Spain - Knowledge

3114: 5229: 3033: 5279: 3312: 1873: 6988: 7851: 6508: 7372: 19455: 3528: 7719: 5414: 6554:, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008. The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million. In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. 5958: 2189: 5597: 1786: 5093: 6957: 5428: 6719: 5081: 6177: 1709: 8777: 8188: 7108: 5895: 6124: 7317: 2629: 4707: 1862: 1997: 4523: 201: 20396: 295: 8441: 8159: 2453: 3667: 3826: 2335: 1617: 2131: 1821:, entered the peninsula after 409, weakening the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction over Hispania. The Suebi established a kingdom in north-western Iberia, whereas the Vandals established themselves in the south of the peninsula by 420 before crossing over to North Africa in 429. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified; the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation into the evolving Roman culture. 8408: 8140: 7618: 2954: 1922: 5923: 4186: 187: 4950:, were granted self-government through a rapid process. Andalusia also identified itself as a nationality in its first Statute of Autonomy, even though it followed the longer process stipulated in the constitution for the rest of the country. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance with their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community, the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, and Aragon. 20281: 2672: 2086: 6890:, which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam, Judaism, and evangelical Christianity is also recognised in law. According to a 2020 study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research, about 61% of Spaniards self-identify as 3168: 902: 2888: 757: 19760: 18249: 6581: 4079: 3378:, was elected, normalizing the constitutional and institutional relations between the national and the regional administrations. According to latest polls, only 17.3% of catalans feel themselves as "only catalan". 46% of catalans would answer "as spanish as catalan", while 21.8% "more catalan than spanish". Accordind to a 2024 poll of Univeristy of Barcelona, over 50% of catalans would vote against independence, while less than 40% would vote in favour. 2415: 2538: 3815: 19772: 4167: 6114: 3244: 6167: 4476:. The monarch exercises this prerogative on the request of the prime minister, after the matter has been discussed by the Council of Ministers. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse the request. The monarch may also order national referendums on the request of the prime minister, but only with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales. Again, the monarch may choose to accept or refuse the prime minister's request. 2437: 7500: 5725: 2736: 4369:, functions which rightfully rest with Spain's duly elected legislatures and governments at both the national and regional level. Instead, the Crown personifies the democratic Spanish state, sanctions legitimate authority, ensures the legality of means, and guarantees the execution of the public will. Put another way, the monarch fosters national unity at home, represents Spaniards abroad (especially with regard to 8427: 18239: 6566:

Social Security. The programme had little effect. Although the programme failed to, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis from 2010 to 2011, resulted in tens of thousands of immigrants leaving the country due to lack of jobs. In 2011 alone, more than half a million people left Spain. For the first time in decades the net migration rate was expected to be negative, and nine out of 10 emigrants were foreigners.

927: 879: 860: 827: 808: 6979:, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity. Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalised Spanish language and culture, with Spain also absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire. 5644: 5066:, and in all, the Spanish territory is divided into 50 provinces. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre are the only communities that comprise a single province, which is coextensive with the community itself. In these cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community. 3393: 305: 2248: 4514:. If the Congress of Deputies fails to give its confidence to a new Government within two months, and is thus incapable of governing as a result of parliamentary gridlock, the monarch may dissolve the Cortes Generales and call for fresh elections. The monarch makes use of these reserve powers in his own deliberative judgment after consulting the president of the Congress of Deputies. 2759: 4495:. Of these magistrates, four magistrates are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, four magistrates are nominated by the Senate with the same majority, two magistrates are nominated by the Government, and two magistrates are nominated by the General Council of the Judiciary. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination. 4491:. Of these counselors, twelve are nominated by the supreme, appellate and trial courts, four are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, and four are nominated by the Senate with the same majority. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination. In a similar vein, the monarch appoints the twelve magistrates of the 2372:) were pursued by the Monarchy with the overarching goal of centralized authority and administrative uniformity. They included the abolishment of many of the old regional privileges and laws, as well as the customs barrier between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile in 1717, followed by the introduction of new property taxes in the Aragonese kingdoms. 8821:(Kingdom of Spain) are equally valid to designate Spain in international treaties. The latter term is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kinds, including foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognised as the conventional name by many international organisations. 4919:. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical and contemporary identity, the limits of its territories, the name and organisation of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according to the constitution. This ongoing process of devolution means that, while officially a 5055:. The existence of both the provinces and the municipalities is guaranteed and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State. 3240:, becoming the third country worldwide to do so. Decentralisation was supported with much resistance of Constitutional Court and conservative opposition, so did gender politics like quotas or the law against gender violence. Government talks with ETA happened, and the group announced its permanent cease of violence in 2010. 3186:, and Spain experienced strong economic growth, well above the EU average during the early 2000s. However, well-publicised concerns issued by many economic commentators at the height of the boom warned that extraordinary property prices and a high foreign trade deficit were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse. 7255:(initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter. In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued. 3875:, Extremadura and much of the centre of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of Extremadura, Castilla-La-Mancha, Madrid and even parts of Andalusia, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters. 5971:. Spain's population density, at 96/km (249.2/sq mi), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast. The population of Spain has risen 5675:. Spain is also Europe's main producer of wind energy. In 2010 its wind turbines generated 16.4% of all electrical energy produced in Spain. On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached a historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 9590:

spread out across many cities. The fact that Germany is an economic powerhouse makes it an attractive destination for those searching for employment after studying. France, the United Kingdom and Italy appear in third, fourth and fifth position. The rest of countries rank behind at a considerable distance.

5577:, a position in the ranking that it was still keeping in 2024. In total, 89% of the vehicles and 60% of the auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2023. A total of 2,201,802 made in Spain vehicles were exported in 2023. In 2023, the Spanish automotive industry generated 10% of Spain's 2314:-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the 5992:(TFR) across Spain was 1.16 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.11 children born per woman in 1865. Spain subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 43.1 years. 2782:. These gave a resounding victory to the Republican-Socialist candidacies in large cities and provincial capitals, with a majority of monarchist councilors in rural areas. The king left the country and the proclamation of the Republic on 14 April ensued, with the formation of a provisional government. 6557:

Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived. In

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plunged in the 1980s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward initially upon the return of many Spaniards who had emigrated to other European countries during the 1970s, and more recently, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up 12% of the population.

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Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. In the last five decades, international tourism in Spain has grown to become the

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Since the 1990s some Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America. Spain is the second biggest foreign investor there, after the United States. Spanish companies have also expanded into Asia, especially China and India. Spanish

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The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The predominant economic policy was an interventionist one, and the State also pursued policies aiming towards infrastructure development as well as the abolition of internal customs and the reduction of

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and the sign languages may add up. The number of speakers varies widely and their legal recognition is uneven, with some of the most vulnerable languages lacking any sort of effective protection. Those enjoying recognition as official language in some autonomous communities include Catalan/Valencian

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since 1982, Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners

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Spain is crowned the champion of foreign students. This is thanks to universities such as those in Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, Granada and Salamanca. Although nowhere near as popular as Spain, we find Germany in second place. It is a country that also has a large number of prestigious universities

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Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by the climate crisis in Europe. Spain could see 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming compared to pre-industrial levels in the next twenty years, in the worst-case scenario Spain will reach 4 °C (7.2 °F) warming by the end of the century. Due

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period, when it became strategically important for the US to establish a military presence on the Iberian Peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the Soviet Union into the Mediterranean basin. US Cold War strategic priorities included the dissemination of American educational ideas to foster

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In 2008, the government instituted a "Plan of Voluntary Return" which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish

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of the Crown are those royal prerogatives that are exercised in the monarch's personal discretion. Most of the Crown's royal prerogatives are ministerial in practice, meaning the monarch has no discretion in their execution and primarily performs them as a matter of state ceremonial. Nevertheless,

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with the Government. For this purpose, the monarch may preside at any time over meetings of the Council of Ministers, but only when requested by the prime minister. Moreover, the monarch may prematurely dissolve the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, or both houses of the Cortes in their entirety

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The independence of the Crown, its political neutrality and its wish to embrace and reconcile the different ideological standpoints enable it to contribute to the stability of our political system, facilitating a balance with the other constitutional and territorial bodies, promoting the orderly

7278:. Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1960s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century. 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the 2491:

and the unpopular prime minister led to a new declaration of war against Britain and Portugal. French troops entered the country to invade Portugal but instead occupied Spain's major fortresses. The Spanish king abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the French Empire was installed with

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which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency. The Spanish defense budget is 5.71 billion euros (US$ 7.2 billion) a 1% increase for 2015. The increase comes because of security concerns in the country. Military conscription was suppressed in 2001.

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were born in Hispania. Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century CE, and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century. Most of Spain's present languages and religions, as well as the basis of its laws, originate from this period. Starting in 170 CE, incursions of

6610:. The territoriality created by the form of co-officiality codified in the 1978 Constitution creates an asymmetry, in which Spanish speakers' rights apply to the entire territory whereas vis-à-vis the rest of co-official languages, their speakers' rights only apply in their territories. 4227:(the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution of 1978. After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution. As a result, Spain successfully transitioned from a 3307:

was discussing approving direct rule over Catalonia as called for by the Spanish Prime Minister. On the same day the Senate granted the power to impose direct rule and Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a new election. No country recognised Catalonia as a separate state.

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After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the World War I. The conflict offered the Spanish industry of

1892:, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Muslims from across the Strait of Gibraltar, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom. Only a small area in the mountainous north of the peninsula stood out of the territory seized during the initial invasion. The 2326:. In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century. 2813:

and numerous attacks against rival political leaders. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernize the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, political decentralization and

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Spain's per capita emissions was 4.92 tonnes in 2021, around 1.5 tonnes lower than the EU average. Spain was in 2021 responsible for 0.87% of cumulative global emissions. Spain committed to reduce 23% of emissions compared to 1990 levels in 2030 and to be net zero in 2050.

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In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, respectively. In 1492, Jews were forced to choose between conversion to Catholicism or expulsion; as many as 200,000 Jews were

9420: 4957:. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. For instance, only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy based on ancient 7189:

Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a

3932:, central Aragon and western Catalonia. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Castilla-León. Precipitation is limited with dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depends on altitude and latitude. 280: 268: 267: 2138:

The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.

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The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religion, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the

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In 2008, Spain granted citizenship to 84,170 persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco. Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several

274: 272: 279: 271: 270: 269: 2024:, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from 277: 266: 7328:

The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as

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The levels of education are preschool education, primary education, secondary education and post-16 education. In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the

15084: 5740:(CSIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 5th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2018 SCImago Institutions Rankings. Spain was ranked 29th in the 6926:

demonstrated that there were more than 2,100,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2019, accounting for 4–5% of the total population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the

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and accounted for 18% of total Spanish exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). External trade surplus of vehicles reached €18.8bn in 2023. The industry generates 9% of total employment, nearly 2 million jobs are linked to this industry.

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Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain".

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the monarch as to their appointment and dismissal. Moreover, the prime minister has plenary authority conferred by the Spanish Constitution to direct and coordinate the Government's policies and administrative actions. The Spanish monarch

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Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep

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until the latter's dissolution in May 2018. The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but had continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy.

2224:, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants brought to the metropole played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe. The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the 5165:, as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. It is fundamentally "based on shared values and the recovery of democracy." 12075: 5382:

data as of 1 September 2018, 137 of the 350 members of the Congress were women (39.1%), while in the Senate, there were 101 women out of 266 (39.9%), placing Spain 16th on their list of countries ranked by proportion of women in the

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in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of

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won the election with 44.6% of votes. As prime minister, he implemented austerity measures for EU bailout, the EU Stability and Growth Pact. On 19 June 2014, the monarch, Juan Carlos, abdicated in favour of his son, who became

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as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.

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when performing said ministerial acts, the monarch has the right to be consulted before acting on advice, the right to encourage a particular course of action, and the right to warn the responsible constitutional authorities.

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was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population.

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Spain's autonomous communities are the first level administrative divisions of the country. They were created after the current constitution came into effect (in 1978) in recognition of the right to self-government of the

10844: 16647:, 3,961 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". Page 19. 9685:#Linch, John (director), Fernández Castro, María Cruz (del segundo tomo), Historia de España, El País, volumen II, La península Ibérica en época prerromana, p. 40. Dossier. La etimología de España; ¿tierra de conejos?, 3318:, socialist former minister of Health during COVID pandemics in the first coalition Government in Spain, elected first non independentist catalan regional president in over a decade, with also socialist Barcelona major 16619: 11840: 5572:

is one of the largest employers in the country. In 2023, Spain produced 2.45 million cars which makes it the 8th largest automobile producer country in the world and the 2nd largest car manufacturer in Europe after

4981:—were also devolved more powers than the rest of the communities, among them the ability of the regional president to dissolve the parliament and call for elections at any time. In addition, the Basque Country, the 11109: 7039: 8342:), national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally. 5747:

Higher education institutions perform about a 60% of the basic research in the country. Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&D expenditures is much lower than in other EU and OECD countries.

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was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188, the first form (restricted to the bishops, the magnates, and 'the elected citizens of each city') of modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in

9312:, 3,961 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". 7396:. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in 18012:"Acuerdo entre el Reino de España y Nueva Zelanda sobre participación en determinadas elecciones de los nacionales de cada país residentes en el territorio del otro, hecho en Wellington el 23 de junio de 2009" 12011: 1953:

incursions raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula in the 9th and 10th centuries. The first recorded Viking raid on Iberia took place in 844; it ended in failure with many Vikings killed by the Galicians'

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World Health Organization, World Health Staff, (2000), Haden, Angela; Campanini, Barbara, eds., The world health report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organization,

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are the corresponding chancellors for the orders of Isabella the Catholic and of Civil Merit, the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise, and the orders of Saint Raymond of Peñafort and of Constitutional Merit,

6606:)—has effectively been the official language of the entire country since 1931. As allowed in the third article of the Constitution, the other 'Spanish languages' can also become official in their respective 5894: 17412: 3882:

zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. western

3225:, the issue of responsibility quickly became a political controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE exchanging accusations over the handling of the incident. The PSOE won the election, led by 15062: 10985: 10022: 19810: 11750: 16880: 11344: 4670:

the prime minister after consulting representatives from the different parliamentary groups and in turn formally appoints him or her to office upon a vote of investiture in the Congress of Deputies.

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guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims, for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in Castile and 1527 in Aragon, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian

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there was a great political and social upheaval, marked by a sharp radicalization of the left and the right. Instances of political violence during this period included the burning of churches, the

2228:. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. The rise of 18001:

Paloma Aguilar, Carsten Humlebæk, "Collective Memory and National Identity in the Spanish Democracy: The Legacies of Francoism and the Civil War", History & Memory, 1 April 2002, pag. 121–164

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were created to support the EU member states to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, and will be in use in the period 2021-2026. In March 2021, Spain became the sixth nation in the world to make

16742: 11937: 7134:, which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken. A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in 2145:

was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading

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The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time.

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for universal representation under a constitutional monarchy was declared, but after the fall of the Bonapartist regime, the Spanish king dismissed the Cortes Generales, set on ruling as an

263: 14620: 7266:. The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan 6905:

in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a "state character", while allowing for the state to "cooperate" with religious groups.

2526:, was assembled to coordinate the effort against the Bonapartist regime and to prepare a constitution. It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish empire. In 1812, a 16415: 16803: 3610:

in Baleares). These islands are specifically mentioned by the Spanish Constitution, when fixing its Senatorial representation (Ibiza and Formentera are grouped, as they together form the

2106:, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas. The 5356:(AI), government investigations of alleged police abuses are often lengthy and punishments were light. Violence against women was a problem, which the Government took steps to address. 17672:

La Spina, V (2018). "Earth and gypsum: From theory to practice in Spanish vernacular architecture". In Mileto, C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; García-Soriano, L.; Cristini, V. (eds.).

14257: 9610: 17247: 14330: 14124: 11863: 5849:, with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to 330 km/h (210 mph). On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world, followed by the Japanese 4393:"...to faithfully carry out duties, to obey the Constitution and the laws and ensure that they are obeyed, and to respect the rights of citizens and the Self-governing Communities." 2880:

was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels on 1 October 1936. An uneasy relationship between the Republican government and the grassroots anarchists who had initiated a partial

17642: 2456: 15354: 9756: 1647:. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the 265: 19803: 18758: 2575:

proved futile with opposition not only in the colonies but also in the Iberian peninsula and army revolts followed. By the end of 1826, the only American colonies Spain held were

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A number of constitutional powers, duties, rights, responsibilities, and functions are assigned to the monarch in his or her capacity as head of state. However, the Crown enjoys

18516: 6519:) there were 6.6 million foreign residents in Spain in 2024 (13.5%) while all citizens born outside of Spain were 8.9 million in 2024, 18.31% of the total population. 10318: 4385:. In other words, the Crown is the guardian of the Spanish constitution and of the rights and freedoms of all Spaniards. This stabilising role is in keeping with the monarch's 1566:, meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of 16615: 14906: 5710:. Fossil fuels together generated 58% of Spain's electricity in 2009, just below the OECD mean of 61%. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each. 4559:

that serves as the supreme representative body of the Spanish people. Aside from the Crown, it is the only basic State institution that enjoys inviolability. It comprises the

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increased Spain's involvement in religiously charged wars, forcing ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean. By the middle decades of a war- and

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Modern humans first arrived in Iberia from the north on foot about 35,000 years ago. The best-known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the paintings in the

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Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages

11832: 9653: 3331: 2668:. The heavy losses suffered by the colonial troops in conflicts in northern Morocco against Riffians forces brought discredit to the government and undermined the monarchy. 14216: 11083: 5228: 4108:

presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and

3924:, eastern Andalusia, various areas of Castilla-la-Mancha, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the 19179: 11101: 7529:, the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the church of Santa Úrsula in the same locality. Other notable sculptors were 5085: 2322:

and the United Provinces (Dutch Republic), and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide

17616: 11135: 5313:

The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong

4455:

of the Government, the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, the General Council of the Judiciary, or the Constitutional Tribunal, as the case may be. On the other hand, the

19796: 18763: 16724:¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a? 12105: 4443:

The royal prerogatives may be classified by whether they are ministerial acts or reserve powers. Ministerial acts are those royal prerogatives that are, pursuant to the

7785:

streams. There was then an extraordinary flourishing of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called

6802:. The health care is public, universal and free for any legal citizen of Spain. The total health spending is 9.4% of the GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the 4246:. These regions enjoy varying degrees of autonomy thanks to the Spanish Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation. 3871:

zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout

2857: 2357:

was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power.

1993:

achieved temporary unity upon the Muslim-ruled territory, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains.

6776:

currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Spanish 15-year-olds as significantly below the OECD average of 493 in reading literacy, mathematics, and science.

2907:

claimed the lives of over 500,000 people and caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens from the country. On 1 April 1939, five months before the beginning of

15701: 14979: 2660:. Although the period around the turn of the century was one of increasing prosperity, the 20th century brought little social peace. Spain played a minor part in the 1528: 21084: 14088: 14056: 11998: 11774:"Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data" 16510: 13961: 12037: 11720: 17421: 16017: 15935: 15583: 14563: 9672: 9388: 775: 15969: 15620: 11689: 10977: 8809:(Spanish Nation) are used throughout the document, sometimes interchangeably. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs established that the denominations 4047:, although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate. 2778:

After a period of Crown-supported dictatorship from 1923 to 1931, the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the

20562: 18768: 15054: 14404: 10011: 4907:". The autonomous communities were to comprise adjacent provinces with common historical, cultural, and economic traits. This territorial organisation, based on 1985:

in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms. The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the

14483: 14155: 6898:. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. Recent polls and surveys suggest that around 30% of the Spanish population is irreligious. 4342:. Rather, the Crown, as an institution, "...arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions..." of the Spanish state. As such, the monarch 3032: 20328: 18445: 11742: 4467:

to maintain the continuity and stability of state institutions. For example, the monarch has the right to be kept informed on affairs of state through regular

1170: 16458: 14383: 13925: 11336: 11069: 8292:, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for 16872: 8499:) or have some degree of recognition. In each of these, Spain's conventional long name for international affairs in Spanish laws and the most used (Spanish: 7262:, which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticised or stylised presentations. The major realist writer was 4961:

provisions. Nevertheless, each autonomous community is responsible for healthcare and education, among other public services. Beyond these competencies, the

2950:", sometimes understood as a wider structure than the FET y de las JONS proper, largely imposed over the later's name in official documents along the 1950s. 17837: 15355:"Algae Based Biofuels in Plain English: Why it Matters, How it Works. (algae algaebiofuels carbonsequestration valcent vertigro algaebasedbiofuels ethanol)" 13797: 11496: 10774: 10129: 9988: 6729:

State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The current education system is regulated by the 2006 educational law, LOE (

6562:

reported that Spain was the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.

19170: 16432: 13842: 5952: 4953:

The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own elected parliaments and governments as well as their own dedicated

1746:(Latinised) at different rates depending on what part of the peninsula they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class. 1480: 15886: 14297: 3079:

let people of Franco's regime continue inside institutions without consequences, even perpetrators of some crimes during transition to democracy like the

21119: 21114: 21109: 15332: 7933: 7777:

style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the

6000: 5454: 2200:

expanded across vast areas in the Americas, the Indo-Pacific, Africa as well as the European continent (including holdings in the Italian Peninsula, the

20660: 19002: 17941: 16389: 14174: 12628: 9046:. The Spanish Constitution mandates the monarch grant royal assent to each bill within fifteen days of its passage; he or she does not have a right to 8329: 8011:

roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:

3401: 16738: 16484: 15118: 13778: 11934: 11007:Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". 5737: 20655: 20109: 14465: 12562: 7681: 3506: 15417: 2939: 2911:, the rebel side led by Franco emerged victorious, imposing a dictatorship over the whole country. Thousands were imprisoned after the civil war in 17915: 16021: 15492: 14943: 11559: 11405: 9266: 8469: 5865: 4679: 1690:

expanded inland towards the meseta; however, due to the bellicose inland tribes, the Carthaginians settled on the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.

1591:, meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian Peninsula constitutes the southwest corner of the European continent. 761: 15440: 14746: 14694: 14617: 14435: 11973: 10227: 10052: 9516: 8997: 21074: 20635: 20630: 16410: 12782: 12673: 11584: 11132:"Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya!" 9928: 6916: 5872:(El Prat) is also important, with 50 million passengers in 2023, being the world's 30th-busiest airport. Other main airports are located in 5349:"protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions". 4667: 3027: 16792: 15144: 11157: 10393: 9594: 1662:. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula. The Celts inhabited much of the interior and Atlantic sides of the peninsula. 20959: 18580: 18510: 15110: 14588: 11313: 9009: 6769: 1409: 18019: 16315: 15995: 15863: 14814: 7475:

is a well-known modern impressionist painter and there are many important Spanish painters belonging to the modernism art movement, including

5298:. The next military authorities in line are the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence. The fourth military authority of the State is the 18997: 17386: 15236: 13983: 9618: 8993: 8333: 5239: 2560: 883: 17475: 17236: 14884: 14320: 13820: 3110:. King Juan Carlos took personal command of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to surrender. 2364:, was installed. The Crowns of Castile and Aragon had been long united only by the Monarchy and the common institution of the Inquisition's 1946:(Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century. 21089: 21079: 20102: 18916: 15838: 15165:

Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table for figure 49. Source: IEA/OECD

14030: 11374: 9333: 4444: 3338:. In 2019, the first ever coalicion government in Spain was formed, between PSOE and Unidas Podemos. Between 2018 and 2024, Spain faced an 2291:. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the 938: 17059: 16373: 15785: 15756: 13899: 7697: 6516: 5825:

As of July 2024, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,966 km (2,464 mi) and the

2587:(a reactionary legitimist movement supportive of an alternative Bourbon branch), fought against the government forces supportive of Queen 20602: 20570: 20292: 17332: 17213: 17047: 16193: 15358: 12429: 10435: 10168: 9748: 9366: 9249: 6016:

countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern,

5922: 4424:

in turn transfers political and legal liability for the royal prerogative to the attesting parties. This provision does not apply to the

4127:

regions, each with its own floral characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, and

3128:

During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing open society. New cultural movements based on freedom appeared, like

3040:

In 1962, a group of politicians involved in the opposition to Franco's regime inside the country and in exile met in the congress of the

2728:

Political corruption and repression weakened the democratic system of the constitutional monarchy of a two-parties system. The July 1909

17798: 16573: 16544: 14910: 14716: 11211: 10892: 5985:

times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s.

4043:. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) during their coolest month, thus having influences of 2973:

After the war Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. This changed in 1955, during the

1981:) to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion. The capture of the strategic city of 20625: 20371: 20321: 17545: 16113: 15211:

Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (7 January 2024).

14531: 10737: 9104:, on the advice of the Government. Before tendering advice, the Government is required to consult the General Council of the Judiciary. 5526: 5367:

in 2013, Spain is rated first in acceptance of homosexuality, with 88% of those surveyed saying that homosexuality should be accepted.

3339: 3300: 3213:

carried out the largest terrorist attack in Western European history when they killed 191 people and wounded more than 1,800 others by

1731:

captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. Although it took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the

725: 16659: 11922: 11465: 10310: 7035: 19059: 16292: 15651: 9108: 5909: 3405: 2844:

that triumphed in only part of the country. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one

831: 18182: 16850: 16640: 10288: 9305: 6824: 3236:

increased rapidly during its economic boom but then declined due to the financial crisis. In 2005, the Spanish government legalised

20566: 19163: 18501: 16678: 16075: 15913: 12202: 9131: 4243: 3916:) is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the 2682:

Industrialisation, the development of railways and incipient capitalism developed in several areas of the country, particularly in

1910:. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian-controlled areas of the peninsula was along the 1099: 17860: 16697: 12129:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 9805: 9645: 8883:

Those nationwide institutions are the Crown, the Cortes Generales, the Government, the Judiciary, and the Constitutional Tribunal.

8214:

have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century.

7556:

belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the

4062:

to declining rainfall Spain's droughts which are already one of the worst in Europe will be ten times worse compared to 2023. The

3583:, located in the Mediterranean between Spain and North Africa, is also administered by Spain, specifically by the municipality of 3311: 1757:, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors 19946: 19464: 19034: 14197: 13867: 11283: 11256: 11237: 11087: 8933:

is but one example of the Crown exercising its influence as the moderating branch to defend democracy and uphold the rule of law.

