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2720:
2707:
2670:
2622:
2509:
region of Russia. Although many Cossack groups came to inhabit the Western
2420:
2274:
2263:
2255:
2223:
2182:
remembers the Danubian Sich, other new siches of Loyal Zaporozhians on the
2109:. These organisations gradually lost their autonomy, and were abolished by
1905:
1785:
1560:
1494:
1342:
1295:
1260:
1186:
1150:
997:
837:
829:
662:
658:
647:
624:
620:
393:
157:
132:
117:
83:
12699:
10569:
10352:"The Goal of the Cossack Congress in America | Рассеяны но не расторгнуты"
10045:"Казаки в Берлине - Песни военных лет и о войне - Медиа - 75-летие Победы"
9469:
6275:] (in Polish). Warsaw, PL: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 110.
5072:
For most hosts, the basic uniform consisted of the standard loose-fitting
5021:
4798:
4611:
She presents the tender look which doesn't correspond military regulations
3103:
within the Russian Empire. Like other peoples of the empire, some Cossack
2053:. After terrible losses, Trubetskoy was forced to withdraw to the town of
549:
12804:
12610:
12358:
12321:
11962:
11793:
11783:
11733:
11715:
11626:
11587:
11381:
11292:
11275:
10230:
Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe
5928:
5101:
4423:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4328:
4249:
4209:
4201:
4125:
4101:
4020:, translated as "army"). The people and territories were subdivided into
3994:
3869:
3558:
3523:
3190:
During the course of 1917, the nascent Cossack governments formed by the
3132:
2887:
2762:
2686:
2566:
2438:
2408:
2335:
2325:
2211:
1993:
1733:
1409:
1405:
1272:
1252:
1237:
1194:
1165:
1075:
962:
951:
864:
825:
795:
639:
383:
220:
10931:
10600:"Nikolai Doluda: "New opportunities open up for Cossack youth movement""
9484:
Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: regions in conflict.
9436:
Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War
6753:
Die völker des südlichen Russlands in ihrer geschichtlichen entwickelung
6417:
5052:
4504:
anime series, has a Cossack character, Dora-nichov, who is from Russia.
3863:
Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War
3522:
former Cossack territories of the North Caucasus provided they were not
2542:
haircut popular among some Kubanians. This tradition traces back to the
2072:
12928:
12844:
12733:
12595:
12563:
12532:
12478:
12473:
12456:
12441:
12308:
12269:
11808:
11148:
10903:
9246:"Кубанские казаки - участники парада Победы в Москве 24 июня 1945 года"
7589:"Kluszyn 1610, Battle between Polish Commonwealth and Russia (Moscovy)"
6625:
5079:
4875:
4482:
4399:
4145:
4141:
4121:
4089:
3760:
3712:
3577:
3284:
2840:
2626:
2477:
2267:
2266:, then breaking abruptly to the south and extending to the Dnieper via
2118:
1977:
1607:
1574:, who launched successful campaigns against the Tatars and Turks. Tsar
1478:
1441:
1346:
1307:
1291:
989:
955:
904:
860:
721:
690:
672:
Between 3.5 and 5 million people associate themselves with the Cossack
592:
554:
398:
12662:
10683:
10570:"Поправки в Конституцию напишут Прилепин, Шахназаров и казачий атаман"
7085:
5009:, is commanded by a Yesaul. If the region or district lacks any other
4196:
3971:
3278:
2464:
The majority of Don Cossacks are either Eastern Orthodox or Christian
13081:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12713:
12694:
12679:
12657:
12627:
12622:
12537:
12503:
12498:
12446:
11854:
11849:
11816:
11788:
11676:
11671:
11607:
11582:
11529:
11443:
11158:
11090:
10442:
9591:"Cossacks face grim reprisals from onetime allies in eastern Ukraine"
9564:"Opportunists take advantage of eastern Ukraine leadership confusion"
8977:
Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army
6134:
5855:
5121:
4979:
4947:
4865:
4683:
ensemble that reflects the dances and folklore of the Kuban Cossack.
4635:
About his love to the girl: :"Although I am far from Pacific Don
4173:
3804:
3688:
3653:
3618:
3514:
campaigns of the early 1930s threatened Cossacks with deportation to
3486:
3446:
3371:
3236:
3166:
At the outbreak of the disorder on 8 March 1917 that led to the
2902:
2781:
2777:
2646:
2638:
2494:
2183:
1926:
1910:
1664:
1559:
to flee his palace. In 1637, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, joined by the
1534:
1323:
1051:
916:
888:
817:
714:
627:. Each host had a territory consisting of affiliated villages called
459:
10867:
10853:
10319:
9945:
Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800
9165:
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
6455:"Cossack comeback: Fur flies as 'fake' groups spark identity crisis"
5636:
2976:, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk, Irkutsk, Sabaikal, Yakutsk, and Tartar
980:
790:
13044:
12923:
12908:
12812:
12617:
12483:
12451:
11863:
11835:
11821:
11688:
11654:
11612:
11597:
11302:
10599:
10504:"Белорусские казаки: патриоты Беларуси c "русским миром" в голове?"
10254:
9033:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 80–81, 407–409.
6918:(6th, out of print ed.). Columbia University Press. 2001–2004.
6722:
5831:
5516:
5117:
5106:
5041:
5036:
5005:
4788:
4775:
4740:
4501:
4282:
4133:
4080:
4021:
3716:
3614:
3602:
3300:
3263:
3247:
3104:
2894:
2854:
2844:
2804:
2739:
2530:
2227:
2113:
in the late 18th century. The Hetmanate became the governorship of
1852:
1806:
1673:
1615:
1466:
1451:
1315:
1083:
1001:
973:
caused considerable devastation and depopulation in this area. The
947:
939:
875:. Their arrival was probably not before the 13th century, when the
856:
845:
628:
541:
479:
225:
12938:
7619:"Polacy rządzili na Kremlu. Syna Zygmunta III Wazy obwołano carem"
6629:
4481:
serves as a symbol of the Ukrainian presidency, and the island of
2625:
Host was formed from the Ural Cossacks, who had settled along the
2320:, Cossacks carried out sentry and patrol duties, guarding against
2222:. Both Azov and Black Sea Cossacks were resettled to colonize the
1827:
1685:
made little progress, due to the unpopularity among the Ruthenian
977:
also played an important role in the development of the Cossacks.
961:
As early as the 15th century, a few individuals ventured into the
12767:
12637:
12605:
12488:
12461:
12436:
12421:
11859:
11844:
11840:
11602:
11552:
11544:
11534:
11438:
11426:
11285:
11181:
11175:
10351:
6876:
Breyfogle, Nicholas; Schrader, Abby; Sunderland, Willard (2007).
6476:(2006–2007). "The Turkic Etymology of the Word Qazaq 'Cossack'".
6151:
5622:
5561:
5529:
5113:
5088:
5045:
4965:
4952:
4905:
4303:
4113:
3658:
3053:
3045:
2961:
2898:
2832:
2785:
2715:
2592:
2473:
2356:
2290:
2087:
2046:
2023:
2001:
1548:
1482:
1354:
1350:
1210:
1202:
1142:
1091:
1087:
1005:
924:
915:, and others who settled or passed through the vast Steppe. Some
899:
892:
876:
872:
868:
821:
808:
746:
686:
682:
635:
580:
484:
469:
464:
444:
35:
31:
12554:
10899:
which presents numerous images of Cossack life in Soviet Russia.
10644:
Our Friends the Enemies: The Occupation of France After Napoleon
9735:[On 12 January 1907 Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was born].
5572:
4298:
3262:
governorates. At the All-Ukrainian Congress of Free Cossacks in
3177:
to overhaul their administrations. Cossack assemblies (known as
2386:
Western Europeans had a lot of contact with Cossacks during the
2285:), which was then extended to other free people in Russia. Many
1606:
who commanded the Commonwealth forces. By October, the towns of
1412:, participating in a series of conflicts and alliances with the
12965:
12903:
12891:
12674:
12583:
12571:
12515:
12493:
12431:
12426:
12348:
11831:
11644:
11577:
11517:
11512:
11319:
10986:
10823:
9790:
9657:
Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia
7941:
6302:
Warriors and peasants: The Don Cossacks in late imperial Russia
5784:
Modern Kuban Cossack armed forces patch of the Russian military
5512:
5073:
4972:
4912:
4882:
4708:
Modern Kuban Cossack armed forces patch of the Russian military
4496:
Cossacks are also mentioned outside Europe. The Japanese anime
4493:
is a Ukrainian-made game series influenced by Cossack culture.
4477:
4258:
4129:
4093:
4085:
3964:
3952:
3843:
usually gave way to the local minority and migrated elsewhere.
3796:
3776:
3733:
3353:
3232:
3137:
3084:
3049:
3041:
2770:
2634:
2458:
2343:
2329:
2286:
2259:
2171:
2054:
1954:
1897:
1623:
1611:
1543:
1425:
1110:
1107:
1079:
1063:
920:
884:
880:
694:
678:
489:
474:
454:
439:
434:
9904:
The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires
9848:
Soviet Jews in World War II: Fighting, Witnessing, Remembering
9051:
Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites
8859:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
8834:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
8809:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
8722:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
8697:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
8663:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
8612:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800
4704:
3273:
2599:
1671:
in Russia and dependence in the Commonwealth. Attempts by the
1310:, and Cossack republics became centers for the anti-Bolshevik
1011:
The first international mention of Cossacks was in 1492, when
988:
In the 15th century, Cossack society was described as a loose
13034:
12992:
12782:
12772:
12600:
12576:
12300:
11639:
11567:
11118:
10946:
6726:
6273:
Erich Lassota's and Wilhelm Beauplan's decriptions of Ukraine
5851:
5834:, a French military and political leader, spread the myth of
5145:
light blue, crimson, or orange coats, according to squadron.
4675:
in 1991 as the official sendoff music for army recruits. The
4165:
4037:
3811:
3515:
3228:
2994:
were added; the last had a regiment of elite mounted rifles.
2907:
2828:
2819:
2506:
2361:
2351:
2187:
2124:
1996:
attempted to resolve this by separating Ukraine from Russia.
1619:
1470:
1444:
1138:
919:, however, argue that Cossacks are descendants of the native
912:
833:
588:
449:
10919:
8774:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 194–201.
7983:
5854:, while Russians have been stereotyped by French authors as
5608:
appointed Kuban Vice Governor and Kuban Cossack Host Ataman
2350:
The most popular weapons of the Cossack cavalrymen were the
2246:
11649:
11191:
10503:
10415:[Cossacks guarding Karabakh: yesterday and today].
9621:Лощиц, Юрий. Сковорода. Vol. 13. Мол. гвардия, 1972. p. 17.
9053:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 19–21.
7240:
6718:
6714:
6654:
3957:
3584:
Anticommunist Cossacks in exile and World War II, 1920–1945
3316:. Subsequently, the Cossack homelands became bases for the
3183:
3108:
population viewed the Cossacks as instruments of reaction.
3021:
2872:
2800:
2316:. In the 16th century, to protect the borderland area from
1946:
1668:
1663:
Cossack numbers increased when the warriors were joined by
1564:
1437:
1236:
tribal Roman auxiliaries, the Cossacks had to obtain their
1103:
10911:
9096:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 28–29, 63–65.
9028:
7902:Георгий Георгиевич Фруменков. Узники соловецкого монастыря
7312:
6758:
The Peoples of Southern Russia in its Historical Evolution
5544:
The Association of Cossacks of Azerbaijan operates in the
3471:
3246:
During 1917 the Free Cossack movement spread around Kyiv,
2968:, Little Russia, Azov, Danube, Ural, Stavropol, Mesherya,
2964:. In 1840, the Cossack hosts included the Don, Black Sea,
2277:
warriors on the steppe frontier, received the Turkic name
2086:
ordered the sacking of the then capital of the Hetmanate,
1866:, that began in 1648. Some Cossacks, including the Polish
1086:
and Meshchera Host up to the end of the 19th century. The
591:
and semi-militarized people, who, while under the nominal
9633:Генерал-губернатор Казнаков в докладе Александру III
4563:
And sees that the girl, who has a signal flag in her hand
4542:
The rider is singing: "Eh, guys, it is not firstly for us
4512:
The official military march of Russian Cossacks units is
4184:
of 1904–1905 and adopted and raised by a Cossack family.
4006:
3993:, and in wartime was the supreme commander in the field.
3827:
3808:
10912:"Cossack Nation – The Social Network of Ethnic Cossacks"
8635:
Knotel, Richard; Knotel, Herbert; Sieg, Herbert (1980).
7281:
4398:
In the literature of Western Europe, Cossacks appear in
3526:
or other ethnic minorities, could claim Cossack status.
3387:
the Cossack hosts were broken up among new provinces or
3151:
2769:
tried to gain support from the old Cossacks, asking the
946:. In 1261, Slavic people living in the area between the
735:
729:
4712:
The Russian Empire organised its Cossacks into several
4212:
described such Cossack female chauvinism in his novel,
3016:
1862:
prompted the largest and most successful of these: the
1345:
as Cossack. There are Cossack organizations in Russia,
927:, who had lived there long before the Mongol invasion.
619:
were mostly infantry soldiers, using war wagons, while
10928:"Pirate, Rebel, Freedom Fighter, Champion of the Poor"
10702:
The Horsemen of the Steppes: The Story of the Cossacks
9844:"Jews as Cossacks: A Symbiosis in Literature and Life"
8941:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 32–36.
7802:"Ukraine | History, Geography, People, & Language"
7509:
7476:
7242:Конгресс Казаков в Америке: Рассеяны но не расторгнуты
6789:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 84.
6729:
as described for the first time in Russian chronicles.
5124:
units. Three regiments of Cossacks formed part of the
3601:
The Cossacks who remained abroad settled primarily in
2757:, and ultimately to the failure of Razin's rebellion.
2472:, there were numerous religious minorities, including
2308:
Distribution of Cossacks in Russia and Eastern Ukraine
1888:
Influential relatives of the Ruthenian and Lithuanian
1772:
The Zaporozhian Sich had its own authorities, its own
1290:
were the first people to declare open war against the
757:
In written sources, the name is first attested in the
9850:. Brighton: Academic Studies Press. pp. 85–103.
8628:
7936:[Is there "(Ukrainian) language" in Kuban?].
6567:] (in French). Lyon, FR: Terre Noire. p. 38.
6196:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 58.
