Doctor of Medicine

1638:. Admission is bound to the success and score in the baccalaureate examination. Admission score threshold is very high, based on competition among all applicants throughout the nation. Medical school curriculum consists of six years. The first two years are medical theory (PCEM), containing all basic sciences related to medicine, and the last four years (DCEM) consists of clinical issues related to all medical specialties. During these last four years, the student gets the status of "Externe". The student has to attend at the university hospital every day, rotating around all wards. Every period is followed by a clinical exam regarding the student's knowledge in that particular specialty. After those five years, there are two years on internship, in which the student is a physician but under the supervision of the chief doctor; the student rotates over the major and most essential specialties during period of four months each. After that, student has the choice of either passing the residency national exam or extending his internship for another year, after which he gains the status of family physician. The residency program consists of four to five years in the specialty he qualifies, depending on his score in the national residency examination under the rule of highest score chooses first. Whether the student chooses to be a family doctor or a specialist, he has to write a doctoral thesis, which he will be defending in front of a jury, after which he gains his degree of 244:, medical education begins after high school. No pre-medicine courses or bachelor's degree is required. Eligibility is determined through the rank applicants obtain in the public university entrance exam held every year throughout the country. Entry to medical school is competitive, and only students with the highest ranks are accepted into medical programs. The primary medical degree is completed in 7 years. According to the new medical curriculum (from 2016), during the 12th semester, medical students must complete research on a medical topic and provide a thesis as part of their training. Students have also a one-year compulsory internship which has to be completed in a teaching hospital. Medical graduates are awarded a certificate in general medicine, regarded as "MD" and validated by the "Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan". All physicians are to obtain licensing and a medical council registration number from the "Ministry of Public Health" before they officially begin to practice. They may subsequently specialize in a specific medical field at medical schools offering the necessary qualifications. After graduation, students may complete 2047:

dissertation (thesis). This is also considered a clinical doctorate as the focus is on preparing a super-specialist with adequate clinical as well as research training. After the dissertation is approved and the exit examination (theory and practical) is cleared, the degree awarded is DM (Doctor of Medicine), (PhD Medical). Based on the specific field of training, the degree awarded is DM in Cardiac Anaesthesia, Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Neuroradiology, Critical Care, Pulmonology, Hematology, Medical Oncology, Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatric Critical Care, Pediatric Neurology, Neonatology, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Neuroanaesthesia, etc. For surgical superspecialities the degree awarded is MCh (Magister Chirurgiae), like MCh in Cardio-thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Endocrine Surgery, Neurosurgery, Surgical Gastroenterology, Urology, Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Surgery etc. DM and MCh are the clinical equivalent of a doctorate degree.

1654:, the title of "Tıp Doktoru" (literally "Doctor of Medicine") is awarded upon completion of six years continuous study started with five years university education including three years basic sciences, two years clinical courses followed by one year of internship in university hospitals. The internal structure and methodology of training vary among universities; however vertical integration between basic and clinical sciences and horizontal integration between disciplines have become more prevalent approaches as well as student oriented practices. Regardless of the university, the whole program is equivalent to a combined degree of bachelors and masters, thus every students graduates with a master's degree. The graduates, becoming Doctors of Medicine, are eligible to practice general medicine through state assigned slots, start residency training through a state exam called "TUS"(short for "Tıpta Uzmanlık Sınavı"), or apply for a PhD program in a relevant field. 2454:

After that the students begins studying preclinical medicine for three years studying anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, histology, embryology, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology and other minor courses of public health then at 4th year students join the clinical rotation ranging from physical examination and history taking to different specialities like internal medicine, surgery, paediatrics, and obstetrics and gynaecology for two years, and other minor specialities like psychiatry, ophthalmology, dermatology, ENT. After finishing these courses students take a qualification exam and become intern doctors for one year, before graduating as a general practitioner and serving two or more years in primary hospitals. They can then take a national residency exam, and pending good results, join their speciality.

2148:) awarded upon submission of a portfolio of published work representing a substantial contribution to medical research. Many universities have now changed its status, but this has happened only recently: for example, the University of Cambridge in 2012 introduced a new higher degree of MedScD (more akin to the ScD degree) awarded on the basis of a career's contribution to the science or art of medicine, while redesignating the MD as an initial research doctorate awarded on the basis of a thesis. Oxford, which had changed the regulations for the MD degree to bring it more in line with initial doctorates in 2002, removed its status as a higher doctorate after a review in 2016. Some Commonwealth institutions retain the MD as a higher degree, such as the relatively new 1146:, a major reform instituted in 1999 to align University programmes with the more universal system of undergraduate (bachelor's degree) and postgraduate studies (master's and doctoral degrees) and as such the degree of 'Dottore in Medicina e Chirurgia' is no longer offered and was replaced with the 'Laurea Magistrale in Medicina e Chirurgia' (Master of Medicine and Surgery). In this context, the new Laurea Magistrale a ciclo unico in Medicina e Chirurgia is a six-year second cycle degree, equivalent to a master's degree (360 ECTS credits) which can be earned in a six-year programme and requires a scientific research thesis. Consequently, the new medical degrees in Italy is considered to be equivalent to a Medical Doctor or Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) 94: 354:) can be started; without this training, working with patients is forbidden. There is no central placement test for said specialist training, only a board-registered spot as a resident/registrar is needed. As with all other studies in Austria, there is no tuition but compulsory students' insurance (approx €38 per year). A specific entrance exam (MedAT, Medizin-Aufnahmetest, medicine acceptance test) has to be taken but is open only once a year in summer; a fee of €110 has to be paid. In 2019, 16443 persons registered for the MedAT and 12960 took the test. 1.680 university places for both medicine and dentistry are offered each year with 95% of all places for 2043:(established in 1912) also awards higher postgraduate qualifications in clinical and pre-clinical specialities, called FCPS (Fellowship of CPS); it involves three years of study and the successful completion of an examination, which includes both theoretical and practical elements, and a research thesis and a viva. The FCPS is representative of speciality clinical training, and equivalent to MD/MS/DNB/PhD Medical in Medical Doctorate in other parts of the world. Until 2007, the Government of India and the Medical Council of India recognised the FCPS qualification – since then, this is being done by State Medical Councils. 2102:

