Personal computer - Knowledge

662: 1879: 237: 1307: 1188: 2274:, up 11.2% from 239 million in 2006. In 2004, the global shipments were 183 million units, an 11.6% increase over 2003. In 2003, 152.6 million computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 175 billion. In 2002, 136.7 million PCs were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 175 billion. In 2000, 140.2 million personal computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 226 billion. Worldwide shipments of personal computers surpassed the 100-million mark in 1999, growing to 113.5 million units from 93.3 million units in 1998. In 1999, Asia had 14.1 million units shipped. 1813: 2238: 821:, personal computers and home computers lost any technical distinction. Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound, and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers. Mass-market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of personal computers used at home. 1158:. These machines were AC-powered and included a small CRT display screen. The form factor was intended to allow these systems to be taken on board an airplane as carry-on baggage, though their high power demand meant that they could not be used in flight. The integrated CRT display made for a relatively heavy package, but these machines were more portable than their contemporary desktop equals. Some models had standard or optional connections to drive an external video monitor, allowing a larger screen or use with video projectors. 1523: 961:, these varieties often rest on the ground or underneath desks. Despite this seeming contradiction, the term "desktop" does typically refer to these vertical tower cases as well as the horizontally aligned models which are designed to literally rest on top of desks and are therefore more appropriate to the "desktop" term, although both types qualify for this "desktop" label in most practical situations aside from certain physical arrangement differences. Both styles of these computer cases hold the systems hardware 927: 1864: 2089: 2329:

of 2011. Global PC sales fell sharply in the first quarter of 2013, according to IDC data. The 14% year-over-year decline was the largest on record since the firm began tracking in 1994, and double what analysts had been expecting. The decline of Q2 2013 PC shipments marked the fifth straight quarter of falling sales. "This is horrific news for PCs," remarked an analyst. "It's all about mobile computing now. We have definitely reached the tipping point." Data from

6115: 1256: 586: 1104: 1237:). These machines had a keyboard with slightly reduced dimensions compared to a desktop system, and a fixed LCD display screen coplanar with the keyboard. These displays were usually small, with 8 to 16 lines of text, sometimes only 40 columns line length. However, these machines could operate for extended times on disposable or rechargeable batteries. Although they did not usually include internal disk drives, this form factor often included a 2530: 701:, followed by the Heathkit H89 in late 1979. With the purchase of the Heathkit H8 you would obtain the chassis and CPU card to assemble yourself, additional hardware such as the H8-1 memory board that contained 4k of RAM could also be purchased in order to run software. The Heathkit H11 model was released in 1978 and was one of the first 16-bit personal computers; however, due to its high retail cost of $ 1,295 was discontinued in 1982. 252: 2516: 872: 705: 716: 1345: 1211:, enhancing their portability. To save power, weight and space, laptop graphics chips are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM, resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to desktop machines, that more typically have a graphics card installed. For this reason, desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for 2341:, which was designed to look similar to tablet/smartphone software, was cited as a contributing factor in the decline of new PC sales. "Unfortunately, it seems clear that the Windows 8 launch not only didn't provide a positive boost to the PC market, but appears to have slowed the market," said IDC Vice President Bob O’Donnell. 2136:, PC gaming was the third largest gaming sector behind console and mobile gaming in terms of market share sitting at a 24% share of the entire market. The market for PC gaming continues to grow and is expected to generate $ 32.3 billion in revenue in the year 2021. PC gaming is at the forefront of competitive gaming, known as 654:, Jobs and Wozniak were given their first purchase order, for 50 Apple I computers, only if the computers were assembled and tested and not a kit computer. Terrell wanted to have computers to sell to a wide range of users, not just experienced electronics hobbyists who had the soldering skills to assemble a computer kit. The 27: 969:, processor chip and other internal operating parts. Desktop computers have an external monitor with a display screen and an external keyboard, which are plugged into ports on the back of the computer case. Desktop computers are popular for home and business computing applications as they leave space on the desk for 2328:

as computing devices would surpass the PCs sales (as has happened since 2012). As of 2013, worldwide sales of PCs had begun to fall as many consumers moved to tablets and smartphones. Sales of 90.3 million units in the fourth quarter of 2012 represented a 4.9% decline from sales in the fourth quarter

2179:. Distributors such as the ones listed allow many games to be purchasable and accessible to users. Though some distributors may only sell games that have been created by their own company, many games and franchises are available on multiple distributor platforms. Some multiplayer pc games can also be 2075:

tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts; even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important

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also provide portable storage for users, commonly used on other electronics such as mobile phones and digital cameras, the information stored on these cards can be accessed using a memory card reader to transfer data between devices. Webcams, which are either built into computer hardware or connected

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Unlike desktop computers, only minor internal upgrades (such as memory and hard disk drive) are feasible owing to the limited space and power available. Laptops have the same input and output ports as desktops, for connecting to external displays, mice, cameras, storage devices and keyboards. Laptops

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manufacturers. Many personal computer users no longer need to write their programs to make any use of a personal computer, although end-user programming is still feasible. This contrasts with mobile systems, where software is often available only through a manufacturer-supported channel, and end-user

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pen or finger. Some tablets may use a "hybrid" or "convertible" design, offering a keyboard that can either be removed as an attachment, or a screen that can be rotated and folded directly over top the keyboard. Some tablets may use desktop-PC operating system such as Windows or Linux, or may run an

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following in August 1977, which sold over 100,000 units during its lifetime. Together, especially in the North American market, these 3 machines were referred to as the "1977 trinity". Mass-market, ready-assembled computers had arrived, and allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing

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AT&T announced on Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just 50 US$ if they signed up for an Internet service plan... 'The era of a perfect Internet computer for 99 US$ is coming this year,' said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a

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in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system): the power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service

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In August 2013, Credit Suisse published research findings that attributed around 75% of the operating profit share of the PC industry to Microsoft (operating system) and Intel (semiconductors). According to IDC, in 2013 PC shipments dropped by 9.8% as the greatest drop-ever in line with consumers

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that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. Often, they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user; for example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been

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can be used or extra hard disks can be put together in an external case. The keyboard and the mouse are external devices plugged into the computer through connectors on an I/O panel on the back of the computer case. The monitor is also connected to the input/output (I/O) panel, either through an

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were further developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games. They typically could be used with a television already in the home as the computer display, with low-detail blocky graphics and a limited color range, and text about 40 characters wide by 25

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began to be explored, but widespread adoption required lower-cost graphical display equipment. By 1984, mass-market computer systems using graphical user interfaces were available; by the turn of the 21st century, text-mode operating systems were no longer a significant fraction of the personal

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is a comprehensive term for all physical and tangible parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks. Some sub-systems of a personal computer may contain processors that run a fixed

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inside the computer case. Disk drives, which provide mass storage, are connected to the motherboard with one cable, and to the power supply through another cable. Usually, disk drives are mounted in the same case as the motherboard; expansion chassis are also made for additional disk storage.

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The development of thin plasma display and LCD screens permitted a somewhat smaller form factor, called the "lunchbox" computer. The screen formed one side of the enclosure, with a detachable keyboard and one or two half-height floppy disk drives, mounted facing the ends of the computer. Some

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In 2007, with the release of Windows Mobile 6, Microsoft dropped the name Pocket PC in favor of a new naming scheme: devices without an integrated phone are called Windows Mobile Classic instead of Pocket PC, while devices with an integrated phone and a touch screen are called Windows Mobile

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used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating

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Somewhat larger and more expensive systems were aimed at office and small business use. These often featured 80-column text displays but might not have had graphics or sound capabilities. These microprocessor-based systems were still less costly than time-shared mainframes or minicomputers.

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and BAN (Basel Action Network) teamed up with electronic recyclers in the US and Canada to create an e-steward program for the orderly disposal of electronic waste. Some organizations oppose EPR regulation, and claim that manufacturers naturally move toward reduced material and energy use.

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portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians, and other business problem-solvers. In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton.

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were expected to double their installed PCs by 2012 and to take 70% of the second billion PCs. About 180 million computers (16% of the existing installed base) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008. The whole installed base grew 12% annually.