8239: 8191: 6975:

of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence. Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the

3137: 2861: 2652:

was fought in the spring of 1898 and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa.

1872: 1732: 1174: 19745:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

12225: 7972: 6741:(Wert Law). Since 1970 to 2014, Spain has had seven different educational laws (LGE, LOECE, LODE, LOGSE, LOPEG, LOE and LOMCE). 5477:

rate (26.5% in April 2024) is extremely high compared to EU standards. Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include a large

4138:

Within the European territory, Spain has the largest number of plant species (7,600 vascular plants) of all European countries.

2503:

was one of many uprisings across the country against the French occupation. These revolts marked the beginning of a devastating

20680: 18785: 18309: 17967: 17606: 16094: 15189: 11131: 10344: 6987: 5545:

and infrastructure, with six of the ten biggest international construction firms specialising in transport being Spanish, like

4066:

estimated that 4,000 people died in 2022 due to heat related stress in Spain. 74% of the country is at risk of desertification

2845: 2236:

and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the

16134: 15514: 12097: 11526: 11435: 9611:"572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo" 7194:

in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan. Famous Early Modern works include

4408:

in the very courts which administer justice in its name. For this reason, every official act done by the monarch requires the

3737:(often translated as 'Inner Plateau') is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain split in two by the Sistema Central. 2353:

The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The

1832:, in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under 1302:

reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by

20314: 19054: 18054: 17714: 17685: 17094: 16187: 16051: 15230: 14661: 12641: 12423: 10820: 10731: 10496: 9834:), the Basque Country (Santimamiñe) and Catalonia. The radiocarbon datations give the following dates: 32,425 and 29,515 BP. 9690: 9001: 8753: 8223: 7641:

were created in 1932. The government imposition of dubbing of foreign films in 1941 accustomed Spanish audiences to watching

6923: 6679: 6382: 6157: 6103: 6088: 6083: 6068: 6020:

and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Britons,

5967: 5763: 5562: 4788: 4600: 4417: 4370: 3944: 2995: 2564: 2397: 1468: 1323: 554: 511: 20346: 16778: 15726: 13574: 9479: 8959: 8369:. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 people attending every year. 5481:, and an education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries, along with the United States. 5200:; it was the subject of an armed incident between Spain and Morocco in 2002. Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and 2707: 2067:(the remaining Muslim-ruled polity in the Iberian Peninsula after 1246) capitulated in 1492 to the military strength of the 1338:

that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an

21064: 20359: 16983: 16820: 15966: 15311:"Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry" 14969: 14840: 12273: 11658: 11628: 11602: 9486: 7146:

across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century. The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry,

6733:), or Fundamental Law for the Education. In 2014, the LOE was partially modified by the newer and controversial LOMCE law ( 3292: 3256: 3011: 2919: 15698: 14095: 14063: 7850: 7349:); or simply by outright denying its existence. The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of 6507: 4506:

and, as the case may be, appoints or removes him or her from office based on the prime minister's ability to maintain the

2946:

and the Carlist traditionalists and to which the rest of right-wing groups supporting the rebels also added. The name of "

20708: 20383: 19156: 18422: 17742: 16514: 11712: 10543: 10462: 10098: 9958: 8971: 7409: 6603: 6033: 4358: 3080: 2798: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2676: 1291: 1143: 17136:"The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience" 16957: 16025: 15942: 9668: 7961: 6689:

Spanish is natively spoken by 74%, Catalan/Valencian by 17%, Galician by 7% and Basque by 2% of the Spanish population.

5619:

second largest in the world in terms of spending, worth approximately 40 billion Euros or about 5% of GDP in 2006.

3572: 3475: 21010: 20404: 20296: 20125: 19648: 18707: 16717: 15606: 11681: 8955: 8831: 7809: 5486: 5450: 5299: 5059: 4901: 4700: 3417: 2711: 1440: 864: 17643:"El Festival de San Sebastián y el de Málaga, entre las diez iniciativas culturales más importantes de España en 2021" 14400: 14146: 11833:"Luz verde definitiva: la ley de eutanasia ya es una realidad en España tras superar su último trámite en el Congreso" 9905: 2583:. The Napoleonic War left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. In the 1830s and 1840s, 2376:

export tariffs. Projects of agricultural colonisation with new settlements took place in the south of mainland Spain.

1930: 20640: 18795: 18115: 18094: 17326: 17018: 16937: 16603: 16338: 16252: 15570: 15384: 14618:

Spain's Black Market Economy Is Worth 20% of Its GDP: One million Spanish people have jobs in the underground economy

14479: 12341: 10949: 10886: 10696: 10661: 10640: 10570: 10516: 10429: 10371: 10274: 10162: 9021: 7252: 7245: 4651: 4623: 4507: 3226: 2300: 2288: 2182: 15005: 10964: 7400:, is still evident today. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Renaissance, 21099: 20698: 18548: 18387: 13932: 11061: 9563:

Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez Source, Arturo (1995). "Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571".

7371: 7174: 5826: 4488: 4132: 3343: 2580: 2512: 2170: 1625: 1190: 569: 17772: 16511:"La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo – TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 16462: 14509: 14380: 3861: 3852:

is characterised by warm/hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties:

3818: 3408:. It is some 47,000 km (18,000 sq mi) smaller than France. At 3,715 m (12,188 ft), Mount 2703: 20980: 20773: 20595: 19713: 18810: 18753: 18623: 18575: 18570: 18543: 18506: 18412: 17829: 16757: 13793: 12006: 11488: 10121: 9112: 8663: 5719: 4694: 4239: 4119:

The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the terrain, the climate and

3596: 3141: 3072: 3064: 3023: 2722: 2563:. Starting in 1809 the American colonies began a series of revolutions and declared independence, leading to the 1135: 16436: 15890: 15808: 14352: 14009: 13835: 9072:

of the next Cortes. These functions are performed in accordance with the strictures of the Spanish Constitution.

7941: 6176: 5857:. Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%). 5169: 3955:, and partly Galicia and Castile–León). It is also found in northern Navarre, in most highlands areas along the 3416:) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a 2943: 1513:. The etymological origin of the term Hispania is uncertain, although the Phoenicians referred to the region as 347: 200: 21069: 20645: 17171: 14789: 14289: 10076: 9076: 8947: 8243: 8199: 6795: 6123: 5210:

islets off the northern coast of Africa. Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of

4954: 4635: 4631: 4463:

The aforesaid limitations do not apply to the Crown's reserve powers, which may be invoked by the monarch when

4328: 2276: 1885: 1444: 812: 15310: 9138:

in the gift of the state, all done on the advice of the prime minister or another minister designated thereby.

7937: 7553: 7525:

School) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture". His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the

7350: 2999: 1735:, they retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the 20650: 18825: 18643: 18417: 9538: 9090: 8975: 8963: 8901: 8853:), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system. 8464: 8454: 7976: 7967:

Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals

7549: 6999: 4639: 4492: 4218: 3527: 3363: 3222: 2912: 2869: 2790: 2572: 2389: 2354: 2338: 2150: 1050: 17937: 14171: 9243: 7718: 7454: 7225: 3335: 21059: 21054: 19561: 18748: 18712: 18538: 16488: 14457: 13774: 9123: 9005: 8905: 8280:

also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the

7869:, a West Andalusian musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of 7557: 7241: 7043: 6309: 5819: 5569: 5346: 5177: 5173: 4683: 4647: 4205:

The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. In June 1976, Spain's new King

4156: 3268: 3060: 2786: 2779: 2717:

Catalanism and Vasquism, alongside other nationalisms and regionalisms in Spain, arose in that period: the

2527: 2441: 2318:

reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the

2095: 1848: 1283: 1210: 1007: 1003: 682: 20432: 14325: 13310: 8113:

ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style

7588: 7432: 19739:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

18815: 18339: 18176: 17989: 16736: 15409: 9428: 8979: 7821: 7237: 6534:, and Chinese. There are more than 200,000 migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain, principally 5474: 5417: 5268: 5100: 4662: 4592: 4452: 4320: 3354:, causing life expectancy to drop by more than a year. The European Commission economic recovery package 3145: 3121: 2608: 2188: 1472: 17899: 15484: 14933: 11549: 11397: 9450: 9270: 7120: 3967:) also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought. 3106:

On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose

2636:, we can read the progressive motto "Viva España con honra", as well as the federal and republican ideas 1533: 21094: 20588: 18675: 18372: 18302: 17010: 15459: 14738: 14686: 14589:"Expansión / Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate) - Spain" 14427: 12561:

Robert Blackburn (2022). O. Lepsius; A. Nußberger; C. Schönberger; C. Waldhoff & C. Walter (eds.).

11966: 11864:"Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez wins new term as Spanish PM following election gamble – as it happened" 10632: 10048: 9984: 9188: 8269: 8227: 7259: 6757:(medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the 5612: 5413: 5392: 5075: 4595:

to serve four-year terms. On the other hand, 208 senators are directly elected by popular vote using a

4429: 3367: 3351: 3237: 3214: 2881: 2831: 2640:

In the late 19th century nationalist movements arose in the Philippines and Cuba. In 1895 and 1896 the

2468: 2319: 2000: 1295: 1031: 1026: 997: 969: 643: 15027: 12682: 11574: 10397: 6765:(higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level. 6004:

The immigrants originate mainly in Latin America (39%), North Africa (16%), Eastern Europe (15%), and

4287:, which it refers to as "basic State institutions". Foremost amongst these institutions is the Crown ( 24: 19788: 19069: 18849: 18775: 18521: 18465: 18460: 15140: 11149: 10937: 9591: 9061: 9013: 8930: 8247: 7817: 7299: 7073: 6799: 5957: 5873: 5680: 5379: 5184:; Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore does not accept the Portuguese 5096: 5034: 4484: 4063: 3976: 3502: 3280: 3264: 3233: 3153: 3003: 2841: 2641: 2596: 2576: 2515:, led to the retreat of French imperial armies from the Iberian Peninsula in 1814, and the return of 2423: 2174: 2121: 1965:

In the 11th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms (

1252: 18225: 15987: 15778:"Cifras de Población (CP) a 1 de abril de 2024 Estadística de Migraciones (EM). Datos provisionales" 11305: 8354: 7530: 6956: 5596: 1785: 1713: 1310:

centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious

19828: 19044: 18690: 18565: 18362: 18064: 18011: 16344: 15002:"Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time" 14818: 13903: 12517: 11923:

https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20230113/encuesta-independencia-catalunya-icps-uab-81112066

9097: 8893: 8325: 7295: 7263: 6718: 6348: 5913: 5729: 5396: 5092: 5080: 4425: 4378: 3522: 3161: 3076: 2983: 2718: 2665: 2649: 2401: 1743: 1666:

occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas; Phoenician-influenced

1484: 1365: 17367: 17237:"La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata : cultura y filología" 15871: 15212: 14876: 14771: 12495: 4004: 3607: 1904:

in the mountainous north, eventually surged upon the consolidation of counties of the Carolingian

18805: 18663: 18402: 17471: 17086: 13812: 9787: 8285: 7778: 7738: 7107: 6972: 6722: 6522:

According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 860,000 were Romanian, about 770,000 were

6093: 6073: 5741: 5699: 5684: 5232: 5185: 5052: 5042: 4627: 4503: 4480: 4472:

before the expiration of their four-year term and, in consequence thereof, concurrently call for

4413: 4374: 4292: 4235: 4196: 4056: 3568: 3252: 3084: 2802: 2409: 2311: 2303:; by the 1660s it was struggling to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. 2178: 1424: 1420: 916: 789: 539: 399: 16902: 15845: 14123:(in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain. January 2008. Archived from 11953: 11366: 10712: 9322: 7701: 7667:

Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the

5558: 5282:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) leaders at the NATO Summit in Madrid, June 29–30, 2022

2900: 20718: 20338: 19846: 19234: 18743: 18392: 18382: 18242: 18209: 17583: 17036:"Literatura hispanorromance primigenia : la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60" 16368: 16325:. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Compostela. p. 175. 16179: 12451: 11911: 11900: 10878: 10592:

Serrano Daura, Josep (2019). "Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico".

9711: 9083: 8545: 6912: 6798:) is considered one of the best in the world, in 7th position in the ranking elaborated by the 6607: 5656: 5652: 5578: 4750: 4316: 4284: 3678: 3359: 3272: 3218: 3099: 3048: 2618: 2603: 2516: 2393: 2377: 2342: 2307: 1958:; and seventy of the Vikings' longships captured on the beach and burned by the troops of King 1389: 1319: 839: 783: 186: 20: 20306: 18586: 17312: 17201: 17193: 17035: 16171: 14724: 13420: 13332: 13134: 13090: 13024: 12413: 10941: 10806: 10419: 10152: 9358: 9235: 8791:

The Spanish Constitution does not contain any one official name for Spain. Instead, the terms

8251: 5427: 5206: 3558: 3129: 3036:

Juan Carlos I before the Cortes Españolas, during his proclamation as King on 22 November 1975

2633: 2628: 2613: 2089:

Late 16th-century Seville, the harbor enjoying the exclusive right to trade with the New World

1708: 21104: 20990: 19978: 19717: 19580: 19551: 19082: 19039: 18936: 18896: 18871: 18680: 18628: 18295: 18213: 17806: 17706: 17382: 16566: 16536: 14205:

Encuentros: Revista luso-española de investigadores en Ciencias humanas y sociales. Separatas

13728: 13706: 13684: 13662: 13640: 13618: 13596: 13530: 13508: 13486: 13464: 13442: 13398: 13376: 13354: 13288: 13266: 13244: 13222: 13200: 13178: 13156: 13112: 13068: 13046: 13002: 12980: 12958: 12936: 12914: 12892: 12870: 12848: 12826: 12804: 12705:(Speech). Hugo Wolfsohn Memorial Lecture. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University 12473: 12368: 12316: 12038:"Spain is getting 'hotter, drier and more flammable' due to climate change, Greenpeace warns" 11203: 10870: 9733: 9159:

on the advice of the prime minister and with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales.

9017: 8650: 8343: 8321: 7953: 7168: 7077: 6891: 5946: 5506: 5470: 5466: 5353: 5334: 5303: 4464: 4347: 4291:), the symbol of the Spanish state and its permanence. Spain's "parliamentary monarchy" is a 4276: 4012: 3849: 3722: 3194: 2923: 2801:

followed. In the election held in 1933 the right triumphed and in 1936, the left. During the

2645: 2464: 2117: 1797: 1648: 979: 975: 743: 696: 206: 17522: 16656: 14538: 12539: 12390: 10716: 7897: 7469:, the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states. 7436: 7316: 7183: 7179: 5469:

worked successfully to gain admission to the group of countries launching the euro in 1999.

4522: 1861: 18969: 18901: 18891: 18738: 18697: 18685: 18352: 15615: 14965: 12140: 11457: 10540:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age" 10484: 9854: 9704:

A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume 1

9146: 9127: 9101: 8951: 8943: 8366: 8281: 7747: 7743: 7713: 7642: 7617: 7389:

Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and

7291: 7287: 7283: 7233: 7217: 6785: 6595: 6502: 6098: 6078: 5989: 5881: 5822:

said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."

5815: 5664: 5340: 5248: 5223: 5119: 5003: 4706: 4560: 4556: 4527: 4511: 4499: 4437: 4401: 4280: 4210: 4141:

In Spain there are 17.804 billion trees and an average of 284 million more grow each year.

3694: 3551:

in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the

3327: 3172: 3144:(PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. In 1986 Spain joined the 3007: 2752: 2657: 2588: 2500: 2488: 2323: 2099: 1996: 1959: 1865: 1654:

The two largest groups inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest were the

1353: 1307: 989: 669: 623: 405: 20395: 18166: 18105: 18084: 16737:

Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019).

16288: 15641: 14258:"El jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra y 11 tenientes generales aspiran a JEMAD" 12744:"Monarchy and Democracy: The Political Role of King Juan Carlos in the Spanish Transicion" 7986:, the guitar, originated in Spain. Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or 5762:

The Spanish road system is mainly centralised, with six highways connecting Madrid to the

5667:

world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called

4428:, over which the monarch enjoys absolute control and supervision, or to membership in the 8: 20788: 20484: 20205: 19969: 19673: 19506: 19304: 19019: 18906: 18886: 18876: 18658: 18633: 18397: 17677: 16846: 14461: 13619:"Part V. Relations Between the Government and the Cortes Generales, Spanish Constitution" 12068:"Faced with an early heat wave and a major drought, Spain questions its water management" 10250: 9831: 9780: 9231: 9184: 9057: 8496: 8381: 8257: 8235: 8187: 8149: 7789:

came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.

7782: 7584: 7526: 7213: 7202: 7143: 7100: 7081: 7063: 7015: 7009: 6667: 6642: 6468: 6450: 6230: 6141: 5771: 5695: 5364: 5314: 5197: 5051:, which served as their territorial building blocks. In turn, provinces are divided into 4916: 4743: 4721: 4615: 4339: 4312: 4308: 3980: 3921: 3892: 3552: 3436: 3432: 2947: 2815: 2767: 2744: 2729: 2706:, was founded in 1888. In the anarcho-syndicalist trend of the labour movement in Spain, 2661: 2622: 2542: 2472: 2365: 2296: 2237: 2233: 2047:

entered in a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean. In 1229

2040: 2032: 1893: 1543: 1522: 1393: 1242: 1222: 467: 455: 19652: 16694: 16675: 16459:"Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 15905: 12194: 12144: 9858: 9801: 8401: 8238:, and is the first team ever to win three back-to-back major international tournaments. 8158: 8055: 7876:

In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as

6935:) and other African countries. More than 879,000 (42%) of them had Spanish nationality. 6246: 4771: 3943:) is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region ( 3884: 3366:, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez once again formed a coalition government, this time with 2872:. The Republic was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of 1560:

would mean "the land where metals are forged". It may be a derivation of the Phoenician

19959: 19572: 19148: 19014: 19009: 18911: 18881: 18830: 18670: 18653: 18592: 18489: 18455: 18347: 18171: 17588: 17281: 17163: 16258: 16072: 15646: 15291: 12763: 12582: 12171: 12128: 11808: 11773: 11042: 10280: 10219: 9886: 9572: 9152: 9142: 9069: 8691: 8679: 8623: 8515: 8492: 8164: 8088: 7983: 7901: 7829: 7796:

produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centred in

7688: 7654: 7353:(chief architect of the myth around it) against Antonio Pérez. Foreign imports such as 7311: 7279: 7191: 7087: 7059: 7055: 6713: 6671: 6646: 6614: 6584: 6575: 6005: 5757: 5510: 5322: 5295: 5291: 5115: 5048: 5038: 4658: 4643: 4533: 4468: 4405: 4324: 4223: 3888: 3825: 3725:, is the highest elevation in the Iberian Peninsula. The highest point in Spain is the 3564: 3491: 3440: 3387: 3355: 3296: 3247:

Demonstration against the crisis and high youth unemployment in Madrid, 15 October 2011

3190: 3091: 2966: 2810: 2405: 2225: 2154: 2064: 2021: 1897: 1833: 1770: 1703: 1683: 1616: 1611: 1369: 1343: 1251:, repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the 1238: 1230: 1202: 712: 158: 68: 20094: 18086:

La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos

17198:

Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII

13874: 11279: 11252: 11233: 10724:

El Siglo de las Luces: III Centenario del Nacimiento de José de Hermosilla (1715-1776)

10191: 7889: 7723: 7621: 7472: 7440: 7383: 7154:

in the 14th and 15th centuries. Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the

6207: 6054: 4997: 4502:

that are perhaps the most frequently exercised. The monarch nominates a candidate for

4016: 3956: 3698: 3374:). In 2024, the first non-independentist catalan regional president in over a decade, 3157: 3117: 2523: 2445: 2429: 2008: 1226: 20985: 20763: 20665: 20611: 19820: 19771: 19279: 19029: 18941: 18926: 18921: 18861: 18800: 18790: 18702: 18611: 18597: 18553: 18532: 18470: 18111: 18090: 18050: 17907: 17868: 17710: 17681: 17537: 17322: 17205: 17167: 17155: 17090: 17051: 17014: 16933: 16599: 16334: 16262: 16248: 16228: 16183: 15611: 15566: 15451: 15295: 15226: 14208: 14182: 12637: 12586: 12419: 12233: 12176: 12158: 11949: 11871: 11813: 11795: 11046: 11034: 10945: 10882: 10816: 10727: 10692: 10636: 10609: 10492: 10425: 10284: 10270: 10258: 10223: 10211: 10207: 10158: 9920: 9878: 9870: 9686: 8695: 8675: 8599: 8587: 8533: 8211: 8203: 8019:

Spain – coastal regions, from Catalonia to Andalusia – heavy use of seafood, such as

7921: 7773:

Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a

7518: 7417: 7156: 7086:

Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of

7067: 6815: 6789: 6697: 6638: 6543: 6535: 6527: 5869: 5799: 4841: 4300: 4296: 4177: 4150: 4099: 3905: 3830: 3544: 3444: 3041: 2998:

and the creation of a mass tourism industry. Franco's rule was also characterised by

2904: 2827: 2531: 2452: 2315: 2272: 2241: 2107: 2068: 2059:

established some enclaves around the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon the conclusion of the

2044: 1972: 1901: 1881: 1640: 1506: 1464: 1436: 1397: 1331: 1264: 1234: 1087: 560: 524: 505: 473: 429: 294: 128: 83: 17963: 16091: 15185: 10340: 7751: 7534: 7428: 6692:

Some of the most spoken foreign languages used by the immigrant communities include

6550:

Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after

5877: 4116:, the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions. 3840:

Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and

3714: 3666: 3602:

There are 11 major islands in Spain, all of them having their own governing bodies (

3193:

occurred with big ecological consequences along Spain's Atlantic coastline. In 2003

2479:

elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the

2017: 1218: 19709: 19123: 19116: 18961: 18820: 18726: 18648: 18558: 18526: 18440: 18330: 18322: 18200: 17272:

Orringer, Nelson R. (1998). "Redefining the Spanish Silver Age and '98 Within It".

17147: 16412:

De la LGE a la LOMCE: Así son las siete leyes educativas españolas de la democracia

16326: 16240: 16145: 15518: 15322: 15281: 15271: 15218: 14401:"Analysis of 8 years of Gender Violence Law in Spain | Gender violence and justice" 12755: 12574: 12166: 12148: 11803: 11785: 11518: 11427: 11024: 11016: 10601: 10262: 10203: 9890: 9862: 9707: 9389:"INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 1st July 2024. Provisional data" 9135: 9093:

from among its members, on the advice of the full bench, for a term of three years.

8771: 8699: 8683: 8671: 8635: 8617: 8605: 8563: 8551: 8508: 8459: 8407: 8309: 8092: 8080: 7885: 7596: 7564:

belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary, are attributed.

7507: 7390: 7346: 7330: 7162: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7005: 6991: 6951: 6737:), or Fundamental Law for the Improvement of the Education System, commonly called 6701: 6663: 6634: 6591: 6400: 6366: 5929: 5885: 5703: 5622: 5591: 5478: 5408: 5236: 5180:, in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. Another dispute surrounds the 5138: 5107: 5063: 4826: 4795: 4611: 4539: 4409: 4128: 4087: 4044: 3917: 3809: 3706: 3611: 3540: 3205:, and a strong movement against war rose in Spanish society. In March 2004 a local 2958: 2877: 2873: 2493: 2361: 2346: 2334: 2209: 2162: 1889: 1804: 1779: 1749:

Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbours exported gold,

1724: 1687: 1678:

occupied areas in the central west. Several cities were founded along the coast by

1600: 1413: 1405: 1385: 1279: 1256: 1245:; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the 1194: 1186: 1111: 1095: 891: 630: 591: 382: 251: 143: 98: 47: 16047: 15028:"Asociación Empresarial Eólica – Spanish Wind Energy Association – Energía Eólica" 14654: 10914: 10012:"Contribución al estudio de las invasiones mauritanas de la Bética en el siglo II" 9236:"Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional" 8127: 8109: 7913: 7893: 7877: 7625: 7542: 7511: 7480: 7357:

proved to be extremely influential in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

6654: 6113: 5795: 5431: 5013:

respectively. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the

5009: 4214: 4191: 2205: 2196:

Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the

1717: 545: 20843: 20073: 19954: 19764: 19677: 19485: 19364: 19191: 18989: 18984: 18780: 18475: 18407: 18253: 16770: 16721: 16701: 16682: 16663: 16419: 16398: 16377: 16135:"The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question" 16120: 16098: 16079: 15973: 15812: 15722: 15705: 15173: 14624: 14387: 14178: 12277: 11941: 11650: 11624: 11598: 10080: 10074:

Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations

9598: 9293:"Estadística Continua de Población (ECP) 1 de abril de 2024. Datos provisionales" 9191: 9053: 8687: 8667: 8581: 8569: 8261: 8068: 8001: 7988: 7929: 7881: 7612: 7229: 7095: 7091: 6976: 6834: 6693: 6675: 6626: 6539: 6523: 6416: 6377: 6280: 6166: 5779: 5707: 5676: 5648: 5638: 5375: 5188:(200 nautical miles) generated by the islands. Spain claims sovereignty over the 4978: 4711: 4390: 4366: 4228: 4124: 4008: 3936: 3896: 3834: 3741: 3702: 3603: 3588: 3563:("places of sovereignty", or territories under Spanish sovereignty), such as the 3304: 3221:, evidence of Islamist involvement soon emerged. Because of the proximity of the 3095: 2979: 2840:

The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936: on 17 and 18 July, part of the military

2835: 2771: 2687: 2369: 2267:

Spain's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the

2260: 1906: 1636: 1582: 1373: 1335: 1327: 1260: 1079: 608: 444: 438: 113: 18110:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798. 16979: 16824: 14851: 12303:"HM The King's address to the Cortes Generales on the occasion of his accession" 12270: 9727: 8139: 7576: 7572: 2794: 2013: 575: 21049: 20975: 20913: 20738: 20670: 20444: 20165: 20129: 20083: 20068: 19983: 19742: 19439: 19254: 19132: 19049: 19024: 18951: 18866: 18450: 18377: 14772:"Spain is the 2nd largest automaker in Europe and the 8th largest in the world" 12759: 12302: 12153: 11575:"El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia" 10812: 9323:"Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente" 8729: 8712: 8385: 8339: 8231: 8215: 8182: 8084: 7957: 7845: 7833: 7774: 7592: 7466: 7462: 7131: 6887: 6530:. Other sizeable foreign communities are Colombian, Bolivian, German, Italian, 6434: 6395: 5861: 5522: 5458: 5189: 5181: 5123: 5111: 4982: 4870: 4850: 4833: 4596: 4572: 4456: 4433: 4386: 4351: 4262:

functioning of the State and providing a channel for cohesion among Spaniards.