5838:. French propaganda portrayed the inhabitants of the
3493:
estimates the number of famine-related deaths in the
2595:(the Russians originally called the Kazakhs 'Kirgiz')
2429:
A Cossack from the Don area, 1821, illustration from
2073:
Suppression of Cossack autonomy in the Russian Empire
1945:. The treaty was approved by the Polish king and the
1542:
the men were nominally its subjects. In retaliation,
1125:
against Polish and Catholic domination, known as the
9732:
12 января 1907 года родился Сергей Павлович Корольов
9679:
9340:
9066:
White Terror: Cossack warlords of the trans-Siberian
8999:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8979:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971) 59.
8133:
7650:
5092:
on most occasions, together with black felt cloaks (
2843:. In 1734, construction of a government fortress at
2513:, most of the Kuban Cossacks are descendants of the
1500:
744:
meant 'free man' but also 'conqueror'. The ethnonym
10965:"International Encyclopedia of the First World War"
10252:
9645:Богаевский А.П. Ледяной поход. Воспоминания 1918 г.
7962:
7442:
Warfare, State, and Society on the Black Sea Steppe
7021:
5099:Until 1909, Cossack regiments in summer wore white
5083:coats with ornamental cartridge loops and coloured
3857:The principal Cossack émigré leader after 1945 was
3700:
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
3518:, or outright execution by Soviet security organs.
3279:
Cossack autonomies in Don, Kuban and North Caucasus
1551:river. In 1615 and 1625, Cossacks razed suburbs of
1523:formed a part of the Commonwealth army until 1699.
1121:. The Hetmanate was initiated by a rebellion under
10121:
9193:
9191:
9189:
8886:. The Long Riders' Guild Press. pp. 296–297.
8881:
8581:Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe
8065:
6432:
4310:Literary reflections of Cossack culture abound in
2226:, a crucial foothold for Russian expansion in the
2045:In June 1659, the two armies met near the town of
1693:. The Cossacks' strong historic allegiance to the
1000:, or from groups from the Berlad territory of the
984:Ottoman Turks in battle against the Cossacks, 1592
724:'s etymological dictionary traces the name to the
9006:The Cossack Struggle Against Communism, 1917-1945
8982:
8939:The Cossack Struggle Against Communism, 1917-1945
8639:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 394.
8422:The peoples of the USSR: an ethnographic handbook
7726:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine
7117:From Tak to Yes: Understanding the east Europeans
6806:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 105–106.
4302:Ostap Kindrachuk, Ukrainian Cossack, playing the
3059:
2457:; and the steppe populations, represented by the
2390:, and had seen Cossack patrols in Berlin. During
2250:Imperial Russian Cossacks (left) in Paris in 1814
1447:, or princes of the nobility, especially various
1062:There are also references to the less well-known
13094:
10947:"History of the Cossacks 15–21st centuries"
10641:
9588:
9298:
9296:
8634:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8528:
7984:Tatiana Stepanovna Malykhina (11 January 2013).
6269:Eryka Lassoty i Wilhelma Beauplana opisy Ukrainy
6266:
5633:United Council of Ukrainian and Foreign Cossacks
5560:There are 3 republican Cossack organizations in
4241:Portrait of a Cossack woman by Ukrainian artist
4172:sometimes setting aside religious restrictions.
2652:
2206:, most of these Cossacks were absorbed into the
10227:
9654:
9229:
9186:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
6799:
6446:
6161:
5016:In addition, the supreme ataman of the largest
4078:Russian Cossacks founded numerous settlements (
4051:, traveled to Moscow through Ukraine, his son,
4036:). A unit of a Cossack troop could be called a
2230:. In 1860, more Cossacks were resettled to the
1828:Formation of the Cossack class in the Hetmanate
1477:, who built a fortress on the island of Little
634:They inhabited sparsely populated areas in the
9761:
9624:
9403:"Marching in the Brotherhood of the Oppressed"
9274:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 41–42, 75.
9269:
9044:
9042:
9040:
8906:
8744:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8068:The Slavs in European History and Civilization
7729:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
6928:
6837:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6282:
5587:
5458:
3978:(portrayal of 16th–17th century), painting by
3633:occupied Manchuria in 1932, the ataman of the
1768:An officer of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in 1720
12285:
11002:
10285:
9293:
9289:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 35–48.
9284:
9063:
8911:. Yardley: Westholme Publishing. p. 310.
8010:
7940:(in Russian). 22 October 2009. Archived from
7719:
6701:, p. 3, Robert Speller & Sons, New York,
6525:
6523:
6066:
5904:Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
5825:
5579:Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
5573:Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
3588:
3485:. In 1932–1933, another famine, known as the
3379:", intended to end the Cossack threat to the
1752:, led by the hetman of the Zaporizhian Sich,
1563:, captured the strategic Ottoman fortress of
522:
11906:
11686:
10413:"Казаки на страже Карабаха: вчера и сегодня"
9941:
9837:
9835:
9768:. Thomas Seltzer, Inc. pp. 65–66, 139.
9765:The Slaughter of the Jews in Ukraine in 1919
9709:. New York: Avalon Publishing. p. 131.
9504:"Казаки на страже Карабаха: вчера и сегодня"
9396:
9394:
9234:. New York: Stein and Day. pp. 100–105.
9091:
9048:
8926:. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 205–216.
8769:
8763:
8540:
8505:
8438:
7966:Кубань – Украина: вопросы истории и политики
6472:
6396:(7). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1057–1077.
6298:
6216:
4566:And who has a nice plait under her sided cap
3756:), which consisted of a number of Ukrainian
3743:
3156:
2407:during the French invasion of Russia behind
1967:
1850:The waning loyalty of the Cossacks, and the
1697:also put them at odds with officials of the
1164:Portrait of a Terek or Kuban Cossack during
832:in the 16th century: near the Dnieper, Don,
10834:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). p. 218.
10737:
10718:
10501:
10107:Tablitsi Form' Obmundirovaniya Russkoi Armi
9561:
9037:
9008:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.
9003:
8936:
8463:
8447:The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria 1552–1740
7768:. Yale University Press. pp. 62, 143.
7360:
7358:
7154:Андрусовское перемирие. 30 января 1667
6732:
6634:[Etymological Dictionary: Kazagk].
6279:
3946:
3409:of Internal Affairs. With the begin of the
3274:Bolshevik uprising and Civil War, 1917–1922
971:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
12292:
12278:
11009:
10995:
10778:
10104:
7755:
7713:
7617:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (2014-02-03).
7197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6743:
6660:
6558:
6520:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6267:Stasiewska, Zofia; Meller, Stefan (1972).
5722:Flag of Russian Sloboda-Ukrainian Cossacks
4988:*Rank presently absent in the Russian Army
4024:and company districts, and village posts (
2125:Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks
1960:. The treaty failed, however, because the
1436:Prior to the formation of the Zaporozhian
1180:By the 18th century, Cossack hosts in the
529:
515:
27:Ethnic group of current Ukraine and Russia
10818:
10690:
10646:. Harvard University Press. p. 172.
10253:Nadezhda Kuznetsova (21 September 2010).
10100:
10098:
9832:
9464:[Cossacks: general information].
9438:. New York: Grove Atlantic. p. 274.
9391:
9168:. Oxford University Press. 1986. p.
8166:
8109:
6959:The gates of Europe: a history of Ukraine
6672:
6666:
5024:, and so wears insignia derived from the
4218:. Relations between the sexes within the
3898:500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich
3181:or, in the case of the Kuban Cossacks, a
1458:, and Moldavia also joined the Cossacks.
1440:, Cossacks had usually been organized by
855:It is unclear when people other than the
12299:
11894:
10669:
10502:Petrovskaya, Galina (17 February 2016).
10312:
10202:
10177:
10152:
9841:
9755:
9630:
9400:
9156:
9068:. New York: Routledge. pp. 163–170.
8444:
8167:Mezentsev, Volodymyr (27 October 2017).
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8072:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
7355:
7182:
7113:
6493:
6491:
6348:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An encyclopedia
6191:
5051:
5035:
4703:
4395:, were more critical in their approach.
4297:
4275:
4236:
4195:
3970:
3951:In early times, an ataman (later called
3882:
3845:
3528:
3375:The Bolsheviks embarked on a policy of "
3235:level, subordinate to a regiment led by
3140:(squadrons) employed as detached units.
3063:
3015:
2921:
2917:
2871:
2818:
2738:
2679:
2606:
2598:
2586:
2493:
2424:
2334:
2303:
2245:
2166:and other people from "Greater Russia" (
2142:
2014:
1831:
1763:
1683:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
1628:
1525:
1465:prototype was formed by the starosta of
1379:
1170:The Cossack - The man the Prussian fears
1159:
979:
789:
708:
548:
540:
10259:[Cossacks and "masqueraders"].
9704:
9433:
9371:"Ukrainian Union of Agrarians-Statists"
9302:
8861:. London: Routeldge. pp. 167–168.
8836:. London: Routeldge. pp. 164–167.
8724:. London: Routeldge. pp. 160–162.
8699:. London: Routeldge. pp. 160–161.
8614:. London: Routeldge. pp. 164–166.
8583:. The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 170.
8245:. Osprey Publishing (October 15, 1996)
8063:
7861:
7828:
7826:
7545:
7514:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
7481:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
6995:[Ballad about Cossack Holota].
6784:
6749:
6738:
6709:Vasili Glazkov claims that the data of
6691:
6631:Этимологический словарь Фасмера: казаґк
6376:
6330:
6248:
5621:The following organizations operate in
5479:, especially among Ukrainian Cossacks.
4422:". In many stories by adventure writer
3773:Український союз хліборобів-державників
3763:organizations from different groups of
3472:Cossacks in the Soviet Union, 1922–1945
3453:(head of the Conucil of Ministers) and
3413:their units were incorporated into the
2814:
1658:
1369:
1078:, of whom Sary Azman was the first Don
545:An American Cossack family in the 1950s
14:
13095:
10699:
10380:
10332:from the original on 24 September 2015
10203:Emmanuel, Vladimir A. (2 April 2013).
10178:Emmanuel, Vladimir A. (2 April 2013).
10153:Emmanuel, Vladimir A. (2 April 2013).
10095:
10068:
10029:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
9897:
9531:
9306:Cossacks in the German Army, 1941–1945
8921:
8856:
8831:
8806:
8784:
8719:
8694:
8660:
8609:
8484:
8419:
8370:from the original on 22 September 2015
8099:
8049:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7761:
7438:
7273:Этническое казачье объединение Казарла
6956:
6760:]. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. p.
6624:
6610:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6452:
5649:Registered Ukrainian People's Cossacks
5475:; though there are growing numbers of
4120:; and towns and settlements along the
4096:in North Caucasus; Fort Alexandrovsk (
3787:, and the United Hetman Organization (
3646:Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
2799:and the Cossacks swore loyalty to the
2383:, and the annexation of Central Asia.
1638:cease entirely. During this time, the
1392:The Zaporozhian Cossacks lived on the
1019:complained to Grand Duke of Lithuania
12273:
11893:
11250:
10990:
10920:"The Congress of Cossacks in America"
10893:– an issue of the propaganda journal
10840:"Cossacks during the Napoleonic Wars"
10124:Uniforms of the Imperial Russian Army
10119:
9801:
9232:The Nazi War Against Soviet Partisans
9029:Bunyan, James; Fisher, H. H. (1965).
8802:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8605:
8603:
8578:
8086:
7990:[Kuban balachka (language)].
7393:
6992:Дума про козака Голоту – Народні думи
6844:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 216.
6488:
6099:
6085:
6071:
6051:
6028:
6014:
6000:
5986:
5972:
3152:Cossacks after the Russian Revolution
3079:, 1906 – Orenburg Cossacks patrol at
1976:(1649–1764). It was placed under the
1809:, the local Kuban dialect of central
1805:bilingual, speaking both Russian and
1759:
1364:
1341:, 140,028 people reported their
10801:"General der Flieger Hellmuth Felmy"
10550:from the original on 20 October 2017
10518:from the original on 6 February 2022
10205:The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914
10180:The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914
10155:The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914
9486:Taylor & Francis, 2002, p. 107.
9482:Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn:
8243:Russian army of the Seven Years' War
7823:
7396:The Cossacks: An Illustrated History
7120:. Intercultural Press. p. 294.
6916:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
6387:
6341:
6217:O'Rourke, Shane (2011), "Cossacks",
5820:Coat of arms of the Zaporozhian Host
5660:
5491:(ряженые, or "dressed up phonies").
4665:) is one of the main marches of the
4638:Although I am far from my sweet home
4489:, has been restored. The video game
3814:and was implicitly supported by the
3270:was elected otaman of the movement.
3161:
2734:
2273:These people, constantly facing the
1816:
10956:
10756:
10300:from the original on 3 October 2015
10267:from the original on 4 October 2015
9743:from the original on 3 October 2015
9570:from the original on 24 August 2015
9309:. Portland: Routledge; Frank Cass.
7616:
7003:from the original on 5 October 2015
6999:. National ballads (in Ukrainian).
5808:Emblem of registered Volga cossacks
5796:Emblem of registered Terek cossacks
5772:Emblem of registered Kuban cossacks
5630:Great Council of Atamans of Ukraine
4536:The horses from Don area were going
4426:, the main character is a Cossack.
4368:'s stories (for instance, those in
4001:). The senior officers were called
2241:
2170:), they settled in the area of the
2117:, and Zaporizhia was absorbed into
895:, dating back to the 11th century.
24:
13040:Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
11252:
11251:
10663:
10105:Shenk, Colonel V. K. (1910–1911).
9603:from the original on 6 August 2015
9589:Andrew E. Kramer (4 August 2015).
9468:(in Russian). 2006. Archived from
8811:. London: Routeldge. p. 164.
8793:
8679:
8665:. London: Routeldge. p. 166.
8643:
8600:
7998:from the original on 12 March 2013
7410:"Cossack Navy 16th–17th Centuries"
6592:from the original on 5 August 2012
5116:, several of the larger hosts had
3933:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
3394:
2297:(Grand Duchy of Ryazan) after the
2162:, as well as the vast majority of
2160:Cossacks of Greater Russian origin
1318:, Cossack lands were subjected to
25:
13154:
10812:
10580:from the original on 28 July 2020
10182:. Winged Hussar. pp. 18–19.