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An increasingly important set of uses for personal computers relied on the ability of the computer to communicate with other computer systems, allowing interchange of information. Experimental public access to a shared mainframe computer system was demonstrated as early as 1973 in the

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Before the introduction of the IBM PC, portable computers consisting of a processor, display, disk drives and keyboard, in a suit-case style portable housing, allowed users to bring a computer home from the office or to take notes at a classroom. Examples include the

2262:. The United States had received 38.8% (394 million) of the computers shipped, Europe 25% and 11.7% had gone to the Asia-Pacific region, the fastest-growing market as of 2002. The second billion was expected to be sold by 2008. Almost half of all households in 221:

Since none of these Apple products were mainframes or time-sharing systems, they were all "personal computers" and not "PC" (brand) computers. In 1995, a CBS segment on the growing popularity of PC reported: "For many newcomers PC stands for Pain and Confusion."

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setup into one box. HTPCs can also connect to services providing on-demand movies and TV shows. HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC, or can be assembled from components.

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is "a device connected to a computer to provide communication (such as input and output) or auxiliary functions (such as additional storage)". Peripherals generally connect to the computer through the use of USB ports or inputs located on the I/O panel.

1207:" design, where the keyboard and computer components are on one panel, with a hinged second panel containing a flat display screen. Closing the laptop protects the screen and keyboard during transportation. Laptops generally have a rechargeable 2249:

personal computers had been sold worldwide from the mid-1970s up to this time. Of the latter figure, 75% were professional or work related, while the rest were sold for personal or home use. About 81.5% of personal computers shipped had been

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interaction, using an alphanumeric display and keyboard. The user had to remember a large range of commands to, for example, open a file for editing or to move text from one place to another. Starting in the early 1960s, the advantages of a

2293:(IDC) data for Q2 2011, for the first time China surpassed US in PC shipments by 18.5 million and 17.7 million respectively. This trend reflects the rising of emerging markets as well as the relative stagnation of mature regions. 1252:. Such computers are currently large laptops. This class of computers usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally found in smaller portable computers, and may have limited battery capacity or no battery. 1878: 786:

on 23 July 1985. The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking, windowing operating system, color graphics with a 4096-color palette, stereo sound, Motorola 68000 CPU, 256 KB RAM, and 880 KB 3.5-inch disk drive, for US$ 1,295.

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In the second quarter of 2018, PC sales grew for the first time since the first quarter of 2012. According to research firm Gartner, the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline.

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sold in 2008. Besides the regular computer manufacturers, companies making especially rugged versions of computers have sprung up, offering alternatives for people operating their machines in extreme weather or environments.

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and speakers can be connected via USB or through an auxiliary port (found on I/O panel) and allow users to listen to audio accessed on their computer; however, speakers may also require an additional power source to operate.

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supports applications and provides common services such as memory management, network connectivity and device drivers, all of which may be used by applications but are not directly of interest to the end user. A simplified

380:, based on microprocessors, were developed during the early 1970s. Widespread commercial availability of microprocessors, from the mid-1970s onwards, made computers cheap enough for small businesses and individuals to own. 2183:, allowing players the ability the play with other platforms, such as pc and different consoles. There are "games" on distributor platforms that may allow players to play other known games using the game application as an 848:

was made available for public use. The combination of powerful personal computers with high-resolution graphics and sound, with the infrastructure provided by the Internet, and the standardization of access methods of the

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The global personal computer shipments were 350.9 million units in 2010, 308.3 million units in 2009 and 302.2 million units in 2008. The shipments were 264 million units in the year 2007, according to

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Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with computers. While personal computer users may develop their applications, usually these systems run

1924:. The user may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer. Therefore, most 301:

to mainframe computers. Computers intended for laboratory, instrumentation, or engineering purposes were built, and could be operated by one person in an interactive fashion. Examples include such systems as the

158:" – have dominated the personal computer market, and today the term "PC" normally refers to the ubiquitous Wintel platform. Alternatives to Windows occupy a minority share of the market; these include the 4320:

Petrovskaya, Elena; Deterding, Sebastian; Zendle, David I (2022-04-29). "Prevalence and Salience of Problematic Microtransactions in Top-Grossing Mobile and PC Games: A Content Analysis of User Reviews".

2731: 995:(also known as single-unit PCs) is a desktop computer that combines the monitor and processor within a single unit. A separate keyboard and mouse are standard input devices, with some monitors including 4929: 2207:, etc. Many games, frequently free to play games, have microtransactions available for players. These transactions can help enhance gameplay or to personalize their characters. There are games such as 1768:(a high-speed PCI bus dedicated to graphics adapters, found in older computers). Most modern personal computers have multiple physical PCI Express expansion slots, with some having PCI slots as well. 1284:

drive, smaller size, and lower performance than full-size laptops. By mid-2009 netbooks had been offered to users "free of charge", with an extended service contract purchase of a cellular data plan.

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A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical, mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a

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for telephone communication and often had provisions for external cassette or disk storage. Later, clamshell format laptop computers with similar small plan dimensions were also called "notebooks".

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Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture, while the capabilities of computers increased. In 1975, an Altair kit sold for around only

3700:...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember. 2821: 297:

which became operational in 1946 could be run by a single, albeit highly trained, person. This mode pre-dated the batch programming, or time-sharing modes with multiple users connected through

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form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done with toggle switches to enter instructions, and output was provided by

1996:. Windows, macOS, and Linux all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of them were inspired by or directly inherited from the 853:, established the foundation for a significant fraction of modern life, from bus time tables through unlimited distribution of free videos through to online user-edited encyclopedias. 3118: 2372:, but required customers to solder components into circuit boards; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another 661: 3002: 2666: 999:

capability. The processor and other working components are typically reduced in size relative to standard desktops, located behind the monitor, and configured similarly to laptops.

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As of June 2008, the number of personal computers in use worldwide hit one billion, while another billion is expected to be reached by 2014. Mature markets like the United States,

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acts have been implemented in various countries and states. In the absence of comprehensive national legislation or regulation on the export and import of electronic waste, the

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There are multiple different game distributors; players are able to purchase games in-person at retail stores and digitally. Some large names for digital game distributors are

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computer circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The Apple I computer differed from the other kit-style hobby computers of era. At the request of

2704: 5307: 2929: 2064:, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a 1292:

have since filled the gap left by Netbooks. Unlike the generic Netbook name, Ultrabook and Chromebook are technically both specifications by Intel and Google respectively.

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can be connected through an audio input port on the I/O panel and allow the computer to convert sound into an electrical signal to be used or transmitted by the computer.

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incorporated the designation into its model name, the term originally described personal computers of any brand. In some contexts, "PC" is used to contrast with "Mac", an

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that first came about in the late 1980s, typically in a clamshell form factor with a keyboard. Non-x86 based devices were often called palmtop computers, examples being

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The "brain" may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far.

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series of computers developed from 1965 to 1969. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a

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onboard port on the motherboard, or a port on the graphics card. Capabilities of the personal computer's hardware can sometimes be extended by the addition of

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There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.

2160:, the PC gaming sector was the second-largest category across all platforms as of 2022, valued at US$ 45 billion, surpassing console market revenue by 2020. 415:. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time. 813:

were characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large-capacity local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a

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in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for

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In 2001, 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48,000 in 1977. More than 500 million personal computers were in use in 2002 and one

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The three personal computers referred to by Byte Magazine as the "1977 Trinity" of home computing: The Commodore PET, the Apple II, and the TRS-80 Model I.

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was introduced, which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units. Another famous personal computer, the revolutionary

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This article is about the general concept of a personal computer ("PC"). For the specific architecture often meant by "PC" in industry jargon, see

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Commodore press release. "The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977."

3406:"This announcement ranks with IBM's announcement of the System/360 a decade earlier as one of the most significant in the history of computing." 658:

as delivered was still technically a kit computer, as it did not have a power supply, case, or keyboard when it was delivered to the Byte Shop.