4040: 4020: 3972: 3796:

are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in

3793: 3777: 3757: 3734: 3674: 3580: 3548: 3510: 3371: 3319: 3198: 3149: 2953: 2550: 2504: 2480: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2221: 2197: 2142: 2080: 1728: 1448: 1377: 1361: 1357: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1091: 1083: 1018: 656: 324: 18107:

La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España)

17746: 16244: 15777: 15748: 15327: 15276: 15259: 10266: 9782:

A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges

9292: 8037: 7917: 7786: 5814:

on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost

5493:

was the world's largest renewable energy operator), technology companies like

4307:. Unlike in some other constitutional monarchies however, namely the likes of 3773: 2130: 21043: 21025: 21012: 20954: 20803: 20366: 20048: 20015: 19776: 19524: 19490: 19324: 19090: 18946: 18257: 17911: 17872: 17541: 17318: 17209: 17159: 17055: 16953: 16873:"Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas" 16644: 15455: 14847: 14604:

Invisible Factories: The Informal Economy and Industrial Development in Spain

14262: 14212: 12162: 11875: 11799: 11038: 10827:

Cortes of Cádiz (1812) was the first parliament of Spain with sovereign power

10613: 10539: 10458: 10215: 10094: 9954: 9924: 9874: 9309: 9176: 8926: 8897: 8495:

enjoy co-official status in certain regions (in accordance with the latter's

8446: 8353:

There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is

8305: 8265: 8097: 8008: 7905: 7649: 7600: 7568: 7476: 7405: 7135: 7019: 6968: 6622: 5933: 5901: 5783: 5688: 5626: 5446: 5146: 5058:

The current provincial division structure is based—with minor changes—on the

4924: 4920: 4661:, enjoys primacy over the other ministers by virtue of his or her ability to 4473: 4448: 4397: 4362: 4304: 4185: 3710: 3627: 3375: 3315: 3276: 3259:. High levels of unemployment, cuts in government spending and corruption in 3056: 3052: 2935: 2201: 2149:. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs— 1982: 1921: 1432: 1339: 1206: 1123: 1043: 362: 349: 192: 18274: 17628: 16714: 13755: 13743: 9866: 8970:

chancellor of the Order of Charles III. On the other hand, the ministers of

7268: 7027: 5965:

In 2024, Spain had a population of 48,797,875 people as recorded by Spain's

5607:

In 2023, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind

5496: 3071:

much authority to the regions and created an internal organisation based on

2656:(the Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, gave added impetus to the 2549:

The French occupation of Mainland Spain created an opportunity for overseas

20078: 20063: 20058: 20038: 20023: 19529: 19495: 19444: 19137: 19095: 18979: 18835: 18191: 18131: 17151: 16330: 14238: 12578: 12563:"The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom" 12180: 11967:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)" 11817: 10919:

Oligarquía y caciquismo, Colectivismo agrario y otros escritos: (Antología)

10605: 9882: 9162: 9156: 9065: 9043: 9039: 9035: 8432: 8293: 8273: 8219: 7945: 7925: 7909: 7825: 7674: 7580: 7538: 7393: 7274: 7221: 7196: 7116: 5811: 5260: 5252: 4083: 3769: 3619: 3260: 3217:

in Madrid. Though initial suspicions focused on the Basque terrorist group

2962: 2908: 2865: 2849: 2671: 2592: 2568: 2476: 2380:

ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy.

2166: 2158: 2146: 1789: 1766: 1525:

one. There have been a number of accounts and hypotheses about its origin:

1510: 1401: 1330:. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the 1272: 1182: 1075: 20280: 15380: 14226: 11743:"Spanish institutional crisis triggered by legal block of judicial reform" 10657: 10566: 10512: 10367: 8649:

The official language of the State is established in the Section 3 of the

7488: 7345:); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the 5359:

Spain provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its

5084:

Informal meeting of the European Council. Granada, 6 October 2023, during

4946:

Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, which identified themselves as

3693:

and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the

2507:

against the Napoleonic regime. Further military action by Spanish armies,

2085: 1639:

of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500

1574:

called it the "land of the rabbits". The word in question actually means "

1221:. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them 20898: 20838: 20514: 20235: 20033: 19607: 19424: 19359: 19077: 18974: 18367: 18152: 18148: 17611: 17048:

Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires

15001: 14362: 9903: 9827: 9625: 9508: 9172: 8909: 8373: 8277: 8060: 7949: 7669: 7634: 7561: 7446: 7377: 7366: 7208: 7112: 7031: 6856: 6017: 6013: 5384: 5142: 4940: 4757: 4588: 4580: 4568: 4382: 4343: 4332: 4206: 4091: 3785: 3781: 3686: 2927: 2556: 2217: 2213: 2060: 1856: 1793: 1671: 1349: 1247: 617: 602: 461: 243: 17703:

Architecture of the Islamic West. North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula

17285: 16704:, Documento BOE-A-1992-24853, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 16685:, Documento BOE-A-1992-24854, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 16666:, Documento BOE-A-1992-24855, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 15222: 11935:«Orígenes históricos y ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya)» 11713:"Spain's Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, Is Ousted in No-Confidence Vote" 11029: 10857:

It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish world

10190:

VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011).

9904:

Bernaldo de Quirós Guidolti, Federico; Cabrera Valdés, Victoria (1994).

9576: 7042:, shared with other countries of Europe. In addition, Spain has also 14 6411: 3718: 3167: 2887: 2432:, 1884), depicts the Battle of Valencia against french Napoleon invasion 20868: 20833: 20813: 20504: 20225: 20053: 20043: 20028: 19906: 19394: 19354: 19334: 19314: 19219: 17768: 17439: 16236: 15839:"Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales" 15286: 14505: 11020: 8967: 8912:, who reigned from 1833 to 1868, should she someday succeed her father 8867: 8845: 8412: 7932:. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the 7870: 7858: 7801: 7767: 7638: 7522: 6908: 6902: 6895: 6531: 6429: 6241: 5850: 5846: 5668: 5388: 5152: 4991: 4970: 4928: 4908: 4232: 4135:

mean score of 4.23/10, ranking it 130th globally out of 172 countries.

4078: 3717:(Baetic System) whose highest peak, the 3,478-metre-high (11,411-foot) 3655: 3068: 2806: 2484: 2414: 1986: 1852: 1736: 1644: 1315: 1214: 221: 19818: 17900:"The world's most expensive ham is from Huelva and costs €4,100 a leg" 15826:

Financial crisis reveals vulnerability of Spain's immigrants – Feature

15055:"La eólica supera por primera vez la mitad de la producción eléctrica" 13552: 12767: 12743: 12264: 11790: 11579: 11554: 9032:

The ministerial acts performed by the Spanish monarch are as follows:

8049:

Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based

4032: 3584: 3346:(CGPJ), until finally the mandate got renovated. In January 2020, the 3156:(PP) in 1996 after scandals around participation of the government of 2755:

in 1919 led to the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.

2732:

events and repression exemplified the social instability of the time.

2537: 20808: 20499: 20220: 19990: 19736:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

19557: 19329: 18931: 18638: 16433:"Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 15805: 14974: 14198:"La cuestión de Olivenza, a la luz del Derecho internacional público" 14005: 11181:"Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza" 10717:"El Despotismo Ilustrado en España: entre la continuidad y el cambio" 10688: 8913: 8737: 8397: 8289: 8103: 8064: 7797: 7793: 7727: 7484: 7413: 7397: 7258:

The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of

7026:, which is shared with France, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the 6659: 6580: 6511:

Distribution of the foreign population in Spain in 2005 by percentage

6484: 6332: 6314: 6264: 6212: 6196: 6191: 6128: 5996: 5838: 5775: 5767: 5554: 5546: 5490: 5465:'s 4th largest. The centre-right government of former prime minister 5439: 5160: 5018: 4974: 4966: 4881: 4802: 4783: 4738: 4267: 4172: 3948: 3872: 3841: 3797: 3639: 3635: 3623: 3455: 3285: 3176: 2991: 2931: 2740: 2683: 2508: 2240:, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as 2103: 2025: 1825: 1815: 1754: 1679: 1667: 1428: 1287: 1198: 1147: 1127: 953: 530: 20580: 17674:

Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability

17563: 17490: 17368:"Genesis problem of philosophical thought in spanish historiography" 17135: 15749:"Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Estadística del Padrón Continuo" 15485:"El AVE español, el más veloz del mundo y el segundo en puntualidad" 14428:"The successes and failures of Spain's fight against domestic abuse" 11772:

Woolf, Steven H.; Masters, Ryan K.; Aron, Laudan Y. (24 June 2021).

10073: 9451:"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey" 8966:, among other orders, decorations and medals. The prime minister is 6327: 5830: 4166: 3971:

Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the

3814: 3495: 2942:(FET y de las JONS), formed in 1937 upon the merging of the Fascist 1896:

consolidated upon this territory. Other Christian kingdoms, such as

1463:, and is part of many other international organizations such as the 20934: 20883: 20878: 20858: 20723: 20539: 20534: 20524: 20422: 20260: 20255: 20245: 20150: 19916: 19749: 19699: 19669: 19590: 19585: 19475: 19409: 19404: 19379: 19239: 18357: 18204: 16821:"Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE" 16321:. In Recalde Fernández, Montserrat; Silva Domínguez, Carme (eds.). 16316:"A contribución da inmigración ao multilingüismo do Estado español" 16172:"Spain, a plurilingual state: Spanish and other official languages" 15709: 15543:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute) 14938: 12723: 12661:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). São Paulo: Saraiva. pp. 125–126. 12636:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados. pp. 105–106. 9458: 9180: 9165: 8527: 8393: 8358: 8118: 8025: 7866: 7854: 7424: 7354: 7321: 7138:, where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, 7023: 6960: 6463: 6293: 6225: 6171: 5842: 5600: 5518: 5514: 5462: 5211: 4915:). The basic institutional law of each autonomous community is the 4778: 4763: 4728: 4584: 4120: 4113: 4000: 3960: 3952: 3643: 3631: 3615: 3532: 3479: 3451: 3413: 3400:

At 505,992 km (195,365 sq mi), Spain is the world's

3347: 3243: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3059:

in accordance with the Francoist law. With the approval of the new

2974: 2419: 2229: 2052: 1990: 1955: 1942: 1699: 1675: 1655: 1501: 1452: 1381: 1342:

that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the

1178: 1166: 1155: 1151: 1131: 1038: 957: 19644: 16567:"The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA): Spain" 12616:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia. p. 91. 10873:. In Gutiérrez, Rosa Ana; Zurita, Rafael; Camurri, Renato (eds.). 8377: 7968: 7805: 7648:

Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including

6343: 5807: 4650:. The Government remains in office so long as it can maintain the 2763: 2436: 20908: 20863: 20823: 20783: 20778: 20768: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20728: 20713: 20703: 20693: 20688: 20529: 20479: 20469: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20427: 20417: 20412: 20354: 20250: 20200: 20190: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20155: 20145: 20140: 20002: 19931: 19911: 19886: 19851: 19841: 19836: 19694: 19434: 19384: 19344: 19299: 19294: 19284: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19244: 19229: 19224: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19199: 18287: 17472:"10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez | Learnodo Newtonic" 15699:

EU27 Member States granted citizenship to 696 000 persons in 2008

12780: 12283: 9202: 9119: 8863: 8702:

have some degree of government recognition at the regional level.

8122: 7813: 7759: 7755: 7499: 7401: 7342: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6872: 6683: 6650: 6618: 6479: 6259: 6181: 6021: 5905: 5834: 5724: 5672: 5574: 5550: 5534: 5502: 5286:

The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (

5201: 4986: 4936: 4932: 4890: 4861: 4812: 4716: 4109: 3929: 3730: 3690: 3651: 3592: 3487: 3471: 3463: 3459: 2735: 2584: 2284: 2112: 2056: 2048: 2036: 1876:

Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople by José Moreno Carbonero

1811: 1758: 1663: 1629: 1567: 1553: 1119: 1107: 486: 17502: 14717:"Spain's Iberdrola signs investment accord with Gulf group Taqa" 9509:"Spain | Facts, Culture, History, & Points of Interest" 8338:

Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (

7587:. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were 5114:

priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the

3044:

in Munich, where they made a resolution in favour of democracy.

2648:

broke out and eventually the United States became involved. The

2212:

featured explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new

20949: 20939: 20929: 20903: 20893: 20873: 20853: 20848: 20828: 20798: 20758: 20733: 20549: 20519: 20494: 20474: 20464: 20439: 20378: 20336: 20270: 20240: 20215: 20195: 20185: 20160: 19936: 19901: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19856: 19602: 19480: 19454: 19429: 19419: 19399: 19389: 19374: 19369: 19349: 19319: 19289: 19274: 19249: 19183: 18195: 18153:

Virgin Spain: Scenes from the Spiritual Drama of a Great People

17280:(1/2). Society of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies: 317. 16323:

Ser inmigrante en tempos de crise: Unha ollada multidisciplinar

15607:"Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries" 12248: 11489:"Mariano Rajoy announces €65bn in austerity measures for Spain" 10755: 9198: 8745: 8389: 8301: 8145: 8031: 7865:

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with

7763: 7734: 7660: 7408:

periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the

7334: 7124: 6911:

churches have about 1,200,000 members. There are about 105,000

6630: 6551: 6361: 6298: 6152: 6136: 6118: 5803: 5791: 5608: 5538: 5421: 5022: 4818: 4733: 4036: 3483: 3425: 3421: 2987: 2978:

modernization and expansion. In the 1960s, Spain registered an

2892: 2853: 2457:

Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga

1977: 1950: 1926: 1829: 1762: 1571: 1518: 1139: 1115: 1071: 341: 318: 16485:"Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" 12737: 12735: 9843: 9421:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Spain)" 7704:

are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.

7142:. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside 5864:(Barajas), with 60 million passengers in 2023, being the 5860:

There are 47 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is the

5643: 4646:, conducts the business of the Government and administers the 2071:, and it was integrated from then on in the Crown of Castile. 1578:", possibly due to the Phoenicians confusing the two animals. 1439:, it is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's 20944: 20818: 20793: 20509: 20489: 20230: 20210: 19998: 19926: 19896: 19891: 19881: 19861: 19704: 19339: 19309: 17451: 15260:"Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?" 15210: 15031: 14909:. Europeanfutureenergyforum.com. 14 July 2010. Archived from 12415:

Governments around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies

10491:. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. passim. 9539:"European exploration - Age of Discovery, Voyages, Expansion" 8871: 7873:

abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.

7338: 7216:

was written in this time. Other writers from the period are:

7130:

Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in

6445: 5542: 5530: 5193: 4958: 4807: 4105: 3761: 3745: 3726: 3670: 3647: 3467: 3409: 3392: 2483:

in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of

1967: 1937: 1915: 1818: 1807: 1775: 1659: 1575: 1400:

students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million

1162: 1103: 227: 18269: 15673:"Población extranjera por sexo, país de nacionalidad y edad" 14564:"Economically Active Population Survey. Second Quarter 2024" 12518:"Article 42, Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" 11912:

https://www.newtral.es/sentimiento-catalan-espanol/20240501/

11901:

https://www.newtral.es/sentimiento-catalan-espanol/20240501/

11651:"Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament" 10978:"Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship" 10875:

Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890–1923)

10459:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire" 9726: 9230: 8222:

are two of the most successful football clubs in the world.

7975:

which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts. The

5086:

2023 Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union

2247: 1693: 19595: 17347: 15087:. renovablesmadeinspain.es. 9 November 2010. Archived from 15085:"Wind power in Spain breaks new instantaneous power record" 12732: 12496:"Article 33, Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg" 12344:. La Moncloa, the Office of the President of the Government 9362: 9047: 8900:– while uncommon – is possible due to Spain's adherence to 8749: 8741: 8733: 8297: 7770:

became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.

7443:

created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as

7098:

texts. Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the

6803: 6773: 6275: 5787: 5360: 5130: 4373:), facilitates the orderly operation and continuity of the 3925: 3753: 3614:, part of the Balearic archipelago). These islands include 3183: 3133: 3107: 2938:. The only legal party under Franco's dictatorship was the 2758: 2511:

warfare and an Anglo-Portuguese allied army, combined with

2055:

in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the North-African

1911: 1750: 1476: 1456: 1161:

In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by

949: 304: 14970:"Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector" 14934:"Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector" 13796:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 10192:"The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188-17891" 5999:

make up 86.5% of the total population of Spain. After the

4420:

to have the force of law. The countersigning procedure or

2360:

During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the

16777:. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. 14006:"Unidad de Policía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía" 12336: 12334: 9955:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 1 Ancient Hispania" 9646:"Number of the Week: $ 10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing" 8725: 8114: 7423:

During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included

6919:

has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations.

6613:

Besides Spanish, other territorialized languages include

5854: 5611:, recording 85 million tourists. The headquarters of the 5435: 2789:

for the country was passed in October 1931 following the

2463:

In 1793, Spain went to war against the revolutionary new

1742:

The cultures of the pre-Roman populations were gradually

1581:

There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the

1460: 1209:. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was 1055: 149: 19178: 17445: 17365: 15308: 12681:(in Portuguese). Globo. pp. 343–344. Archived from 12126: 11999:"Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020" 11599:"Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid" 10021:. Vol. II. Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos. 9669:""I-span-ya", el misterioso origen de la palabra España" 9064:

the same upon the expiration of its four-year term, and

8304:. In their respective regions, the traditional games of 8206:

is the most popular and profitable sport in the country.

5629:

linked to its environmental and architectural heritage.

5325:, Spain is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world. 5134:

through the European political co-operation mechanisms.

4599:

method, with the remaining 51 senators appointed by the

2595:. Government forces prevailed, but the conflict between 2216:

across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European

1682:, and trading outposts and colonies were established by 20124: 16269: 16208: 15381:"Spain to Put 1 million Electric Cars on the Road" 15257: 12474:"Article 3, Constitution Act of the Kingdom of Denmark" 10189: 9042:

bills duly passed by the Cortes Generales, making them

6526:, approximately 390,000 were British, and 360,000 were 5782:. Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic ( 4498:

However, it is the monarch's reserve powers concerning

2821: 17581: 17292: 17115: 17103: 16231:. In Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice (eds.). 14042:

Garcia Cantalapiedra, David, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo,

12363: 12361: 12359: 12331: 12280:

BBC News Friday, 4 January 2008 Extracted 18 June 2009

12098:"Spain approves 'milestone' clean energy climate bill" 9363:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

9086:

on the advice of the General Council of the Judiciary.

8059:. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as 7804:, produced a number of important architects, of which 5603:, one of Europe's largest coastal tourist destinations 2607:

ended in a weak early constitutional period. The 1868

1727:, roughly between 210 and 205 BCE, the expanding 1477:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

17723: 17366:

Antonova, N.V.; Myagkov, G.P; Nikolaeva, O.A (2019).

16930:

Spain Transformed: The Franco Dictatorship, 1959-1975

14480:"SPAIN: No Turning Back from Path to Gender Equality" 10804: 10424:. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. 1994. 7836:

as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.

7637:

an opportunity for further growth. Local studios for

7465:

painted during a historical period that includes the

6558:

2008, prior to the onset of the economic crisis, the

5868:, as well as the European Union's third busiest. The 5378:

in Spanish political and economic life. According to

5149:

community, essentially the renewal of the concept of

5106:

After the return of democracy following the death of

1126:; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and 18063: 17743:"Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals" 16785: 15540: 15258:

Añón Higón, Dolores; Díez-Minguela, Alfonso (2021).

14368: 14244: 14232: 13761: 13749: 12741: 12452:"Article 37, Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium" 12289: 11682:"Catalonia: what direct rule from Madrid could mean" 11625:"Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule" 11337:"Spain's population falls as immigrants flee crisis" 9631: 9562: 8656: 8422: 5953:

List of Spanish autonomous communities by population

4555:'General Courts'), a democratically elected 1570:

show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet, and

1481:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

16176:

National, regional and minority languages in Europe

15844:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from 15675:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from 15309:Giachi, Sandro; Fernández-Esquinas, Manuel (2020). 15217:. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 12356: 12120: 10627:Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (2010). 10311:"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia" 10255:

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West

10095:"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus" 6735:

Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa

3396:

Topographic map of Spain (excluding Canary Islands)