9820:from the original on 26 June 2020
9415:from the original on 19 June 2020
9080:Modern Studies of Social Problems
7765:The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation
7743:from the original on 24 June 2016
6697:Vasili Glazkov (Wasili Glaskow),
6642:from the original on 21 July 2015
6117:Executions of Cossacks in Lebedin
5760:Emblem of registered Don cossacks
4657:The S. Tvorun arrangement of the
4653:Our Cossacks are riding to Berlin
4623:Our Cossacks are riding to Berlin
4593:He is glad to stay more long here
4590:Our Cossacks are riding to Berlin
4557:Our Cossacks are riding to Berlin
3570:4th Guards Cossacks Cavalry Corps
3099:in Manchuria and the outbreak of
2549:
2498:Kuban Cossacks, late 19th century
2483:
1501:Relations with surrounding states
1209:in 1707–1708, the destruction of
812:or "free men") who inhabited the
587:. Historically, they were a semi-
75:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
12553:
12254:
12253:
11016:
10635:
10617:
10592:
10562:
10530:
10495:
10483:from the original on 18 May 2021
10465:
10453:from the original on 18 May 2021
10435:
10423:from the original on 19 May 2021
10405:
10393:from the original on 19 May 2021
10374:
10362:from the original on 16 May 2021
10344:
10328:(in Russian). 22 December 2011.
10279:
10246:
10232:. Peter Lang. pp. 275–266.
10221:
10196:
10171:
10146:
10113:
10109:. Imperial Russian War Ministry.
10062:
10037:
9998:
9981:"SovMusic.ru - Казаки в Берлине"
9973:
9935:
9891:
9795:
9783:
9723:
9698:
9673:
9648:
9639:
9615:
9582:
9562:Sabra Ayres (26 November 2014).
9555:
9525:
9496:
9476:
9452:
9427:
9377:
9363:
9349:
9334:
9278:
9263:
9238:
9223:
9142:
9128:
9114:
9100:
9085:
9072:
9057:
9031:The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–18
9022:
7782:from the original on 27 May 2016
6750:Neumann, Karl Friedrich (1855).
6675:Kazachestvo Istoriya Volnoy Rusi
6192:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017).
5813:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5753:
5739:
5727:
5715:
5703:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5501:
5157:Cherkesska (long coat) or tunic
4641:I met the girl-fellow countryman
4232:
4112:); Novonikolayevskaya stanitsa (
3997:was given to the Band Assembly (
3941:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
3668:In 1943, the Germans formed the
2803:. While they still had internal
2576:
2528:A distinguishing feature is the
1097:
785:
67:
12998:Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs
10862:"History of Ukrainian Cossacks"
10606:from the original on 2020-07-07
10546:(in Russian). 8 December 2005.
10051:from the original on 2020-07-08
10012:from the original on 2021-01-25
9987:from the original on 2020-07-07
9962:from the original on 2015-04-05
9921:from the original on 2015-05-17
9880:from the original on 2021-10-28
9772:from the original on 2013-11-12
9739:(in Russian). 12 January 2010.
9544:from the original on 2021-05-19
9514:from the original on 2021-05-19
9323:from the original on 2016-05-21
9252:from the original on 2020-07-07
9211:from the original on 2 May 2012
8969:
8955:
8930:
8915:
8900:
8875:
8850:
8825:
8778:
8738:
8713:
8587:
8572:
8561:from the original on 2016-05-09
8547:. Manchester University Press.
8413:
8402:from the original on 2016-02-09
8382:
8352:
8316:
8291:
8280:from the original on 2015-09-18
8262:
8235:
8219:
8208:from the original on 2018-06-23
8190:
8179:from the original on 2020-02-17
8160:
8127:
8057:
8032:from the original on 2015-09-24
7977:
7956:
7924:
7913:from the original on 2016-02-09
7893:
7882:from the original on 2022-02-06
7855:
7844:from the original on 2015-07-20
7812:from the original on 2020-01-24
7794:
7699:from the original on 2015-07-20
7681:
7644:
7629:from the original on 2020-07-28
7610:
7581:
7566:from the original on 2022-02-06
7546:Dunning, Chester S. L. (2010).
7539:
7510:Dunning, Chester S. L. (2001).
7503:
7477:Dunning, Chester S. L. (2001).
7470:
7459:from the original on 2020-07-29
7432:
7402:
7387:
7376:from the original on 2015-07-20
7344:from the original on 2020-02-01
7326:
7295:
7264:
7253:from the original on 2012-06-26
7233:
7219:from the original on 2014-10-06
7205:
7176:
7145:
7134:from the original on 2016-04-25
7107:
7096:from the original on 2016-02-09
7078:
7067:from the original on 2015-10-03
7047:
7036:from the original on 2016-02-09
7015:
6983:
6950:
6922:
6907:
6896:from the original on 2020-09-19
6869:
6858:from the original on 2020-08-04
6831:
6820:from the original on 2020-07-29
6793:
6787:Ukraine: An illustrated history
6778:
6618:
6571:
6552:
6541:from the original on 2015-09-24
6509:from the original on 2015-10-03
6465:
6365:from the original on 2016-06-29
6319:from the original on 2022-02-06
6144:
6122:
6109:
5698:Flag of the Semirechye Cossacks
5646:International Union of Cossacks
4729:Equivalent modern Russian Army
4572:Her slender waist is like a rod
4485:, the origin and center of the
4412:The Charge of the Light Brigade
4322:, particularly in the works of
4248:Cossacks have long appealed to
3833:
3816:Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church
3168:overthrow of the tsarist regime
3009:arrived in Tehran to train the
2414:
1788:region, where they established
1331:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1094:Cossacks also deserve mention.
763:from the 13th century. In
11895:
10951:Documents, maps, illustrations
10779:Witzenrath, Christoph (2007).
10073:The Russo-Japanese War 1904–05
9942:Khodarkovsky, Michael (2004).
9401:McKenzie, Hal (17 July 1978).
9341:Naumenko, Vyacheslav (2015) .
8491:. W. W. Norton & Company.
7868:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6934:Illustrated History of Ukraine
6260:
6242:
6227:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow143
6210:
6185:
5956:
5602:Всероссийское казачье общество
5534:Ministry of Defense of Armenia
5112:While most Cossacks served as
4560:He leads horses at a slow pace
4191:
4073:
4055:, wrote the following report:
3372:Council of People's Commissars
3175:Russian Provisional Government
3060:Cossacks between 1900 and 1917
2823:Don Cossack in the early 1800s
2204:Russo-Turkish war of 1787–1792
1414:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1115:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
852:, mainly west of the Dnieper.
609:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
13143:Society of the Russian Empire
10904:"Cossack Nation Live journal"
10880:(photography). Archived from
10738:Summerfield, Stephen (2007).
10719:Summerfield, Stephen (2005).
10292:[The Cossack Drama].
10207:. Winged Hussar. p. 17.
9680:William Penn Cresson (2016).
9434:Simpson, Christopher (1988).
8230:The course of Russian History
8202:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
8134:Peterson, Gary Dean. (2007).
8104:, Ledizioni, pp. 11–19,
7838:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
7693:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
7651:Peterson, Gary Dean. (2007).
7445:. Routledge. pp. 89–90.
7370:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
7338:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
7025:Кто ты, Фесько Ганжа Андыбер?
6785:Magocsi, Paul Robert (2007).
6559:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (1995).
6471:For a detailed analysis, see
6179:
5889:Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
5734:Flag of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
5642:Ukrainian Registered Cossacks
5539:
5288:green with light blue stripes
5059:
4605:The cavalry went by dashingly
3598:, and even the Soviet Union.
3574:Moscow Victory Parade of 1945
3239:, which was itself part of a
3206:
2653:Razin and Pugachev Rebellions
2612:
2505:are Cossacks who live in the
2468:(старообрядцы). Prior to the
2392:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
2031:
1949:, and by some of the Cossack
1784:. Some Cossacks moved to the
1780:, becoming a prisoner of the
1748:eventually culminated in the
1740:and Dmytro Hunia (1637), and
1572:Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny
10820:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
10157:. Winged Hussar. p. 8.
10128:. Blandford Press. pp.
9385:"United Hetman Organization"
7963:Bogdan Zolotarevsky (2009).
6194:The Russian Empire 1450–1801
5950:
5026:Russian/Soviet Marshal ranks
4626:The horseman is riding again
4602:On riding: "Come at a trot!"
4064:
4005:. In the absence of written
3732:transferred to Red Army and
3674:General Helmuth von Pannwitz
3670:1st Cossack Cavalry Division
3329:Armed Forces of South Russia
2685:Stenka Razin Sailing in the
2665:to the throne following the
2591:Ural Cossacks skirmish with
2461:, have only limited impact.
1933:. After this, the Ruthenian
1431:
736:
704:
7:
10704:. London: The Bodley Head.
9303:Newland, Samuel J. (1991).
9004:Mueggenberg, Brent (2019).
8937:Mueggenberg, Brent (2019).
8924:The Horsemen of the Steppes
8882:Littauer, Vladimir (2007).
8787:Tsar and Cossack, 1855-1914
8445:Donnelly, Alton S. (1968).
8424:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 51.
8360:"Old Believer – Raskolniks"
8326:Russian Journal of Genetics
8276:. Napoleon Series Reviews.
8111:10.4000/books.ledizioni.374
7398:. London: Gerald Duckworth.
6638:(in Russian). p. 242.
6503:Online Etymology Dictionary
6221:, American Cancer Society,
5861:
5746:Flag of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
5655:Union of Cossack Formations
5594:All-Russian Cossack Society
5588:All-Russian Cossack Society
5506:
5459:Modern-day Cossack identity
5031:
4596:But he caught her angry eye
4581:"Do not slow down traffic!"
4200:Siberian Cossack family in
3909:Georgian–Abkhazian conflict
3820:Ukrainian Canadian Congress
3793:Союз гетьманців державників
3693:XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps
3430:Ukrainian People's Republic
3001:In 1879, the Shah of Iran,
2939:Cossack relations with the
2451:Vsevelikoye Voysko Donskoye
2194:, also forming a new Sich.
2105:, and the more independent
1939:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
1921:Only some of the Ruthenian
1227:), "a military class". The
771:is first attested in 1590.
10:
13159:
11101:Weberian (three-component)
10691:Longworth, Philip (1969).
10381:Number (3 November 2019).
10077:. Bloomsbury USA. p.
9842:Estraikh, Gennady (2014).
8102:The Battle of Konotop 1659
6673:Shambarov, Valery (2007).
6039:
5830:The propaganda machine of
5826:Propaganda and stereotypes
5710:Flag of the Terek Cossacks
5686:Flag of the Kuban Cossacks
5652:All-Ukrainian Cossack Army
5616:
5576:
5555:
5522:
5413:green with crimson stripes
4697:
3917:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
3913:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
3589:Russian Cossack emigration
3398:
3038:Russian Revolution of 1905
2580:
2553:
2523:Caucasus Line Cossack Host
2487:
2418:
2128:
1820:
1481:on the banks of the Lower
1373:
1314:. With the victory of the
778:
774:
575:people originating in the
40:
29:
13128:Russian sub-ethnic groups
12803:
12562:
12551:
12307:
12249:
12190:
12082:
12050:
12017:
11943:
11915:
11902:
11889:
11807:
11764:
11724:
11706:
11625:
11543:
11503:
11412:
11405:
11360:
11263:
11259:
11246:
11109:
11063:
11059:
11030:
10868:"Encyclopedia of Ukraine"
10854:"Encyclopedia of Ukraine"
10672:English Historical Review
10642:Christine Haynes (2018).
10069:Ivanov, A. (2004-07-25).
9856:10.1515/9781618116864-006
8488:Russian Rebels, 1600–1800
8449:. Yale University Press.
8338:10.1134/S1022795416050045
8064:Dvornik, Francis (1962).
7466:– via Google Books.
7439:Davies, Brian L. (2007).
7213:"Russian Official Census"
7183:Gordeyev, Andrew (1992).
7141:– via Google Books.
7022:Николай ПУНДИК (Одесса).
6903:– via Google Books.
6882:. Routledge. p. 43.
6865:– via Google Books.
6827:– via Google Books.
6677:. Moscow: Algoritm Expo.
6478:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
6453:Hartog, Eva (June 2016).
6402:10.1080/09668130600926306
6096:
6067:
6062:
5969:
5601:
5567:
5448:
5438:green with yellow stripes
5388:green with yellow stripes
5363:green with yellow stripes
5213:blue with crimson stripes
4578:She bawls to the Cossack:
4575:And her eyes look by blue
4545:To water Cossacks' horses
4092:) in south Central Asia;
4045:Macarius III Ibn al-Za'im
3985:After the Polish–Russian
3921:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh war
3792:
3772:
3753:
3744:Ukrainian Hetman movement
3370:On 22 December 1917, the
3157:February Revolution, 1917
3089:National Museum in Warsaw
2955:By the 19th century, the
2447:Всевеликое Войско Донское
2446:
2039:National Museum in Warsaw
1968:Relations with neighbours
1896:. Don Cossacks' raids on
1846:, end of the 19th century
1567:, which guarded the Don.
43:Cossacks (disambiguation)
13138:Social history of Russia
12223:Pre-industrial East Asia
10538:
10320:
10288:
10255:
9731:
9705:Barrett, Thomas (1999).
9632:
9460:
9230:Cooper, Matthew (1979).
9199:
8770:O'Rourke, Shane (2007).
8541:O'Rourke, Shane (2008).
8390:
8018:"Pereyaslav agreement".
7986:
7965:
7932:
7901:
7303:
7272:
7241:
7153:
7092:. Republic of Kalmykia.
7055:
7024:
6991:
6800:Subtelny, Orest (1988).
6630:
6351:. ABC-CLIO. p. 80.
6299:O'Rourke, Shane (2000).
5884:Betrayal of the Cossacks
5674:Flag of the Don Cossacks
5637:Cossack Guard of Ukraine
5550:Azerbaijani Armed Forces
5313:blue with yellow stripes
4732:Equivalent foreign rank
4693:
4608:And the girl blossomed -
4507:
3947:Culture and organization
3935:and both the subsequent
3738:Betrayal of the Cossacks
3691:, and enlarged into the
3644:In the initial phase of
3539:Hero of the Soviet Union
3304:common cause with other
2214:, becoming known as the
1774:"Lower" Zaporozhian Host
1066:Cossacks, including the
1026:Ballad of Cossack Holota
930:As the grand duchies of
871:after the demise of the
30:Not to be confused with
13123:Ethnic groups in Europe
11271:Administrative detainee
10949:. Open Public Library.
10831:Encyclopædia Britannica
10700:Seaton, Albert (1985).
9762:Heifetz, Elias (1921).
9272:The White Army in Exile
9270:Robinson, Paul (2002).
8922:Seaton, Albert (1985).
8907:DiMarco, Louis (2008).
8785:McNeal, Robert (1987).
8745:Seaton, Albert (1972).
8420:Wixman, Ronald (1984).
8026:Encyclopædia Britannica
7933:Есть ли на Кубани мова?
7806:Encyclopedia Britannica
7762:Wilson, Andrew (2002).