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could be fit into a transport case, making it a portable computer, but it weighed about 50 pounds. Such early portable computers were termed "

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Personal computers have become a large contributor to the 50 million tons of discarded electronic waste generated annually, according to the

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leading the industry that is suspected to surpass a billion dollars in revenue in 2019. According to a December 2023 market analysis done by

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after being revealed in January 1977. However, it was back-ordered and not available until later that year. Three months later (April), the

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via USB are video cameras that records video in real time to either be saved to the computer or streamed somewhere else over the internet.

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Gene Carter, Wow! What a Ride!: A Quick Trip Through Early Semiconductor and Personal Computer Development, Lulu Press – 2016, chapter 8

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bucked the general trend as strong sales to first-time buyers in the developing world allowed the company's sales to stay flat overall.

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in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person.

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continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user.

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operating system designed primarily for tablets. Many tablet computers have USB ports, to which a keyboard or mouse can be connected.

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in February 2008, characterized by low cost and lean functionality. These were intended to be used with an Internet connection to run

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Wayne Green visited MITS in August 1975 and interviewed Ed Roberts. Article has several paragraphs on the design of the Altair 8800.

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laptop, the computing industry started to pursue the price too. Although introduced only one year earlier, there were 14 million

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Most 2010s and 2020s-era personal computers require users only to plug in the power supply, monitor, and other cables. A typical

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programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk, including a keyboard, a small one-line display, and printer. The

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Roy A. Allan, A Bibliography of the Personal Computer : the Books and Periodical Articles, Allan Publishing – 2006, p. 80

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was remarkably small, leading to the "desktop" nomenclature. More recently, the phrase usually indicates a particular style of

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Roy A. Allan, A Bibliography of the Personal Computer : the Books and Periodical Articles, Allan Publishing – 2006, p. 73

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operating system. The Alto was a demonstration project, not commercialized, as the parts were too expensive to be affordable.

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can be plugged in via USB and can be used as an input device for video games as an alternative to using keyboard and mouse.

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are also a little more expensive compared to desktops, as the miniaturized components for laptops themselves are expensive.

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was considered an attractive price point; these systems had text-only displays and only floppy disks for storage. By 1982,

4781: 4696: 3609: 3533: 3496: 3111:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 4503: 2995:"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 2752: 2266:

had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40% of homes in United Kingdom, compared with only 13% in 1985.

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provide portable storage using flash memory which allows users to access the files stored on the drive on any computer.

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in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". This seminal, single user

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with more people working at home and learning remotely, PC sales grew by 26.1% compared to previous years according to

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IBM's first PC was introduced on 12 August 1981 setting what became a mass market standard for PC architecture.

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form. Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or

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has also been used, primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s. The advent of personal computers and the concurrent

4822:"Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market" 3928: 2415:. By late 1998, the average selling price of personal computer systems in the United States had dropped below 6145: 6119: 5156: 4751: 1306: 1161:

IBM PC-compatible suitcase format computers became available soon after the introduction of the PC, with the

231: 171: 123: 4587: 677:(usually referred to as the "Apple") was announced with the first units being shipped 10 June 1977, and the 6140: 5416: 4067: 3713: 3251: 2844: 1653:, such as a keyboard controller. Firmware usually is not changed by the end user of the personal computer. 1569: 1245: 724: 456: 4615: 4458: 3082:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 2484:

External costs of environmental impact are not fully included in the selling price of personal computers.

904:, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing, 6160: 5080:"Laptops are on fire! In a good way (if you're selling). PC sales race to highest growth rate since 2011" 5050:"PC Sales Remain on Fire as Fourth Quarter Shipments Grow 26.1% Over the Previous Year, According to IDC" 2211:

that allow players to purchase additional game packs in order to gain access to additional new gameplay.

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was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the

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The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind

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1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true "personal computer", the

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at Fairchild in 1968. Faggin later used silicon-gate MOS technology to develop the first single-chip

4647: 6150: 3053:"1964: First Commercial MOS IC Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 2891: 2593: 2357: 2009: 1631: 1397:, among others. Current UMPCs typically feature the Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Linux 1192: 609: 506:. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL/1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, 841:

service providers emerged in the late 1980s, giving public access to the rapidly growing network.

448:. It was built starting in 1972, and a few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the 6100: 5911: 5523: 5409: 4534: 3311: 2180: 1716: 1539: 1457:

are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are

834: 794: 783: 517: 384: 337: 187: 5736: 4859:"Feeble PC industry stumbles to steep sales drop during first quarter as Windows makeover flops" 3954: 3391: 3385: 1756:. Standard peripheral buses often used for adding expansion cards in personal computers include 5873: 5788: 5573: 2603: 2558: 2246: 1872: 1022: 4124: 418:

Early personal computers‍—‌generally called microcomputers‍—‌were often sold in a

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https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110210/tc_afp/itinternettelecomequipmentmobileconsumerproduct

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is popular among the high-end PC market. According to an April 2018 market analysis done by

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integration. They are generally smaller than tablets, and may not have a slate form factor.

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are computers inside of keyboards, generally still designed to be connected to an external

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written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or "

395:

in 1968 gave a preview of features that would later become staples of personal computers:

8: 5906: 5613: 3199: 1970: 1689: 1394: 992: 755:; the latter was introduced in 1982, and totaled 8 million unit sold. Following came the 435: 115: 4296: 4147: 4005: 1812: 6088: 6025: 5748: 5585: 5518: 5478: 5460: 5299: 4901: 3424: 3339: 2573: 2521: 2479: 2360:. According to Canalys, 2020 was the highest growth rate for the PC market since 2011. 2259: 2241:

Personal computers worldwide in million distinguished by developed and developing world

1817: 1681: 1577: 957:

While the term "desktop" often refers to a computer with a vertically aligned computer

893: 627:, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, 475: 408: 329: 107: 95: 4285:: 5 – via 2018 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. 3141:

Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, Intel Core Microarchitecture, x86 Processor Family

2638: 2052:. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an 6076: 6030: 6004: 5991: 5926: 5657: 5640: 5488: 5343: 5303: 5295: 5140: 5115: 4620: 4346: 4159: 4096: 3865: 3838: 3788: 3430: 3395: 3331: 3144: 2568: 2535: 2423: 2353: 2168: 2142: 1977: 1956:

An operating system (OS) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an

1933: 1849: 1807: 1693: 1677: 1645: 1621: 1450: 1119: 1112: 1098: 1045: 962: 909: 740: 686: 682: 617: 520:, Washington, D.C.. Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the 513: 471: 392: 388: 298: 256: 147: 39: 20: 4487:, January 14, 2009, Andy Patrizio, internetnews.com, retrieved at September 12, 2011 3343: 293:, early experimental machines could be operated by a single attendant. For example, 5951: 5934: 5714: 5635: 5628: 5291: 4863: 4336: 4326: 4275: 4151: 4034: 3741: 3323: 2492: 2439: 2251: 2237: 2192: 2188: 2057: 2027:

Generally, a computer user uses application software to carry out a specific task.

1945: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1845: 1832:, or documentation that performs some task on a computer system. The term includes 1825: 1685: 1657: 1636: 1606: 1438: 1434: 1398: 1249: 1226: 1049: 1030: 921: 897: 826: 579: 483: 427: 131: 35: 31: 4396: 3975:

maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.

950:

to small models which can be tucked behind or rest directly beneath (and support)

444:

was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the

6071: 6061: 6051: 5888: 5868: 5780: 5580: 5553: 5368: 5352: 5176: 4809: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4427: 4325:. CHI '22. New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–12. 3993: 3859: 3679: 3416: 2854: 2598: 2583: 2563: 2325: 2297: 2282: 2172: 2028: 1897: 1882:

Children being taught how to use a laptop computer in 2005. An older (1990s-era)

1841: 1786: 1777: 1697: 1673: 1611: 1549: 1382: 1376: 1360: 1318: 1310: 1301: 1277: 1260: 1162: 1155: 1131: 1018: 977: 799: 690:

more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware.

674: 404: 365: 63: 4829: 1522: 1280:. Initially, the primary defining characteristic of netbooks was the lack of an 6020: 5650: 5623: 5498: 5468: 5337: 4777: 4704: 3635: 3613: 3525: 3504: 2727:

The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, second Ed. End-User Development

2643: 2278: 2263: 2204: 2065: 2041: 1957: 1837: 1749: 1724: 1701: 1626: 1559: 1543: 1503: 1461:. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons like 1431: 1011: 880: 845: 669:

The first successfully mass-marketed personal computer to be announced was the

567: 548: 499: 449: 419: 412: 369: 345: 311: 215: 159: 135:

program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer.