2860:), and the other controlled by the putschists (the 2621:), which yielded to a stable monarchic period, the 2522:During the war, in 1810, a revolutionary body, the 1605: 18070:. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978 18047:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 17587: 14094:. United Nations. 20 December 1966. Archived from 14062:. United Nations. 16 December 1965. Archived from 12540:"Article 3, Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway" 10871:"Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración" 10656:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 10565:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 10366:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 10047:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 9983:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 9779: 8330:Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain 7816:. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in 7750:, were built in the Middle Ages in places such as 5533:, global corporations such as the textile company 4911:, is known in Spain as the "State of Autonomies" ( 2922:for much of the Second World War, although it was 2899:The civil war was viciously fought and there were 1086:member state. Spanning across the majority of the 1017:Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the 16313: 16092:Spain's Jobs Crisis Leaves Immigrants Out of Work 14731: 14679: 14601: 12783:"The Spanish king who set, then saved, democracy" 12724:Arthur Bousfield & Gary Toffoli, ed. (1991). 12573:. Mohr Siebeck (published 2 June 2022): 181–201. 10019:Actas del II Congreso Andaluz deEstudios Clásicos 10009: 7857:is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from 5961:Population density by municipality in Spain, 2018 4357:In these respects, the Crown constitutes a fifth 2702:was founded. A trade union linked to this party, 2567:that put an end to the metropole's grip over the 1880:From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the 1628:indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by 1376:have been influential worldwide, particularly in 21085:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 21041: 17569: 17520: 17508: 17496: 16739:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos" 16383: 15357:. Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. Archived from 13836:"Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" 12560: 12411: 11771: 10626: 10600:(18). Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics: 75. 9830:items were found in Cantabria (Morín, El Pendo, 9706:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 12. 8728:domain is also used, as it is shared with other 8470:History of the territorial organization of Spain 8315: 7567:Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were 5137:Spain has maintained its special relations with 4989:each have autonomous police corps of their own: 4680:History of the territorial organization of Spain 4626:to the Congress of Deputies. It consists of the 4451:, performed by the monarch after soliciting the 3140:after a strong social opposition. That year the 2986:, a mass internal migration from rural areas to 2846:under the authority of the Republican government 2475:polarised the country in a reaction against the 2039:(1248) fell to Castile in the 13th century. The 1561: 1547: 17191: 14195: 10248: 9592:What are the most popular Erasmus destinations? 8942:The Spanish state honours system comprises the 7302:are the two main awards in Spanish literature. 6917:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 6894:, 3% other faiths, and about 35% identify with 5738:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 5694:Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are 5126:, and define security relations with the West. 5028: 4479:The Crown's reserve powers further extend into 3681:, Canary Islands, is the tallest peak in Spain. 3028:Spanish society after the democratic transition 1521:"), therefore, the most accepted theory is the 724:505,990 km (195,360 sq mi) ( 164: 74: 17274:Anales de la literatura Española Contemporánea 16362: 16169: 16109: 16107: 15111:"14 reactores nucleares movidos por el viento" 14390:Amnesty International. Retrieved 22 June 2016. 13984:"Spain: Main executive and legislative bodies" 12567:Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart 11519:"Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication" 10726:. Sociedad Extremeña de Historia. p. 14. 10655: 10564: 10489:Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire 10365: 10046: 9985:"A Country Study: Spain. Chapter 1 – Hispania" 9982: 9194:to Spain, on the advice of the prime minister. 9010:Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation 6770:Programme for International Student Assessment 6515:According to the official Spanish statistics ( 3501:Extending to 1,214 km (754 mi), the 2940:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS 2383: 1217:became a dominant peninsular power centred on 134: 89: 20596: 20322: 20110: 19804: 19164: 18303: 18279: 17083:Spanish Literature. A Very Short Introduction 17033: 16024:Spanish Statistical Institute. Archived from 15887:"Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash" 15517:. railpro.co.uk. January 2010. Archived from 15441:"El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito" 14778:. 22 July 2024 – via investinspain.org. 12781:The Monitor's Editorial Board (4 June 2019). 12224:Biodiversidad, Fundación (18 February 2014). 12223: 11617: 11591: 11573:Ríos, Pere; Piñol, Àngels (27 October 2017). 11178: 10761: 10711: 10591: 10049:"A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon" 9122:approved in the Council of Ministers, confer 8998:Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas 8994:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8334:Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain 8246:, becoming one of only five nations to win a 7737:are very common materials of the traditional 7452: 7444: 7375: 5914:the longest high-speed rail network in Europe 5810:) coasts. Spain aims to put one million 5679:. Other renewable energies used in Spain are 5494: 4537: 4487:. The monarch appoints the 20 members of the 3556: 3152:. The PSOE was replaced in government by the 2774:was a key figure for the right to be granted. 2561:retroversion of the sovereignty to the people 2368:. A number of reform policies (the so-called 1971:), often subject to the payment of a form of 1839: 1396:, and it is the most popular destination for 1197:of tribes from Central Europe, including the 589: 241: 104: 39: 19:"España" redirects here. For other uses, see 19530:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 18044: 17133: 17034:Dapueto Reyes, María de los Ángeles (2015). 16903:"Countries With the Most Cultural Influence" 14290:"Update: Spain to increase defence spending" 12405: 11673: 10868: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 8908:, will be Spain's first queen regnant since 4583:with 259 senators. Deputies are elected by 4090:. The region has 25% of the land covered by 3963:valleys, where a humid subtropical variant ( 2807:1932 failed coup d'état led by José Sanjurjo 2545:, a key political figure in the XIX century. 1586: 1392:, has one of the world's largest numbers of 1314:, the following political divisions between 1134:and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and 119: 17007:The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature 16104: 15438: 15046: 14537:. Hdr.undp.org. p. 330. Archived from 12305:. Casa de Su Majestad El Rey. 19 June 2014. 11398:"Basque separatists Eta announce ceasefire" 11204:"Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer" 10567:"A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline" 10542:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 10515:. The Library of Iberian resources online. 10461:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 10097:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 9957:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 9948: 9946: 9837: 9786:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 9749:"Rabbits, fish and mice, but no rock hyrax" 9115:as elected by their respective parliaments. 8785: 6827:survey; sample size: 3,935; February 2023) 4673: 4638:. These characters together constitute the 4550: 3182:On 1 January 2002, Spain fully adopted the 3017: 2848:, that counted on outside support from the 2279:in 1582, and then after the setback of the 2098:. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of 219: 21120:States and territories established in 1978 21115:States and territories established in 1715 21110:Spanish-speaking countries and territories 20603: 20589: 20329: 20315: 20117: 20103: 19811: 19797: 19171: 19157: 18310: 18296: 17827: 17796: 17792: 17790: 16123:. El País. Edición Impresa. 8 October 2011 16101:, The Wall Street Journal, 24 January 2009 15988:"Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants" 15906:"Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs" 15604: 15214:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 14931: 12728:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Dundurn Press. 11062:"El contubernio que preparó la democracia" 10934:The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923 9978: 9976: 9724: 9643: 8224:The country's national men's football team 5363:community. Among the countries studied by 5145:. Its policy emphasises the concept of an 4112:, and the great diversity of habitats and 3303:to form a Catalan Republic on the day the 2611:was followed by the 1868–1874 progressive 2555:elites who resented the privilege towards 2283:in 1588, in a series of victories against 303: 293: 20661:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 17530:Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense 17523:"Recordando la historia del cine español" 17521:Montes Fernández, Francisco José (2011). 17457: 17410: 17194:"La extensión del Romanticismo en España" 16126: 15515:"Spain powers ahead with high-speed rail" 15326: 15285: 15275: 15159: 14877:"Spain Is World's Leader in Solar Energy" 13902:. .gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from 13900:"Nuevo Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias" 12726:Royal Observations: Canadians and Royalty 12698: 12170: 12152: 11807: 11789: 11572: 11428:"Spain's Indignados protest here to stay" 11028: 10368:"A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age" 9406: 9330:Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) 8487: 8485: 6849: Believer in another religion (2.7%) 6542:. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high 5713: 4688: 4346:between the disparate branches, mediates 1694:Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom 901: 20656:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 19752:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 17671: 17271: 16802:. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015. 16793:"Gallup International Religiosity Index" 16713:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas: 16707: 16144:. Carfax Publishing, Inc. Archived from 16132: 15985: 15404: 15402: 14907:"Spain becomes solar power world leader" 14766: 14764: 14644:, Vol 37, Issue 9, pp. 1011–1025 (2005). 14207:(4). Ayuntamiento de Olivenza: 234–235. 14089:"Resolution 2231: Question of Gibraltar" 14057:"Resolution 2070: Question of Gibraltar" 13998: 12627:Torres, João Camilo de Oliveira (2017). 11679: 11547: 11486: 11395: 10658:"A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain" 10251:"Granada and Its International Contacts" 9943: 9443: 9359:"Surface water and surface water change" 8406: 8186: 7971:which features pop and techno acts, and 7849: 7717: 7616: 7498: 7370: 7315: 7106: 6986: 6955: 6717: 6579: 6506: 5956: 5723: 5642: 5595: 5426: 5412: 5277: 5227: 5178:Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 5091: 5079: 5047:Autonomous communities are divided into 4923:, Spain is nevertheless one of the most 4521: 4077: 3824: 3813: 3729:, a 3,718-metre (12,198 ft) active 3665: 3526: 3391: 3310: 3242: 3166: 3112: 3031: 3004:promotion of a unitary national identity 2952: 2886: 2797:supported by republican parties and the 2757: 2734: 2698:are good examples of this. In 1879, the 2670: 2627: 2536: 2451: 2435: 2413: 2333: 2246: 2187: 2129: 2084: 1995: 1920: 1871: 1860: 1784: 1707: 1615: 1441:fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP 756: 315:Location of Spain (dark green) 298: 17858: 17787: 17353: 17310: 17298: 17121: 17109: 17080: 16927: 16732: 16730: 16275: 16226: 16214: 16048:"Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs" 15770: 15561:Joseph Harrison, David Corkill (2004). 15004:. Eolic Energy News. 31 December 2010. 14640:Angel Alañón & M. Gómez-Antonio, , 13421:"Section 159 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13399:"Section 122 (3), Spanish Constitution" 13135:"Section 152 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13113:"Section 124 (4), Spanish Constitution" 13069:"Section 123 (2), Spanish Constitution" 13003:"Section 116 (5), Spanish Constitution" 12659:História do Direito Político Brasileiro 11059: 10396:. University of Calgary. Archived from 10150: 10122:"Viking raids on the spanish peninsula" 9973: 9656:from the original on 20 September 2017. 9255:from the original on 24 September 2015. 8254:has won a record 20 domestic trophies. 8053:, along with substantial stews such as 6982: 6666:officially named as Catalan and in the 5310:) assists the JEMAD as auxiliary body. 5168:The country is involved in a number of 3979:in areas of northeastern Spain and the 3895:) and into much rainier areas (notably 3661: 3120:signing the treaty of accession to the 2936:Spanish volunteers in the Eastern Front 2793:, and a series of cabinets presided by 2690:and socialist and anarchist ideas. The 2513:Napoleon's failure on the Russian front 2192:Main trade routes of the Spanish Empire 1175:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 21075:Member states of the Council of Europe 21042: 18103: 18082: 17970:from the original on 18 September 2008 17607:"Viaje por la cara B del cine español" 17446:Antonova, Myagkov & Nikolaeva 2019 17335:from the original on 12 September 2023 16986:from the original on 14 September 2014 16980:"Spain – Intangible Cultural Heritage" 16960:from the original on 26 September 2014 16616:"Health care in Spain: Beneficiairies" 16579:from the original on 29 September 2021 16547:from the original on 27 September 2021 16314:Recalde Fernández, Montserrat (2016). 16295:from the original on 27 September 2021 16196:from the original on 12 September 2023 15654:from the original on 27 September 2021 15121:from the original on 12 September 2023 15052: 14887:from the original on 19 September 2010 14468:from the original on 10 November 2014. 14425: 14403:. justiciadegenero.com. 4 March 2015. 13707:"Section 98 (2), Spanish Constitution" 13641:"Section 98 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13443:"Section 62 (d), Spanish Constitution" 13333:"Section 62 (g), Spanish Constitution" 13289:"Section 62 (j), Spanish Constitution" 13267:"Section 62 (i), Spanish Constitution" 13245:"Section 63 (1), Spanish Constitution" 13223:"Section 63 (2), Spanish Constitution" 13201:"Section 63 (3), Spanish Constitution" 13179:"Section 62 (h), Spanish Constitution" 13157:"Section 62 (f), Spanish Constitution" 13047:"Section 62 (e), Spanish Constitution" 12981:"Section 69 (6), Spanish Constitution" 12959:"Section 68 (4), Spanish Constitution" 12937:"Section 62 (b), Spanish Constitution" 12893:"Section 62 (a), Spanish Constitution" 12827:"Section 56 (3), Spanish Constitution" 12805:"Section 61 (1), Spanish Constitution" 12626: 12432:from the original on 12 September 2023 12369:"Section 56 (1), Spanish Constitution" 12205:from the original on 24 September 2022 11830: 11710: 11680:Sandford, Alasdair (27 October 2017). 11657:. Barcelona, Madrid. 27 October 2017. 11277: 10931: 10895:from the original on 12 September 2023 10660:. Library of Congress Country Series. 10569:. Library of Congress Country Series. 10519:from the original on 21 September 2013 10483: 10438:from the original on 12 September 2023 10370:. Library of Congress Country Series. 10347:from the original on 24 September 2008 10230:from the original on 12 September 2023 10171:from the original on 12 September 2023 10157:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 10119: 10055:from the original on 22 September 2008 10051:. Library of Congress Country Series. 9991:from the original on 22 September 2008 9987:. Library of Congress Country Series. 9931:from the original on 12 September 2023 9777: 9771: 9675:from the original on 13 November 2016. 9339:from the original on 24 September 2015 9205:, on the advice of the prime minister. 9168:, on the advice of the prime minister. 9149:, on the advice of the prime minister. 8544: 8482: 8095:– vegetable and fish-based stews like 8079:Spain – the Northern coast, including 7979:is one of the main ones in its genre. 7104:written in Latin, Basque and Romance. 6865: Indifferent/Non-believer (12.3%) 6725:one of the first European universities 3975:in areas with very high altitude, the 3334:and replaced him with the PSOE leader 3232:In the early 2000s, the proportion of 3047:With Franco's death in November 1975, 2901:many atrocities committed by all sides 2791:June 1931 Constituent general election 2127:, settling primarily in North Africa. 1505:, the name used by the Romans for the 20610: 20584: 20310: 20098: 19792: 19152: 18581:Natural Sites of Community Importance 18291: 18278: 18138:. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000. 18089:. Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain. 17918:from the original on 27 November 2019 17897: 17828:DiGregorio, Sarah (1 December 2009). 17729: 17700: 17604: 17478:from the original on 24 November 2020 16895: 16809:from the original on 1 February 2016. 15828:". The Earth Times. 18 November 2009. 15420:from the original on 20 December 2021 15399: 15387:from the original on 23 November 2008 14946:from the original on 24 December 2022 14807: 14761: 14568:INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística 14318: 12742:Walther L. Bernecker (January 1998). 12671: 12656: 12611: 12391:"Section 1 (3), Spanish Constitution" 12127:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). 12035: 12017:from the original on 13 February 2024 11861: 11587:from the original on 29 October 2017. 11562:from the original on 28 October 2017. 11550:"Análisis. Is Catalonia independent?" 11377:from the original on 21 February 2020 11347:from the original on 2 September 2017 11334: 11060:Villena, Miguel Ángel (9 June 2012). 11006: 10836: 10682: 10537: 10456: 10126:Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar 10092: 10086: 9952: 9718: 9701: 9695: 9472: 9201:, but without the authority to grant 9002:Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain 8770: 8634: 8616: 8598: 8580: 8562: 8526: 8507: 8361:. While its most famous event is the 8230:in 1964, 2008, 2012 and 2024 and the 7034:, which is shared with Portugal, the 6924:Union of Islamic Communities of Spain 6843: Non-Practicing Catholic (37.5%) 4418:president of the Congress of Deputies 4371:nations of their historical community 3332:motion of no-confidence against Rajoy 2980:unprecedented rate of economic growth 2565:Spanish American wars of independence 2398:Spanish American wars of independence 1940:proceeded at an increasing pace. The 1469:Organization of Ibero-American States 555:President of the Congress of Deputies 512:parliamentary constitutional monarchy 17879:from the original on 31 October 2019 17840:from the original on 8 December 2009 17769:"The History of the Guitar in Spain" 17653:from the original on 9 February 2022 17234: 17004: 16781:from the original on 5 January 2016. 16763: 16727: 16054:from the original on 10 October 2008 15967:Spain to increase immigration budget 15642:"World Factbook EUROPE : SPAIN" 15495:from the original on 9 November 2011 15239:from the original on 22 October 2023 14532:"Human Development Report 2007/2008" 14458:"Global Acceptance of Homosexuality" 14333:from the original on 1 February 2020 14270:from the original on 1 February 2020 14222:from the original on 29 August 2014. 14012:from the original on 7 November 2007 13960:. Narros.congreso.es. Archived from 13823:from the original on 14 October 2012 13775:"Catalonians vote for more autonomy" 11882:from the original on 7 December 2023 11692:from the original on 27 October 2017 11661:from the original on 28 October 2017 11631:from the original on 29 October 2017 11605:from the original on 26 October 2017 11396:Tremlett, Giles (5 September 2010). 11259:from the original on 14 January 2021 11138:from the original on 2 October 2016. 11112:from the original on 26 October 2014 10965:Spanish Civil War fighters look back 10685:Early Modern Spain: A Social History 10359: 10151:Classen, Albrecht (31 August 2015). 9808:from the original on 21 October 2009 9759:from the original on 31 October 2018 9737:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 9644:Whitehouse, Mark (6 November 2010). 9501: 9487:United Nations Development Programme 9079:on the advice of the prime minister. 6823:Religious self-definition in Spain ( 5069: 2822:Civil War and Francoist dictatorship 2255:Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado in the 2134:Diachronic map of the Spanish Empire 1828:established an occidental province, 1686:in the East. Eventually, Phoenician- 21090:Member states of the United Nations 21080:Member states of the European Union 19060:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 18210:Key Development Forecasts for Spain 18022:from the original on 31 August 2016 18004: 17797:Richardson, Paul (19 August 2007). 17469: 17192:González Subías, José Luis (2007). 16883:from the original on 4 October 2020 16715:Barómetro de Julio 2020, página 21. 16229:"17. Linguistic diversity in Spain" 15998:from the original on 29 August 2013 15586:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística 15147:from the original on 26 August 2011 14964: 14693:. Business. Madrid. 30 April 2009. 14667:from the original on 19 August 2008 14196:Fernández Liesa, Carlos R. (2004). 14044:Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy 13848:from the original on 19 August 2008 13685:"Section 100, Spanish Constitution" 13355:"Section 115, Spanish Constitution" 13091:"Section 160, Spanish Constitution" 13025:"Section 168, Spanish Constitution" 11548:Alandete, David (27 October 2017). 11286:from the original on 25 August 2004 11253:"Madrid bombers get long sentences" 11234:"Al-Qaeda 'claims Madrid bombings'" 11160:from the original on 5 October 2017 10546:from the original on 8 October 2018 10465:from the original on 8 October 2018 10101:from the original on 8 October 2018 9961:from the original on 8 October 2018 9666: 8929:'s intervention and foiling of the 7888:and singers and performers such as 7410:Pre-Romanesque art and architecture 6901:The Spanish constitution enshrines 6034:List of metropolitan areas in Spain 4517: 3081:Massacre of 3 March 1976 in Vitoria 2696:1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition 2677:1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition 2487:. In 1807, a secret treaty between 1412:and the world's most widely spoken 1292:first circumnavigation of the globe 1255:in 1492. The dynastic union of the 13: 18317: 18125: 17859:Smillie, Susan (18 January 2010). 17775:from the original on 29 April 2011 17605:Yuste, Javier (13 December 2019). 17551:from the original on 17 April 2022 17253:from the original on 12 April 2022 17216:from the original on 12 April 2022 17062:from the original on 6 August 2020 16537:"Compare your country - PISA 2018" 16289:"CIA – The World Factbook – 5pain" 16233:Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics 15623:from the original on 7 August 2018 15383:. Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. 15053:Méndez, Rafael (9 November 2009). 15008:from the original on 27 April 2011 14749:from the original on 12 April 2009 14745:. Business. Madrid. 8 April 2009. 14512:from the original on 28 March 2014 14486:from the original on 19 April 2014 14426:Rincón, Reyes (25 November 2015). 14154:(in Spanish), UN, September 2013, 13800:from the original on 17 April 2008 13729:"Section 99, Spanish Constitution" 13663:"Section 97, Spanish Constitution" 13597:"Section 97, Spanish Constitution" 13531:"Section 69, Spanish Constitution" 13509:"Section 68, Spanish Constitution" 13487:"Section 66, Spanish Constitution" 13465:"Section 99, Spanish Constitution" 13377:"Section 92, Spanish Constitution" 12915:"Section 91, Spanish Constitution" 12871:"Section 65, Spanish Constitution" 12849:"Section 64, Spanish Constitution" 12317:"Section 86, Spanish Constitution" 11979:from the original on 12 April 2019 11843:from the original on 18 March 2021 11753:from the original on 4 August 2023 11529:from the original on 19 March 2020 11499:from the original on 19 March 2020 11468:from the original on 19 March 2020 11438:from the original on 19 March 2020 11408:from the original on 19 March 2020 11316:from the original on 19 March 2020 11072:from the original on 5 April 2013. 10847:from the original on 10 March 2020 10743:from the original on 19 April 2022 10664:from the original on 9 August 2008 10573:from the original on 9 August 2008 10374:from the original on 9 August 2008 10321:from the original on 28 March 2014 10291:from the original on 13 April 2022 10132:from the original on 13 April 2022 10010:Alonso Villalobos, Carlos (1984). 9519:from the original on 8 August 2014 9480:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 9369:from the original on 24 March 2021 9269:. Lamoncloa.gob.es. Archived from 8960:Order of Saint Raymond of Peñafort 8956:Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise 8832:list of transcontinental countries 8167:is one of the most expensive hams. 8029:; and many rice-based dishes like 7992:, mainly in Asturias and Galicia. 7839: 7192:Golden era of Castilian literature 7040:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests 6749:(basic vocational education); the 5818:. The former Minister of Industry 5487:renewable energy commercialisation 5485:companies invested in fields like 5473:stood at 11.27% in July 2024. The 5370:The Cortes Generales approved the 5196:located in the South shore of the 5099:in Barcelona, headquarters of the 4701:Nationalities and regions of Spain 4331:, the monarch is not the fount of 4229:one-party personalist dictatorship 4073: 3482:mountain range, it is bordered by 3454:; on the south, it is bordered by 3450:On the west, Spain is bordered by 2708:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 1457:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1410:second-most spoken native language 1098:in the Mediterranean Sea, and the 1090:, its territory also includes the 321: (green & dark grey) 14: 21131: 20991:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 19819:Countries and territories of the 18270:Official tourism portal for Spain 18160: 17944:from the original on 13 July 2016 17619:from the original on 1 April 2022 17392:from the original on 1 April 2022 16853:from the original on 14 June 2020 16745:from the original on 14 June 2020 16142:National Identities, Vol 4, No. 3 16114:580.000 personas se van de España 15786:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 15757:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 15729:from the original on 8 April 2013 15584:"Indice coyuntural de fecundidad" 15192:from the original on 8 March 2020 15061:(in Spanish). Ediciones El País. 14932:Villalobos, Alvaro (6 May 2018). 14817:. The Global Guru. Archived from 14172:"Spain disputes Portugal islands" 13958:"Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón" 12593:from the original on 19 June 2023 12271:Spain's fast-living king turns 70 12108:from the original on 10 July 2023 11723:from the original on 19 June 2018 11278:Bailey, Dominic (14 March 2004). 11240:from the original on 24 June 2006 11214:from the original on 13 June 2008 10988:from the original on 23 July 2013 10913: 10808:Diccionario de historia de España 10513:"The Seventeenth-Century Decline" 9906:"Cronología del arte paleolítico" 9802:"'First west Europe tooth' found" 9725:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 9022:Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences 8718: 7018:. These include the landscape of 6794:The health care system of Spain ( 6759:Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior 6056:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 5968:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 5251:are divided into three branches: 4217:as Prime Minister. The resulting 4050: 2780:12 April 1931 municipal elections 2275:in 1571 and over Portugal at the 2157:(1556–1598). This period saw the 2074: 1733:conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 1670:flourished in the southwest; and 1538:argued that the root of the term 1459:(NATO), a permanent guest of the 1213:, and during early Islamic rule, 20394: 20279: 19770: 19759: 19758: 19453: 18247: 18237: 18156:NYC: Boni & Liveright, 1926. 