7185:The History of Cossacks
7114:Richmond, Yale (1995).
6957:Plokhy, Serhii (2015).
6838:Minahan, James (2000).
6699:History of the Cossacks
6586:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
6565:History of the Cossacks
6219:The Encyclopedia of War
5894:Persian Cossack Brigade
5869:History of the Cossacks
4686:The second movement of
4667:Armed Forces of Ukraine
4491:Cossacks: European Wars
4420:The Most Dangerous Game
4342:And Quiet Flows the Don
3812:Sich scouting societies
3672:, under the command of
3419:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3411:Ukrainian-Bolshevik War
3011:Persian Cossack Brigade
2927:Conquest of Siberia by
2455:peoples of the Caucasus
2098:, to ally with Mazepa.
1695:Eastern Orthodox Church
1651:, and campaigns in the
1649:Battle of Cecora (1620)
1384:Zaporozhian Cossack by
1300:Kuban People's Republic
1028:, about a Cossack near
967:subsistence agriculture
879:broke the power of the
781:History of the Cossacks
730:
559:2015 Victory Day Parade
323:Colonisation of Siberia
12862:Bessarabian Bulgarians
12332:Belarusian Lithuanians
11687:
10848:"Zaporizhian Cossacks"
10286:Boris Almazov (2006).
10120:Mollo, Borris (1979).
9813:. Slavica Publishers.
9461:Казаки: общие сведения
9285:Stephan, John (1978).
9064:Bisher, Jamie (2005).
8485:Avrich, Paul (1976) .
8138:. McFarland & Co.
7865:The History of Ukraine
7862:Kubicek, Paul (2008).
7655:. McFarland & Co.
7334:"Vyshnevetsky, Dmytro"
6305:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6082:
6048:
6025:
6011:
5997:
5983:
5850:is a titulation for a
5546:Republic of Azerbaijan
5496:Russian Census of 2010
5400:Semiryechensk Cossacks
5338:green with red stripes
5065:
5049:
4846:Senior Warrant Officer
4816:Junior Warrant Officer
4709:
4599:And bawled reluctantly
4307:
4295:
4245:
4204:
4062:
4053:Deacon Paul Allepscius
3982:
3892:
3854:
3542:
3432:was replaced with the
3346:Trans-Siberian Railway
3266:on 16-20 October 1917
3131:After the outbreak of
3092:
3025:
2936:
2880:
2824:
2750:
2695:
2618:
2604:
2596:
2515:Black Sea Cossack Host
2499:
2434:
2347:
2309:
2295:Principality of Ryazan
2289:, who had assimilated
2251:
2234:, and merged into the
2208:Black Sea Cossack Host
2151:
2131:Black Sea Cossack Host
2042:
1847:
1769:
1645:Moldavian Magnate Wars
1634:
1538:
1389:
1177:
985:
799:
718:
561:
546:
12961:Bulgarian Macedonians
12887:Macedonian Bulgarians
12653:Greater Poland people
12228:Pre-industrial Europe
10764:. London: Constable.
10294:Borisalmazov.narod.ru
9811:University of Toronto
9532:Number (2019-11-03).
9092:Babel, Isaac (1995).
9082:, 2013, No 3 (23), 3.
9049:Kenez, Peter (1977).
6561:Histoire des Cosaques
5232:grey-brown cherkesska
5188:blue with red stripes
5055:
5040:Cossack officer from
5039:
5020:is officially titled
4718:Imperial Russian Army
4707:
4672:Farewell of Slavianka
4533:On Berlin's pavement.
4500:, part of the larger
4301:
4279:
4257:of 1648–1657, and in
4240:
4199:
4057:
3974:
3886:
3849:
3532:
3333:General Anton Denikin
3067:
3019:
2925:
2918:In the Russian Empire
2875:
2822:
2742:
2706:, Mikhail's son, the
2683:
2610:
2602:
2590:
2497:
2428:
2338:
2307:
2249:
2146:
2080:Charles XII of Sweden
2018:
1835:
1767:
1632:
1604:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
1594:The final attempt by
1529:
1404:), also known as the
1394:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1383:
1335:post-Soviet conflicts
1231:Cossacks (the former
1163:
983:
814:Pontic–Caspian steppe
793:
712:
577:Pontic–Caspian steppe
553:Cossacks marching in
552:
544:
12956:Albanian Macedonians
12877:Bulgarian Hungarians
12851:Anatolian Bulgarians
12833:Bosniak Montenegrins
12690:Lesser Poland people
12403:Zaporozhian Cossacks
12301:Slavic ethnic groups
12085: or countries
11896:By country or region
11134:Class discrimination
10896:USSR in Construction
10695:. London: Constable.
10631:on 25 February 2016.
10625:"Atamans of Ukraine"
9655:S. O'Rourke (2000).
9357:"Skoropadsky, Pavlo"
9287:The Russian Fascists
8789:. London: Macmillan.
8595:Pugachev's Rebellion
8173:The Ukrainian Weekly
7552:. Penn State Press.
6254:A History of Ukraine
6250:Magocsi, Paul Robert
5350:Transbaikal Cossacks
5160:Beshmet (waistcoat)
4841:Starshy Praporshchik
4726:Modern Cossack rank
4629:On Berlin's pavement
4569:Stands at the corner
4548:From an alien river"
4385:Józef Bohdan Zaleski
4306:in traditional dress
4255:Khmelnytsky Uprising
4182:Russian-Japanese War
4049:Patriarch of Antioch
3841:autonomous republics
3781:Vyacheslav Lypynskyi
3635:Transbaikal Cossacks
3449:), most prominently
3389:autonomous republics
3361:counterrevolutionary
3308:forces, such as the
3020:Cossack patrol near
2982:. In the 1890s, the
2815:Pugachev's Rebellion
2809:Pugachev's Rebellion
2631:Pugachev's Rebellion
2519:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2147:Cossack wedding, by
1982:Pereyeslav Agreement
1902:Treaty of Pereyaslav
1864:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1750:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1659:Conflict with Poland
1589:Stanisław Żółkiewski
1507:Zaporozhian Cossacks
1376:Zaporozhian Cossacks
1370:Zaporozhian Cossacks
1215:Pugachev's Rebellion
1131:Treaty of Pereyaslav
1127:Khmelnytsky Uprising
850:Zaporozhian Cossacks
617:Zaporozhian Cossacks
568:are a predominantly
333:Pugachev's Rebellion
213:Other Cossack groups
41:For other uses, see
13050:Carinthian Slovenes
12897:Thracian Bulgarians
12872:Bulgarian Croatians
12867:Bulgarian Albanians
12342:Belarusian Russians
12327:Belarusian Latvians
11617:Vanniar (Chieftain)
10576:. 15 January 2020.
9802:Grabowicz, George.
9150:"Hetman government"
9122:"Hetman government"
8391:Евреи Среди Казаков
8274:Napoleon-series.org
6390:Europe-Asia Studies
6256:. pp. 179–181.
6087:[ˈkɔzaːtsi]
6030:[ˈkozaːkok]
5988:[ˈkozaːtsɪ]
5899:Registered Cossacks
5487:the re-enactors as
5469:Orthodox Christians
5463:Ethnic, or "born" (
4929:Voiskovy Starshyna
4855:Mládshiy Leytenánt
4677:Kuban Cossack Choir
4539:Tossing by its mane
4529:English Translation
4358:'s first novellas,
4351:With Fire and Sword
4288:Stanisław Masłowski
3987:Treaty of Andrusovo
3905:War of Transnistria
3878:2002 Russian Census
3851:Kuban Cossack Choir
3824:Danylo Skoropadskyi
3729:Vyacheslav Naumenko
3709:Kamianets-Podilskyi
3535:Order of St. George
3483:famine in 1921–1922
3407:General Secretariat
3231:(battalion) on the
3077:Stanisław Masłowski
3007:Aleksey Domantovich
2929:Yermak Timofeyevich
2862:Catherine the Great
2643:Yermak Timofeyevich
2369:Yermak Timofeyevich
2293:, retreated to the
2139:Danube Cossack Host
2028:Stanisław Masłowski
1647:(1593–1617) to the
1533:on a cemetery near
1521:Registered Cossacks
1487:Knights Hospitaller
1475:Dmytro Vyshnevetsky
1461:The first recorded
1386:Konstantin Makovsky
1339:2002 Russian Census
1233:Registered Cossacks
1174:The War Illustrated
1147:Yermak Timofeyevich
1021:Alexander Jagiellon
994:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
798:in the 17th century
602:Orthodox Christians
414:Yermak Timofeyevich
286:Registered Cossacks
13118:Combat occupations
13070:Prekmurje Slovenes
13060:Hungarian Slovenes
12882:Bulgarian Italians
12198:18th-century Spain
12052:Standard of living
11756:Upper middle class
11751:Lower middle class
11342:Political prisoner
11124:Chattering classes
11096:Spoon class theory
10957:Peeling, Siobhan.
10742:. Partizan Press.
10723:. Partizan Press.
10256:Казаки и "ряженые"
9631:Kaznakov (1875).
9596:The New York Times
9408:. New York World.
8303:www.britannica.com
8226:Vasily Klyuchevsky
8198:"Zaporozhian Sich"
7420:on 20 October 2009
7056:Донское казачество
6803:Ukraine: A history
6115:See, for example,
6073:[kəzɐˈkʲi]
6053:[kɔˈzatsɨ]
6016:[ˈkɑsɑkɑt]
6002:[ˈkɑsɑkɑd]
5974:[kazaˈkʲi]
5840:Scottish Highlands
5300:Astrakhan Cossacks
5096:) in bad weather.
5066:
5050:
4944:Kazachy Polkovnik
4938:Lieutenant-Colonel
4837:Starshy Vakhmistr
4810:Mladshy Vakhmistr
4710:
4514:Cossacks in Berlin
4346:Henryk Sienkiewicz
4308:
4296:
4246:
4243:Serhii Vasylkivsky
4205:
4168:as early as 1685.
3983:
3929:Second Chechen War
3893:
3855:
3765:Ukrainian diaspora
3725:The Great Betrayal
3698:In late 1943, the
3543:
3268:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
3097:Russo-Japanese War
3093:
3081:Ujazdowskie Avenue
3026:
2937:
2881:
2825:
2797:oath of allegiance
2751:
2696:
2619:
2605:
2597:
2500:
2435:
2381:Russo-Persian Wars
2377:Russo-Turkish Wars
2348:
2340:Semirechye Cossack
2324:and nomads of the
2310:
2252:
2236:Kuban Cossack Host
2220:Black Sea Cossacks
2180:Ukrainian folklore
2152:
2051:Aleksey Trubetskoy
2043:
1848:
1838:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
1782:Solovetsky Islands
1778:Petro Kalnyshevsky
1770:
1760:Under Russian rule
1754:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
1746:Cossack rebellions
1653:Polish–Ottoman War
1635:
1585:Battle of Klushino
1539:
1390:
1365:Ukrainian Cossacks
1269:Russo-Turkish Wars
1265:Russo-Persian Wars
1245:Great Northern War
1178:
1129:. Afterwards, the
1123:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
986:
954:were mentioned in
800:
719:
655:Russian Revolution
607:The rulers of the
573:Orthodox Christian
562:
547:
409:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
369:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
348:Cossacks in the SS
13090:
13089:
13055:Croatian Slovenes
13013:Montenegrin Serbs
12914:Burgenland Croats
12823:Bosniak Croatians
12818:Bosniak Albanians
12708:Międzyrzec Boyars
12643:Borderlands Poles
12386:Siberian Cossacks
12381:Nekrasov Cossacks
12267:
12266:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12240:
12078:
12077:
11885:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11877:
11876:
11779:Lumpenproletariat
11281:illegal immigrant
11242:
11241:
11154:Classless society
10792:978-1-134-11749-9
10771:978-0-094-77400-1
10749:978-1-85818-555-2
10730:978-1-85818-513-2
10711:978-0-370-30534-9
10447:azerbaijan.mid.ru
10356:www.kazaksusa.com
10239:978-3-03911-921-9
10214:978-0-9889532-1-5
10189:978-0-9889532-1-5
10164:978-0-9889532-1-5
10139:978-0-7137-0920-9
10088:978-1-84176-708-6
9955:978-0-253-21770-7
9914:978-1-107-02210-2
9865:978-1-61811-686-4
9691:978-1-329-91984-6
9666:978-0-230-59974-1
9316:978-0-7146-3351-0
9136:"Ukrainian State"
9015:978-1-4766-7948-8
8948:978-1-4766-7948-8
8893:978-1-59048-256-8
8868:978-0-415-62433-6
8843:978-0-415-62433-6
8818:978-0-415-62433-6
8756:978-0-85045-116-0
8731:978-0-415-62433-6
8706:978-0-415-62433-6
8672:978-0-415-62433-6
8621:978-0-415-62433-6
8554:978-0-7190-7680-0
8498:978-0-393-00836-4
8456:978-0-300-00430-4
8431:978-0-87332-203-4
8270:"Cossack Hurrah!"
8258:978-1-85532-587-6
8145:978-0-7864-2873-1
8121:978-88-6705-050-5
8079:978-0-8135-0799-6
8045:cite encyclopedia
7987:Кубанская балачка
7875:978-0-313-34920-1
7775:978-0-300-09309-4
7736:978-0-19-924739-4
7662:978-0-7864-2873-1
7559:978-0-271-04371-5
7452:978-1-134-55283-2
7159:Historydoc.edu.ru
7127:978-1-877864-30-8
7061:Razdory-museum.ru
6968:978-1-5416-7564-3
6889:978-1-134-11288-3
6851:978-0-313-30984-7
6813:978-0-8020-8390-6
6684:978-5-699-20121-1
6606:cite encyclopedia
6358:978-1-59884-302-6
6312:978-0-312-22774-6
6236:978-1-4443-3823-2
6203:978-0-19-928051-3
6158:non-Cossack Jews.