43: 5133:

Icons of business: an encyclopedia of mavericks, movers, and shakers, Volume 1

4155: 2684:

The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand.

1276:, were a subgroup of laptops suited for general computing tasks and accessing 608:

Microprocessor, the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the

102:

by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. The term

6134: 6035: 5846: 5803: 5731: 5672: 5563: 5558: 5503: 5473: 5444: 5401: 4374: 3335: 2816: 2407:. The total value of personal computer purchases in the US in 1983 was about 1917: 1732: 1661: 1563: 1534: 1527: 970: 943: 931: 735: 670: 639: 377: 322: 240: 103: 5394: 4449:, May 27, 2010, Andy Patrizio, earthweb.com, retrieved at September 12, 2011 4331: 3554: 3470: 3327: 946:. Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical 926: 474:

prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the

6066: 5999: 5968: 5841: 5836: 5689: 5684: 5528: 5379: 5340:

make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date

4341: 3223:, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?" 2392: 2334: 2004: 1966: 1905: 1753: 1728: 1574: 1281: 1069: 1034: 905: 876: 756: 647: 628: 613: 361: 333: 264: 127: 99: 91: 26: 5277:"Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" 5190:"Netbooks Are Destroying the Laptop Market and Microsoft Needs to Act Now" 3587: 1169:

to give roughly equivalent performance to contemporary desktop computers.

1134:

was produced in a very small experimental batch around 1978. In 1975, the

984:, processor and RAM, to improve the speed and responsiveness of demanding 5826: 5758: 5597: 5590: 5513: 5493: 4530: 3660:

CASS, STEPHEN (2023). "Hands On Yugoslavia'ｓ Home-Brewed Microcomputer".

2061: 2045: 1863: 1781: 1761: 1708: 1669: 1601: 1596: 1507: 1490: 1322: 1273: 1230: 1204: 1081: 1061: 1038: 996: 966: 951: 887: 850: 810: 775: 768: 752: 698: 597: 589: 508: 423: 349: 67: 2462:, the average selling price of all Windows portable PCs has fallen from 2088: 1173:

variations included a battery, allowing operation away from AC outlets.

5973: 5956: 5939: 5898: 5858: 5851: 3855: 2917: 2321: 2164: 1913: 1853: 1795: 1790: 1772: 1744: 1720: 1511: 1495: 1486: 1423:

A pocket PC is a hardware specification for a handheld-sized computer (

1402: 1356: 1339: 1289: 1255: 1234: 1212: 1166: 1053: 981: 958: 947: 779: 764: 635: 605: 585: 540: 533: 445: 431: 373: 303: 207: 163: 87: 75: 1103: 6095: 5961: 5946: 5768: 5743: 5111: 5022: 4930:"Steve Ballmer's retirement leaves Microsoft in a replacement crisis" 2459: 2395:

observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about

2384: 2338: 2305: 2129: 2120: 1929: 1829: 1586: 1530:

of a personal computer and peripherals (some of which are optional):

1428: 1418: 1386: 1285: 1147: 1065: 693:

In 1977 the Heath company introduced personal computer kits known as

651: 624: 575: 556: 495: 400: 353: 175: 139: 1711:

connects all processor, memory and peripheral devices together. The

426:

lamps. Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards,

251: 62:

designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as

5883: 5816: 5694: 5677: 5618: 5508: 5358:, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?" 5167: 3450:

What's New (February 1978), "Commodore Ships First PET Computers",

2886: 2578: 2515: 2412: 2317: 2208: 2200: 2184: 2146: 1925: 1901: 1650: 1458: 1454: 1406: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1108: 1057: 838: 708: 694: 521: 487: 260: 119: 83: 59: 2529: 2446:

at U.S. retail in August 2008. In 2009, ASP had further fallen to

980:

is a desktop computer that generally comprises a high-performance

5793: 5763: 5667: 4700: 3899:"The PC was supposed to die a decade ago. Instead, this happened" 3810:"Evolution of Custom Gaming PCs: What Really Made the Difference" 3165:"Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer" 2431: 2330: 2309: 2176: 2137: 2124: 2033: 1993: 1466: 1269: 1263: 985: 938:

Before the widespread use of PCs, a computer that could fit on a

871: 655: 643: 560: 479: 326: 79: 4059: 3717: 3243: 2922:"1995 video shows the struggle was real for first-time PC users" 2281:

and Japan accounted for 58% of the worldwide installed PCs. The

1852:

to provide the necessary services for application software, and

1248:

is a portable computer that provides the full capabilities of a

82:. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an 5723: 5395:

Global archive with product data-sheets of PCs and Workstations

4228:"Newzoo: Global esports market will exceed $ 1 billion in 2019" 2613: 2608: 2443: 2388: 2255: 2003:

Early personal computers used operating systems that supported

1909: 1442: 1326: 1200: 1182: 1151: 1026: 1003: 720: 678: 529: 460: 441: 396: 307: 155: 143: 34:, which includes a metal case with the computing components, a 4199:"Global Games Market Revenues 2018 | Per Region & Segment" 2430:(ASP) showed a decline in 2008/2009, possibly due to low-cost 2231: 704: 5193: 4421:

Global PC shipments grew 13.8 percent in 2010 – Gartner study

3955:"Light and Cheap, Netbooks Are Poised to Reshape PC Industry" 3294:

Green, Wayne (February 1976). "Believe Me – I'm No Expert!".

2784: 1985: 1981: 1868: 1446: 1390: 1349: 1238: 1165:

being a leading example of the type. Later models included a

1007: 571: 544: 503: 321:

The personal computer was made possible by major advances in

294: 281: 191: 183: 179: 167: 151: 71: 1233:

had roughly the plan dimensions of a sheet of typing paper (

612:

as the first commercially successful personal computer. The

532:, was demonstrated in 1973 and shipped in 1974. It used the 4649:

Economic recovery bumps AP 1999 PC shipments to record high

2849: 2333:

showed a similar decline for the same time period. China's

1997: 1470: 1021:(HTPC) combines the functions of a personal computer and a 939: 748: 744: 715: 315: 4671:"Worldwide PC use to reach 1 billion by 2008: report" 4319: 2495:

issue affecting developing countries and the environment,

1344: 5342:, Robert X. Cringely, Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1992), 2543: 2376:, and the resultant system was of use only to hobbyists. 1712: 1590: 1499: 1073: 552: 467: 453: 357: 195: 4960:"The Apple Vs. Samsung Title Fight for Mobile Supremacy" 4468:, March 16, 2009, ZDNet, retrieved at September 12, 2011 284:

computer, long before the era of the personal computers.

4928:

King, Ian; Frier, Sarah; Bass, Dina (August 24, 2013).

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Ralston, Anthony; Reilly, Edwin (1993). "Workstation".