18145:. Cornell University Press 1983. 17995: 17982: 17956: 17930: 17891: 17852: 17821: 17761: 17745:. Spoonfed.co.uk. Archived from 17735: 17694: 17665: 17635: 17598: 17575: 17514: 17463: 17404: 17359: 17304: 17265: 17228: 17185: 17174:from the original on 31 May 2022 17127: 17074: 17027: 16998: 16972: 16946: 16921: 16865: 16839: 16813: 16688: 16669: 16650: 16634: 16622:from the original on 25 May 2017 16608: 16591: 16559: 16529: 16503: 16477: 16451: 16425: 16404: 16307: 16281: 16220: 16163: 16085: 16066: 16040: 16010: 15979: 15960: 15928: 15916:from the original on 3 June 2008 15831: 15818: 15799: 15741: 15715: 15691: 15665: 15634: 15598: 15576: 15563:Spain: A Modern European Economy 15555: 15533: 15507: 15477: 15439:Lara Galera, Antonio L. (2015). 15432: 15373: 15347: 15335:from the original on 11 May 2022 15302: 15251: 15204: 15178: 15133: 15103: 15077: 15065:from the original on 13 May 2011 15020: 14994: 14982:from the original on 6 July 2018 14958: 14925: 14899: 14869: 14833: 14790:"Car Production by Country 2024" 14782: 14709: 14647: 14634: 14610: 14595: 14581: 14556: 14524: 14498: 14472: 14450: 14438:from the original on 25 May 2017 14419: 14407:from the original on 25 May 2017 14393: 14374: 14345: 14312: 14300:from the original on 18 May 2015 14282: 14250: 14189: 14165: 14161:from the original on 25 May 2017 14139: 14113: 14081: 14049: 14036: 14024: 13976: 13950: 13918: 13892: 13860: 13781:from the original on 4 June 2008 13767: 13721: 13699: 13677: 13655: 13633: 13611: 13589: 13567: 13545: 13523: 13501: 13479: 13457: 13435: 13413: 13391: 13369: 13347: 13325: 13311:"Functions of the Head of State" 13303: 13281: 13259: 13237: 13215: 13193: 13171: 13149: 13127: 13105: 13083: 13061: 13039: 13017: 12995: 12973: 12951: 12929: 12907: 12885: 12863: 12841: 12819: 12797: 12774: 12717: 12692: 12665: 12650: 12620: 12605: 12554: 12532: 12510: 12488: 12466: 12444: 12383: 12309: 12295: 12217: 12187: 12090: 12078:from the original on 8 July 2023 12060: 12048:from the original on 7 July 2023 12029: 11991: 11959: 11927: 11916: 11905: 11894: 11862:Bayer, Lili (16 November 2023). 11855: 11824: 11487:Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2012). 11150:"King Orders army to crush coup" 11084:"Contubernio de Múnich: 50 años" 10208:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x 10028:from the original on 5 July 2022 9026: 8986: 8936: 8919: 8886: 8877: 8643: 8439: 8425: 8157: 8138: 7962:El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía 7934:Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona 7175:Coplas por la muerte de su padre 7090:(such as refrains) sprinkled in 6175: 6165: 6122: 6112: 6050:Largest cities or towns in Spain 5921: 5893: 4927:countries in Europe, along with 4705: 4489:General Council of the Judiciary 4184: 4165: 4133:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 4131:factors. The country had a 2019 3642:in the Canarian archipelago and 3364:general election on 23 July 2023 3344:General Council of the Judiciary 3257:2008–16 Spanish financial crisis 3090:In the Basque Country, moderate 3012:discriminatory language policies 2864:), most critically supported by 2700:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 2692:1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress 2345:a new royal family reigned, the 2171:War of the Portuguese Succession 2096:expelled from Castile and Aragon 1606:Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples 1384:. As a reflection of its large 1211:invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate 1191:fall of the Western Roman Empire 926: 925: 900: 878: 877: 859: 858: 826: 825: 807: 806: 755: 261: 199: 185: 19947:States with limited recognition 18624:Autonomous communities of Spain 17414:Contemporary Spanish Philosophy 17375:Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana 16758:Autonomous communities of Spain 16170:Casado Velarde, Manuel (2011). 14697:from the original on 4 May 2009 14506:"Women in National Parliaments" 13555:. Congress of Deputies of Spain 12748:Journal of Contemporary History 12007:Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 11933:Medina García, Eusebio (2006). 11831:Borraz, Marta (18 March 2021). 11765: 11735: 11704: 11643: 11566: 11541: 11511: 11480: 11450: 11420: 11389: 11359: 11328: 11298: 11271: 11226: 11191:from the original on 1 May 2011 11172: 11142: 11124: 11094: 11076: 11053: 11000: 10970: 10958: 10925: 10907: 10869:Cruz Artacho, Salvador (2003). 10862: 10840:Independence of Spanish America 10830: 10798: 10789: 10780: 10767: 10705: 10676: 10649: 10620: 10594:Revista de Dret Històric Català 10585: 10558: 10531: 10505: 10477: 10450: 10412: 10386: 10333: 10303: 10249:Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). 10242: 10183: 10144: 10113: 10067: 10040: 10003: 9897: 9820: 9794: 9741: 9679: 9660: 9637: 9603: 9583: 9556: 9531: 9381: 8856: 8837: 8824: 8759: 8705: 8627: 8350:) is celebrated on 12 October. 7707: 7038:, shared with Slovenia and the 6590:Spain is a multilingual state. 6027: 5940: 5829:, after China's. It is linking 5720:Science and technology in Spain 5395:of Spain in the United Nations 5328: 5271:Ejército del Aire y del Espacio 4695:Autonomous communities of Spain 4603:to also serve four-year terms. 3928:valley, which crosses southern 3920:, southern and central-eastern 3478:). On the northeast, along the 3406:Europe's fourth largest country 3342:surrounding the mandate of the 3293:Catalan independence referendum 3234:Spain's foreign born population 3142:Spanish Socialist Workers Party 3024:Spanish transition to democracy 2723:Regionalist League of Catalonia 2329: 2116:. About four decades after the 1181:was established. Following the 1078:. It is the largest country in 1070:, is a country in southwestern 165: 19035:National and regional identity 18038: 17594:. Manchester University Press. 15986:Tremlett, Giles (9 May 2005). 15936:"Population in Europe in 2005" 15186:"Scimago Institution Rankings" 14482:. Ipsnews.net. 15 March 2007. 14033:. Spanish Constitution of 1978 12612:Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004). 12260:From Dictatorship to Democracy 11948:. Tomo LXII (II Mayo-Agosto). 11946:Revista de Estudios Extremeños 11367:"Spain legalises gay marriage" 11335:Ortiz, Fiona (22 April 2013). 11179:Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). 11009:History of Education Quarterly 10843:. Cambridge University Press. 10805:Alvar Ezquerra, Jaime (2001). 9351: 9315: 9299: 9285: 9259: 9224: 9208:Patronise the Royal Academies. 9060:following a general election, 8948:Order of Isabella the Catholic 8125:or the Galician octopus-based 8023:(fried fish); cold soups like 7439:. Also in the Baroque period, 6796:Spanish National Health System 6751:Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio 6496: 5509:(which is the world's largest 3494:, a small exclave town called 3299:voted to unilaterally declare 3098:led by the armed organisation 2918:The regime remained nominally 2301:Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660 2289:Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 774:96/km (248.6/sq mi) ( 16:Country in southwestern Europe 1: 20651:Commissioner for Human Rights 19714:country of the United Kingdom 18226:E-Government portal for Spain 17861:"World's most expensive ham?" 17411:Caponigri, A. Robert (1967). 16380:. Retrieved 23 September 2009 16174:. In Stickel, Gerhard (ed.). 16018:"Population series from 1998" 15565:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. 14815:"Global Guru | analysis" 14723:. 25 May 2008. Archived from 14508:. Ipu.org. 28 February 2010. 14186:. Retrieved 9 September 2013. 13794:"Economic Survey: Spain 2005" 11711:Minder, Raphael (June 2018). 10341:"The Treaty of Granada, 1492" 9753:Understanding Animal Research 9217: 9089:Appoint the president of the 9082:Appoint the president of the 8964:Order of Constitutional Merit 8902:male-preference primogeniture 8690:) are co-official languages. 8465:Topographical relief of Spain 8455:History of education in Spain 8316:Public holidays and festivals 8240:Spain's women's national team 8041:(black rice) from Catalonia. 7982:The most popular traditional 7977:Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival 7696:As of 2021, the festivals of 7305: 7049: 7000:World Heritage Sites in Spain 6686:); and Aranese in Catalonia. 5399:is 0.794, 12th in the world. 5192:, a small, uninhabited rocky 4654:of the Congress of Deputies. 4606: 4481:constitutional interpretation 4249: 3862:Köppen climate classification 3819:Köppen climate classification 3658:in the Balearic archipelago. 3431:Spain lies between latitudes 3223:2004 Spanish general election 3051:succeeded to the position of 2913:Francoist concentration camps 2712:Federación Anarquista Ibérica 2704:Unión General de Trabajadores 2573:Attempts to re-assert control 2390:Contemporary history of Spain 2355:War of the Spanish Succession 1509:and its provinces during the 1082:and the fourth-most populous 20339:European Economic Area (EEA) 17938:"Primera División 2015/2016" 17898:Limón, Raúl (7 March 2016). 17830:"Spain Gain at Mercat Negre" 17134:Amorós Negre, Carla (2016), 16823:. Ferede.org. Archived from 16645:"Barómetro de Enero de 2023" 16513:(in Spanish). Archived from 16461:(in Spanish). Archived from 16435:(in Spanish). Archived from 15910:International Herald Tribune 14319:Julve, Rafa (9 March 2016). 13931:(in Catalan). Archived from 13873:(in Spanish). Archived from 12699:McCaughey, J. Davis (1993). 12036:Frost, Rosie (6 July 2023). 11280:"Spain votes under a shadow" 11185:International Herald Tribune 10984:. London. 28 December 2008. 10967:, BBC News, 23 February 2003 10421:Handbook of European History 10154:Handbook of Medieval Culture 9489:. 13 March 2024. p. 288 9310:"Barómetro de Enero de 2023" 9232:Presidency of the Government 9006:Real Academia de la Historia 8906:Leonor, Princess of Asturias 8896:have been kings. However, a 8582:[es̺paɲiakoeres̺uma] 7942:Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid 7762:. Similarly to the Maghreb, 7548:There were two Schools: the 7494: 7246:Leandro Fernández de Moratín 7242:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 7044:Intangible cultural heritage 6747:Formación Profesional Básica 6707: 6569: 5932:, one of the busiest in the 5866:world's 15th busiest airport 5751: 5570:automotive industry in Spain 5374:in 2007 aimed at furthering 5347:Spanish Constitution of 1978 5029:Provinces and municipalities 4684:Political divisions of Spain 4436:in the personal gift of the 4400:in the performance of these 4254: 4157:Spanish Constitution of 1978 3689:landmass, dominated by high 3507:longest uninterrupted border 3381: 3350:virus was confirmed to have 3267:served as a backdrop to the 3227:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 3209:terrorist group inspired by 3108:a military-backed government 3096:radical nationalist movement 3061:Spanish Constitution of 1978 2944:Falange Española de las JONS 2862:Nationalist or rebel faction 2442:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1849:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 1632:1.3 million years ago. 1490: 1114:is bordered to the north by 7: 21065:Iberian Peninsula countries 19055:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 18252:Geographic data related to 18177:Central Intelligence Agency 18143:A History of Medieval Spain 17701:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 17590:Contemporary spanish cinema 16849:. churchofjesuschrist.org. 16741:(in Spanish). p. 160. 16541:www2.compareyourcountry.org 16401:. Retrieved 9 December 2013 15864:"Spain: Immigrants Welcome" 15491:. Spain. 10 November 2010. 15264:Business Research Quarterly 14321:"Señores, se acabó la mili" 14008:(in Spanish). Cartujo.org. 13575:"Composition of the Senate" 12785:. Christian Science Monitor 12614:Panorama do Segundo Império 10196:The Economic History Review 9702:Burke, Ulick Ralph (1895). 9429:International Monetary Fund 9143:supreme command and control 8874:were also born in Hispania. 8600:[ˈrejnʊð(ɪ)esˈpaɲɐ] 8509:[ˈrejnoð(e)esˈpaɲa] 8418: 8200:2023 FIFA Women's World Cup 7938:Orquesta Nacional de España 7351:Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo 7253:Spanish Romantic literature 6881: Did not answer (1.5%) 6809: 5827:second longest in the world 5537:, petroleum companies like 5525:, train manufacturers like 5418:Cuatro Torres Business Area 5217: 5101:Union for the Mediterranean 4644:central executive authority 4593:proportional representation 4571:with 350 deputies, and the 4213:and appointed the reformer 4144: 4123:. Spain includes different 3833:) from Pozo de La Oracion, 3733:in the Canary Islands. The 3685:Mainland Spain is a rather 3420:, having territory in both 3402:fifty-first largest country 3146:European Economic Community 3132:. In May 1982 Spain joined 3122:European Economic Community 2617:(including the short-lived 2384:Liberalism and nation state 2065:Nasrid Sultanate of Granada 2035:such as Córdoba (1236) and 1624:Archaeological research at 1473:Union for the Mediterranean 1447:. Spain is a member of the 1390:second-most visited country 1312:Spanish War of independence 1306:. In the 18th century, the 1094:in the Atlantic Ocean, the 863:$ 1.647 trillion ( 811:$ 2.516 trillion ( 232:(English: "Further Beyond") 10: 21136: 20976:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 20560: 20290: 19562:British Overseas Territory 19180:Countries and dependencies 18104:Marcos, F. Javier (2016). 18083:Marcos, F. Javier (2006). 18065:"The Spanish Constitution" 17244:Epos. Revista de Filología 17011:Cambridge University Press 16227:Ramallo, Fernando (2018). 16133:Conversi, Daniele (2002). 16073:Plan de Retorno Voluntario 15941:. Eurostat. Archived from 15030:. Aeeolica. Archived from 14602:Benton, Lauren A. (1990). 14121:"La cuestión de Gibraltar" 14046:(Routledge, 2014). Pg. 126 13813:"Country Briefings: Spain" 13313:. Royal Household of Spain 12760:10.1177/003200949803300104 12154:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 11102:"El contubernio de Munich" 10932:Meaker, Gerald H. (1974). 10633:Cambridge University Press 10629:A Concise History of Spain 10538:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 10457:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 10093:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 9953:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 9267:"The Spanish Constitution" 9244:Boletín Oficial del Estado 9056:the Cortes Generales into 8618:[reˈjawmeðesˈpaɲɔ] 8413:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 8319: 8228:UEFA European Championship 8180: 8107:. Also, the lightly cured 7999: 7995: 7843: 7711: 7610: 7364: 7309: 7071: 7053: 7003: 6997: 6949: 6945: 6813: 6783: 6711: 6573: 6500: 6164: 6111: 6041: 6031: 5950: 5944: 5755: 5717: 5655:in the foreground and the 5636: 5613:World Tourism Organization 5589: 5585: 5406: 5402: 5393:Gender Empowerment Measure 5338: 5332: 5308:Estado Mayor de la Defensa 5300:Chief of the Defence Staff 5221: 5076:Foreign relations of Spain 5073: 5032: 4698: 4692: 4677: 4430:Order of the Golden Fleece 4416:or, when appropriate, the 4154: 4148: 4097: 4054: 3807: 3803: 3520: 3516: 3385: 3021: 2832:Spanish Revolution of 1936 2825: 2591:'s dynastic rights in the 2387: 2299:) and then England in the 2120:(1568–1571), over 300,000 2078: 2031:Muslim strongholds in the 2001:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 1846: 1697: 1609: 1598: 1594: 1451:, the European Union, the 1296:largest empires in history 1271:unification of Spain as a 468:indifferent or no religion 18: 20968: 20922: 20679: 20618: 20558: 20403: 20392: 20345: 20288: 20277: 20136: 20014: 19968: 19945: 19827: 19731: 19687: 19662: 19637: 19624: 19571: 19547: 19540: 19517: 19504: 19462: 19451: 19190: 19110: 19068: 18960: 18857: 18848: 18734: 18725: 18619: 18610: 18497: 18488: 18433: 18338: 18329: 18285: 18280:Articles related to Spain 16982:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 16956:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 16245:10.1515/9783110365955-018 15725:. BBC. 11 December 2006. 15448:Revista de Obras Públicas 15277:10.1177/23409444211042382 14794:worldpopulationreview.com 14623:11 September 2017 at the 14369:Spanish Constitution 1978 14353:"2024 Global Peace Index" 14245:Spanish Constitution 1978 14233:Spanish Constitution 1978 13762:Spanish Constitution 1978 13750:Spanish Constitution 1978 12418:. ABC-CLIO. p. 197. 12412:Shelley, Fred M. (2015). 12290:Spanish Constitution 1978 10938:Stanford University Press 10267:10.1163/9789004443594_006 10179:– via Google Books. 9632:Spanish Constitution 1978 9014:Royal Academy of Pharmacy 8931:1981 Spanish coup attempt 8732:member states. Also, the 8348:Fiesta Nacional de España 7818:contemporary architecture 7748:Western Islamic tradition 7606: 7433:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 7300:Miguel de Cervantes Prize 7074:Latin American literature 6800:World Health Organization 6779: 6731:Ley Orgánica de Educación 5882:Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) 5663:In 2010 Spain became the 5632: 5625:is the Spanish leader in 5495: 5380:Inter-Parliamentary Union 5288:Fuerzas Armadas Españolas 5097:Royal Palace of Pedralbes 5060:1833 territorial division 5035:Local government in Spain 5015:Policía Autónoma Andaluza 4704: 4565:Congreso de los Diputados 4545: 4485:administration of justice 4295:one whereby the reigning 4094:protected natural spaces. 3977:humid subtropical climate 3498:is surrounded by France. 3148:, which later became the 2891:Republican volunteers at 2842:carried out a coup d'état 2642:Cuban War of Independence 1253:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 1049: 1037: 1025: 1014: 986: 964: 945: 915: 890: 871: 852: 838: 819: 800: 782: 768: 749: 742: 732: 718: 711: 707: 692: 679: 666: 653: 640: 636: 629: 614: 599: 590: 585: 581: 566: 551: 536: 521: 517: 504: 485: 418: 414: 388: 378: 334: 290: 236: 215: 181: 157: 142: 127: 112: 97: 82: 67: 34: 18713:Wars and armed conflicts 18353:Ancient History Timeline 18243:Wikimedia Atlas of Spain 17988:Nogués y Secall (1862), 17964:"Bank holidays in Spain" 17805:. London. Archived from 17799:"Spain's perfect paella" 17705:. New Haven and London: 17235:Abad, Francisco (2007). 16932:. Routledge. p. 7. 16700:26 November 2016 at the 16681:27 December 2016 at the 16662:26 November 2016 at the 16418:12 February 2015 at the 16397:12 February 2015 at the 16119:15 November 2011 at the 15723:"Immigration statistics" 15704:6 September 2014 at the 14177:8 September 2013 at the 14148:Spain's letter to the UN 12702:The Crown at State Level 12672:Faoro, Raymundo (2001). 11627:. BBC. 27 October 2017. 11601:. BBC. 26 October 2017. 11255:. BBC. 31 October 2007. 10343:. Islamic Civilisation. 9778:Anthon, Charles (1850). 9565:Journal of World History 8636:[ˈreŋneðesˈpaɲa] 8564:[ˈreŋnəðəsˈpaɲə] 8546:[ˈrejnuðesˈpaɲa] 8528:[ˈrejnoðesˈpaɲa] 8475: 8372:Other festivals include 8326:Public holidays in Spain 8176: 7467:Spanish Independence War 7296:Premio Planeta de Novela 7209:Don Quijote de La Mancha 7046:, or "Human treasures". 6349:Principality of Asturias 5730:Gran Telescopio Canarias 5698:(8 operative reactors), 5511:worker-owned cooperative 5397:Human Development Report 5376:equality between genders 4913:Estado de las Autonomías 4674:Administrative divisions 4624:collectively responsible 4379:representative democracy 4219:general election in 1977 4003:as well as parts of the 3740:There are several major 3587:, Andalusia. The little 3539:Spain also includes the 3523:List of islands of Spain 3490:. Along the Pyrenees in 3418:transcontinental country 3269:2011–12 Spanish protests 3077:Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law 3065:restoration of democracy 3018:Restoration of democracy 2719:Basque Nationalist Party 2710:was founded in 1910 and 2675:Opening ceremony of the 1894:Kingdom of Asturias-León 1620:Celtic castro in Galicia 1485:World Trade Organization 1445:fifteenth-largest by PPP 1267:is often considered the 257:(English: "Royal March") 21100:North African countries 20986:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 20636:Parliamentary Assembly 20631:Committee of Ministers 19718:British-Irish Agreement 18413:Transition to democracy 18388:Reaction and revolution 18141:Callaghan O.F. Joseph. 17584:Morgan-Tamosunas, Rikki 17311:Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). 17087:Oxford University Press 17005:Gies, David T. (2004). 16078:18 October 2011 at the 15889:. MSNBC. Archived from 15328:10.1093/reseval/rvaa014 15172:16 October 2013 at the 15143:. revista.consumer.es. 12342:"Institutions of Spain" 12230:Fundación Biodiversidad 12195:"Biodiversity in Spain" 11306:"An election bombshell" 10879:Universitat de València 9867:10.1126/science.1219957 9650:The Wall Street Journal 9513:Encyclopedia Britannica 9091:Constitutional Tribunal 8537: 8384:, the carnivals in the 7812:was led by groups like 7744:Islamicate architecture 7739:vernacular architecture 6723:University of Salamanca 5742:Global Innovation Index 5615:are located in Madrid. 5233:Amphibious assault ship 5186:Exclusive Economic Zone 5043:Municipalities of Spain 4657:The prime minister, as 4493:Constitutional Tribunal 4236:parliamentary democracy 4197:Prime Minister of Spain 4057:Climate change in Spain 3474:, and the peninsula of 3360:active euthanasia legal 3301:independence from Spain 3253:Spanish property bubble 3215:bombing commuter trains 3197:supported US president 3085:1977 Massacre of Atocha 2982:which was propelled by 2410:Second Spanish Republic 2277:Battle of Ponta Delgada 2179:French Wars of Religion 1562: 1548: 1425:constitutional monarchy 1421:parliamentary democracy 1388:, Spain is the world's 1021:which observe WET/WEST. 570:President of the Senate 439:non-practicing Catholic 90: 25:España (disambiguation) 20719:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19847:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19554:(Sovereign Base Areas) 19235:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19003:International Interest 18811:Science and technology 18507:Autonomous communities 17152:10.1515/soci-2016-0003 16370:La Ley Orgánica 2/2006 16331:10.15304/9788416533015 15972:30 August 2008 at the 14655:"OECD report for 2006" 12657:Sousa, Galvão (1962). 12579:10.1628/joer-2022-0009 12276:6 January 2010 at the 11236:. BBC. 14 March 2004. 10606:10.2436/20.3004.01.119 9667:ABC (28 August 2014). 9179:to foreign states and 9113:autonomous communities 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8766: 8664:autonomous communities 8609: 8591: 8573: 8555: 8519: 8505:Spanish pronunciation: 8500: 8415: 8242:were champions of the 8207: 8131:and shellfish dishes. 7862: 7730: 7629: 7554:Juan Martínez Montañés 7514: 7453: 7445: 7386: 7376: 7360: 7325: 7238:Benito Jerónimo Feijóo 7150:, became increasingly 7127: 6995: 6964: 6726: 6608:autonomous communities 6594:—featured in the 1978 6587: 6512: 5962: 5733: 5714:Science and technology 5660: 5653:PS10 Solar Power Plant 5604: 5579:gross domestic product 5442: 5424: 5321:According to the 2024 5294:is the King of Spain, 5283: 5244: 5174:Spain claims Gibraltar 5103: 5089: 4955:public administrations 4689:Autonomous communities 4632:deputy prime ministers 4538: 4530: 4438:House of Bourbon-Anjou 4303:of the Crown and thus 4285:branches of government 4264: 4240:autonomous communities 4095: 3837: 3822: 3682: 3679:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 3575:is also regarded as a 3557: 3536: 3397: 3323: 3273:Catalan independentism 3248: 3179: 3125: 3073:autonomous communities 3037: 2970: 2930:and provided the Nazi 2896: 2858:International Brigades 2775: 2748: 2679: 2664:. It remained neutral 2637: 2619:First Spanish Republic 2546: 2460: 2449: 2433: 2394:Mid-19th-century Spain 2350: 2343:Enlightenment in Spain 2339:The family of Philip V 2320:separation of Portugal 2308:Protestant Reformation 2264: 2193: 2177:, intervention in the 2135: 2090: 2051:was conquered, so was 2004: 1933: 1886:conquered North Africa 1877: 1869: 1800: 1769:, and the philosopher 1720: 1621: 1587: 1336:Francoist dictatorship 1294:and formed one of the 1282:, Spain pioneered the 242: 220: 150: 135: 120: 105: 75: 40: 21:Spain (disambiguation) 21070:Member states of NATO 20646:Court of Human Rights 20293:Potential enlargement 19979:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 19972:and other territories 19581:Bailiwick of Guernsey 19552:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 19040:National Day of Spain 18214:International Futures 18187:UCB Libraries GovPubs 18045:Gates, David (2001). 17966:. bank-holidays.com. 17940:. worldfootball.net. 17707:Yale University Press 17570:Montes Fernández 2011 17509:Montes Fernández 2011 17497:Montes Fernández 2011 17383:Universidad del Zulia 15412:Red de Alta Velocidad 14883:. NPR. 15 July 2010. 14386:8 August 2016 at the 13986:. European Commission 13777:. CNN. 18 June 2006. 12199:Climatechangepost.com 12133:Nature Communications 10795:(Gates 2001, p. 467.) 10713:Martínez Shaw, Carlos 10683:Casey, James (1999). 10120:Scheen, Rolf (1996). 9804:. BBC. 30 June 2007. 9734:Catholic Encyclopedia 9128:military appointments 9018:Royal Spanish Academy 8651:Constitution of Spain 8410: 8322:National Day of Spain 8190: 7954:Gran Teatre del Liceu 7853: 7721: 7620: 7502: 7374: 7319: 7169:The Book of Good Love 7110: 7078:Royal Spanish Academy 6990: 6971:and one of the major 6959: 6721: 6583: 6510: 6024:, French and others. 5988:In 2022, the average 5960: 5947:Demographics of Spain 5910:Madrid-Barcelona line 5727: 5646: 5599: 5507:Mondragon Corporation 5438:business district in 5430: 5416: 5354:Amnesty International 5335:Human rights in Spain 5281: 5269:Air and Space Force ( 5231: 5095: 5083: 4601:regional legislatures 4534:Legislative authority 4526:The hemicycle of the 4525: 4348:constitutional crises 4259: 4081: 3850:Mediterranean climate 3828: 3817: 3695:Cordillera Cantábrica 3669: 3573:de Vélez de la Gomera 3530: 3503:Portugal–Spain border 3476:de Vélez de la Gomera 3395: 3314: 3246: 3170: 3162:Dirty war against ETA 3116: 3035: 2956: 2890: 2816:women's right to vote 2770:was approved. Deputy 2761: 2738: 2674: 2646:Philippine Revolution 2631: 2541:General and stateman 2540: 2455: 2439: 2417: 2337: 2250: 2191: 2133: 2118:War of the Alpujarras 2088: 1999: 1924: 1875: 1864: 1798:Treasure of Guarrazar 1788: 1711: 1619: 1529:Jesús Luis Cunchillos 1334:, giving rise to the 1130:; and to the west by 734:• Water (%) 18644:Constitutional Court 17680:. pp. 153–154. 17678:Taylor & Francis 17081:Labanyi, Jo (2010). 16928:Townson, N. (2007). 16827:on 30 September 2011 16720:20 July 2020 at the 16097:10 July 2017 at the 15811:23 July 2013 at the 15616:Gapminder Foundation 15541:"Population Figures" 14776:ICEX-Invest in Spain 14616:Roberto A. Ferdman, 14031:Articles 140 and 141 13731:. Constitute Project 13709:. Constitute Project 13687:. Constitute Project 13665:. Constitute Project 13643:. Constitute Project 13621:. Constitute Project 13599:. Constitute Project 13533:. Constitute Project 13511:. Constitute Project 13489:. Constitute Project 13467:. Constitute Project 13445:. Constitute Project 13423:. Constitute Project 13401:. Constitute Project 13379:. Constitute Project 13357:. Constitute Project 13335:. Constitute Project 13291:. Constitute Project 13269:. Constitute Project 13247:. Constitute Project 13225:. Constitute Project 13203:. Constitute Project 13181:. Constitute Project 13159:. Constitute Project 13137:. Constitute Project 13115:. Constitute Project 13093:. Constitute Project 13071:. Constitute Project 13049:. Constitute Project 13027:. Constitute Project 13005:. Constitute Project 12983:. Constitute Project 12961:. Constitute Project 12939:. Constitute Project 12917:. Constitute Project 12895:. Constitute Project 12873:. Constitute Project 12851:. Constitute Project 12829:. Constitute Project 12807:. Constitute Project 12630:A democracia coroada 12542:. Constitute Project 12520:. Constitute Project 12498:. Constitute Project 12476:. Constitute Project 12454:. Constitute Project 12393:. Constitute Project 12371:. Constitute Project 12319:. Constitute Project 12236:on 24 September 2022 11464:. 21 November 2011. 11156:. 23 February 1981. 10786:(Gates 2001, p. 20.) 10777:". TheHistoryNet.com 10775:Napoleon's Total War 10261:. pp. 124–125. 