6101:[kozɐˈkɪ]
5934:Kosiński Uprising
5879:Cossack explorers
5661:Flags and emblems
5456:
5455:
5325:Siberian Cossacks
5275:Orenburg Cossacks
5128:, as well as the
5000:
4996:General-leytenant
4985:
4984:
4959:Kazachy General*
4893:Senior Lieutenant
4888:Starshy Leytenant
4859:Junior Lieutenant
4795:Starshy Uryadnik
4767:Mladshy Uryadnik
4659:Zaporizhian March
4381:Michał Czajkowski
4338:Mikhail Sholokhov
4320:Polish literature
4281:Cossacks Dance –
3995:Legislative power
3925:First Chechen War
3876:According to the
3859:Nikolai Nazarenko
3596:League of Nations
3572:took part in the
3500:Mikhail Sholokhov
3495:Northern Caucasus
3455:Dmytro Doroshenko
3426:Hetman of Ukraine
3377:de-Cossackization
3322:Russian Civil War
3162:In Greater Russia
2941:Tsardom of Russia
2884:Yemelyan Pugachev
2877:Yemelyan Pugachev
2735:Razin's Rebellion
2675:Yemelyan Pugachev
2470:Russian Civil War
2401:guerrilla warfare
2135:Azov Cossack Host
2103:Cossack Hetmanate
2062:Yurii Khmelnytsky
1974:Cossack Hetmanate
1943:Treaty of Hadiach
1874:, and became the
1823:Cossack Hetmanate
1817:Cossack Hetmanate
1718:Severyn Nalyvaiko
1714:Kryshtof Kosynsky
1710:reiestrovi kozaky
1640:Habsburg monarchy
1517:Emperor Rudolf II
1304:revived Hetmanate
1280:Russian Civil War
1207:Bulavin Rebellion
1199:Yemelyan Pugachev
1119:Cossack Hetmanate
750:is from the same
674:cultural identity
539:
538:
389:Yemelyan Pugachev
379:Petro Sahaidachny
343:De-Cossackization
328:Bulavin Rebellion
16:(Redirected from
13150:
13133:Ukrainian people
13065:Italian Slovenes
13008:Macedonian Serbs
12857:Banat Bulgarians
12838:Bosniak Serbians
12828:Bosniak Kosovars
12719:Polish Uplanders
12557:
12521:Pannonian Rusyns
12337:Belarusian Poles
12294:
12287:
12280:
12271:
12270:
12257:
12256:
12084:
11985:Mexican-American
11913:
11912:
11904:
11903:
11891:
11890:
11692:
11635:Business magnate
11525:Knowledge worker
11410:
11409:
11298:dual or multiple
11261:
11260:
11248:
11247:
11202:Social exclusion
11197:Social cleansing
11111:
11061:
11060:
11050:Economic classes
11011:
11004:
10997:
10988:
10987:
10983:
10981:
10980:
10971:. Archived from
10969:1914–1918 online
10962:
10953:
10942:
10940:
10939:
10930:. Archived from
10923:
10915:
10907:
10892:
10890:
10889:
10871:
10865:
10857:
10851:
10843:
10835:
10827:
10825:"Cossacks"
10808:
10796:
10775:
10753:
10734:
10715:
10696:
10687:
10658:
10657:
10639:
10633:
10632:
10627:. Archived from
10621:
10615:
10614:
10612:
10611:
10596:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10585:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10534:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10499:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10439:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10417:www.armmuseum.ru
10409:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10378:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10367:
10348:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10316:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10250:
10244:
10243:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10127:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10102:
10093:
10092:
10076:
10066:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10056:
10041:
10035:
10034:
10028:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9977:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9967:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9927:
9926:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9885:
9839:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9819:
9808:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9652:
9646:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9628:
9622:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9508:www.armmuseum.ru
9500:
9494:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9414:
9407:
9398:
9389:
9388:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9300:
9291:
9290:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9195:
9184:
9183:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9089:
9083:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9061:
9055:
9054:
9046:
9035:
9034:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9001:
8980:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8804:
8791:
8790:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8749:. Random House.
8742:
8736:
8735:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8692:
8677:
8676:
8658:
8641:
8640:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8607:
8598:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8538:
8503:
8502:
8482:
8461:
8460:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8266:
8260:
8239:
8233:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8113:
8097:
8084:
8083:
8071:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8014:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8003:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7830:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7595:. Archived from
7585:
7579:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7416:. Archived from
7406:
7400:
7399:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7362:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7311:. Archived from
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7280:. Archived from
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7224:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7196:
7188:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7161:. Archived from
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6936:. Donetsk: BAO.
6926:
6920:
6919:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6747:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6670:
6664:
6663:, p. 35—36.
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6495:
6486:
6485:
6474:Pritsak, Omeljan
6469:
6463:
6462:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6385:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6343:Cole, Jeffrey E.
6339:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6296:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6189:
6174:
6165:
6159:
6148:
6142:
6126:
6120:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6089:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6055:
6041:
6032:
6018:
6004:
5990:
5976:
5971:
5960:
5944:Cossacks cuisine
5939:Cossack election
5836:English Cossacks
5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5757:
5743:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5603:
5291:light blue crown
5257:black cherkesska
5241:light blue crown
5169:Shoulder Straps
5148:
5147:
5064:
5061:
5057:Siberian Cossack
5018:Don Cossack Host
4987:
4799:Starshy Serzhant
4771:Mladshy Serzhant
4723:
4722:
4644:Even in Berlin!"
4487:Zaporozhian Sich
4470:
4455:
4444:
4418:'s short story "
4393:Michał Grabowski
4374:1st Cavalry Army
4334:Taras Shevchenko
4162:Albazin Cossacks
3991:executive powers
3794:
3774:
3755:
3754:Гетьманський рух
3715:in Belarus, and
3639:Grigory Semyonov
3629:. After Japan's
3508:collectivization
3342:Russian Far East
3218:Kyiv Governorate
3121:Vladimir Liakhov
3110:Tsar Nicholas II
3069:Wiosna roku 1905
3024:oil fields, 1905
2946:Zaporozhian Host
2827:For the Cossack
2729:Muscovite system
2667:Time of Troubles
2617:
2614:
2544:Zaporizhian Sich
2517:(originally the
2448:
2388:Seven Years' War
2242:Russian Cossacks
2158:. Together with
2036:
2033:
2010:Union of Hadiach
1990:Petro Doroshenko
1860:Cossack Registry
1840:'s entry to Kyiv
1730:Taras Fedorovych
1320:decossackization
1249:Seven Years' War
1191:Kondraty Bulavin
1102:The Zaporizhian
1045:Zaporozhian Sich
1039:The Cossacks of
739:
733:
531:
524:
517:
364:Petro Doroshenko
356:Notable Cossacks
269:
206:
198:Irkutsk Cossacks
71:
48:
47:
21:
13158:
13157:
13153:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13148:
13147:
13113:Slavic warriors
13093:
13092:
13091:
13086:
13023:Vojvodina Serbs
12799:
12648:Bug River Poles
12589:Silesian Gorals
12558:
12549:
12526:Rusyn Romanians
12468:Harbin Russians
12396:Greben Cossacks
12365:Baikal Cossacks
12317:Alaskan Creoles
12303:
12298:
12268:
12263:
12237:
12186:
12074:
12046:
12013:
11997:Underprivileged
11939:
11898:
11897:
11873:
11803:
11760:
11720:
11702:
11621:
11539:
11499:
11401:
11356:
11255:
11254:
11238:
11217:Social position
11207:Social mobility
11105:
11055:
11026:
11025:
11015:
10978:
10976:
10963:
10945:
10937:
10935:
10926:
10918:
10910:
10902:
10887:
10885:
10877:Soviet Cossacks
10874:
10866:
10860:
10852:
10846:
10838:
10815:
10799:
10793:
10772:
10750:
10731:
10712:
10678:(50): 242–260.
10666:
10664:Further reading
10661:
10654:
10640:
10636:
10623:
10622:
10618:
10609:
10607:
10598:
10597:
10593:
10583:
10581:
10568:
10567:
10563:
10553:
10551:
10540:
10536:
10535:
10531:
10521:
10519:
10500:
10496:
10486:
10484:
10471:
10470:
10466:
10456:
10454:
10441:
10440:
10436:
10426:
10424:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10396:
10394:
10379:
10375:
10365:
10363:
10350:
10349:
10345:
10335:
10333:
10322:
10318:
10317:
10313:
10303:
10301:
10290:
10284:
10280:
10270:
10268:
10257:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10201:
10197:
10190:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10151:
10147:
10140:
10118:
10114:
10103:
10096:
10089:
10067:
10063:
10054:
10052:
10043:
10042:
10038:
10022:
10021:
10015:
10013:
10006:"Archived copy"
10004:
10003:
9999:
9990:
9988:
9979:
9978:
9974:
9965:
9963:
9956:
9940:
9936:
9924:
9922:
9915:
9896:
9892:
9883:
9881:
9866:
9840:
9833:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9806:
9800:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9775:
9773:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9744:
9733:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9717:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9653:
9649:
9644:
9640:
9634:
9629:
9625:
9620:
9616:
9606:
9604:
9587:
9583:
9573:
9571:
9560:
9556:
9547:
9545:
9530:
9526:
9517:
9515:
9502:
9501:
9497:
9481:
9477:
9462:
9458:
9457:
9453:
9446:
9432:
9428:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9405:
9399:
9392:
9383:
9382:
9378:
9369:
9368:
9364:
9355:
9354:
9350:
9339:
9335:
9326:
9324:
9317:
9301:
9294:
9283:
9279:
9268:
9264:
9255:
9253:
9244:
9243:
9239:
9228:
9224:
9214:
9212:
9201:
9197:
9196:
9187:
9180:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9134:
9133:
9129:
9120:
9119:
9115:
9108:"Free Cossacks"
9106:
9105:
9101:
9090:
9086:
9077:
9073:
9062:
9058:
9047:
9038:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9002:
8983:
8974:
8970:
8963:"Free Cossacks"
8961:
8960:
8956:
8949:
8935:
8931:
8920:
8916:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8880:
8876:
8869:
8855:
8851:
8844:
8830:
8826:
8819:
8805:
8794:
8783:
8779:
8768:
8764:
8757:
8743:
8739:
8732:
8718:
8714:
8707:
8693:
8680:
8673:
8659:
8644:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8608:
8601:
8592:
8588:
8577:
8573:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8539:
8506:
8499:
8483:
8464:
8457:
8443:
8439:
8432:
8418:
8414:
8405:
8403:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8373:
8371:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8321:
8317:
8308:
8306:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8283:
8281:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8241:Angus Konstam.
8240:
8236:
8224:
8220:
8211:
8209:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8182:
8180:
8165:
8161:
8146:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8098:
8087:
8080:
8062:
8058:
8042:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8001:
7999:
7988:
7982:
7978:
7973:on 22 May 2011.
7967:
7961:
7957:
7947:
7945:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7916:
7914:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7885:
7883:
7876:
7860:
7856:
7847:
7845:
7832:
7831:
7824:
7815:
7813:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7776:
7760:
7756:
7746:
7744:
7737:
7718:
7714:
7702:
7700:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7663:
7649:
7645:
7632:
7630:
7615:
7611:
7602:
7600:
7593:www.kismeta.com
7587:
7586:
7582:
7569:
7567:
7560:
7544:
7540:
7522:
7508:
7504:
7489:
7475:
7471:
7462:
7460:
7453:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7392:
7388:
7379:
7377:
7364:
7363:
7356:
7347:
7345:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7318:
7316:
7305:
7304:Вольная Станица
7301:
7300:
7296:
7287:
7285:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7256:
7254:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7222:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7190:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7168:
7166:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7137:
7135:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7099:
7097:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7070:
7068:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7039:
7037:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7006:
7004:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6969:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6927:
6923:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6899:
6897:
6890:
6874:
6870:
6861:
6859:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6798:
6794:
6783:
6779:
6766:
6764:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6733:
6696:
6692:
6685:
6671:
6667:
6661:Witzenrath 2007
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6632:
6623:
6619:
6603:
6602:
6595:
6593:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6557:
6553:
6544:
6542:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6512:
6510:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6484:(1–4): 237–XII.
6470:
6466:
6451:
6447:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6366:
6359:
6340:
6331:
6322:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6280:
6265:
6261:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6149:
6145:
6127:
6123:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6036:Old East Slavic
5961:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5924:Crimean Khanate
5919:Tatar invasions
5909:Jewish Cossacks
5864:
5844:Scottish people
5828:
5821:
5818:
5809:
5806:
5797:
5794:
5785:
5782:
5773:
5770:
5761:
5758:
5747:
5744:
5735:
5732:
5723:
5720:
5711:
5708:
5699:
5696:
5687:
5684:
5675:
5672:
5663:
5658:
5619:
5590:
5581:
5575:
5570:
5558:
5542:
5525:
5509:
5504:
5461:
5425:Ussuri Cossacks
5062:
5034:
4989:
4831:Warrant Officer
4804:Senior Sergeant
4702:
4696:
4510:
4460:
4449:
4438:
4416:Richard Connell
4389:Henryk Rzewuski
4235:
4194:
4118:Blagoveshchensk
4116:, Kazakhstan);
4100:, Kazakhstan);
4098:Fort Shevchenko
4076:
4067:
3976:Cossack on duty
3949:
3836:
3746:
3591:
3586:
3551:German invasion
3491:Robert Conquest
3474:
3403:
3401:Ukrainian State
3397:
3395:Ukrainian State
3289:Aleksey Kaledin
3283:Soon after the
3281:
3276:
3209:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3062:
3052:of the regular
2920:
2886:, a low-status
2837:Peter the Great
2817:
2737:
2663:Mikhail Romanov
2655:
2615:
2611:Ural Cossacks,
2585:
2579:
2558:
2552:
2492:
2486:
2431:Fyodor Solntsev
2423:
2417:
2405:Pyotr Bagration
2373:Semyon Dezhnyov
2360:, and the long
2318:Tatar invasions
2299:Mongol invasion
2244:
2192:Austrian Empire
2141:
2127:
2096:Kost Hordiyenko
2075:
2034:
1970:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1762:
1742:Yakiv Ostrianyn
1722:Hryhorii Loboda
1661:
1531:Cossack crosses
1512:Stephen Báthory
1503:
1434:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1273:First World War
1257:Napoleonic Wars
1141:, the whole of
1100:
1054:, and later to
1004:in present-day
944:Crimean Khanate
842:Greben Cossacks
816:, north of the
788:
783:
777:
760:Codex Cumanicus
707:
585:southern Russia
535:
503:Cossack cuisine
495:Cossaks clothes
263:
261:Buryat Cossacks
200:
78:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13156:
13146:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13084:
13079:
13078:
13077:
13075:Venetian Slavs
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13018:Croatian Serbs
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12990:
12985:
12983:Ethnic Muslims
12980:
12975:
12974:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12948:
12943:
12942:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12901:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12842:
12841:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12809:
12807:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12797:
12796:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12770:
12765:
12764:
12763:
12761:Cieszyn Vlachs
12753:
12748:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12704:
12703:
12702:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12666:
12665:
12660:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12614:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12593:
12592:
12591:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12568:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12552:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12541:
12540:
12530:
12529:
12528:
12523:
12513:
12512:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12464:
12459:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12413:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12408:Kuban Cossacks
12400:
12399:
12398:
12391:Terek Cossacks
12388:
12383:
12378:
12376:Kuban Cossacks
12373:
12368:
12361:
12351:
12346:
12345:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12319:
12313:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12297:
12296:
12289:
12282:
12274:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12261:
12250:
12247:
12246:
12243:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12236:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12218:Ottoman Empire
12215:
12210:
12205:
12203:Ancient Greece
12200:
12194:
12192:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12177:United Kingdom
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12088:
12086:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12070:Home-ownership
12067:
12062:
12056:
12054:
12048:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12023:
12021:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12004:
11994:
11993:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11972:
11971:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11949:
11947:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11925:American Dream
11922:
11916:
11910:
11900:
11899:
11887:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11866:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11838:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11813:
11811:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11770:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11742:
11741:
11730:
11728:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11718:
11712:
11710:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11700:
11693:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11662:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11631:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11619:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11549:
11547:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11509:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11485:
11484:
11483:
11468:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11430:
11429:
11418:
11416:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11368:
11366:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11337:Migrant worker
11334:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11283:
11273:
11267:
11265:
11257:
11256:
11253:By demographic
11244:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11233:Status Anxiety
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11187:Ranked society
11184:
11179:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11129:Class conflict
11126:
11121:
11115:
11113:
11112: topics
11107:
11106:
11104:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11086:Mudsill theory
11083:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11046:
11039:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11024:
11023:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11006:
10999:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10954:
10943:
10924:
10916:
10908:
10900:
10872:
10858:
10844:
10836:
10814:
10813:External links
10811:
10810:
10809:
10807:on 2009-04-15.