3426:

Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer

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influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market

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The iPad's Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right

1731:

devices. The graphics card or sound card may employ a

1449:. Pocket PCs have many of the capabilities of desktop 837:

became more commonly available after 1978. Commercial

4991:"PC shipments faced their steepest-ever drop in 2013" 2882:"Mac or PC? Ten reasons why Macs are better than PCs" 2403:; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around 1037:. The goal is to combine many or all components of a 4775: 4727:"Computers in use pass 1 billion mark: Gartner" 4323:

CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

3782: 2697:"Overview of update channels for Office 365 ProPlus" 2511: 1363:, the difference being that smartphones always have 5220:"Falling PC Prices Pit Microsoft Against PC Makers" 5054:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

3787:(Third ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 3377: 2812:"Mac vs. PC cost analysis: How does it all add up?" 1437:. It may have the capability to run an alternative 743:, a UK company, produced the ZX Series‍—‌the 356:. The MOS integrated circuit was commercialized by 182:. Other notable platforms until the 1990s were the 4896:"PC Sales Still in a Slump, Despite New Offerings" 4894: 4867:. Associated Press. April 10, 2013. Archived from 4440:Laptop Sales Soaring Amid Wider PC Growth: Gartner 2399:was made of components that cost the dealer about 1976:Common contemporary desktop operating systems are 879: 1+ from the early 1990s, with a 25 MHz 602:Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) 539:A seminal step in personal computing was the 1973 5217: 4828:(Press release). January 14, 2013. Archived from 4582: 4580: 4578: 3987:New Windows Mobile 6 Devices :: Jun/Jul 2007 3576: 3132: 2069:created in the separate spreadsheet application. 1506:. In later years a hardware specification called 1313:Compaq tablet PC with rotating/removable keyboard 912:for animation and motion picture visual effects. 110:have significantly affected the lives of people. 16:Computer intended for use by an individual person 6132: 4273: 3463: 3415: 3190: 3188: 3186: 2845:"Don't buy a new PC or Mac before you read this" 1325:display, which can be controlled using either a 555:) which later served as inspiration for Apple's 490:minicomputer in order to run APL/1130. In 1973, 486:, and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an 4966:. Credit Suisse. August 8, 2013. Archived from 4430:, Jan 13, 2011, retrieved at September 12, 2011 723:personal computer produced in 1985–1990 by the 5431: 4892: 4575: 4093:Computer Science and Communications Dictionary 3449: 2040:Typical examples of software applications are 1498:were miniature pocket-sized computers running 5417: 4927: 4814: 4607: 4471: 4452: 3443: 3409: 3183: 1664:(or "tower"), a metal chassis that holds the 1510:was later released by Microsoft that run the 5171:December 1998. Retrieved November 17, 2010. 4640: 4616:"Dell Passes Compaq as Top PC Seller in U.S" 4548: 4517: 4490: 4433: 4414: 4086: 4084: 3138: 2195:can range across each distributor platform, 1965:, prioritizing system requests, controlling 1727:for graphics cards, network cards, or other 1704:) are usually found in a personal computer. 1130:in 1972, but no hardware was developed. The 5275:Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). 4988: 4724: 4526:iSuppli raises 2007 computer sales forecast 4499:ISuppli Raises 2007 Computer Sales Forecast 3636:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004" 3610:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004" 3287: 2753:"Personal Computers | Information Literacy" 2664: 1480: 1203:computer is designed for portability with " 5424: 5410: 5187: 4274:Chmielarz, Witold; Szumski, Oskar (2018). 3312:"Design Innovations in Personal Computers" 3241: 900:. Workstations are used for tasks such as 528:Another desktop portable APL machine, the 247:), an early example of a personal computer 126:, which is provided in "ready-to-run", or 5274: 5101: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4502:, pcworld.com, 2007-06-19, archived from 4340: 4330: 4081: 3926: 2589:Market share of personal computer vendors 2226:Market share of personal computer vendors 1840:that perform productive tasks for users, 5243: 4888: 4886: 4368: 4178: 2842: 2458:in February. According to research firm 2363: 2236: 1877: 1862: 1811: 1521: 1343: 1305: 1254: 1186: 1102: 925: 870: 714: 703: 660: 616:designed for the Altair was to become a 584: 470:Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a 364:MOS integrated circuit was developed by 250: 235: 122:"), which is most often proprietary, or 25: 4364: 4362: 4037:. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. 3627: 3601: 3383: 3309: 2951:"Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" 2730:. Interaction Design Foundation. 2017. 2473: 1735:to keep the analog parts away from the 6133: 5015: 4844: 4628:from the original on December 27, 2011 4596:from the original on November 18, 2014 4181:"Microsoft Office 2000 software suite" 4137: 3920: 3854: 3633: 3607: 3497:"Joe's Heathkit Computer Catalog Page" 2916: 2879: 2824:from the original on 27 September 2014 2809: 2497:extended producer responsibility (EPR) 1381:The ultra-mobile PC (UMPC) is a small 1142:" by journalists owing to their heft. 578:microcomputer of 1973 had a full-size 280:in a June 1949 news article about the 86:, rather than by a computer expert or 5405: 5246:"The true cost of personal computers" 4883: 4613: 3690:from the original on January 17, 2023 3293: 2554:List of computer system manufacturers 1896:Software applications are common for 759:, totaled 17 million units sold, the 551:. It had a graphical user interface ( 245:American Museum of Science and Energy 30:An artist's depiction of a 2000s-era 5336:Accidental Empires: How the boys of 4801:Tablets, smartphones to outsell PCs 4677:from the original on August 23, 2014 4359: 4090: 3827: 3807: 3659: 3390:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 3226: 2489:United Nations Environment Programme 2083: 1014:browsers and Internet applications. 4909:from the original on April 11, 2013 4369:Kanellos, Michael (June 30, 2002). 3885:Desktop notebooks stake their claim 3711: 3634:Reimer, Jeremy (December 2, 2012). 3608:Reimer, Jeremy (November 2, 2009). 2861:from the original on 8 October 2014 2791:from the original on 6 October 2014 2379:At their introduction in 1981, the 2191:of the pc. The number of different 1939: 1719:(microprocessor chip) plugs into a 915: 210:for "personal computer". While the 13: 5329: 5218:Shane O'Neill (December 2, 2009). 5077: 4997:from the original on June 25, 2017 4397:"Computers reach one billion mark" 4140:Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices 3848: 3755: 3739:"A Decade of Personal Computing". 2880:Haslam, Karen (11 December 2013). 1370: 344:(MOS) transistor was developed by 14: 6177: 5362: 5109:Personal Computers and the Family 5030:from the original on 13 July 2018 4893:Nick Wingfield (April 10, 2013). 4371:"PCs: More than 1 billion served" 3935:from the original on May 27, 2016 3254:from the original on May 31, 2008 2671:, Popular Science, archived from 1824:Computer software is any kind of 793:In 1982 "The Computer" was named 263:from 1982, in a classroom in the 6114: 6113: 5296:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x 5244:Mattison, Richard (2012-10-03). 4936:. Bloomberg News. Archived from 4754:. OLPC News. December 11, 2008. 4614:Yates, Nona (January 24, 2000). 4560:, newsfactor.com, archived from 4478:PC Sales Up for 2008, but Barely 4035:"Wordreference.com: WordNet 2.0" 3929:"Time to drop the Netbook label" 3896: 3785:Encyclopedia of Computer Science 3473:. Apple II History. 2008-11-04. 3167:. 22 August 2008. Archived from 2843:Ackerman, Dan (22 August 2013). 