10079:3 April 2017 at the 9597:30 June 2023 at the 9102:Prosecution Ministry 9075:Appoint and dismiss 8952:Order of Civil Merit 8944:Order of Charles III 8803:(Spanish State) and 8497:Statutes of Autonomy 8367:running of the bulls 8344:Spain's National Day 8288:that were hosted in 8282:1992 Summer Olympics 7714:Spanish architecture 7504:The Comb of the Wind 7416:architecture or the 7226:Calderón de la Barca 7218:Francisco de Quevedo 7016:World Heritage Sites 6983:World Heritage Sites 6922:A study made by the 6786:Health care in Spain 6670:officially named as 6596:Spanish Constitution 6503:Immigration to Spain 6099:Autonomous community 6079:Autonomous community 5990:total fertility rate 5870:airport of Barcelona 5341:LGBT rights in Spain 5249:Spanish Armed Forces 5224:Spanish Armed Forces 5170:territorial disputes 5120:diplomatic relations 4905:and regions of Spain 4640:Council of Ministers 4561:Congress of Deputies 4557:bicameral parliament 4528:Congress of Deputies 4512:Congress of Deputies 4500:Government formation 4406:cannot be prosecuted 4333:national sovereignty 4281:separation of powers 4277:Spanish Constitution 4211:Carlos Arias Navarro 3981:continental climates 3697:(Cantabrian Range), 3662:Mountains and rivers 3595:is a Spanish-French 3340:institutional crisis 3328:Congress of Deputies 3275:also rose. In 2011, 3251:The bursting of the 3173:1992 Summer Olympics 3008:National Catholicism 2753:La Canadiense strike 2650:Spanish–American War 2440:Promulgation of the 2402:Spanish–American War 2100:Christopher Columbus 1960:Ramiro I of Asturias 1866:Alfonso X of Castile 1814:, together with the 1394:World Heritage Sites 1074:with territories in 988:• Summer ( 751:• 2024 estimate 697:Current constitution 624:Congress of Deputies 21060:Countries in Europe 21055:Countries in Africa 21022: / 19674:unincorporated area 19603:Bailiwick of Jersey 19465:States with limited 18587:Plazas de soberanía 17649:. 9 February 2022. 17572:, pp. 609–610. 17499:, pp. 602–603. 17356:, pp. 103–104. 16800:The Washington Post 16775:World Values Survey 16491:on 26 November 2020 16465:on 16 November 2020 16391:Ley Orgánica 8/2013 16376:25 May 2011 at the 15605:Roser, Max (2014), 15315:Research Evaluation 15223:10.34667/tind.46596 15141:"La Fuerza del Mar" 15117:. 9 November 2010. 15091:on 14 December 2011 14913:on 24 November 2010 14462:Pew Research Center 14266:. 6 November 2016. 13964:on 11 December 2009 12145:2020NatCo..11.5978G 11940:25 May 2017 at the 11090:on 21 October 2014. 10982:The Daily Telegraph 10317:. 4 December 2008. 9859:2012Sci...336.1409P 9853:(6087): 1409–1413. 9234:(11 October 1997). 8756:autonomous regions. 8574:Espainiako Erresuma 8376:tomato festival in 8244:2023 FIFA World Cup 8210:While varieties of 7810:International style 7746:, belonging to the 7585:Pedro Duque Cornejo 7527:Cathedral of Toledo 7264:Benito Pérez Galdós 7214:Miguel de Cervantes 7203:Lazarillo de Tormes 7144:Galician-Portuguese 7101:Glosas Emilianenses 7082:Instituto Cervantes 7064:Galician literature 7036:Heritage of Mercury 7010:Cathedrals in Spain 6913:Jehovah's Witnesses 6772:coordinated by the 6668:Valencian Community 6469:Valencian Community 6451:Valencian Community 6231:Valencian Community 6142:Community of Madrid 5445:Spain's capitalist 5372:Gender Equality Act 5365:Pew Research Center 5207:plazas de soberanía 5198:Strait of Gibraltar 4917:Statute of Autonomy 4612:Executive authority 4361:that does not make 3571:. The peninsula of 3559:plazas de soberanía 3553:Strait of Gibraltar 3255:in 2008 led to the 3130:La Movida Madrileña 2948:Movimiento Nacional 2721:formed in 1895 and 2662:scramble for Africa 2634:Sexenio Democrático 2614:Sexenio Democrático 2609:Glorious Revolution 2543:Baldomero Espartero 2505:war of independence 2473:War of the Pyrenees 2469:the first Coalition 2297:Battle of the Downs 2238:School of Salamanca 2234:Counter-Reformation 2173:, clashes with the 2041:County of Barcelona 2033:Guadalquivir Valley 1778:in the province of 1495:The name of Spain ( 1419:Spain is a secular 359: / 121:Espainiako Erresuma 20981:Russia (1996–2022) 20433:provisional member 20347:EFTA member states 19573:Crown Dependencies 18816:Telecommunications 18517:Biosphere Reserves 18418:Contemporary Spain 18408:Spain under Franco 18348:Prehistoric Iberia 18172:The World Factbook 18016:Noticias Jurídicas 17771:. Linguatics.com. 17749:on 28 October 2011 17460:, p. 169–170. 17089:. pp. 18–19. 17013:. pp. 73–74. 16879:. September 2020. 16847:"Spain – Newsroom" 16517:on 31 October 2020 16439:on 5 November 2020 16082:Gobierno de España 16028:on 2 November 2007 15647:The World Factbook 15465:on 1 February 2020 15034:on 20 October 2021 13906:on 20 January 2011 13841:. The World Bank. 11717:The New York Times 11021:10.1017/heq.2023.5 10764:, pp. 14, 23. 10762:Martínez Shaw 2016 9077:ministers of state 8736:domain is used in 8686:(locally known as 8416: 8312:both are popular. 8208: 8198:celebrating their 8035:from Valencia and 7984:musical instrument 7902:Alicia de Larrocha 7898:Montserrat Caballé 7863: 7830:Santiago Calatrava 7822:Spanish architects 7731: 7680:and the so-called 7652:for films such as 7630: 7515: 7437:Francisco Zurbarán 7394:artistic movements 7387: 7326: 7312:Spanish philosophy 7236:authors included, 7184:Mester de Clerecía 7180:Mester de Juglaría 7128: 7111:Bronze statues of 7060:Catalan literature 7056:Spanish literature 6996: 6965: 6727: 6714:Education in Spain 6678:); Basque (in the 6588: 6585:Languages of Spain 6576:Languages of Spain 6513: 6006:Sub-Saharan Africa 5963: 5778:, Extremadura and 5758:Transport in Spain 5734: 5661: 5605: 5475:youth unemployment 5453:worldwide and the 5443: 5425: 5323:Global Peace Index 5292:commander-in-chief 5284: 5255:Ejército de Tierra 5245: 5124:European Community 5104: 5090: 5039:Provinces of Spain 4659:head of government 4642:which, as Spain's 4636:ministers of state 4634:, and the various 4620:Gobierno de España 4546:Spanish Parliament 4531: 4381:, and upholds the 4375:Spanish government 4224:Constituent Cortes 4096: 3889:Castilla-La Mancha 3838: 3823: 3705:(Central System), 3701:(Iberian System), 3683: 3604:Cabildos insulares 3577:plaza de soberanía 3565:Chafarinas Islands 3537: 3398: 3388:Geography of Spain 3356:Next Generation EU 3326:In June 2018, the 3324: 3297:Catalan parliament 3291:In October 2017 a 3249: 3191:Prestige oil spill 3180: 3126: 3092:Basque nationalism 3038: 2971: 2967:Meeting at Hendaye 2897: 2811:Revolution of 1934 2776: 2749: 2680: 2666:during World War I 2638: 2547: 2517:King Ferdinand VII 2461: 2450: 2434: 2406:Anarchism in Spain 2351: 2265: 2244:and human rights. 2226:Spanish Golden Age 2194: 2136: 2091: 2022:Kingdom of Castile 2005: 1934: 1878: 1870: 1801: 1721: 1704:Visigothic Kingdom 1622: 1612:Prehistoric Iberia 1517:(meaning "Land of 1263:in 1479 under the 1203:Visigothic Kingdom 1177:, the province of 1142:, and other major 848:2024 estimate 796:2024 estimate 683:First constitution 309:Show map of Europe 21095:Monarchy of Spain 21005: 21004: 20999: 20998: 20666:Venice Commission 20626:Secretary General 20612:Council of Europe 20578: 20577: 20436: 20387: 20375: 20363: 20304: 20303: 20092: 20091: 19821:Mediterranean Sea 19786: 19785: 19727: 19726: 19649:autonomous region 19620: 19619: 19616: 19615: 19146: 19145: 19106: 19105: 19030:Myths and legends 18998:National Interest 18844: 18843: 18796:Largest companies 18721: 18720: 18708:Political parties 18676:Foreign relations 18606: 18605: 18554:Iberian Peninsula 18502:Autonomous cities 18484: 18483: 18056:978-0-306-81083-1 18049:. Da Capo Press. 17834:The Village Voice 17716:978-0-300-21870-1 17687:978-1-138-03546-1 17096:978-0-19-920805-0 16618:. seg-social.es. 16189:978-3-631-60365-9 15976:, 10 October 2007 15948:on 19 August 2008 15874:on 6 October 2008 15612:Our World in Data 15232:978-92-805-3432-0 14841:"Economic report" 14821:on 6 January 2011 14739:"Big in America?" 14642:Applies Economics 14183:The Portugal News 13577:. Senate of Spain 12688:on 4 August 2016. 12675:Os Donos do Poder 12643:978-85-402-0667-0 12425:978-1-4408-3813-2 12256:The New Spaniards 12102:www.aljazeera.com 12074:. 29 April 2023. 11791:10.1136/bmj.n1343 11312:. 18 March 2004. 10822:978-84-7090-366-3 10733:978-84-608-8037-0 10498:978-0-297-64563-4 10083:, Thomas F. Glick 9691:978-84-9815-764-2 9199:right of clemency 9171:Accredit Spanish 8772:[esˈpaɲa] 8610:Reiaume d'Espanha 8512:) is as follows: 8400:in Andalusia and 8248:Women's World Cup 8063:, or immersed in 7922:Pablo de Sarasate 7575:and his daughter 7531:Bartolomé Ordóñez 7519:Alonso Berruguete 7418:Isabelline Gothic 7292:Generation of '50 7288:Generation of '36 7284:Generation of '27 7280:Generation of '98 7186:were cultivated. 7178:. Genres such as 7157:Cantar de Mio Cid 7088:Mozarabic Romance 7068:Basque literature 6888:Roman Catholicism 6833: Practicing 6816:Religion in Spain 6790:Abortion in Spain 6629:, Ceutan Arabic ( 6544:population growth 6493: 6492: 5862:airport of Madrid 5816:energy efficiency 5673:Alvarado, Badajoz 5659:in the background 5461:, as well as the 5110:in 1975, Spain's 5070:Foreign relations 5004:Mossos d'Esquadra 4985:, Catalonia, and 4843:Mediterranean Sea 4554: 4359:moderating branch 4344:resolves disputes 4301:living embodiment 4244:autonomous cities 4151:Politics of Spain 4100:Wildlife of Spain 4031:) in the zone of 3906:semi-arid climate 3860:according to the 3831:Naranjo de Bulnes 3608:Consells insulars 3606:in the Canaries, 3545:Mediterranean Sea 3466:in North Africa ( 3439:, and longitudes 3295:was held and the 3238:same sex marriage 3094:coexisted with a 3042:European Movement 2984:industrialisation 2882:social revolution 2828:Spanish Civil War 2739:Demonstration in 2658:Generation of '98 2557:Peninsular elites 2501:2 May 1808 revolt 2471:. The subsequent 2324:Thirty Years' War 2316:Holy Roman Empire 2273:Battle of Lepanto 2242:international law 2208:). The so-called 2183:Anglo-Spanish War 2108:Treaty of Granada 2069:Catholic Monarchs 2045:Kingdom of Aragon 1931:Mosque of Cordoba 1882:Umayyad Caliphate 1507:Iberian Peninsula 1465:Council of Europe 1437:developed country 1332:Spanish Civil War 1328:American colonies 1265:Catholic Monarchs 1201:, who formed the 1189:of Hispania, the 1171:pre-Roman peoples 1100:autonomous cities 1088:Iberian Peninsula 1061: 1060: 909:medium inequality 873:• Per capita 821:• Per capita 670:Centralized state 561:Francina Armengol 443:16.5% practicing 430:Roman Catholicism 379:Official language 282: 172: 171: 151:Reiaume d'Espanha 21127: 21037: 21036: 21034: 21033: 21032: 21027: 21023: 21020: 21019: 21018: 21015: 20605: 20598: 20591: 20582: 20581: 20430: 20405:EU member states 20398: 20381: 20369: 20357: 20331: 20324: 20317: 20308: 20307: 20283: 20119: 20112: 20105: 20096: 20095: 20007: 19995: 19987: 19829:Sovereign states 19813: 19806: 19799: 19790: 19789: 19774: 19762: 19761: 19748:Governed by the 19710:Northern Ireland 19653:Åland convention 19635: 19634: 19545: 19544: 19515: 19514: 19457: 19192:Sovereign states 19173: 19166: 19159: 19150: 19149: 19126: 19119: 18855: 18854: 18786:Financial crisis 18776:Economic history 18732: 18731: 18649:Cortes Generales 18617: 18616: 18559:Peninsular Spain 18495: 18494: 18446:Pre-Roman Iberia 18441:General overview 18336: 18335: 18312: 18305: 18298: 18289: 18288: 18276: 18275: 18251: 18250: 18241: 18240: 18136:Spain: a history 18121: 18100: 18079: 18077: 18075: 18069: 18060: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18027: 18008: 18002: 17999: 17993: 17986: 17980: 17979: 17977: 17975: 17960: 17954: 17953: 17951: 17949: 17934: 17928: 17927: 17925: 17923: 17895: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17884: 17856: 17850: 17849: 17847: 17845: 17825: 17819: 17818: 17816: 17814: 17794: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17780: 17765: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17754: 17739: 17733: 17727: 17721: 17720: 17698: 17692: 17691: 17669: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17658: 17639: 17633: 17632: 17626: 17624: 17602: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17579: 17573: 17567: 17561: 17560: 17558: 17556: 17550: 17527: 17518: 17512: 17506: 17500: 17494: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17483: 17467: 17461: 17455: 17449: 17443: 17437: 17436: 17434: 17432: 17426: 17420:. Archived from 17419: 17408: 17402: 17401: 17399: 17397: 17391: 17372: 17363: 17357: 17351: 17345: 17344: 17342: 17340: 17308: 17302: 17296: 17290: 17289: 17269: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17258: 17252: 17241: 17232: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17204:: 226; 228–229. 17189: 17183: 17182: 17181: 17179: 17140:Sociolinguistica 17131: 17125: 17119: 17113: 17107: 17101: 17100: 17078: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17067: 17031: 17025: 17024: 17002: 16996: 16995: 16993: 16991: 16976: 16970: 16969: 16967: 16965: 16950: 16944: 16943: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16914: 16909:. 1 January 2024 16899: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16888: 16869: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16858: 16843: 16837: 16836: 16834: 16832: 16817: 16811: 16810: 16808: 16797: 16789: 16783: 16782: 16767: 16761: 16754: 16752: 16750: 16734: 16725: 16711: 16705: 16692: 16686: 16673: 16667: 16654: 16648: 16638: 16632: 16631: 16629: 16627: 16612: 16606: 16595: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16584: 16578: 16571: 16563: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16552: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16524: 16522: 16507: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16496: 16487:. Archived from 16481: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16470: 16455: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16429: 16423: 16408: 16402: 16387: 16381: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16349: 16343:. Archived from 16320: 16311: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16285: 16279: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16224: 16218: 16212: 16206: 16205: 16203: 16201: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16150: 16139: 16130: 16124: 16111: 16102: 16089: 16083: 16070: 16064: 16063: 16061: 16059: 16044: 16038: 16037: 16035: 16033: 16014: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16003: 15983: 15977: 15964: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15953: 15947: 15940: 15932: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15921: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15883: 15881: 15879: 15870:. Archived from 15860: 15858: 15856: 15850: 15843: 15835: 15829: 15822: 15816: 15803: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15792: 15774: 15768: 15767: 15765: 15763: 15745: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15734: 15719: 15713: 15695: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15684: 15679:on 25 March 2008 15669: 15663: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15650:, 12 July 2018, 15638: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15602: 15596: 15595: 15593: 15591: 15580: 15574: 15559: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15548: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15526: 15511: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15481: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15464: 15458:. Archived from 15445: 15436: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15425: 15406: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15377: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15366: 15351: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15340: 15330: 15306: 15300: 15299: 15289: 15279: 15255: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15208: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15197: 15182: 15176: 15163: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15152: 15137: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15126: 15107: 15101: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15081: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15050: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15039: 15024: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15013: 14998: 14992: 14991: 14989: 14987: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14929: 14923: 14922: 14920: 14918: 14903: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14892: 14873: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14862: 14856: 14850:. Archived from 14845: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14826: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14768: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14754: 14735: 14729: 14728: 14713: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14702: 14683: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14672: 14666: 14659: 14651: 14645: 14638: 14632: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14599: 14593: 14592: 14585: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14574: 14560: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14544:on 29 April 2011 14543: 14536: 14528: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14517: 14502: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14476: 14470: 14469: 14454: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14423: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14397: 14391: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14349: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14338: 14316: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14286: 14280: 14279: 14277: 14275: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14202: 14193: 14187: 14169: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14153: 14143: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14132: 14117: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14106: 14100: 14093: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14068: 14061: 14053: 14047: 14040: 14034: 14028: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14002: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13991: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13969: 13954: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13937: 13930: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13880:on 26 March 2009 13879: 13872: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13847: 13840: 13832: 13830: 13828: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13771: 13765: 13759: 13753: 13747: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13703: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13648: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13604: 13593: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13582: 13571: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13549: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13538: 13527: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13516: 13505: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13483: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13472: 13461: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13439: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13395: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13373: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13351: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13307: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13219: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13208: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13109: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13098: 13087: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13054: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13021: 13015: 13014: 13012: 13010: 12999: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12977: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12823: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12778: 12772: 12771: 12739: 12730: 12729: 12721: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12710: 12696: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12680: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12654: 12648: 12647: 12635: 12624: 12618: 12617: 12609: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12536: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12481: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12409: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12365: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12338: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12299: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12268: 12262: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12232:. Archived from 12226:"The Foundation" 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12174: 12156: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12094: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12016: 12003: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11978: 11971: 11963: 11957: 11931: 11925: 11920: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11811: 11793: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11739: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11525:. 18 June 2014. 11515: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11373:. 30 June 2005. 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11086:. Archived from 11080: 11074: 11073: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11032: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10852: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10778: 10773:David A. Bell. " 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10742: 10721: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10394:"Imperial Spain" 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10090: 10084: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10016: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9980: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9950: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9910: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9841: 9835: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9785: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9730: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9699: 9693: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9617:. Archived from 9615:www.cervantes.es 9607: 9601: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9515:. 26 July 2023. 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9417: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9338: 9327: 9319: 9313: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9273:on 25 March 2013 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9240: 9228: 9211: 9100:, who leads the 9030: 9024: 8990: 8984: 8940: 8934: 8923: 8917: 8894:Spanish monarchs 8890: 8884: 8881: 8875: 8860: 8854: 8841: 8835: 8828: 8822: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8763: 8757: 8722: 8716: 8709: 8703: 8660: 8654: 8653:to be Castilian. 8647: 8641: 8638: 8633: 8620: 8615: 8602: 8597: 8584: 8579: 8566: 8561: 8548: 8543: 8530: 8525: 8511: 8506: 8489: 8460:Outline of Spain 8449: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8402:Castile and León 8310:Valencian pilota 8252:Barcelona Femení 8168: 8161: 8148:, a traditional 8142: 8093:Galician cuisine 8056:cocido madrileño 7886:Enrique Granados 7692: 7597:Eduardo Chillida 7508:Eduardo Chillida 7458: 7450: 7381: 7347:Generation of 98 7272:or the Galician 7163:Tirant lo Blanch 7006:Castles in Spain 6992:Burgos Cathedral 6952:Culture of Spain 6880: 6870: 6864: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6674:); Galician (in 6664:Balearic Islands 6401:Balearic Islands 6367:Region of Murcia 6247:Castile and León 6179: 6169: 6126: 6116: 6051: 6039: 6038: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5930:Port of Valencia 5925: 5897: 5820:Miguel Sebastián 5677:nuclear reactors 5623:Castile and Leon 5592:Tourism in Spain 5500: 5499: 5479:informal economy 5467:José María Aznar 5409:Economy of Spain 5237:aircraft carrier 5139:Hispanic America 5064:Javier de Burgos 4893: 4884: 4875: 4864: 4855: 4844: 4821: 4766: 4709: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4540:Cortes Generales 4518:Cortes Generales 4410:countersignature 4327:, or indeed the 4271: 4188: 4169: 4088:Castile and Leon 4045:tropical climate 4019:, and a typical 4005:Cantabrian Range 3918:Region of Murcia 3810:Climate of Spain 3707:Montes de Toledo 3612:Pityusic islands 3562: 3541:Balearic Islands 3362:. Following the 3279:'s conservative 3195:José María Aznar 3000:authoritarianism 2959:Francisco Franco 2878:Francisco Franco 2874:non-intervention 2768:women's suffrage 2762:Women voting in 2743:during the 1909 2532:absolute monarch 2494:Joseph Bonaparte 2347:House of Bourbon 2210:Age of Discovery 2163:Schmalkaldic War 2153:(1516–1556) and 1973:protection money 1890:Byzantine Empire 1725:Second Punic War 1601:History of Spain 1590: 1565: 1551: 1537: 1483:(OSCE), and the 1414:Romance language 1280:Age of Discovery 1257:Crown of Castile 1195:inward migration 1187:Christianization 1112:Peninsular Spain 1096:Balearic Islands 1068:Kingdom of Spain 1001: 973: 936: 935: 929: 928: 922: 911: 910: 904: 903: 897: 881: 880: 862: 861: 845: 829: 828: 810: 809: 793: 760:48,797,875 ( 759: 758: 703:29 December 1978 699: 595: 594: 592:Cortes Generales 392: 374: 373: 371: 370: 369: 364: 363:40.433°N 3.700°W 360: 357: 356: 355: 352: 337:and largest city 310: 307: 300: 297: 284: 283: 255: 247: 225: 203: 189: 168: 153: 138: 123: 108: 93: 78: 65: 64: 59: 51: 43: 36:Kingdom of Spain 32: 31: 21135: 21134: 21130: 21129: 21128: 21126: 21125: 21124: 21040: 21039: 21030: 21028: 21024: 21021: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21009: 21008: 21006: 21001: 21000: 20995: 20964: 20918: 20844:North Macedonia 20675: 20614: 20609: 20579: 20574: 20573: 20571:UK–EU relations 20567:CH–EU relations 20554: 20399: 20390: 20341: 20337:Members of the 20335: 20305: 20300: 20299: 20284: 20275: 20132: 20123: 20093: 20088: 20074:Sea of Sardinia 20010: 20005: 19993: 19981: 19964: 19955:Northern Cyprus 19941: 19823: 19817: 19787: 19782: 19755: 19743:Oceanic islands 19723: 19716:subject to the 19683: 19678:Svalbard Treaty 19676:subject to the 19658: 19651:subject to the 19631: 19629: 19627: 19612: 19567: 19536: 19511: 19508: 19500: 19486:Northern Cyprus 19469: 19466: 19458: 19449: 19365:North Macedonia 19186: 19177: 19147: 19142: 19129: 19122: 19115: 19102: 19097:Toro de Osborne 19064: 19045:Public holidays 18956: 18917:Life expectancy 18840: 18806:Property bubble 18717: 18602: 18480: 18476:Spanish miracle 18429: 18403:Second Republic 18325: 18316: 18281: 18248: 18238: 18163: 18149:Frank, Waldo D. 18128: 18126:Further reading 18118: 18097: 18073: 18071: 18067: 18057: 18041: 18036: 18035: 18025: 18023: 18010: 18009: 18005: 18000: 17996: 17987: 17983: 17973: 17971: 17962: 17961: 17957: 17947: 17945: 17936: 17935: 17931: 17921: 17919: 17896: 17892: 17882: 17880: 17857: 17853: 17843: 17841: 17826: 17822: 17812: 17810: 17795: 17788: 17778: 17776: 17767: 17766: 17762: 17752: 17750: 17741: 17740: 17736: 17728: 17724: 17717: 17699: 17695: 17688: 17670: 17666: 17656: 17654: 17641: 17640: 17636: 17622: 17620: 17603: 17599: 17582:Jordan, Barry; 17580: 17576: 17568: 17564: 17554: 17552: 17548: 17525: 17519: 17515: 17507: 17503: 17495: 17491: 17481: 17479: 17468: 17464: 17456: 17452: 17444: 17440: 17430: 17428: 17427:on 2 April 2022 17424: 17417: 17409: 17405: 17395: 17393: 17389: 17370: 17364: 17360: 17352: 17348: 17338: 17336: 17329: 17321:. p. 103. 17309: 17305: 17297: 17293: 17270: 17266: 17256: 17254: 17250: 17246:(23): 244–245. 17239: 17233: 17229: 17219: 17217: 17190: 17186: 17177: 17175: 17132: 17128: 17120: 17116: 17108: 17104: 17097: 17079: 17075: 17065: 17063: 17032: 17028: 17021: 17003: 16999: 16989: 16987: 16978: 16977: 16973: 16963: 16961: 16952: 16951: 16947: 16940: 16926: 16922: 16912: 16910: 16901: 16900: 16896: 16886: 16884: 16871: 16870: 16866: 16856: 16854: 16845: 16844: 16840: 16830: 16828: 16819: 16818: 16814: 16806: 16795: 16791: 16790: 16786: 16769: 16768: 16764: 16748: 16746: 16735: 16728: 16722:Wayback Machine 16712: 16708: 16702:Wayback Machine 16693: 16689: 16683:Wayback Machine 16674: 16670: 16664:Wayback Machine 16655: 16651: 16639: 16635: 16625: 16623: 16614: 16613: 16609: 16596: 16592: 16582: 16580: 16576: 16569: 16565: 16564: 16560: 16550: 16548: 16535: 16534: 16530: 16520: 16518: 16509: 16508: 16504: 16494: 16492: 16483: 16482: 16478: 16468: 16466: 16457: 16456: 16452: 16442: 16440: 16431: 16430: 16426: 16422:. teinteresa.es 16420:Wayback Machine 16409: 16405: 16399:Wayback Machine 16388: 16384: 16378:Wayback Machine 16367: 16363: 16353: 16351: 16350:on 25 July 2021 16347: 16341: 16318: 16312: 16308: 16298: 16296: 16287: 16286: 16282: 16274: 16270: 16255: 16239:. p. 462. 16225: 16221: 16213: 16209: 16199: 16197: 16190: 16182:. p. 129. 