10797:
10791:
10776:
10770:
10754:
10748:
10735:
10729:
10716:
10710:
10697:
10688:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10652:
10634:
10616:
10591:
10561:
10529:
10512:Deutsche Welle
10510:(in Russian).
10494:
10479:(in Russian).
10477:moscow-baku.ru
10464:
10434:
10419:(in Russian).
10404:
10389:(in Russian).
10373:
10343:
10311:
10296:(in Russian).
10278:
10263:(in Russian).
10261:Info.sibnet.ru
10245:
10238:
10220:
10213:
10195:
10188:
10170:
10163:
10145:
10138:
10112:
10094:
10087:
10061:
10036:
9997:
9972:
9954:
9934:
9913:
9899:Plokhy, Serhii
9890:
9864:
9831:
9794:
9782:
9754:
9722:
9715:
9697:
9690:
9672:
9665:
9647:
9638:
9623:
9614:
9581:
9566:. Al Jazeera.
9554:
9540:(in Russian).
9524:
9495:
9475:
9472:on 2012-09-10.
9451:
9444:
9426:
9390:
9376:
9362:
9348:
9343:Great Betrayal
9333:
9315:
9292:
9277:
9262:
9237:
9222:
9205:Bibliotekar.ru
9185:
9178:
9155:
9141:
9127:
9113:
9099:
9084:
9071:
9056:
9036:
9021:
9014:
8981:
8975:Kenez, Peter,
8968:
8954:
8947:
8929:
8914:
8899:
8892:
8884:Russian Hussar
8874:
8867:
8849:
8842:
8824:
8817:
8792:
8777:
8762:
8755:
8737:
8730:
8712:
8705:
8678:
8671:
8642:
8627:
8620:
8599:
8586:
8571:
8553:
8504:
8497:
8462:
8455:
8437:
8430:
8412:
8381:
8351:
8332:(5): 521–529.
8315:
8290:
8261:
8234:
8218:
8189:
8159:
8144:
8126:
8120:
8085:
8078:
8056:
8009:
7994:(in Russian).
7976:
7955:
7944:on 6 June 2013
7923:
7892:
7874:
7854:
7822:
7793:
7774:
7754:
7735:
7712:
7680:
7661:
7643:
7609:
7580:
7558:
7538:
7520:
7502:
7487:
7469:
7451:
7431:
7401:
7386:
7354:
7325:
7294:
7263:
7232:
7204:
7175:
7144:
7126:
7106:
7077:
7046:
7030:Telegrafua.com
7014:
6982:
6967:
6949:
6942:
6930:Hrushevsky, M.
6921:
6906:
6888:
6868:
6850:
6830:
6812:
6792:
6777:
6742:
6731:
6690:
6683:
6665:
6653:
6617:
6570:
6551:
6537:. 2015-05-28.
6519:
6487:
6464:
6445:
6431:
6375:
6357:
6345:, ed. (2011).
6329:
6311:
6278:
6259:
6241:
6235:
6209:
6202:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6160:
6143:
6121:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6090:
6076:
6056:
6042:
6033:
6019:
6005:
5991:
5977:
5962:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:Tatar Cossacks
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5618:
5615:
5610:Nikolai Doluda
5606:Vladimir Putin
5589:
5586:
5577:Main article:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5557:
5554:
5541:
5538:
5524:
5521:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5250:Kuban Cossacks
5246:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:Terek Cossacks
5221:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5126:Imperial Guard
5033:
5030:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4969:
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4761:Lance Corporal
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4698:Main article:
4695:
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4688:Mily Balakirev
4661:(known as the
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4522:Wilhelm Keitel
4518:Dmitry Pokrass
4516:, composed by
4509:
4506:
4458:Shmuel Godiner
4294:on canvas 1883
4234:
4231:
4227:Sergei Korolev
4193:
4190:
4178:Volunteer Army
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3663:North Caucasus
3607:Czechoslovakia
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3512:dekulakization
3502:'s letters to
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3470:
3399:Main article:
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3393:
3318:White movement
3310:Volunteer Army
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3220:, established
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3205:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:scorched earth
3073:Spring of 1905
3061:
3058:
3030:Russian Empire
2957:Russian Empire
2934:Vasily Surikov
2932:, painting by
2919:
2916:
2857:, and exiles.
2816:
2813:
2736:
2733:
2704:Alexis Romanov
2692:Vasily Surikov
2654:
2651:
2581:Main article:
2578:
2575:
2556:Terek Cossacks
2554:Main article:
2551:
2550:Terek Cossacks
2548:
2511:North Caucasus
2503:Kuban Cossacks
2490:Kuban Cossacks
2488:Main article:
2485:
2484:Kuban Cossacks
2482:
2419:Main article:
2416:
2413:
2322:Crimean Tatars
2243:
2240:
2232:North Caucasus
2156:Ottoman Empire
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2074:
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1969:
1966:
1844:Mykola Ivasyuk
1829:
1826:
1821:Main article:
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1795:Black Sea Host
1761:
1758:
1703:Union of Brest
1699:Roman Catholic
1660:
1657:
1655:of 1633–1634.
1596:King Sigismund
1557:Ottoman Sultan
1555:, forcing the
1553:Constantinople
1519:in the 1590s.
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1422:Ottoman Empire
1398:Dnieper Rapids
1374:Main article:
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1329:Following the
1312:White movement
1288:Kuban Cossacks
1238:cavalry horses
1182:Russian Empire
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12724:Russian Poles
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11347:Socioeconomic
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11222:Social stigma
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11212:Social orphan
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11170:Nouveau riche
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11147:
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11144:Class traitor
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11139:Class society
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11076:Gilbert model
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10975:on 2019-12-30
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10934:on 2007-08-05
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10884:on 2011-11-13
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10785:. Routledge.
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10574:Радио Свобода
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8364:face-music.ch
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8021:Archived copy
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7721:Serhii Plokhy
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7625:(in Polish).
7624:
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7613:
7599:on 2013-05-15
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7339:
7335:
7329:
7315:on 2012-08-15
7314:
7310:
7306:
7298:
7284:on 2007-10-20
7283:
7279:
7275:
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7252:
7248:
7247:Kazaksusa.com
7244:
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7165:on 2015-10-04
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6997:ukrlib.com.ua
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6581:Archived copy
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6156:Rostov-on-Don
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5502:Organizations
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5480:
5478:
5474:
5473:Old Believers
5470:
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5428:
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5416:crimson crown
5415:
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5409:
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5403:
5401:
5398:
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5393:
5390:
5387:
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5375:Amur Cossacks
5373:
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5218:
5216:crimson crown
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
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5200:Ural Cossacks
5198:
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5136:wore scarlet
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5048:, early 1900s
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5019:
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4992:General-mayor
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4852:Podkhorunzhy
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4679:is a leading
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4663:Cossack march
4660:
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4498:The Doraemons
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4436:Shmuel Gordon
4433:
4432:Khaim Melamud
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4409:
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4324:Nikolai Gogol
4321:
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4233:Popular image
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4160:. A group of
4159:
4158:Ussuri Rivers
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3937:War in Donbas
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3801:United States
3798:
3790:
3786:
3785:Serhiy Shemet
3782:
3778:
3775:) founded in
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3751:
3741:
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3705:Pyotr Krasnov
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3631:Kwantung Army
3628:
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3608:
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3599:
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3549:, during the
3548:
3540:
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3519:
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3509:
3505:
3504:Joseph Stalin
3501:
3496:
3492:
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3456:
3452:
3451:Fedir Lyzohub
3448:
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3431:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3402:
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3381:Soviet regime
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:(AFSR) under
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3311:
3307:
3306:anticommunist
3302:
3297:
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3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
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3238:
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3225:
3223:
3222:Free Cossacks
3219:
3215:
3204:
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3198:
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3180:
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3033:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:Amur Cossacks
2989:
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2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:Ural Cossacks
2577:Yaik Cossacks
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:Terek Cossack
2557:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:hairstyle, a
2537:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:Old Believers
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2422:
2412:
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2265:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:Azov Cossacks
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2190:river in the
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:Danubian Sich
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:Old Believers
2161:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:Little Russia
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
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2085:
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2070:
2068:
2063:
2058:
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2048:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:Ivan Vyhovsky
1983:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:Ivan Vyhovsky
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
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1743:
1739:
1738:Pavlo Pavliuk
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:Marko Zhmailo
1723:
1720:(1594–1596),
1719:
1716:(1591–1593),
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
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1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
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1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:Boris Godunov
1573:
1568:
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1562:
1558:
1554:
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1359:United States
1356:
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1196:
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1188:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
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1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1098:Later history
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1056:Novocherkassk
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:Meñli I Giray
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
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957:
953:
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937:
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918:
914:
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901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Cossack hosts
827:
823:
822:Dnieper River
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
797:
792:
786:Early history
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:
743:
738:
732:
727:
723:
716:
711:
702:
700:
699:United States
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
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586:
582:
578:
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567:
560:
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543:
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527:
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518:
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468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
427:Cossack terms
426:
425:
420:
419:Ivan Vyhovsky
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Andrei Shkuro
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
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362:
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267:
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232:
229:
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219:
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139:
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131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:Cossack hosts
82:
81:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
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13028:Serb Muslims
13003:Kosovo Serbs
12978:Montenegrins
12849:
12706:
12466:
12371:Don Cossacks
12363:
12353:
12233:Soviet Union
12208:Ancient Rome
12065:Homelessness
11990:Upper Middle
11862: /
11843: /
11834: /
11799:Working poor
11695:
11682:Robber baron
11557:
11505:Intellectual
11495:Royal family
11459:Ancient Rome
11313:second-class
11231:
11174:
11173: /
11168:
11164:High society
11071:Elite theory
11048:
11041:
11034:
11021:Social class
10977:. Retrieved
10973:the original
10968:
10950:
10936:. Retrieved
10932:the original
10894:
10886:. Retrieved
10882:the original
10876:
10829:
10805:the original
10781:
10762:The Cossacks
10761:
10739:
10720:
10701:
10693:The Cossacks
10692:
10675:
10671:
10643:
10637:
10629:the original
10619:
10608:. Retrieved
10594:
10582:. Retrieved
10573:
10564:
10552:. Retrieved
10543:
10532:
10520:. Retrieved
10507:
10497:
10485:. Retrieved
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10446:
10437:
10425:. Retrieved
10416:
10407:
10395:. Retrieved
10386:
10376:
10364:. Retrieved
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10346:
10334:. Retrieved
10325:
10314:
10302:. Retrieved
10293:
10281:
10269:. Retrieved
10260:
10248:
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10204:
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10148:
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10064:
10053:. Retrieved
10039:
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9975:
9964:. Retrieved
9944:
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9929:
9923:. Retrieved
9903:
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9847:
9822:. Retrieved
9810:
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9785:
9774:. Retrieved
9764:
9757:
9745:. Retrieved
9736:
9725:
9706:
9700:
9682:The Cossacks
9681:
9675:
9659:. Springer.
9656:
9650:
9641:
9626:
9617:
9605:. Retrieved
9594:
9584:
9572:. Retrieved
9557:
9546:. Retrieved
9537:
9527:
9516:. Retrieved
9507:
9498:
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9478:
9470:the original
9465:
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9435:
9429:
9417:. Retrieved
9379:
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9325:. Retrieved
9305:
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9240:
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9213:. Retrieved
9204:
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8877:
8858:
8852:
8833:
8827:
8808:
8786:
8780:
8772:The Cossacks
8771:
8765:
8747:The Cossacks
8746:
8740:
8721:
8715:
8696:
8662:
8636:
8630:
8611:
8594:
8589:
8580:
8574:
8563:. Retrieved
8544:The Cossacks
8543:
8487:
8446:
8440:
8421:
8415:
8404:. Retrieved
8395:
8384:
8372:. Retrieved
8363:
8354:
8329:
8325:
8318:
8307:. Retrieved
8305:. 2023-11-23
8302:
8293:
8282:. Retrieved
8273:
8264:
8242:
8237:
8229:
8221:
8210:. Retrieved
8201:
8192:
8181:. Retrieved
8172:
8162:
8135:
8129:
8101:
8067:
8059:
8034:. Retrieved
8025:
8020:
8012:
8000:. Retrieved
7992:pedsovet.org
7991:
7979:
7971:the original
7958:
7946:. Retrieved
7942:the original
7937:
7926:
7915:. Retrieved
7906:
7895:
7884:. Retrieved
7864:
7857:
7846:. Retrieved
7837:
7814:. Retrieved
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7796:
7784:. Retrieved
7764:
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7745:. Retrieved
7725:
7715:
7707:
7701:. Retrieved
7692:
7683:
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7637:
7631:. Retrieved
7623:opinie.wp.pl
7622:
7612:
7601:. Retrieved
7597:the original
7592:
7583:
7574:
7568:. Retrieved
7548:
7541:
7533:
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7418:the original
7413:
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7369:
7346:. Retrieved
7337:
7328:
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7313:the original
7309:Fstanitsa.ru
7308:
7297:
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7282:the original
7277:
7266:
7255:. Retrieved
7246:
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7221:. Retrieved
7207:
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7167:. Retrieved
7163:the original
7158:
7147:
7136:. Retrieved
7116:
7109:
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7089:
7080:
7069:. Retrieved
7060:
7049:
7038:. Retrieved
7029:
7017:
7005:. Retrieved
6996:
6985:
6958:
6952:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6914:"Cossacks".