2528: 2514: 2454:for notebooks by January and to 2320:consulting firm predicted that, 2153:Counter-Strike: Global Offensive 2087: 1952:Usage share of operating systems 1272:, also called mini notebooks or 549:Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) 154:hardware – collectively called " 5268: 5256:from the original on 2016-10-02 5237: 5211: 5181: 5150: 5125: 5090:from the original on 2022-07-24 5071: 5042: 5009: 4982: 4952: 4921: 4795: 4784:from the original on 2019-04-25 4769: 4758:from the original on 2019-02-07 4744: 4733:from the original on 2009-09-19 4718: 4703:. June 23, 2008. Archived from 4689: 4663: 4403:from the original on 2008-02-18 4389: 4313: 4289: 4267: 4249: 4238:from the original on 2023-01-17 4220: 4209:from the original on 2019-10-17 4191: 4172: 4131: 4109: 4070:from the original on 2018-11-01 4052: 4041:from the original on 2019-03-30 4027: 4016:from the original on 2019-03-22 3998: 3980: 3965:from the original on 2017-05-26 3947: 3909:from the original on 2023-01-17 3890: 3878: 3835:Upgrading and Repairing Laptops 3801: 3776: 3749: 3732: 3714:"Chronology of Amiga Computers" 3705: 3672: 3653: 3642:from the original on 2023-01-17 3565:from the original on 2019-02-19 3547: 3536:from the original on 2023-01-17 3518: 3489: 3477:from the original on 2014-05-10 3364: 3350:from the original on 2017-05-25 3303: 3275: 3266: 3235: 3214: 3157: 3121:from the original on 2021-08-12 3103: 3092:from the original on 2020-07-29 3074: 3063:from the original on 2021-10-26 3045: 3034:from the original on 2019-10-27 3016: 3005:from the original on 2019-10-24 2987: 2978: 2967:from the original on 2015-12-22 2943: 2932:from the original on 2023-01-17 2910: 2734:from the original on 2019-03-29 2707:from the original on 2018-04-22 2665:Conlon, Tom (29 January 2010), 2501:Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 2411:, comparable to total sales of 2219: 2016: 1856:that controls and co-ordinates 383:In what was later to be called 32:desktop-style personal computer 4459:Worldwide PC Shipments in 2008 2873: 2836: 2803: 2769: 2745: 2718: 2689: 2658: 2631: 2352:In 2020, as the result of the 2345:trends to use mobile devices. 2291:International Data Corporation 866: 482:compact cassette drive, small 201: 142:operating systems (first with 1: 5284:Journal of Industrial Ecology 5188:Joe Wilcox (April 16, 2009). 5159:Average PC Price drops below 4989:John Fingas (March 4, 2014). 4725:Tarmo Virki (June 23, 2008). 3927:Erica Ogg (August 20, 2009). 3387:A History of Modern Computing 3310:Garland, Harry (March 1977). 3242:Jim Battle (August 9, 2008). 2624: 1912:and other digital messaging, 1892:is visible in the background. 1743:For large amounts of data, a 1672:, a storage device such as a 1333: 861: 815:multitasking operating system 232:History of personal computers 124:free and open-source software 5385:How to Upgrade Your Computer 5290:(2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. 5016:Warren, Tom (13 July 2018). 4557:Global PC Sales Leveling Off 4187:: 105 – via Ebscohost. 3745:. 5 August 1991. p. 24. 3139:Weidendorfer, Josef (2011). 2810:Finnie, Scot (8 June 2007). 2304:foundation and its low-cost 1412: 1246:desktop replacement computer 1111:from 1975, one of the first 118:, free-of-charge software (" 7: 4589:HP back on top of PC market 4373:. CNET News. Archived from 3887:, accessed October 19, 2007 3760:. JACKED IN. Archived from 3584:"Sinclair Research website" 2507: 1884:desktop personal computer's 1801: 1752:connected via an expansion 1517: 1092: 1087: 1006:computer was introduced by 332:(IC) chip was developed by 178:operating systems, such as 10: 6182: 5864:Personal digital assistant 5137:Greenwood Publishing Group 4776:Conrad H. Blickenstorfer. 4399:. BBC News. July 1, 2002. 4006:"Definition of PERIPHERAL" 3758:"Obituary: The PC is Dead" 3284:(2007). Macmillan, p. 448. 2477: 2223: 2118: 2020: 1949: 1943: 1805: 1484: 1425:personal digital assistant 1416: 1374: 1337: 1299: 1180: 1096: 1029:or an appropriately sized 919: 885: 229: 225: 18: 6109: 6044: 6013: 5990: 5925: 5897: 5802: 5779: 5722: 5713: 5606: 5546: 5539: 5459: 5452: 5443: 5175:October 11, 2011, at the 4156:10.1088/978-1-6270-5628-1 3874:– via Google Books. 3429:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3384:Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). 2958:The EDSAC Replica Project 2757:courses.lumenlearning.com 2644:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2079: 1737:electromagnetic radiation 1295: 1176: 1118:The potential utility of 817:. Eventually, due to the 342:metal–oxide–semiconductor 325:technology. In 1959, the 54:, often referred to as a 4179:Garrison, Bruce (1999). 4095:. Boston, MA: Springer. 3864:. Wiley. pp. 7–17. 3837:, Que Publishing, 2004, 3372:The engineering handbook 3143:. Boston, MA: Springer. 2619: 2594:Personal Computer Museum 2214: 2037:that benefits the user. 2010:graphical user interface 1932:" in mind. However, the 1481:Palmtop and handheld PCs 856: 835:online service providers 734:During the early 1980s, 729:Socialist Czechoslovakia 610:microcomputer revolution 310:of 1956, and the Soviet 6166:Time Person of the Year 6101:Wireless sensor network 5390:How to Build a Computer 4934:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 4332:10.1145/3491102.3502056 4142:. Morgan and Claypool. 3555:"Heathkit H89 computer" 3328:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669 3115:www.computerhistory.org 3086:www.computerhistory.org 3057:www.computerhistory.org 3028:www.computerhistory.org 2999:www.computerhistory.org 1717:central processing unit 1122:was apparent early on. 1056:. Examples include the 1025:. It is connected to a 934:desktop computer (2006) 518:Smithsonian Institution 385:the Mother of All Demos 338:Fairchild Semiconductor 255:The 8-bit architecture 170:operating system), and 138:Since the early 1990s, 90:. Unlike large, costly 5874:Portable data terminal 5252:. GreenBiz Group Inc. 4780:. Ruggedpcreview.com. 4138:Kinser, Jason (2015). 4117:"Application software" 3992:March 4, 2008, at the 3370:Dorf, Richard C., ed. 2820:. Computerworld, Inc. 2604:PC System Design Guide 2559:List of home computers 2242: 1973:, and managing files. 1969:devices, facilitating 1893: 1875: 1873:raster graphics editor 1821: 1642: 1385:. It was developed by 1353: 1314: 1278:web-based applications 1266: 1196: 1115: 1023:digital video recorder 935: 883: 831:bulletin board systems 774:In the same year, the 731: 727:company in the former 712: 666: 593: 360:in 1964, and then the 287: 267: 248: 47: 6057:Information appliance 5879:Portable media player 5822:Handheld game console 4091:Weik, Martin (2000). 2428:average selling price 2364:Average selling price 2240: 2224:Further information: 2197:first-person shooters 2140:, with games such as 1916:playback, playing of 1881: 1866: 1815: 1525: 1473:readers and cameras. 1427:, PDA) that runs the 1359:are often similar to 1347: 1309: 1258: 1190: 1106: 929: 902:computer-aided design 874: 763:(1983) introduced in 718: 707: 664: 604:. Based on the 8-bit 588: 463:and its descendants. 459:used in the original 376:, in 1971. The first 269: 254: 239: 212:IBM Personal Computer 29: 6146:Classes of computers 5832:Mobile data terminal 5812:Electronic organizer 5484:Intelligent terminal 4261:visualcapitalist.com 4234:. 12 February 2019. 3764:on February 23, 2014 2777:"Mac* vs. PC Debate" 2474:Environmental impact 2450:for desktops and to 2302:One Laptop per Child 2073:End-user development 2023:Application software 1922:computer programming 1848:that interface with 1834:application software 1816:A screenshot of the 1617:Application software 697:, starting with the 291:history of computing 206:The term "PC" is an 172:free and open-source 6141:American inventions 5084:www.theregister.com 4832:on January 15, 2013 4778:"Rugged PC leaders" 4707:on December 4, 2008 4263:. 31 December 2023. 4185:World Communication 4148:2015klmd.book.....K 3861:Laptops for Dummies 3686:. 54–59: 18. 1999. 3530:vintagecomputer.com 3202:on 10 February 2003 2898:on 23 December 2014 2639:"personal computer" 2466:in October 2008 to 2387:and its competitor 1971:computer networking 1858:distributed systems 1690:visual display unit 993:all-in-one computer 896:and run multi-user 795:Machine of the Year 771:series (464–6128). 623:in the form of the 516:now resides in the 257:Pravetz 82 computer 116:commercial software 6161:Personal computers 6089:Computer-on-module 5947:Digital wristwatch 5749:Mobile workstation 5519:Video game console 5479:Internet appliance 5313:on August 26, 2014 5131:Kateri M. Drexler 5107:Marvin B. Sussman 4970:on August 14, 2013 4940:on August 24, 2013 4902:The New York Times 4808:2011-03-05 at the 4483:2012-03-17 at the 4464:2011-12-27 at the 4445:2011-09-25 at the 4426:2011-09-25 at the 4377:on August 25, 2012 3959:The New York Times 3501:www.classiccmp.org 3471:"Apple II History" 3374:. CRC Press, 2004. 2574:Mobile workstation 2522:Electronics portal 2480:Computer recycling 2243: 2099:. You can help by 2000:operating system. 1894: 1876: 1822: 1818:LibreOffice Writer 1682:optical disc drive 1643: 1632:External hard disk 1514:operating system. 1401:, and low-voltage 1354: 1315: 1267: 1223:Notebook computers 1197: 1120:portable computers 1116: 1113:portable computers 1046:Keyboard computers 936: 894:local area network 884: 782:, was unveiled by 732: 713: 711:, released in 1981 667: 594: 559:, and Microsoft's 409:video conferencing 330:integrated circuit 276:British newspaper 268: 249: 108:Digital Revolution 48: 6128: 6127: 6077:Rugged smartphone 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5663:Small form factor 5489:Interactive kiosk 5200:on April 17, 2009 4871:on April 19, 2013 4699:(Press release). 