16168: 16164: 16154: 16152: 16148: 16137: 16131: 16127: 16121:Wayback Machine 16112: 16105: 16099:Wayback Machine 16090: 16086: 16080:Wayback Machine 16071: 16067: 16057: 16055: 16046: 16045: 16041: 16031: 16029: 16016: 16015: 16011: 16001: 15999: 15984: 15980: 15974:Wayback Machine 15965: 15961: 15951: 15949: 15945: 15938: 15934: 15933: 15929: 15919: 15917: 15904: 15896: 15894: 15885: 15877: 15875: 15862: 15854: 15852: 15851:on 26 July 2008 15848: 15841: 15837: 15836: 15832: 15823: 15819: 15813:Wayback Machine 15804: 15800: 15790: 15788: 15776: 15775: 15771: 15761: 15759: 15747: 15746: 15742: 15732: 15730: 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11895: 11885: 11883: 11860: 11856: 11846: 11844: 11829: 11825: 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11747:The Irish Times 11741: 11740: 11736: 11726: 11724: 11709: 11705: 11695: 11693: 11678: 11674: 11664: 11662: 11649: 11648: 11644: 11634: 11632: 11623: 11622: 11618: 11608: 11606: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11571: 11567: 11546: 11542: 11532: 11530: 11517: 11516: 11512: 11502: 11500: 11485: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11456: 11455: 11451: 11441: 11439: 11434:. 15 May 2012. 11426: 11425: 11421: 11411: 11409: 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11350: 11348: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11304: 11303: 11299: 11289: 11287: 11276: 11272: 11262: 11260: 11251: 11243: 11241: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11202: 11194: 11192: 11177: 11173: 11163: 11161: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11115: 11113: 11108:. 4 June 2012. 11100: 11099: 11095: 11082: 11081: 11077: 11058: 11054: 11005: 11001: 10991: 10989: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10963: 10959: 10952: 10930: 10926: 10912: 10908: 10898: 10896: 10889: 10867: 10863: 10850: 10848: 10835: 10831: 10823: 10815:. p. 209. 10803: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10785: 10781: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10719: 10710: 10706: 10699: 10681: 10677: 10667: 10665: 10654: 10650: 10643: 10635:. p. 175. 10625: 10621: 10590: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10563: 10559: 10549: 10547: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10520: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10455: 10451: 10441: 10439: 10432: 10418: 10417: 10413: 10403: 10401: 10400:on 29 June 2008 10392: 10391: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10364: 10360: 10350: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10294: 10292: 10277: 10247: 10243: 10233: 10231: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10165: 10149: 10145: 10135: 10133: 10118: 10114: 10104: 10102: 10091: 10087: 10081:Wayback Machine 10072: 10068: 10058: 10056: 10045: 10041: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10014: 10008: 10004: 9994: 9992: 9981: 9974: 9964: 9962: 9951: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9842: 9838: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9776: 9772: 9762: 9760: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9723: 9719: 9712:2027/hvd.fl29jg 9700: 9696: 9684: 9680: 9665: 9661: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9621:on 13 May 2021. 9609: 9608: 9604: 9599:Wayback Machine 9588: 9584: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9537: 9536: 9532: 9522: 9520: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9431:. 16 April 2024 9419: 9418: 9407: 9397: 9395: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9304: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9276: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9252: 9238: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9214: 9203:general pardons 9031: 9027: 8992:They being the 8991: 8987: 8972:foreign affairs 8941: 8937: 8924: 8920: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8861: 8857: 8842: 8838: 8829: 8825: 8818:Reino de España 8806:Nación española 8790: 8786: 8776: 8775: 8764: 8760: 8723: 8719: 8710: 8706: 8661: 8657: 8648: 8644: 8631: 8628:Regne d'Espanya 8613: 8595: 8592:Reino de España 8577: 8559: 8556:Regne d'Espanya 8541: 8523: 8520:Reino d'Espanya 8504: 8501:Reino de España 8493:other languages 8491:In Spain, some 8490: 8483: 8478: 8445: 8440: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8336: 8320:Main articles: 8318: 8185: 8179: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8162: 8154: 8153: 8143: 8069:Manchego cheese 8004: 8002:Spanish cuisine 7998: 7930:Teresa Berganza 7890:Plácido Domingo 7882:Manuel de Falla 7848: 7842: 7840:Music and dance 7792:The arrival of 7724:Sagrada Família 7716: 7710: 7686: 7655:Pan's Labyrinth 7622:Pedro Almodóvar 7615: 7613:Cinema of Spain 7609: 7497: 7473:Joaquín Sorolla 7441:Diego Velázquez 7402:Spanish Baroque 7384:Diego Velázquez 7369: 7363: 7314: 7308: 7260:Spanish Realism 7230:Tirso de Molina 7121:Plaza de España 7084: 7070: 7054:Main articles: 7052: 7012: 7002: 6985: 6977:Catholic Church 6973:Latin countries 6969:Western country 6954: 6948: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6830: 6818: 6812: 6792: 6784:Main articles: 6782: 6716: 6710: 6694:Moroccan Arabic 6653:, to which the 6578: 6572: 6560:Financial Times 6505: 6499: 6494: 6378:Vitoria-Gasteiz 6180: 6174: 6170: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6061: 6060: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6036: 6030: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5936: 5926: 5917: 5898: 5853:and the French 5790:), Cantabrian ( 5760: 5754: 5722: 5716: 5649:Solucar Complex 5641: 5639:Energy in Spain 5635: 5594: 5588: 5411: 5405: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5226: 5220: 5129:As a member of 5078: 5072: 5045: 5033:Main articles: 5031: 4998:Policía Canaria 4897: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4686: 4678:Main articles: 4676: 4614:rests with the 4609: 4520: 4447:established by 4426:Royal Household 4367:public services 4352:abuses of power 4350:, and prevents 4340:chief executive 4321:The Netherlands 4279:provides for a 4273: 4266: 4257: 4252: 4238:composed of 17 4203: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4125:phytogeographic 4102: 4076: 4074:Fauna and flora 4059: 4053: 3937:oceanic climate 3887:, northeastern 3835:Picos de Europa 3829:Urriellu peak ( 3812: 3806: 3794:Alluvial plains 3742:rivers in Spain 3703:Sistema Central 3699:Sistema Ibérico 3664: 3589:Pheasant Island 3531:Aerial view of 3525: 3519: 3390: 3384: 3370:(successors of 3352:spread to Spain 3158:Felipe González 3154:Partido Popular 3124:on 12 June 1985 3118:Felipe González 3030: 3022:Main articles: 3020: 2957:Spanish leader 2838: 2836:Francoist Spain 2826:Main articles: 2824: 2803:Second Republic 2772:Clara Campoamor 2766:in 1933, after 2688:labour movement 2524:Cortes of Cádiz 2467:as a member of 2465:French Republic 2446:Cortes of Cádiz 2430:Joaquín Sorolla 2412: 2388:Main articles: 2386: 2370:Bourbon Reforms 2332: 2261:Antonio Gisbert 2222:Precious metals 2083: 2077: 2009:Kingdom of León 1907:Marca Hispanica 1859: 1845: 1840:Muslim era and 1834:Visigothic rule 1706: 1698:Main articles: 1696: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1531: 1493: 1386:cultural wealth 1326:of most of the 1308:Bourbon reforms 1304:precious metals 1261:Crown of Aragon 1193:ushered in the 1080:Southern Europe 1066:, formally the 996: 993: 968: 933: 932: 931: 920: 908: 907: 906: 895: 874: 855: 843: 822: 803: 787: 771: 752: 735: 721: 700: 695: 685: 672: 659: 649:20 January 1479 646: 620: 605: 572: 557: 542: 527: 500: 481: 478:1.5% unanswered 451: 422: 410: 390: 367: 365: 361: 358: 353: 350: 348: 346: 345: 344: 338: 330: 329: 322: 312: 311: 308: 301: 286: 285: 262: 258: 256: 249: 231: 211: 210: 209: 204: 196: 195: 190: 177: 176: 175: 166:Regne d'Espanya 136:Reino de España 106:Regne d'Espanya 76:Reino d'Espanya 61: 60: 57: 52: 45: 41:Reino de España 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21133: 21123: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21003: 21002: 20997: 20996: 20994: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20972: 20970: 20969:Former members 20966: 20965: 20963: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20926: 20924: 20920: 20919: 20917: 20916: 20914:United Kingdom 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20739:Czech Republic 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20685: 20683: 20677: 20676: 20674: 20673: 20671:Pompidou Group 20668: 20663: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20622: 20620: 20616: 20615: 20608: 20607: 20600: 20593: 20585: 20576: 20575: 20559: 20556: 20555: 20553: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20445:Czech Republic 20442: 20437: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20409: 20407: 20401: 20400: 20393: 20391: 20389: 20388: 20376: 20364: 20351: 20349: 20343: 20342: 20334: 20333: 20326: 20319: 20311: 20302: 20301: 20297:Former members 20289: 20286: 20285: 20278: 20276: 20274: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20166:Czech Republic 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20143: 20137: 20134: 20133: 20130:European Union 20122: 20121: 20114: 20107: 20099: 20090: 20089: 20087: 20086: 20084:Tyrrhenian Sea 20081: 20076: 20071: 20069:Sea of Marmara 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20031: 20026: 20020: 20018: 20012: 20011: 20009: 20008: 19996: 19988: 19975: 19973: 19966: 19965: 19963: 19962: 19957: 19951: 19949: 19943: 19942: 19940: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19833: 19831: 19825: 19824: 19816: 19815: 19808: 19801: 19793: 19784: 19783: 19781: 19780: 19768: 19754: 19753: 19746: 19740: 19737: 19733: 19732: 19729: 19728: 19725: 19724: 19722: 19721: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19691: 19689: 19688:United Kingdom 19685: 19684: 19682: 19681: 19666: 19664: 19660: 19659: 19657: 19656: 19641: 19639: 19632: 19625: 19622: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19577: 19575: 19569: 19568: 19566: 19565: 19555: 19548: 19542: 19541:United Kingdom 19538: 19537: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19532: 19521: 19519: 19512: 19505: 19502: 19501: 19499: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19472: 19470: 19463: 19460: 19459: 19452: 19450: 19448: 19447: 19442: 19440:United Kingdom 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19282: 19277: 19272: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19255:Czech Republic 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19196: 19194: 19188: 19187: 19176: 19175: 19168: 19161: 19153: 19144: 19143: 19141: 19140: 19135: 19128: 19127: 19120: 19112: 19111: 19108: 19107: 19104: 19103: 19101: 19100: 19093: 19088: 19087:Cultural icons 19085: 19080: 19074: 19072: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19006: 19005: 19000: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18966: 18964: 18958: 18957: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18858: 18852: 18846: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18839: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18772: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18735: 18729: 18723: 18722: 18719: 18718: 18716: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18688: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18664:Prime Minister 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18620: 18614: 18608: 18607: 18604: 18603: 18601: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18583: 18578: 18576:National parks 18573: 18571:Municipalities 18568: 18563: 18562: 18561: 18551: 18546: 18544:Extreme points 18541: 18536: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18504: 18498: 18492: 18486: 18485: 18482: 18481: 18479: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18451:Spanish Empire 18448: 18443: 18437: 18435: 18431: 18430: 18428: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18393:First Republic 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18363:Medieval Spain 18360: 18358:Roman Hispania 18355: 18350: 18344: 18342: 18333: 18327: 18326: 18315: 18314: 18307: 18300: 18292: 18286: 18283: 18282: 18273: 18272: 18266: 18265: 18261: 18260: 18245: 18234: 18233: 18229: 18228: 18222: 18221: 18217: 18216: 18207: 18198: 18189: 18180: 18162: 18161:External links 18159: 18158: 18157: 18146: 18139: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18122: 18116: 18101: 18095: 18080: 18061: 18055: 18040: 18037: 18034: 18033: 18003: 17994: 17981: 17955: 17929: 17890: 17851: 17820: 17809:on 4 June 2010 17786: 17760: 17734: 17732:, p. 171. 17722: 17715: 17709:. p. 88. 17693: 17686: 17664: 17647:Audiovisual451 17634: 17597: 17574: 17562: 17513: 17511:, p. 603. 17501: 17489: 17462: 17458:Caponigri 1967 17450: 17438: 17403: 17358: 17346: 17327: 17303: 17291: 17264: 17227: 17184: 17126: 17114: 17102: 17095: 17073: 17026: 17019: 16997: 16971: 16945: 16938: 16920: 16894: 16864: 16838: 16812: 16784: 16771:"WVS Database" 16762: 16726: 16706: 16687: 16668: 16649: 16633: 16607: 16590: 16558: 16528: 16502: 16476: 16450: 16424: 16403: 16382: 16361: 16339: 16306: 16280: 16278:, p. 463. 16268: 16253: 16219: 16217:, p. 465. 16207: 16188: 16162: 16151:on 11 May 2008 16125: 16103: 16084: 16065: 16039: 16009: 15978: 15959: 15927: 15893:on 13 May 2008 15830: 15817: 15798: 15784:(in Spanish). 15769: 15740: 15714: 15712:. 6 July 2010. 15690: 15664: 15633: 15597: 15575: 15554: 15532: 15506: 15476: 15431: 15398: 15372: 15361:on 18 May 2013 15346: 15321:(4): 392–405. 15301: 15250: 15231: 15203: 15177: 15158: 15132: 15102: 15076: 15045: 15019: 14993: 14978:(in Spanish). 14968:(6 May 2018). 14957: 14942:(in Spanish). 14924: 14898: 14868: 14832: 14806: 14781: 14760: 14730: 14708: 14678: 14646: 14633: 14631:(16 July 2013) 14609: 14594: 14580: 14555: 14523: 14497: 14471: 14449: 14418: 14392: 14373: 14361: 14344: 14311: 14281: 14249: 14237: 14225: 14188: 14164: 14138: 14127:on 29 May 2009 14112: 14080: 14048: 14035: 14023: 13997: 13975: 13949: 13917: 13891: 13859: 13766: 13764:, Article 147. 13754: 13752:, Article 143. 13742: 13720: 13698: 13676: 13654: 13632: 13610: 13588: 13566: 13544: 13522: 13500: 13478: 13456: 13434: 13412: 13390: 13368: 13346: 13324: 13302: 13280: 13258: 13236: 13214: 13192: 13170: 13148: 13126: 13104: 13082: 13060: 13038: 13016: 12994: 12972: 12950: 12928: 12906: 12884: 12862: 12840: 12818: 12796: 12773: 12731: 12716: 12691: 12664: 12649: 12642: 12619: 12604: 12569:. Neue Folge. 12553: 12531: 12509: 12487: 12465: 12443: 12424: 12404: 12382: 12355: 12330: 12308: 12294: 12282: 12263: 12247: 12216: 12186: 12119: 12089: 12059: 12028: 11990: 11958: 11956:, pp. 713–723. 11926: 11915: 11904: 11893: 11854: 11839:(in Spanish). 11823: 11764: 11734: 11703: 11672: 11642: 11616: 11590: 11583:(in Spanish). 11565: 11540: 11510: 11479: 11449: 11419: 11388: 11358: 11327: 11297: 11270: 11225: 11210:. 3 May 2007. 11171: 11141: 11123: 11093: 11075: 11052: 11015:(2): 198–220. 10999: 10969: 10957: 10950: 10924: 10915:Costa, Joaquín 10906: 10887: 10881:. p. 33. 10861: 10829: 10821: 10813:Ediciones Akal 10797: 10788: 10779: 10766: 10754: 10732: 10704: 10697: 10691:. p. 83. 10675: 10648: 10641: 10619: 10584: 10557: 10530: 10504: 10497: 10476: 10449: 10430: 10411: 10385: 10358: 10332: 10302: 10275: 10241: 10202:(3): 835–861. 10182: 10163: 10143: 10112: 10085: 10066: 10039: 10002: 9972: 9942: 9896: 9836: 9819: 9793: 9770: 9740: 9717: 9694: 9678: 9659: 9636: 9624: 9602: 9582: 9555: 9543:britannica.com 9530: 9500: 9471: 9442: 9405: 9380: 9350: 9314: 9298: 9284: 9258: 9248:(in Spanish). 9222: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9195: 9169: 9160: 9150: 9139: 9116: 9105: 9098:Fiscal General 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9051: 9025: 8985: 8935: 8918: 8885: 8876: 8855: 8836: 8823: 8800:Estado español 8784: 8758: 8754:Basque-Country 8730:European Union 8717: 8704: 8655: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8621: 8603: 8585: 8567: 8549: 8538:Reinu d'España 8531: 8503:, pronounced: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8436: 8420: 8417: 8386:Canary Islands 8340:Roman Catholic 8317: 8314: 8232:FIFA World Cup 8216:Real Madrid CF 8183:Sport in Spain 8181:Main article: 8178: 8175: 8163: 8156: 8155: 8144: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8051:Castilian soup 8021:pescaíto frito 8000:Main article: 7997: 7994: 7958:Teatro Arriaga 7846:Music of Spain 7844:Main article: 7841: 7838: 7834:Ricardo Bofill 7775:pre-Romanesque 7766:decoration in 7712:Main article: 7709: 7706: 7611:Main article: 7608: 7605: 7593:Pablo Gargallo 7589:Julio González 7558:Granada School 7550:Seville School 7543:Damián Forment 7535:Diego de Siloé 7496: 7493: 7463:Francisco Goya 7455:Las Hilanderas 7429:José de Ribera 7365:Main article: 7362: 7359: 7310:Main article: 7307: 7304: 7051: 7048: 6998:Main article: 6984: 6981: 6950:Main article: 6947: 6944: 6877: 6867: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6829: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814:Main article: 6811: 6808: 6781: 6778: 6712:Main article: 6709: 6706: 6680:Basque Country 6574:Main article: 6571: 6568: 6501:Main article: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6435:Canary Islands 6432: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6383:Basque Country 6380: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6163: 6160: 6158:Basque Country 6155: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6131: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6037: 6032:Main article: 6029: 6026: 5945:Main article: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5920: 5918: 5899: 5892: 5764:Basque Country 5756:Main article: 5753: 5750: 5718:Main article: 5715: 5712: 5637:Main article: 5634: 5631: 5590:Main article: 5587: 5584: 5459:European Union 5407:Main article: 5404: 5401: 5333:Main article: 5330: 5327: 5222:Main article: 5219: 5216: 5190:Perejil Island 5182:Savage Islands 5147:Ibero-American 5112:foreign policy 5074:Main article: 5071: 5068: 5053:municipalities 5030: 5027: 4983:Canary Islands 4971:Basque Country 4888: 4883:Gibraltar (UK) 4879: 4868: 4859: 4848: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4693:Main article: 4690: 4687: 4675: 4672: 4630:, one or more 4628:prime minister 4608: 4605: 4597:limited voting 4519: 4516: 4504:prime minister 4474:snap elections 4457:reserve powers 4434:dynastic order 4414:prime minister 4365:or administer 4329:United Kingdom 4293:constitutional 4268:King Felipe VI 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4190: 4183: 4182: 4171: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4149:Main article: 4146: 4143: 4098:Main article: 4075: 4072: 4055:Main article: 4052: 4051:Climate change 4049: 4041:Canary Islands 4021:desert climate 4017:Iberian System 4009:Central System 3973:alpine climate 3969: 3968: 3957:Iberian System 3945:Basque Country 3933: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3876: 3808:Main article: 3805: 3802: 3735:Meseta Central 3715:Sistema Bético 3675:active volcano 3663: 3660: 3579:. The isle of 3549:Canary Islands 3521:Main article: 3518: 3515: 3511:European Union 3462:, through its 3386:Main article: 3383: 3380: 3372:Unidas Podemos 3320:Jaume Collboni 3305:Spanish Senate 3281:People's Party 3265:People's Party 3199:George W. Bush 3150:European Union 3136:, followed by 3019: 3016: 2996:Basque Country 2823: 2820: 2632:Caricature of 2481:Peace of Basel 2385: 2382: 2331: 2328: 2293:Dutch Republic 2281:Spanish Armada 2269:Ottoman Empire 2198:Spanish Empire 2147:maritime power 2143:Habsburg Spain 2081:Spanish Empire 2079:Main article: 2076: 2075:Spanish Empire 2073: 2018:Cortes of León 1936:Conversion to 1844: 1838: 1774:North-African 1729:Roman Republic 1695: 1692: 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1556:". Therefore, 1552:, meaning "to 1492: 1489: 1449:United Nations 1378:Western Europe 1300:Spanish empire 1092:Canary Islands 1084:European Union 1059: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1019:Canary Islands 1015: 1012: 1011: 994: 987: 984: 983: 966: 962: 961: 947: 943: 942: 923: 913: 912: 898: 888: 887: 882:$ 34,045 ( 875: 872: 869: 868: 856: 853: 850: 849: 846: 836: 835: 830:$ 52,012 ( 823: 820: 817: 816: 804: 801: 798: 797: 794: 780: 779: 772: 770:• Density 769: 766: 765: 753: 750: 747: 746: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 729: 722: 719: 716: 715: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 693: 690: 689: 686: 680: 677: 676: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657:Sole sovereign 654: 651: 650: 647: 644:Dynastic union 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 621: 615: 612: 611: 606: 600: 597: 596: 587: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 567: 564: 563: 558: 552: 549: 548: 543: 540:Prime Minister 537: 534: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 508: 502: 501: 499: 498: 495: 491: 489: 483: 482: 480: 479: 476: 474:other religion 470: 464: 458: 452: 450: 449: 448: 447: 441: 432: 425: 423: 420: 416: 415: 412: 411: 409: 408: 402: 395: 393: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 368:40.433; -3.700 339: 336: 332: 331: 325:European Union 323:– in the 314: 313: 302: 292: 291: 288: 287: 260: 259: 234: 233: 213: 212: 205: 198: 197: 191: 184: 183: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 170: 169: 162: 155: 154: 147: 140: 139: 132: 125: 124: 117: 110: 109: 102: 95: 94: 91:Reinu d'España 87: 80: 79: 72: 56: 55: 54: 53: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21132: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21047: 21045: 21038: 21035: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20973: 20971: 20967: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20955:United States 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20927: 20925: 20921: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20804:Liechtenstein 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20684: 20682: 20678: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20621: 20617: 20613: 20606: 20601: 20599: 20594: 20592: 20587: 20586: 20583: 20572: 20568: 20564: 20563:UK membership 20557: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20434: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20408: 20406: 20402: 20397: 20385: 20380: 20377: 20373: 20368: 20367:Liechtenstein 20365: 20361: 20356: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20348: 20344: 20340: 20332: 20327: 20325: 20320: 20318: 20313: 20312: 20309: 20298: 20294: 20287: 20282: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20138: 20135: 20131: 20127: 20126:Member states 20120: 20115: 20113: 20108: 20106: 20101: 20100: 20097: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20049:Levantine Sea 20047: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20021: 20019: 20017: 20016:Marginal seas 20013: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19992: 19989: 19985: 19980: 19977: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19967: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19950: 19948: 19944: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19834: 19832: 19830: 19826: 19822: 19814: 19809: 19807: 19802: 19800: 19795: 19794: 19791: 19779: 19778: 19777:Europe portal 19773: 19769: 19767: 19766: 19757: 19756: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19741: 19738: 19735: 19734: 19730: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19692: 19690: 19686: 19679: 19675: 19671: 19668: 19667: 19665: 19661: 19654: 19650: 19646: 19643: 19642: 19640: 19636: 19633: 19626:Special areas 19623: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19583: 19582: 19579: 19578: 19576: 19574: 19570: 19563: 19559: 19556: 19553: 19550: 19549: 19546: 19543: 19539: 19531: 19528: 19527: 19526: 19525:Faroe Islands 19523: 19522: 19520: 19516: 19513: 19510: 19503: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19491:South Ossetia 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19461: 19456: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19325:Liechtenstein 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19197: 19195: 19193: 19189: 19185: 19181: 19174: 19169: 19167: 19162: 19160: 19155: 19154: 19151: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19130: 19125: 19121: 19118: 19114: 19113: 19109: 19099: 19098: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19075: 19073: 19071: 19067: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18995: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18963: 18959: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18859: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18847: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18770: 18769:median income 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18756: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18736: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18724: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18665: 18662: 18661: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18639:Head of State 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18621: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18609: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18588: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18560: 18557: 18556: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18534: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18499: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18487: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18438: 18436: 18432: 18424: 18421: 18420: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18383:Enlightenment 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18345: 18343: 18341: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18313: 18308: 18306: 18301: 18299: 18294: 18293: 18290: 18284: 18277: 18271: 18268: 18267: 18263: 18262: 18259: 18258:OpenStreetMap 18255: 18246: 18244: 18236: 18235: 18231: 18230: 18227: 18224: 18223: 18219: 18218: 18215: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18184: 18181: 18178: 18174: 18173: 18168: 18165: 18164: 18155: 18154: 18150: 18147: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18133: 18132:Carr, Raymond 18130: 18129: 18119: 18117:9781407315195 18113: 18109: 18108: 18102: 18098: 18096:9788496606289 18092: 18088: 18087: 18081: 18066: 18062: 18058: 18052: 18048: 18043: 18042: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18007: 17998: 17991: 17985: 17969: 17965: 17959: 17943: 17939: 17933: 17917: 17913: 17909: 17905: 17901: 17894: 17878: 17874: 17870: 17866: 17862: 17855: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17824: 17808: 17804: 17800: 17793: 17791: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17748: 17744: 17738: 17731: 17726: 17718: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17697: 17689: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17668: 17652: 17648: 17644: 17638: 17630: 17618: 17614: 17613: 17608: 17601: 17592: 17591: 17585: 17578: 17571: 17566: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17505: 17498: 17493: 17477: 17473: 17466: 17459: 17454: 17448:, p. 67. 17447: 17442: 17423: 17416: 17415: 17407: 17388: 17384: 17380: 17376: 17369: 17362: 17355: 17350: 17334: 17330: 17328:9783039110414 17324: 17320: 17316: 17315: 17307: 17301:, p. 61. 17300: 17295: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17268: 17249: 17245: 17238: 17231: 17215: 17211: 17207: 17203: 17202:Editorial UCA 17199: 17195: 17188: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17153: 17149: 17146:(30): 26–28, 17145: 17141: 17137: 17130: 17124:, p. 21. 17123: 17118: 17112:, p. 24. 