6909:
6898:. Retrieved
6878:
6871:
6860:. Retrieved
6840:
6833:
6822:. Retrieved
6802:
6795:
6786:
6780:
6771:
6765:. Retrieved
6757:
6752:
6745:
6739:Newland 1991
6734:
6698:
6693:
6674:
6668:
6656:
6644:. Retrieved
6635:
6620:
6594:. Retrieved
6585:
6580:
6578:"Cossacks".
6573:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6543:. Retrieved
6534:
6511:. Retrieved
6502:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6459:The Guardian
6458:
6448:
6434:
6393:
6389:
6367:. Retrieved
6347:
6321:. Retrieved
6301:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6253:
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6218:
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5829:
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5582:
5559:
5543:
5526:
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5493:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5464:
5462:
5449:
5441:yellow crown
5391:yellow crown
5366:yellow crown
5316:yellow crown
5175:Don Cossacks
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5111:
5102:gymnasterkas
5100:
5098:
5093:
5084:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5063: 1890s
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4986:
4933:Podpolkovnik
4826:Praporshchik
4713:
4711:
4685:
4670:
4669:, replacing
4662:
4656:
4528:
4513:
4511:
4495:
4476:
4473:
4428:
4397:
4378:
4361:The Cossacks
4359:
4349:
4327:
4309:
4280:
4247:
4224:
4219:
4215:The Cossacks
4214:
4206:
4186:
4170:
4110:Turkmenistan
4106:Turkmenbashi
4079:
4077:
4068:
4058:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3984:
3980:Józef Brandt
3975:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3902:
3894:
3889:Zaporizhzhia
3875:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3837:
3834:Modern times
3805:classocratic
3795:) active in
3758:conservative
3747:
3724:
3721:
3711:in Ukraine,
3697:
3667:
3643:
3627:Zhang Zuolin
3623:
3600:
3592:
3567:
3555:Soviet Union
3547:World War II
3544:
3520:
3479:South Russia
3475:
3459:
3443:
3438:Central Rada
3423:
3415:regular army
3404:
3385:
3369:
3365:Red Cossacks
3358:
3350:
3326:
3314:South Russia
3298:
3282:
3245:
3240:
3226:
3214:Zvenyhorodka
3210:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3142:
3130:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3094:
3068:
3034:
3027:
3003:Nasir al-Din
3000:
2996:
2988:Semirechensk
2977:
2954:
2950:Danube Delta
2938:
2926:
2912:
2892:
2882:
2859:
2826:
2794:
2775:
2759:
2755:Stenka Razin
2752:
2748:Ivan Bilibin
2744:Stenka Razin
2725:
2721:Cossack host
2713:
2708:Code of 1649
2697:
2684:
2671:Stepan Razin
2656:
2623:Ural Cossack
2620:
2559:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2501:
2480:, and Jews.
2463:
2450:
2436:
2421:Don Cossacks
2415:Don Cossacks
2385:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2314:Russian army
2311:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2256:middle Volga
2253:
2224:Kuban steppe
2196:
2153:
2149:Józef Brandt
2111:Catherine II
2100:
2076:
2059:
2044:
2022:(Cossacks),
2019:
2006:
1998:
1971:
1961:
1953:, including
1950:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:Russian Tsar
1893:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1851:
1849:
1836:
1803:
1799:Kuban region
1786:Danube Delta
1771:
1709:
1707:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1636:
1593:
1569:
1561:Don Cossacks
1540:
1504:
1491:
1462:
1460:
1435:
1401:
1400:(Ukrainian:
1391:
1328:
1296:Don Republic
1277:
1261:Caucasus War
1242:
1223:
1220:
1187:Stenka Razin
1179:
1169:
1155:Terek Rivers
1135:
1101:
1061:
1041:Zaporizhzhia
1034:
1025:
1010:
987:
960:
929:
917:Turkologists
897:
854:
807:
804:Tatar groups
801:
768:
758:
756:
745:
741:
720:
671:
667:
663:World War II
659:Soviet Union
652:
633:
621:Don Cossacks
606:
565:
563:
394:Stepan Razin
73:
60:
12951:Macedonians
12805:South Slavs
12793:Upper Sorbs
12788:Texas Wends
12778:Lower Sorbs
12611:Slovincians
12479:Kamenschiks
12359:Albazinians
12322:Belarusians
12152:New Zealand
11869:Untouchable
11794:Proletariat
11784:Pea-pickers
11734:Bourgeoisie
11422:Aristocracy
11308:naturalized
11303:native-born
8324:Cossacks".
7394:Ure, John.
5929:Wild Fields
5432:green tunic
5407:green tunic
5382:green tunic
5357:green tunic
5332:green tunic
5294:light blue
5282:green tunic
5244:light blue
5166:Fleece Hat
5089:fleece hats
4461: [
4450: [
4447:Viktor Fink
4439: [
4424:Harold Lamb
4370:Red Cavalry
4366:Isaac Babel
4356:Leo Tolstoy
4329:Taras Bulba
4210:Leo Tolstoy
4202:Novosibirsk
4192:Family life
4164:settled in
4102:Krasnovodsk
4074:Settlements
3870:Perestroika
3868:During the
3559:Lev Dovator
3524:Circassians
3516:labor camps
3320:during the
3133:World War I
2888:Don Cossack
2850:War College
2763:Caspian Sea
2687:Caspian Sea
2616: 1799
2567:Vladikavkaz
2521:), and the
2439:Don Cossack
2326:Nogai Horde
2268:Pereyaslavl
2035: 1900
1994:Ivan Mazepa
1734:Ivan Sulyma
1410:geopolitics
1406:Wild Fields
1402:za porohamy
1278:During the
1253:Crimean War
1229:Malorussian
1195:Ivan Mazepa
1166:World War I
1151:Yaik (Ural)
1149:), and the
1076:Volga Finns
1068:Nağaybäklär
975:Tatar raids
963:Wild Fields
838:Ural Rivers
796:Wild Fields
794:Map of the
740:, in which
598:East Slavic
579:of eastern
570:East Slavic
384:Ivan Mazepa
306:Khmelnytsky
264: [
201: [
193:Zaporozhian
13097:Categories
12929:Krashovani
12845:Bulgarians
12734:Sieradzans
12729:Sącz Lachs
12670:Kociewians
12596:Kashubians
12564:West Slavs
12533:Ukrainians
12509:Starozhily
12474:Kamchadals
12457:Doukhobors
12442:Podlashuks
12309:East Slavs
12142:Luxembourg
12032:Inequality
11697:Superclass
11488:Hereditary
11464:Post-Roman
11455:Patrician
11325:adolescent
11149:Classicide
10979:2019-06-18
10959:"Cossacks"
10938:2015-04-03
10888:2010-07-27
10610:2020-07-07
10387:Dalma News
10055:2020-07-08
10016:2020-07-08
9991:2020-07-07
9966:2015-01-27
9925:2015-01-27
9884:2021-10-14
9776:2014-02-22
9548:2021-05-22
9538:Dalma News
9518:2021-05-22
9327:2015-10-25
9256:2020-07-07
9094:1920 Diary
8565:2015-10-25
8406:2015-10-02
8396:Lechaim.ru
8309:2023-12-08
8284:2015-10-02
8232:, volume 2
8212:2020-02-17
8183:2020-02-17
8036:2015-08-07
7917:2015-10-02
7886:2020-11-10
7848:2020-02-17
7834:"Cossacks"
7816:2020-02-11
7703:2020-02-14
7689:"Cossacks"
7676:prisoners.
7633:2020-02-14
7603:2020-02-14
7570:2020-11-10
7463:2018-05-13
7380:2020-02-11
7366:"Cossacks"
7348:2020-02-11
7319:2012-08-13
7288:2012-08-13
7278:Kazarla.ru
7257:2012-08-13
7223:2019-02-18
7169:2015-10-02
7138:2015-10-25
7100:2015-10-02
7086:"Cossacks"
7071:2015-10-02
7040:2015-10-02
6977:1333156632
6900:2018-05-13
6862:2018-05-13
6824:2018-05-13
6767:2015-10-25
6626:Max Vasmer
6545:2015-10-02
6535:Britannica
6513:2015-10-02
6369:2015-10-25
6323:2020-11-10
6180:References
5966:Belarusian
5540:Azerbaijan
5307:blue tunic
5235:light blue
5207:blue tunic
5182:blue tunic
5154:Year est.
5138:cherkesska
5080:cherkesska
4899:Podyesaul
4876:Lieutenant
4822:Vakhmistr
4483:Khortytsia
4408:Tennyson's
4354:). One of
4174:War brides
4090:Kazakhstan
4022:regimental
3931:, and the
3761:monarchist
3713:Navahrudak
3613:, France,
3611:Yugoslavia
3578:Red Square
3466:Don region
3285:Bolsheviks
3207:In Ukraine
3119:(Colonel)
3101:revolution
2903:manifestos
2841:Yaik River
2627:Ural River
2571:desyatinas
2478:Subbotniks
2344:Semirechye
2129:See also:
2119:New Russia
2107:Zaporizhia
2092:Chortomlyk
1978:suzerainty
1883:The Deluge
1790:a new sich
1608:Dorogobuzh
1479:Khortytsia
1449:Lithuanian
1420:, and the
1396:below the
1357:, and the
1347:Kazakhstan
1308:White Army
1302:, and the
1292:Bolsheviks
1271:, and the
1074:-speaking
990:federation
905:East Slavs
889:Circassian
861:Berladnici
848:; and the
826:Don Rivers
722:Max Vasmer
697:, and the
691:Kazakhstan
600:-speaking
593:suzerainty
555:Red Square
399:Ivan Sirko
163:Semirechye
13082:Yugoslavs
12756:Silesians
12751:Ruhrpolen
12746:Obotrites
12714:Poborzans
12700:Łowiczans
12695:Masovians
12685:Łęczycans
12680:Lasovians
12658:Kaliszans
12628:Moravians
12623:Masurians
12538:Podolyans
12504:Siberians
12499:Semeiskie
12447:Poleshuks
12167:Sri Lanka
12060:Education
12027:Household
11920:Affluence
11855:Rat tribe
11817:Ant tribe
11789:Precariat
11774:Lazzaroni
11716:Bohemians
11677:Overclass
11672:Old money
11608:Spartiate
11583:Kshatriya
11573:Hashashin
11530:Professor
11471:Political
11444:Oligarchy
11434:Hanseaten
11352:Stateless
11332:Convicted
11264:By status
11227:Subaltern
11159:Euthenics
11091:New class
10758:Ure, John
10554:21 August
10336:2 October
10304:2 October
10271:2 October
9874:213731533
9747:2 October
9737:Yablor.ru
9419:10 August
9215:13 August
8909:War Horse
8597:, p. 172.
8374:23 August
8154:237127678
7948:2 October
7671:237127678
7530:185670712
7497:185670712
7424:2 October
7414:Geocities
7193:cite book
7187:. Moscow.
7007:23 August
6961:. Basic.
6711:Byzantine
6646:23 August
6596:13 August
6531:"Cossack"
6499:"Cossack"
6426:143473682
6410:0966-8136
6135:White Sea
6093:Ukrainian
6022:Hungarian
5951:Footnotes
5489:ryazhenye
5477:Rodnovers
5465:prirodnye
5341:red crown
5266:red crown
5191:red crown
5163:Trousers
5140:s, white
5122:artillery
4980:Commander
4948:Polkovnik
4871:Leytenant
4866:Khorunzhy
4785:Serzhant
4782:Uryadnik
4756:Yefreitor
4752:Prikazny
4681:folkloric
4650:Cossacks,
4316:Ukrainian
4271:Semosenko
4250:romantics
4220:stanitsas
4081:stanitsas
4065:Groupings
4003:starshyna
3789:Ukrainian
3769:Ukrainian
3750:Ukrainian
3719:, Italy.
3689:Waffen-SS
3685:Partisans
3654:Wehrmacht
3619:Manchuria
3563:partisans
3487:Holodomor
3447:starshyna
3441:hetman.
3434:Hetmanate
3260:Chernihiv
3237:polkovnyk
3117:Polkovnik
3105:stanitsas
2966:Astrakhan
2879:in prison
2866:Peter III
2855:floggings
2782:Astrakhan
2778:Tsaritsyn
2647:Saraichik
2639:Astrakhan
2536:Oseledets
2060:In 1659,
1962:starshyna
1951:starshyna
1927:Chernigov
1911:starshyna
1811:Ukrainian
1667:escaping
1600:Wladyslav
1537:, Ukraine
1535:Kremenets
1452:starostas
1442:Ruthenian
1432:Emergence
1343:ethnicity
1337:. In the
1324:Holodomor
1224:sosloviye
1106:became a
1072:Meshchera
1052:Cherkassk
956:Ruthenian
936:Lithuania
820:near the
818:Black Sea
715:bandurist
705:Etymology
629:stanitsas
460:Oseledets
338:Communism
318:Hetmanate
301:Nalyvaiko
291:Uprisings
221:Albazinan
113:Black Sea
98:Astrakhan
13103:Cossacks
13045:Slovenes
12924:Janjevci
12909:Bunjevci
12813:Bosniaks
12739:Warmians
12618:Lechites
12484:Lipovans
12452:Russians
12437:Molokans
12354:Cossacks
12259:Category
12191:Historic
12112:Colombia
12102:Cambodia
12037:Personal
11935:Mobility
11864:Freedman
11850:Plebeian
11836:Prisoner
11822:Commoner
11708:Creative
11689:Seigneur
11655:Nobility
11613:Vanniyar
11598:Pendekar
11558:Cossacks
11192:Snobbery
11064:Theories
10822:(1911).
10760:(1999).
10604:Archived
10578:Archived
10548:Archived
10516:Archived
10481:Archived
10451:Archived
10421:Archived
10391:Archived
10360:Archived
10330:Archived
10298:Archived
10265:Archived
10049:Archived
10025:cite web
10010:Archived
9985:Archived
9960:Archived
9919:Archived
9901:(2012).