4621:Los Angeles Times 4352:978-1-4503-9157-3 4232:GamesIndustry.biz 4165:978-1-6270-5627-4 4102:978-0-7923-8425-0 3961:, April 1, 2009, 3794:978-0-442-27679-9 3680:"Computing Japan" 3532:. 8 August 2013. 3436:978-0-07-135892-7 3401:978-0-262-53203-7 3171:on 22 August 2008 3150:978-0-387-09765-7 2569:Portable computer 2549:IBM PC–compatible 2536:Technology portal 2491:. To address the 2470:in October 2009. 2440:desktop computers 2424:Microsoft Windows 2354:COVID-19 Pandemic 2252:desktop computers 2193:video game genres 2169:Valve Corporation 2158:Visual Capitalist 2143:League of Legends 2117: 2116: 2054:application suite 2013:computer market. 1978:Microsoft Windows 1934:software industry 1930:user-friendliness 1850:computer hardware 1846:operating systems 1808:Computer software 1678:solid-state drive 1646:Computer hardware 1099:Luggable computer 971:multiple monitors 910:computer graphics 898:operating systems 741:Sinclair Research 739:characters tall. 687:Tandy Radio Shack 683:Tandy Corporation 570:introduced fully 514:portable computer 478:processor with a 472:portable computer 428:computer displays 393:Douglas Engelbart 68:internet browsing 52:personal computer 21:IBM PC compatible 6173: 6156:Office equipment 6117: 6116: 5952:Calculator watch 5935:Activity tracker 5720: 5719: 5544: 5543: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5306:. 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Archived from 4113: 4107: 4106: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4060:"GUI Definition" 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4002: 3996: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3852: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3814:digitalstorm.com 3808:Houghton, Andy. 3805: 3799: 3798: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3756:Angler, Martin. 3753: 3747: 3746: 3742:Information Week 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3716:. Archived from 3709: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3612:. Archived from 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3586:. Archived from 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3559:oldcomputers.net 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3503:. Archived from 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3417:Freiberger, Paul 3413: 3407: 3405: 3381: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198:. Archived from 3192: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894:. Archived from 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2635: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2493:electronic waste 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2437: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2326:tablet computers 2283:emerging markets 2189:operating system 2112: 2109: 2091: 2084: 2058:Microsoft Office 1967:input and output 1946:Operating system 1940:Operating system 1867:A screenshot of 1826:computer program 1787:Game controllers 1778:USB flash drives 1686:computer monitor 1658:desktop computer 1439:operating system 1435:operating system 1399:operating system 1361:tablet computers 1250:desktop computer 1235:ANSI A or ISO A4 1227:TRS-80 Model 100 1078:Raspberry Pi 400 1050:computer monitor 1031:computer display 922:Desktop computer 916:Desktop computer 827:Community Memory 751:(1981), and the 580:cathode ray tube 285: 243:in 1983 (at the 132:operating system 6181: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6151:Home appliances 6131: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6105: 6062:Microcontroller 6052:Embedded system 6040: 6009: 5978: 5921: 5893: 5889:Ultra-mobile PC 5798: 5775: 5701: 5602: 5535: 5439: 5430: 5375:Dissecting a PC 5369:How Stuff Works 5365: 5332: 5330:Further reading 5327: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5182: 5177:Wayback Machine 5160: 5155: 5151: 5130: 5126: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5091: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4891: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4856: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4810:Wayback Machine 4800: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4652:, zdnetasia.com 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4485:Wayback Machine 4476: 4472: 4466:Wayback Machine 4457: 4453: 4447:Wayback Machine 4438: 4434: 4428:Wayback Machine 4419: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4136: 4132: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4089: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4010:Merriam-Webster 4004: 4003: 3999: 3994:Wayback Machine 3985: 3981: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3853: 3849: 3833:Scott Mueller, 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3754: 3750: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3720:on 2 April 2014 3710: 3706: 3693: 3691: 3684:Computing Japan 3678: 3677: 3673: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3617: 3616:on June 6, 2012 3606: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3421:Swaine, Michael 3414: 3410: 3402: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3351: 3308: 3304: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3244:"The Wang 2200" 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2855:CBS Interactive 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2678: 2676: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2599:Gaming computer 2564:Public computer 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2435: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2298:developed world 2235: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2205:adventure games 2173:Electronic Arts 2127: 2119:Main articles: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2097:needs expansion 2082: 2042:word processors 2029:System software 2025: 2019: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1906:Internet faxing 1898:word processing 1842:system software 1838:word processors 1810: 1804: 1750:expansion cards 1725:expansion slots 1698:pointing device 1680:, and often an 1674:hard disk drive 1641: 1612:System software 1560:Expansion cards 1520: 1493: 1485:Main articles: 1483: 1421: 1415: 1383:tablet computer 1379: 1377:Ultra-mobile PC 1373: 1371:Ultra-mobile PC 1342: 1336: 1304: 1302:Tablet computer 1298: 1195:laptop computer 1185: 1179: 1163:Compaq Portable 1156:Commodore SX-64 1132:Xerox NoteTaker 1101: 1095: 1090: 1019:Home theater PC 978:gaming computer 924: 918: 890: 869: 864: 859: 650:, owner of the 568:Hewlett Packard 543:, developed at 405:word processing 366:Federico Faggin 316:computer system 286: 275: 234: 228: 216:Apple Macintosh 204: 64:word processing 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5574:Personal super 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5469:Arcade cabinet 5465: 5463: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5433:Computer sizes 5429: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5364: 5363:External links 5361: 5360: 5359: 5350: 5338:Silicon Valley 5331: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5267: 5236: 5210: 5180: 5149: 5124: 5100: 5078:Kunert, Paul. 5070: 5041: 5008: 4981: 4951: 4920: 4882: 4843: 4813: 4794: 4768: 4743: 4717: 4688: 4662: 4639: 4606: 4574: 4547: 4516: 4489: 4470: 4451: 4432: 4413: 4388: 4358: 4351: 4312: 4288: 4266: 4248: 4219: 4190: 4171: 4164: 4130: 4127:on 2015-04-30. 4108: 4101: 4080: 4051: 4026: 3997: 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Jim Battle. 3234: 3225: 3213: 3196:"IBM Archives" 3182: 3156: 3149: 3131: 3102: 3073: 3044: 3015: 2986: 2977: 2942: 2920:(2015-01-23). 2909: 2872: 2835: 2802: 2768: 2744: 2717: 2688: 2657: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2525: 2509: 2506: 2478:Main article: 2475: 2472: 2442:and $ 689 for 2365: 2362: 2279:Western Europe 2264:Western Europe 2230: 2229: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2181:cross-platform 2115: 2114: 2094: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2066:user interface 2021:Main article: 2018: 2015: 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1660:consists of a 1640: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1580: 1572: 1567: 1564:graphics cards 1557: 1547: 1544:microprocessor 1537: 1531: 1519: 1516: 1504:Psion Series 3 1482: 1479: 1477:Professional. 