17111: 17106: 17098: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17077: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17030: 17022: 17020:0-521-80618-6 17016: 17012: 17008: 17001: 16985: 16981: 16975: 16959: 16955: 16949: 16941: 16939:9780230592643 16935: 16931: 16924: 16908: 16904: 16898: 16882: 16878: 16874: 16868: 16852: 16848: 16842: 16826: 16822: 16816: 16805: 16801: 16794: 16788: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16759: 16744: 16740: 16733: 16731: 16723: 16719: 16716: 16710: 16703: 16699: 16696: 16691: 16684: 16680: 16677: 16672: 16665: 16661: 16658: 16653: 16646: 16642: 16637: 16621: 16617: 16611: 16605: 16604:92-4-156198-X 16601: 16594: 16575: 16568: 16562: 16546: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16516: 16512: 16506: 16490: 16486: 16480: 16464: 16460: 16454: 16438: 16434: 16428: 16421: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16407: 16400: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16386: 16379: 16375: 16372: 16371: 16365: 16346: 16342: 16340:9788416533015 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16317: 16310: 16294: 16290: 16284: 16277: 16272: 16264: 16260: 16256: 16254:9783110365955 16250: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16211: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16181: 16178:. Frankfurt: 16177: 16173: 16166: 16147: 16143: 16136: 16129: 16122: 16118: 16115: 16110: 16108: 16100: 16096: 16093: 16088: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16069: 16053: 16049: 16043: 16027: 16023: 16019: 16013: 15997: 15993: 15989: 15982: 15975: 15971: 15968: 15963: 15944: 15937: 15931: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15892: 15888: 15873: 15869: 15868:Business Week 15865: 15847: 15840: 15834: 15827: 15821: 15814: 15810: 15807: 15802: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15773: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15744: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15700: 15694: 15678: 15674: 15668: 15653: 15649: 15648: 15643: 15637: 15622: 15618: 15617: 15613: 15608: 15601: 15585: 15579: 15572: 15571:0-7546-0145-5 15568: 15564: 15558: 15542: 15536: 15520: 15516: 15510: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15480: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15442: 15435: 15419: 15415: 15413: 15405: 15403: 15386: 15382: 15376: 15360: 15356: 15350: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15305: 15297: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15254: 15238: 15234: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15215: 15207: 15191: 15187: 15181: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15162: 15146: 15142: 15136: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15106: 15090: 15086: 15080: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15049: 15033: 15029: 15023: 15007: 15003: 14997: 14981: 14977: 14976: 14971: 14967: 14961: 14945: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14928: 14912: 14908: 14902: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14853: 14849: 14848:Bank of Spain 14842: 14836: 14820: 14816: 14810: 14795: 14791: 14785: 14777: 14773: 14767: 14765: 14748: 14744: 14743:The Economist 14740: 14734: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14696: 14692: 14691:The Economist 14688: 14687:"A good bet?" 14682: 14663: 14656: 14650: 14643: 14637: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14619: 14613: 14606:. SUNY Press. 14605: 14598: 14590: 14584: 14569: 14565: 14559: 14540: 14533: 14527: 14511: 14507: 14501: 14485: 14481: 14475: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14422: 14406: 14402: 14396: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14377: 14370: 14365: 14354: 14348: 14332: 14328: 14327: 14322: 14315: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14269: 14265: 14264: 14263:La Vanguardia 14259: 14253: 14247:, Article 62. 14246: 14241: 14234: 14229: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14173: 14168: 14157: 14150: 14149: 14142: 14126: 14122: 14116: 14101:on 3 May 2011 14097: 14090: 14084: 14069:on 3 May 2011 14065: 14058: 14052: 14045: 14039: 14032: 14027: 14011: 14007: 14001: 13985: 13979: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13934: 13927: 13926:"BOCAe32.QXD" 13921: 13905: 13901: 13895: 13876: 13869: 13863: 13844: 13837: 13822: 13818: 13817:The Economist 13814: 13799: 13795: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13763: 13758: 13751: 13746: 13730: 13724: 13708: 13702: 13686: 13680: 13664: 13658: 13642: 13636: 13620: 13614: 13598: 13592: 13576: 13570: 13554: 13548: 13532: 13526: 13510: 13504: 13488: 13482: 13466: 13460: 13444: 13438: 13422: 13416: 13400: 13394: 13378: 13372: 13356: 13350: 13334: 13328: 13312: 13306: 13290: 13284: 13268: 13262: 13246: 13240: 13224: 13218: 13202: 13196: 13180: 13174: 13158: 13152: 13136: 13130: 13114: 13108: 13092: 13086: 13070: 13064: 13048: 13042: 13026: 13020: 13004: 12998: 12982: 12976: 12960: 12954: 12938: 12932: 12916: 12910: 12894: 12888: 12872: 12866: 12850: 12844: 12828: 12822: 12806: 12800: 12784: 12777: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12738: 12736: 12727: 12720: 12704: 12703: 12695: 12684: 12677: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12653: 12645: 12639: 12632: 12631: 12623: 12615: 12608: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12541: 12535: 12519: 12513: 12497: 12491: 12475: 12469: 12453: 12447: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12417: 12416: 12408: 12392: 12386: 12370: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12343: 12337: 12335: 12318: 12312: 12304: 12298: 12291: 12286: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12254:John Hooper, 12251: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12182: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12063: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12000: 11994: 11975: 11968: 11962: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11908: 11902: 11897: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11858: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11827: 11819: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11646: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11569: 11561: 11557: 11556: 11551: 11544: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11467: 11463: 11462:The Economist 11459: 11453: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11392: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11315: 11311: 11310:The Economist 11307: 11301: 11285: 11281: 11274: 11258: 11254: 11239: 11235: 11229: 11213: 11209: 11208:The Economist 11205: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11137: 11133: 11127: 11111: 11107: 11106:La Vanguardia 11103: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11003: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10966: 10961: 10953: 10951:0-8047-0845-2 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10894: 10890: 10888:84-370-5672-1 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10833: 10824: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10801: 10792: 10783: 10776: 10770: 10763: 10758: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10700: 10698:9780415138130 10694: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10644: 10642:9780521845137 10638: 10634: 10630: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10588: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10500: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10480: 10464: 10460: 10453: 10437: 10433: 10431:90-04-09760-0 10427: 10423: 10422: 10415: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10373: 10369: 10362: 10346: 10342: 10336: 10320: 10316: 10315:New Scientist 10312: 10306: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10276:9789004443594 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10186: 10170: 10166: 10164:9783110267303 10160: 10156: 10155: 10147: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10070: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10024: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9977: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9947: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9840: 9833: 9829: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9789: 9784: 9783: 9774: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9736: 9735: 9729: 9728:"Spain" 9721: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9596: 9593: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9488: 9481: 9475: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9335: 9331: 9324: 9318: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9294: 9288: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197:Exercise the 9196: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9124:civil service 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9084:Supreme Court 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8983:respectively. 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8932: 8928: 8927:Juan Carlos I 8922: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8898:queen regnant 8895: 8889: 8880: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8827: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8788: 8779: 8773: 8768: 8762: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8714: 8708: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8652: 8646: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8481: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8447:Europe portal 8437: 8434: 8423: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306:Basque pelota 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8276:and, lately, 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8166: 8165:Jamón ibérico 8160: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8128:polbo á feira 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098:caldo gallego 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8016:Mediterranean 8012: 8010: 8009:Mediterranean 8003: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7914:Ricardo Viñes 7911: 7907: 7906:Alfredo Kraus 7903: 7899: 7895: 7894:José Carreras 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7878:Isaac Albéniz 7874: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7788: 7787:Mudéjar style 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7698:San Sebastián 7694: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7627: 7626:Penélope Cruz 7623: 7619: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7601:Pablo Serrano 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7569:Pedro de Mena 7565: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7513: 7512:San Sebastián 7509: 7505: 7501: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7481:Salvador Dalí 7478: 7477:Pablo Picasso 7474: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7448: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7373: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7234:Enlightenment 7232:. During the 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206:. The famous 7205: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7020:Monte Perdido 7017: 7014:Spain has 49 7011: 7007: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6874: 6858: 6836: 6828: 6826: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6623:Astur-Leonese 6620: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6509: 6504: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5935: 5934:Golden Banana 5931: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5902:AVE Class 103 5896: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5812:electric cars 5809: 5805: 5801: 5800:Mediterranean 5797: 5796:San Sebastián 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5749: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681:hydroelectric 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5627:rural tourism 5624: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447:mixed economy 5441: 5437: 5433: 5432:Torre Glòries 5429: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5391:) House. The 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5352:According to 5350: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304:Defence Staff 5302:(JEMAD). The 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5241:Juan Carlos I 5238: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5010:Policía Foral 5006: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4963:nationalities 4960: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4948:nationalities 4944: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925:decentralised 4922: 4921:unitary state 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4903:nationalities 4895: 4894: 4886: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648:civil service 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4542: 4541: 4536:vests in the 4535: 4529: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449:Juan Carlos I 4446: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4432:, which is a 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4398:inviolability 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363:public policy 4360: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305:head of state 4302: 4298: 4297:king or queen 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283:between five 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4221:convened the 4220: 4216: 4215:Adolfo Suárez 4212: 4208: 4198: 4193: 4192:Pedro Sánchez 4187: 4179: 4178:King of Spain 4174: 4168: 4158: 4152: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013:Sierra Nevada 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3891:and northern 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3821:map of Spain. 3820: 3816: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723:Sierra Nevada 3721:, located in 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711:Sierra Morena 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628:Fuerteventura 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3591:in the River 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3376:Salvador Illa 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336:Pedro Sánchez 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3316:Salvador Illa 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3277:Mariano Rajoy 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189:In 2002, the 3187: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057:head of state 3054: 3053:King of Spain 3050: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2884:also ensued. 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Fascist Italy 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686:, as well as 2685: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2625:(1875–1931). 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559:and demanded 2558: 2554: 2553: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2378:Enlightenment 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2341:. During the 2340: 2336: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Franche-Comté 2203: 2202:Low Countries 2199: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2125:were expelled 2124: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1715: 1714:Roman Theatre 1710: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1688:Carthaginians 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:Altamira cave 1633: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1602: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1499:) comes from 1498: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:head of state 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Hispanophones 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340:economic boom 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Bay of Biscay 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1039:ISO 3166 code 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 995: 991: 985: 981: 977: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948: 944: 940: 924: 918: 914: 899: 893: 889: 885: 876: 870: 866: 857: 851: 847: 841: 837: 833: 824: 818: 814: 805: 799: 795: 791: 785: 781: 777: 773: 767: 763: 754: 748: 745: 741: 737: 731: 727: 723: 717: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 691: 688:19 March 1812 687: 684: 678: 674: 671: 665: 662:14 March 1516 661: 658: 652: 648: 645: 639: 635: 632: 628: 625: 622: 619: 613: 610: 607: 604: 598: 593: 588: 584: 580: 577: 574: 571: 565: 562: 559: 556: 550: 547: 546:Pedro Sánchez 544: 541: 535: 532: 529: 526: 520: 516: 513: 510:Unitary 509: 507: 503: 496: 493: 492: 490: 488: 484: 477: 475: 471: 469: 465: 463: 459: 457: 453: 446: 442: 440: 436: 435: 434: 433: 431: 427: 426: 424: 417: 413: 407: 403: 401: 397: 396: 394: 387: 384: 381: 377: 372: 343: 340: 333: 328: 327: (green) 326: 320: 306: 296: 289: 253: 246: 245: 239: 235: 229: 224: 223: 218: 214: 208: 202: 194: 188: 180: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58:7 other names 49: 42: 33: 30: 26: 22: 21105:OECD members 21007: 20960:EU relations 20888: 20619:Institutions 20544: 20384:EU relations 20372:EU relations 20360:EU relations 20265: 20079:Thracian Sea 20064:Sea of Crete 20059:Ligurian Sea 20039:Balearic Sea 20024:Adriatic Sea 19970:Dependencies 19921: 19775: 19763: 19496:Transnistria 19445:Vatican City 19414: 19096: 19083:Coat of arms 18980:Bullfighting 18970:Architecture 18937:Prostitution 18897:Homelessness 18872:Demographics 18826:Trade unions 18764:unemployment 18749:Car industry 18681:Human rights 18629:Constitution 18585: 18531: 18511:ranked lists 18423:1975–present 18318: 18186: 18170: 18151: 18142: 18135: 18106: 18085: 18072:. 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London. 15658:23 January 15469:1 February 15243:23 October 14548:18 January 14337:1 February 14274:1 February 14016:23 October 13791:See also: 12021:8 February 11886:7 December 11696:27 October 11665:27 October 11635:27 October 11609:27 October 11250:See also: 11201:See also: 10992:18 January 10940:. p. 10325:18 January 9763:31 October 9571:(2): 202. 9373:11 October 9218:References 9157:make peace 9109:presidents 9040:promulgate 9020:, and the 8968:ex officio 8962:, and the 8868:Quintilian 8862:The poets 8846:latifundia 8355:San Fermín 8258:Basketball 8089:Cantabrian 8067:, such as 7973:Benicàssim 7871:folk music 7859:Seguidilla 7802:modernisme 7779:Romanesque 7768:Al-Andalus 7733:Earth and 7523:Valladolid 7324:in Córdoba 7320:Statue of 7306:Philosophy 7269:Renaixença 7072:See also: 7050:Literature 7028:Côa Valley 7004:See also: 6909:Protestant 6903:secularism 6643:Portuguese 6600:castellano 6528:Ecuadorian 6430:Las Palmas 6242:Valladolid 6001:birth rate 5951:See also: 5847:Valladolid 5837:, Madrid, 5669:La Florida 5497:Telefónica 5339:See also: 5161:Hispanismo 5153:Hispanidad 4992:Ertzaintza 4909:devolution 4699:See also: 4652:confidence 4616:Government 4607:Government 4544:(English: 4508:confidence 4445:convention 4377:, defends 4317:Luxembourg 4250:Governance 4233:multiparty 4209:dismissed 4155:See also: 3842:orographic 3656:Formentera 2876:. 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Their 5049:provinces 5019:Andalusia 4975:Catalonia 4967:Andalusia 4803:Andalusia 4796:Region of 4784:Cantabria 4753:La Mancha 4751:Castilla– 4746:Community 4744:Valencian 4739:Catalonia 4668:nominates 4469:audiences 4465:necessary 4391:accession 4289:La Corona 4255:The Crown 4173:Felipe VI 3999:) in the 3949:Cantabria 3873:Andalusia 3798:Andalusia 3640:El Hierro 3636:La Gomera 3624:Lanzarote 3569:Alhucemas 3456:Gibraltar 3382:Geography 3330:passed a 3286:Felipe VI 3177:Barcelona 2992:Barcelona 2932:Wehrmacht 2920:"neutral" 2741:Barcelona 2725:in 1901. 2714:in 1927. 2684:Barcelona 2604:moderates 2509:guerrilla 2496:as king. 2253:Comuneros 2155:Philip II 2104:New World 2026:feudalism 1956:ballistas 1918:valleys. 1888:from the 1816:Sarmatian 1796:from the 1755:olive oil 1744:Romanised 1626:Atapuerca 1563:I-Shpania 1491:Etymology 1429:Felipe VI 1404:, making 1324:breakaway 1288:New World 1199:Visigoths 1148:Barcelona 1128:Gibraltar 972:⁠±0 to +1 965:Time zone 934:very high 844:(nominal) 631:Formation 531:Felipe VI 419:Religion 159:Valencian 69:Aragonese 21026:40°N 4°W 20935:Holy See 20884:Slovenia 20879:Slovakia 20859:Portugal 20724:Bulgaria 20641:Congress 20540:Slovenia 20535:Slovakia 20525:Portugal 20423:Bulgaria 20261:Slovenia 20256:Slovakia 20246:Portugal 20151:Bulgaria 19917:Slovenia 19765:Category 19750:Holy See 19700:Scotland 19670:Svalbard 19655:of 1921) 19591:Guernsey 19586:Alderney 19476:Abkhazia 19410:Slovenia 19405:Slovakia 19380:Portugal 19240:Bulgaria 19133:Category 18994:Fiestas 18942:Religion 18927:Pensions 18922:Naturism 18862:Abortion 18801:Taxation 18791:Forestry 18703:Monarchy 18698:Military 18691:Intersex 18612:Politics 18598:Wildlife 18533:Comarcas 18466:Military 18461:Economic 18434:By topic 18340:Timeline 18323:articles 18205:BBC News 18020:Archived 17968:Archived 17942:Archived 17916:Archived 17877:Archived 17844:6 August 17838:Archived 17813:6 August 17779:30 April 17773:Archived 17651:Archived 17617:Archived 17586:(1998). 17546:Archived 17476:Archived 17387:Archived 17339:15 April 17333:Archived 17286:25642011 17248:Archived 17214:Archived 17172:archived 17060:Archived 16984:Archived 16958:Archived 16913:7 August 16881:Archived 16851:Archived 16804:Archived 16779:Archived 16743:Archived 16718:Archived 16698:Archived 16679:Archived 16660:Archived 16620:Archived 16574:Archived 16545:Archived 16416:Archived 16395:Archived 16374:Archived 16299:30 April 16293:Archived 16194:Archived 16117:Archived 16095:Archived 16076:Archived 16052:Archived 15996:Archived 15970:Archived 15914:Archived 15809:Archived 15727:Archived 15710:Eurostat 15702:Archived 15652:archived 15621:archived 15547:7 August 15493:Archived 15489:El Mundo 15418:Archived 15416:. ADIF. 15385:Archived 15333:Archived 15237:Archived 15190:Archived 15170:Archived 15145:Archived 15119:Archived 15069:8 August 15063:Archived 15012:30 April 15006:Archived 14980:Archived 14944:Archived 14939:Phys.org 14885:Archived 14799:26 March 14747:Archived 14695:Archived 14671:9 August 14662:Archived 14660:. OECD. 14621:Archived 14510:Archived 14484:Archived 14466:Archived 14436:Archived 14405:Archived 14384:Archived 14331:Archived 14298:Archived 14268:Archived 14217:Archived 14175:Archived 14156:archived 14010:Archived 13990:16 April 13910:30 April 13843:Archived 13827:9 August 13821:Archived 13798:Archived 13779:Archived 13735:11 April 13713:11 April 13691:11 April 13669:15 April 13647:11 April 13625:11 April 13603:11 April 13581:11 April 13559:11 April 13537:11 April 13515:11 April 13493:11 April 13471:15 April 13449:15 April 13427:15 April 13405:15 April 13383:15 April 13361:15 April 13339:15 April 13317:15 April 13295:15 April 13273:15 April 13251:15 April 13229:15 April 13207:15 April 13185:15 April 13163:15 April 13141:15 April 13119:15 April 13097:15 April 13075:15 April 13053:15 April 13031:15 April 13009:15 April 12987:15 April 12965:15 April 12943:15 April 12921:15 April 12899:15 April 12877:15 April 12855:15 April 12833:15 April 12811:15 April 12709:15 April 12591:Archived 12546:15 April 12524:15 April 12502:15 April 12480:15 April 12458:15 April 12430:Archived 12397:15 April 12375:15 April 12348:15 April 12323:11 April 12274:Archived 12258:, 2001, 12203:Archived 12181:33293507 12106:Archived 12076:Archived 12046:Archived 12042:Euronews 12012:Archived 11983:30 April 11974:Archived 11938:Archived 11880:Archived 11847:19 March 11841:Archived 11818:34162598 11757:4 August 11751:Archived 11721:Archived 11690:Archived 11686:euronews 11659:Archived 11655:BBC News 11629:Archived 11603:Archived 11585:Archived 11560:Archived 11533:19 March 11527:Archived 11523:BBC News 11503:19 March 11497:Archived 11472:19 March 11466:Archived 11442:19 March 11436:Archived 11432:BBC News 11412:19 March 11406:Archived 11381:19 March 11375:Archived 11345:Archived 11320:19 March 11314:Archived 11284:Archived 11257:Archived 11238:Archived 11218:9 August 11212:Archived 11195:9 August 11189:Archived 11164:19 March 11158:Archived 11136:Archived 11110:Archived 11070:Archived 10986:Archived 10893:Archived 10845:Archived 10747:13 April 10738:Archived 10715:(2016). 10668:9 August 10662:Archived 10577:9 August 10571:Archived 10550:9 August 10544:Archived 10517:Archived 10487:(2003). 10469:9 August 10463:Archived 10436:Archived 10378:9 August 10372:Archived 10345:Archived 10319:Archived 10295:13 April 10289:Archived 10228:Archived 10169:Archived 10136:13 April 10130:Archived 10105:9 August 10099:Archived 10077:Archived 10059:9 August 10053:Archived 10023:Archived 9995:9 August 9989:Archived 9965:9 August 9959:Archived 9929:Archived 9883:22700921 9826:Typical 9812:9 August 9806:Archived 9757:Archived 9673:Archived 9654:Archived 9595:Archived 9577:20078638 9523:17 March 9517:Archived 9493:13 March 9459:Eurostat 9435:16 April 9367:Archived 9365:(OECD). 9343:14 April 9334:Archived 9277:26 April 9250:Archived 9246:núm. 244 9166:treaties 9070:election 9066:proclaim 9062:dissolve 9036:Sanction 8849:(sing., 8696:Asturian 8676:Galician 8662:In some 8588:Galician 8534:Asturian 8419:See also 8394:Valencia 8382:Valencia 8363:encierro 8359:Pamplona 8266:handball 8226:won the 8212:football 8204:Football 8119:albacore 8081:Asturian 8076:Atlantic 8026:gazpacho 7989:gaiteros 7960:and the 7944:. Major 7940:and the 7867:flamenco 7855:Flamenco 7425:El Greco 7391:American 7355:Krausism 7322:Averroes 7290:and the 7024:Pyrenees 6961:Alhambra 6857:Agnostic 6835:Catholic 6810:Religion 6739:Ley Wert 6698:Romanian 6662:and the 6639:Galician 6524:Moroccan 6489:230,595 6464:Alicante 6455:238,293 6421:247,376 6412:A Coruña 6387:255,886 6353:258,313 6319:274,455 6294:Zaragoza 6285:293,652 6251:297,459 6226:Valencia 6217:323,763 6172:Valencia 6162:346,096 5886:Alicante 5843:Valencia 5772:Valencia 5601:Benidorm 5519:Hisdesat 5515:Movistar 5463:eurozone 5434:and the 5218:Military 5212:Olivenza 5204:and the 5141:and the 4872:Atlantic 4852:Atlantic 4827:Balearic 4779:Asturias 4774:and León 4765:Portugal 4729:La Rioja 4483:and the 4422:refrendo 4242:and two 4145:Politics 4121:latitude 4114:biotopes 4015:and the 4001:Pyrenees 3961:Pyrenean 3953:Asturias 3922:Valencia 3758:Guadiana 3719:Mulhacén 3713:and the 3691:plateaus 3644:Mallorca 3632:La Palma 3616:Tenerife 3533:Mallorca 3480:Pyrenees 3464:exclaves 3452:Portugal 3414:Tenerife 3348:COVID-19 3211:Al-Qaeda 3207:Islamist 3203:Iraq War 3069:devolved 3063:and the 2994:and the 2975:Cold War 2928:the Axis 2694:and the 2644:and the 2489:Napoleon 2362:Bourbons 2257:Patíbulo 2230:humanism 2204:and the 2181:and the 2175:Ottomans 2123:moriscos 2113:Moriscos 2057:Marinids 2053:Valencia 2043:and the 1991:Almohads 1989:and the 1943:muladíes 1805:Germanic 1700:Hispania 1676:Vettones 1658:and the 1656:Iberians 1630:hominids 1558:i-spn-ya 1502:Hispania 1453:eurozone 1443:and the 1398:European 1382:Americas 1380:and the 1366:painting 1316:liberals 1269:de facto 1259:and the 1243:Portugal 1223:Asturias 1179:Hispania 1167:Iberians 1156:Zaragoza 1152:Valencia 1146:include 1132:Portugal 1000:+1 to +2 946:Currency 494:Spaniard 462:agnostic 445:Catholic 129:Galician 84:Asturian 20909:Ukraine 20864:Romania 20824:Moldova 20789:Ireland 20784:Iceland 20779:Hungary 20769:Germany 20764:Georgia 20754:Finland 20749:Estonia 20744:Denmark 20729:Croatia 20714:Belgium 20704:Austria 20699:Armenia 20694:Andorra 20689:Albania 20681:Members 20530:Romania 20485:Ireland 20480:Hungary 20470:Germany 20460:Finland 20455:Estonia 20450:Denmark 20428:Croatia 20418:Belgium 20413:Austria 20355:Iceland 20251:Romania 20206:Ireland 20201:Hungary 20191:Germany 20181:Finland 20176:Estonia 20171:Denmark 20156:Croatia 20146:Belgium 20141:Austria 20128:of the 20006:(Spain) 20003:Melilla 19932:Tunisia 19912:Morocco 19887:Lebanon 19852:Croatia 19842:Algeria 19837:Albania 19695:England 19638:Finland 19518:Denmark 19435:Ukraine 19385:Romania 19345:Moldova 19305:Ireland 19300:Iceland 19295:Hungary 19285:Germany 19280:Georgia 19270:Finland 19265:Estonia 19260:Denmark 19245:Croatia 19230:Belgium 19225:Belarus 19215:Austria 19210:Armenia 19205:Andorra 19200:Albania 19117:Outline 19070:Symbols 18990:Cuisine 18962:Culture 18850:Society 18821:Tourism 18727:Economy 18566:Islands 18549:Forests 18527:Climate 18522:Borders 18331:History 18264:Tourism 18074:10 June 17948:14 July 17904:El País 17657:1 April 17623:1 April 17555:1 April 17431:1 April 17396:1 April 17257:5 April 17220:5 April 17178:5 April 16954:"Spain" 16354:12 July 16200:24 July 16002:20 July 15815:, 2011. 15791:20 June 15762:20 June 15590:19 June 15115:El País 15059:El País 14881:NPR.org 14573:27 July 14432:EL PAÍS 13968:20 July 13942:20 July 13884:20 July 12597:19 June 12172:7723057 12141:Bibcode 12112:10 July 12082:10 July 11809:8220857 11727:18 June 11580:El País 11555:El País 11341:Reuters 11282:. BBC. 11066:EL PAÍS 10851:20 June 9891:7807664 9855:Bibcode 9847:Science 9464:10 July 9189:foreign 9181:receive 9132:honours 9120:decrees 9111:of the 9058:session 8980:justice 8864:Martial 8752:in the 8746:Galicia 8700:Leonese 8688:Aranese 8684:Occitan 8672:Catalan 8606:Occitan 8552:Catalan 8396:or the 8196:La Roja 8169: 8123:anchovy 7996:Cuisine 7814:GATEPAC 7760:Granada 7756:Seville 7752:Córdoba 7693:films. 7683:destape 7677:quinqui 7343:Martial 7148:Occitan 7022:in the 6946:Culture 6939:Judaism 6933:Morocco 6929:Maghreb 6875:(14.9%) 6873:Atheist 6859:(12.6%) 6837:(18.5%) 6702:English 6684:Navarre 6676:Galicia 6635:Catalan 6619:Aranese 6592:Spanish 6480:Granada 6473:349,282 6439:378,027 6417:Galicia 6405:423,350 6371:469,177 6337:586,384 6303:682,513 6281:Galicia 6269:684,025 6260:Seville 6235:807,693 6208:Córdoba 6182:Seville 6022:Germans 5995:Native 5980:⁄ 5906:Vinaixa 5874:Majorca 5835:Seville 5780:Galicia 5774:, West 5696:nuclear 5685:biomass 5671:, near 5586:Tourism 5575:Germany 5551:Acciona 5535:Inditex 5503:Abengoa 5457:in the 5449:is the 5403:Economy 5202:Melilla 4987:Navarre 4979:Galicia 4937:Germany 4933:Belgium 4892:Morocco 4863:Andorra 4836:Islands 4829:Islands 4813:Melilla 4791:Country 4772:Castile 4717:Navarre 4712:Galicia 4553: 4510:of the 4412:of the 4337:nominal 4313:Denmark 4309:Belgium 4299:is the 4110:Eurasia 4033:Almería 3930:Navarre 3897:Galicia 3804:Climate 3731:volcano 3652:Menorca 3593:Bidasoa 3585:Almería 3581:Alborán 3543:in the 3517:Islands 3505:is the 3488:Andorra 3472:Melilla 3460:Morocco 3201:in the 3160:in the 2965:at the 2585:Carlism 2552:criollo 2444:by the 2287:in the 2285:England 2271:at the 2263:, 1860. 2102:in the 2049:Majorca 2037:Seville 2020:). 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