9878:Archived
9815:Archived
9770:Archived
9741:Archived
9607:7 August
9601:Archived
9574:7 August
9568:Archived
9542:Archived
9512:Archived
9410:Archived
9321:Archived
9250:Archived
9209:Archived
8559:Archived
8400:Archived
8368:Archived
8278:Archived
8206:Archived
8177:Archived
8030:Archived
8028:. 2006.
7996:Archived
7938:Ngkub.ru
7911:Archived
7880:Archived
7842:Archived
7810:Archived
7786:1 August
7780:Archived
7747:1 August
7741:Archived
7723:(2001).
7697:Archived
7627:Archived
7564:Archived
7457:Archived
7374:Archived
7342:Archived
7251:Archived
7217:Archived
7215:. 2002.
7132:Archived
7094:Archived
7065:Archived
7034:Archived
7001:Archived
6932:(2003).
6894:Archived
6856:Archived
6818:Archived
6723:Dniester
6640:Archived
6636:narod.ru
6590:Archived
6539:Archived
6507:Archived
6418:20451288
6363:Archived
6317:Archived
6252:(1996).
6152:Molokane
5994:Estonian
5862:See also
5832:Napoleon
5517:Colombia
5507:Americas
5419:crimson
5219:crimson
5118:infantry
5107:breeches
5042:Orenburg
5032:Uniforms
5011:stanitsa
5006:stanitsa
4962:General
4902:Kapitan
4789:Sergeant
4776:Corporal
4741:Ryadovoy
4647:Cossacks
4620:Cossacks
4617:Cossacks
4587:Cossacks
4584:Cossacks
4554:Cossacks
4551:Cossacks
4502:Doraemon
4283:Kozachok
4267:Hryhoriv
4208:groups.
4154:Chukotka
4034:stanytsi
3939:and the
3799:and the
3717:Tolmezzo
3659:militias
3615:Xinjiang
3603:Bulgaria
3301:Red Army
3264:Chyhyryn
3248:Volhynia
3201:zemstvos
3148:policy.
3046:dragoons
2974:Siberian
2970:Orenburg
2962:Dragoons
2895:Orenburg
2845:Orenburg
2805:autonomy
2531:Chupryna
2396:partisan
2332:region.
2279:Cossacks
2228:Caucasus
2212:Azov Sea
2178:. While
2067:The Ruin
1935:szlachta
1931:szlachta
1923:szlachta
1916:szlachta
1894:szlachta
1890:szlachta
1878:szlachta
1876:Cossack
1872:szlachta
1868:szlachta
1853:szlachta
1807:Balachka
1736:(1635),
1732:(1630),
1728:(1625),
1724:(1596),
1691:szlachta
1687:szlachta
1679:szlachta
1674:szlachta
1665:peasants
1616:Mozhaysk
1581:Dmitri I
1495:Polonize
1467:Cherkasy
1322:and the
1316:Red Army
1298:and the
1002:Brodnici
950:and the
948:Dniester
942:and the
940:Moldavia
887:and the
867:and the
857:Brodnici
846:Caucasia
713:Cossack
566:Cossacks
480:Stanitsa
296:Kosiński
241:Nekrasov
168:Siberian
153:Orenburg
123:Caucasus
61:Cossacks
53:a series
51:Part of
12988:Resians
12971:Torbeši
12768:Slovaks
12675:Kurpies
12663:Taśtaks
12638:Bambers
12606:Krubans
12601:Gochans
12545:Litvins
12489:Polekhs
12462:Goryuns
12422:Hutsuls
12162:Romania
12157:Nigeria
12042:Poverty
11945:Classes
11930:History
11841:Peasant
11827:Outcast
11766:Working
11746:Burgher
11603:Samurai
11593:Ocēlōtl
11553:Chhetri
11545:Warrior
11535:Scholar
11449:Russian
11439:Magnate
11427:Aristoi
11406:By type
11293:Citizen
11286:refugee
11182:Poverty
11176:Parvenu
11110:Related
11081:Marxian
11043:Stratum
9824:24 June
8593:Raeff,
8002:5 April
7090:Kalm.ru
6715:Iranian
6097:козаки́
6068:козаки́
6063:казаки́
6059:Russian
6040:коза́ки
6026:kozákok
6012:Kasakat
6008:Finnish
5998:Kasakad
5848:Cossack
5623:Ukraine
5617:Ukraine
5598:Russian
5562:Belarus
5556:Belarus
5530:Armenia
5523:Armenia
5450:Source:
5444:yellow
5369:yellow
5319:yellow
5142:beshmet
5114:cavalry
5085:beshmet
5046:shashka
5044:, with
5022:Marshal
4966:General
4953:Colonel
4906:Captain
4746:Private
4714:voiskos
4414:", and
4404:Mazeppa
4400:Byron's
4312:Russian
4304:bandura
4259:pogroms
4156:), and
4138:Yenisei
4114:Bautino
4018:viys'ko
4014:vois'ko
3853:in 2016
3553:of the
3338:pogroms
3293:soviets
3256:Poltava
3252:Kherson
3197:soviets
3138:sotnias
3054:cavalry
3050:lancers
3042:hussars
2979:voiskos
2899:tsardom
2833:nomadic
2786:Saratov
2719:of the
2716:subsidy
2659:Muscovy
2593:Kazakhs
2474:Muslims
2443:Russian
2357:shashka
2328:in the
2291:Khazars
2168:Muscovy
2088:Baturyn
2084:Peter I
2047:Konotop
2024:drawing
2002:Vilnius
1925:of the
1669:serfdom
1549:Dnieper
1483:Dnieper
1456:Muscovy
1426:vassals
1355:Belarus
1351:Ukraine
1267:, many
1263:, many
1211:Baturyn
1203:slavery
1176:, 1914)
1143:Siberia
1113:of the
1084:Bashkir
1013:Crimean
1006:Romania
925:Ukraine
900:Ukraine
893:Oleshky
877:Mongols
873:Khazars
869:Dnieper
775:History
769:Cossack
765:English
687:Belarus
683:Ukraine
636:Dnieper
589:nomadic
581:Ukraine
557:at the
485:Shashka
470:Plastun
465:Papakhi
445:Kontusz
277:History
256:Turkish
246:Persian
226:Bashkir
36:Cassock
32:Kazakhs
18:Cossack
12966:Mijaks
12946:Gorani
12904:Croats
12892:Pomaks
12584:Gorals
12572:Czechs
12516:Rusyns
12494:Pomors
12432:Lemkos
12427:Karyms
12417:Gurans
12349:Boykos
12117:France
12097:Belize
12092:Africa
12019:Income
11975:Middle
11968:Gentry
11832:Outlaw
11739:Petite
11726:Middle
11660:Landed
11645:Gentry
11578:Knight
11518:Priest
11513:Clergy
11476:Family
11414:Ruling
11363:collar
11320:Clique
11036:Status
10789:
10768:
10746:
10727:
10708:
10684:547225
10682:
10650:
10584:7 July
10522:16 May
10508:DW.COM
10487:18 May
10457:18 May
10427:19 May
10397:19 May
10366:16 May
10236:
10211:
10186:
10161:
10136:
10132:–141.
10085:
9952:
9911:
9872:
9862:
9791:Warsaw
9713:
9688:
9663:
9490:
9442:
9313:
9176:
9012:
8945:
8890:
8865:
8840:
8815:
8753:
8728:
8703:
8669:
8618:
8551:
8495:
8453:
8428:
8346:845996
8344:
8256:
8249:
8152:
8142:
8118:
8076:
7907:Lib.ru
7872:
7772:
7733:
7669:
7659:
7556:
7528:
7518:
7495:
7485:
7449:
7124:
6975:
6965:
6940:
6886:
6848:
6810:
6705:
6681:
6424:
6416:
6408:
6355:
6309:
6233:
6200:
6131:Adyghe
6083:kozáci
6079:Slovak
6049:Kozacy
6045:Polish
5984:kozáci
5970:казакi
5856:exotic
5568:Russia
5515:, and
5513:Canada
5394:green
5134:Konvoi
5130:Konvoi
5074:tunics
4999:blank.
4973:Ataman
4913:Yesaul
4883:Sotnik
4737:Kazak
4478:bulava
4456:, and
4402:poem "
4318:, and
4269:, and
4263:Zeleny
4150:Anadyr
4130:Irtysh
4094:Grozny
4086:Almaty
4047:, the
4032:, and
3965:bulava
3953:hetman
3891:, 1990
3797:Canada
3777:Vienna
3734:SMERSH
3682:Tito's
3650:Hitler
3617:, and
3436:, the
3354:Crimea
3233:volost
3126:Majlis
3085:Warsaw
3048:, and
2990:, and
2984:Ussuri
2860:Under
2790:Samara
2788:, and
2771:ataman
2767:Russia
2700:Russia
2694:, 1906
2635:Tatars
2459:Nogais
2441:Host (
2433:, 1869
2379:, the
2346:, 1911
2330:steppe
2287:Cumans
2283:Kazaks
2260:Ryazan
2200:sultan
2172:Danube
2137:, and
2055:Putyvl
2020:Kozacy
1955:hetman
1898:Crimea
1624:Yelets
1612:Vyazma
1544:Tatars
1445:boyars
1418:Russia
1388:, 1884
1259:, the
1255:, the
1251:, the
1247:, the
1111:polity
1108:vassal
1092:Buryat
1088:Kalmyk
1080:ataman
1030:Kiliya
932:Moscow
921:Cumans
913:Tatars
885:Cumans
881:Cumans
840:; the
754:root.
752:Turkic
747:Kazakh
726:Turkic
717:, 1890
695:Canada
679:Russia
646:, and
490:Szabla
475:Yesaul
455:Sotnia
440:Hetman
435:Ataman
236:Jewish
231:Danube
183:Ussuri
143:Greben
128:Danube
108:Baikal
13035:Shopi
12993:Serbs
12939:Šokci
12783:Wends
12773:Sorbs
12633:Poles
12577:Chods
12213:Aztec
12172:Tibet
12147:Nepal
12137:Italy
12127:India
12122:Haiti
12107:China
12007:Under
12002:Lower
11980:Black
11963:Donor
11958:Black
11953:Upper
11860:Slave
11809:Under
11665:Petty
11640:Elite
11627:Upper
11568:Harii
11563:Cuāuh
11397:White
11377:Green
11276:Alien
11119:Caste
10680:JSTOR
10544:rg.ru
10326:Rg.ru
9870:S2CID
9818:(PDF)
9807:(PDF)
9413:(PDF)
9406:(PDF)
8342:S2CID
6756:[
6727:Volga
6563:[
6422:S2CID
6414:JSTOR
6271:[
6139:Volyn
5980:Czech
5852:thief
5329:1750s
5194:blue
5151:Host
5094:burke
4923:Major
4918:Mayor
4694:Ranks
4508:Music
4469:]
4454:]
4443:]
4166:China
4126:Ishim
4038:Kurin
4030:sotni
4026:polky
4016:, or
3462:Kuban
3229:kurin
3192:krugs
3179:krugs
3075:) by
2908:Kazan
2829:elite
2746:, by
2690:, by
2540:roach
2507:Kuban
2362:spear
2354:, or
2352:sabre
2275:Tatar
1620:Livny
1471:Kaniv
1145:(see
1139:Volga
1064:Tatar
1015:Khan
998:Antes
952:Volga
909:Turks
834:Volga
809:qazaq
742:cosac
737:kozak
731:kazak
728:word
644:Terek
625:hosts
450:Kurin
268:]
251:Tatar
205:]
188:Volga
173:Terek
148:Kuban
12132:Iran
11845:Serf
11650:Lord
11588:Nair
11481:List
11392:Pink
11382:Grey
11372:Blue
11361:By "
10787:ISBN
10766:ISBN
10744:ISBN
10725:ISBN
10706:ISBN
10648:ISBN
10586:2020
10556:2017
10524:2021
10489:2021
10459:2021
10429:2021
10399:2021
10368:2021
10338:2015
10306:2015
10273:2015
10234:ISBN
10209:ISBN
10184:ISBN
10159:ISBN
10134:ISBN
10083:ISBN
10031:link
9950:ISBN
9909:ISBN
9860:ISBN
9826:2020
9749:2015
9711:ISBN
9686:ISBN
9661:ISBN
9609:2015
9576:2015
9488:ISBN
9440:ISBN
9421:2020
9311:ISBN
9217:2012
9174:ISBN
9010:ISBN
8943:ISBN
8888:ISBN
8863:ISBN
8838:ISBN
8813:ISBN
8751:ISBN
8726:ISBN
8701:ISBN
8667:ISBN
8616:ISBN
8549:ISBN
8493:ISBN
8451:ISBN
8426:ISBN
8376:2015
8254:ISBN
8247:ISBN
8150:OCLC
8140:ISBN
8116:ISBN
8074:ISBN
8051:link
8004:2013
7950:2015
7870:ISBN
7788:2015
7770:ISBN
7749:2015
7731:ISBN
7667:OCLC
7657:ISBN
7554:ISBN
7526:OCLC
7516:ISBN
7493:OCLC
7483:ISBN
7447:ISBN
7426:2015
7199:link
7122:ISBN
7009:2015
6973:OCLC
6963:ISBN
6938:ISBN
6884:ISBN
6846:ISBN
6808:ISBN
6725:and
6719:Arab
6717:and
6703:ISBN
6679:ISBN
6648:2015
6612:link
6598:2012
6406:ISSN
6353:ISBN
6307:ISBN
6231:ISBN
6198:ISBN
5592:The
5435:none
5429:1889
5410:none
5404:1867
5385:none
5379:1858
5360:none
5354:1851
5344:red
5335:none
5310:none
5304:1750
5285:none
5279:1744
5269:red
5263:grey
5254:1864
5238:grey
5229:1577
5210:none
5204:1571
5185:none
5179:1570
5120:and
4391:and
4383:and
4146:Amur
4142:Lena
4122:Ural
4007:laws
3999:Rada
3958:rada
3783:and
3678:NCOs
3568:The
3510:and
3464:and
3258:and
3241:kish
3199:and
3184:rada
3022:Baku
2801:tsar
2673:and
2621:The
2560:The
2437:The
2264:Tula
2262:and
2188:Tisa
1992:and
1947:Sejm
1622:and
1610:and
1598:and
1565:Azov
1469:and
1463:sich
1438:Sich
1286:and
1197:and
1153:and
1104:Sich
1090:and
1070:and
934:and
859:and
836:and
648:Ural
611:and
583:and
564:The
178:Ural
138:Free
103:Azov
93:Amur
11387:New
10130:140
9852:doi
9170:306
8334:doi
8106:doi
6762:132
6398:doi
6223:doi
6065:or
5471:or
5260:red
4406:",
4344:),
4332:),
4292:oil
4286:by
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