1432:Windows Mobile 1417:Main article: 1414: 1411: 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1300:Main article: 1297: 1294: 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1126:described the 1097:Main article: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 920:Main article: 917: 914: 908:modeling, and 886:Main article: 881:RISC processor 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 846:World Wide Web 736:home computers 450:Datapoint 2200 378:microcomputers 370:microprocessor 346:Mohamed Atalla 273: 230:Main article: 227: 224: 203: 200: 162:platform from 146:and then with 78:playback, and 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6178: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Smart speaker 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Diskless node 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348:0-201-57032-7 5345: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5226:on 2014-03-12 5225: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5146: 5145:0-313-33863-9 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5120:0-86656-361-X 5117: 5113: 5110: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5060:on 2021-12-30 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4887: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4506:on 2012-01-19 4505: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4343: 4342:10044/1/95775 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4064:www.linfo.org 4061: 4055: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3873: 3871:9780764575556 3867: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3662:IEEE Spectrum 3656: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3590:on 2014-12-14 3589: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526:"Heathkit H8" 3521: 3507:on 2018-05-25 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2817:Computerworld 2813: 2806: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2685: 2675:on 2010-04-20 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2647:(Online). n.d 2646: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2461: 2456:$ 540 and 560 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2426:systems, the 2425: 2420: 2414: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383:price of the 2377: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2239: 2227: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2111: 2108:February 2024 2102: 2098: 2095:This section 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:media players 2047: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:computer game 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1871:, which is a 1870: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733:break out box 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:computer case 1659: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528:exploded view 1524: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:GPS receivers 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035:media servers 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 944:computer case 941: 933: 932:Dell OptiPlex 928: 923: 913: 911: 907: 906:architectural 903: 899: 895: 889: 882: 878: 873: 854: 852: 847: 844:In 1991, the 842: 840: 836: 832: 829:project, but 828: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 802: 801: 796: 791: 788: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 730: 726: 722: 717: 710: 706: 702: 700: 696: 691: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Commodore PET 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:Steve Wozniak 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 620: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 591: 587: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566:Also in 1973 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510: 505: 502:offered only 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466:In 1973, the 464: 462: 458: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328: 324: 323:semiconductor 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 296: 292: 283: 279: 272: 266: 262: 258: 253: 246: 242: 241:Commodore PET 238: 233: 223: 219: 217: 213: 209: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 166:(running the 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 111: 109: 105: 104:home computer 101: 97: 93: 92:minicomputers 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 45: 41: 37: 33: 28: 22: 6084:Single-board 5969:Smartglasses 5912:Programmable 5837:Mobile phone 5690:Blade server 5568: 5529:Microconsole 5524:Home console 5380:How PCs Work 5353: 5335: 5315:. Retrieved 5308:the original 5287: 5283: 5270: 5260:28 September 5258:. Retrieved 5249: 5239: 5228:. Retrieved 5224:the original 5213: 5202:. Retrieved 5198:the original 5183: 5166: 5158: 5157:Nancy Weil, 5152: 5132: 5127: 5108: 5103: 5092:. Retrieved 5083: 5073: 5062:. Retrieved 5058:the original 5053: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5021: 5011: 5001:September 8, 4999:. Retrieved 4984: 4972:. Retrieved 4968:the original 4963: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4938:the original 4933: 4923: 4911:. Retrieved 4900: 4873:. Retrieved 4869:the original 4862: 4834:. Retrieved 4830:the original 4825: 4816: 4797: 4786:. Retrieved 4771: 4760:. Retrieved 4746: 4735:. Retrieved 4720: 4709:. Retrieved 4705:the original 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4673:. CBC News. 4665: 4654:, retrieved 4648: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4619: 4609: 4598:, retrieved 4588: 4566:, retrieved 4562:the original 4556: 4550: 4539:, retrieved 4535:the original 4525: 4519: 4508:, retrieved 4504:the original 4498: 4492: 4473: 4454: 4435: 4416: 4405:. Retrieved 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4375:the original 4322: 4315: 4304:. Retrieved 4300: 4291: 4282: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4240:. Retrieved 4231: 4222: 4211:. Retrieved 4202: 4193: 4184: 4174: 4139: 4133: 4125:the original 4121:ScienceDaily 4120: 4111: 4092: 4072:. Retrieved 4063: 4054: 4043:. Retrieved 4029: 4018:. Retrieved 4009: 4000: 3982: 3973: 3967:, retrieved 3958: 3949: 3939:November 29, 3937:. Retrieved 3922: 3911:. Retrieved 3902: 3892: 3880: 3860: 3850: 3834: 3829: 3819:28 September 3817:. Retrieved 3813: 3803: 3784: 3778: 3768:February 12, 3766:. Retrieved 3762:the original 3751: 3740: 3734: 3722:. Retrieved 3718:the original 3707: 3699: 3692:. Retrieved 3683: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3644:. Retrieved 3629: 3618:. Retrieved 3614:the original 3603: 3592:. Retrieved 3588:the original 3578: 3567:. Retrieved 3558: 3549: 3538:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3509:. Retrieved 3505:the original 3500: 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3465: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3425: 3411: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3366: 3358: 3352:. Retrieved 3319: 3315: 3305: 3295: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3258:November 13, 3256:. Retrieved 3248:Wang2200.org 3247: 3237: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3204:. Retrieved 3200:the original 3173:. Retrieved 3169:the original 3159: 3140: 3134: 3123:. Retrieved 3114: 3105: 3094:. Retrieved 3085: 3076: 3065:. Retrieved 3056: 3047: 3036:. Retrieved 3027: 3018: 3007:. Retrieved 2998: 2989: 2980: 2969:. Retrieved 2957: 2945: 2934:. Retrieved 2925: 2912: 2900:. Retrieved 2896:the original 2885: 2875: 2863:. Retrieved 2848: 2838: 2826:. Retrieved 2815: 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2780: 2771: 2760:. Retrieved 2756: 2747: 2736:. Retrieved 2726: 2720: 2709:. Retrieved 2700: 2691: 2683: 2677:, retrieved 2673:the original 2667: 2660: 2649:. Retrieved 2642: 2633: 2486: 2483: 2421: 2393:Michael Dell 2378: 2367: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2335:Lenovo Group 2315: 2295: 2288: 2276: 2268: 2244: 2220:Market share 2162: 2157: 2151: 2141: 2133: 2128: 2105: 2101:adding to it 2096: 2071: 2053: 2046:spreadsheets 2039: 2026: 2017:Applications 2005:command line 2002: 1975: 1955: 1895: 1823: 1782:Memory cards 1770: 1764:(PCIe), and 1742: 1706: 1666:power supply 1655: 1649:program, or 1644: 1575:Optical disc 1570:Power supply 1494: 1475: 1455:applications 1422: 1409:processors. 1380: 1355: 1316: 1282:optical disc 1274:subnotebooks 1268: 1243: 1225:such as the 1221: 1217: 1198: 1171: 1160: 1144: 1117: 1070:Commodore 64 1044: 1039:home theater 1016: 1001: 990: 975: 965:such as the 956: 952:LCD monitors 937: 891: 877:SPARCstation 851:Web browsers 843: 823: 811:Workstations 809: 805: 798: 792: 789: 773: 757:Commodore 64 733: 692: 668: 648:Paul Terrell 633: 629:Altair BASIC 618: 614:computer bus 595: 565: 538: 527: 507: 465: 457:architecture 440: 417: 382: 362:silicon-gate 334:Robert Noyce 320: 288: 277: 270: 265:Soviet Union 259:produced in 220: 205: 137: 112: 100:time-sharing 55: 51: 49: 5827:Handheld PC 5759:Subnotebook 5737:Convertible 5598:Workstation 5591:Home server 5514:Thin client 5494:Rich client 5354:PC Magazine 4836:January 18, 4826:Gartner.Com 4729:. Reuters. 4656:January 13, 4632:January 13, 4600:January 13, 4568:January 13, 4541:January 13, 4531:Macworld UK 4510:January 13, 4297:"RetroArch" 3856:Gookin, Dan 3845:, pp. 18–21 3694:February 6, 3668:(8): 16–18. 3296:73 Magazine 3221:PC Magazine 2918:Rather, Dan 2409:$ 4 billion 2322:smartphones 2062:LibreOffice 1796:Microphones 1762:PCI Express 1709:motherboard 1670:motherboard 1597:Motherboard 1508:Handheld PC 1496:Palmtop PCs 1491:Handheld PC 1453:. 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