respective field of study is awarded. In community medicine and medical administration, part I examination consists of a theoretical exam while the degree is conferred after completion of a thesis as a PhD. This thesis has to be completed within a period of five years. After successfully defending the academic thesis, the MD degree is conferred to the candidate. The MD degree holder is certified as a board certified specialist by the respective board of study of the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine after he or she undergoes two–four years of local and foreign training depending on the specialty/subspecialty selected.

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comprehensive test. After medical school, newly graduated doctors are under contract to spend a year of internship and two years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for any other residency positions or specialized training. The students will receive Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. However, the degree is equivalent to master's degree in Thailand. Specialty training after the MD degree requires at least four–six years residency program in the training university hospitals and must pass the board examination. Board-certified specialized degree is equivalent to doctorate degree.

599:(National Exam of Medical Knowledge). The title enables the graduate to practice as a General Practitioner, and many of them may follow specialization studies in clinical or non-clinical fields. There is a national program of accreditation, mandatory to every Medicine School. In Chile, physicians receive the courtesy denomination of Doctor followed by their family name, even though in an academic environment the medical title is not accepted as an equivalent to PhDs; regardless, at community and family level, and in day-to-day activities, they are often viewed as "real doctors". 1688:"Magister's Diploma" also of a state standard. After that, the graduate according to the rating division (at the university) is required to undergo a practical internship course (working as a doctor under the supervision of an experienced doctor) with a duration of two to three years, in the corresponding specialty. Successful completion of internship implies that an intern passes an examination on a specialty, including testing and receives a certificate of a specialist physician of the Ministry of Health, which is a formal permission for practical activity. 2087:, the MD degree is a higher postgraduate degree that is awarded by the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine after completion of a postgraduate course, examinations and speciality training. The MD degree in Sri Lanka is representative of specialty training in clinical, para clinical, and preventive medicine (e.g., general medicine, cardiology, nephrology, oncology, para clinical such as microbiology, haematology and preventive such as community medicine). Entry for the MD course is open only for medical graduates holding the MBBS degree (with a duration of 624:

full-time clerkship training. Graduates from such programs are eligible to sit for Medical Doctor License Examination in China providing they are working as resident physicians or surgeons in a hospital. Many of the young doctors do seek further training by entering a three-year Master of Medicine (clinical track) program or five-year Doctor of Medicine (clinical track). Some take a job/promotion after the three-year program and work for a number of years and then take on another three years of training to get the ultimate Doctor of Medicine degree.

2178:. After the bachelor courses, students are allowed to enter the 'master in medicine' courses, which consist of three years of theoretical and clinical study. In general, the first two master years are theoretical and teach the students human pathology, diseases and pharmacology. The third year consists of internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics. The seventh, final year serves as a kind of 'pre-specialization' year in which the students are specifically trained in the specialty they wish to pursue after medical school. 636:, the title of "doktor medicine" (abbreviated "dr. med.") is awarded to candidates who successfully completed six years of study in medicine and defended their graduate thesis (student's original research in clinical / preclinical medicine or life sciences). The title is legally awarded only upon the successful thesis exam (thesis defence) in the presence of a board of senior researchers and candidate's research mentor. It is not equivalent to "doktor znanosti" degree ("doctor scientiae", abbreviated "dr.sc."), which is equivalent to PhD. 2349:). When the internship ends, the students are placed in their choice of Medical Specialty, according to their ranking in the aforementioned Exam and the vacancies available for each medical specialty. Only when each student finishes the Medical Internship, will they be allowed to practice medicine without supervision. Entry to the Integrated Masters Program in Medicine is done directly after high school, based on the student's grade – each year there are about 1800 new Medical Students in Portugal, in eight different Medical Schools. 591:, medical education begins after graduating high-school, in public or private universities, which select candidates based on a national entrance exams (former University Selection Test, now in transition to a new selection test). Public universities and private universities cost around US$ 8,000–12,000 a year. In almost every university the career lasts for 7 years, the first two being basic sciences, then three years of preclinical studies, and ending with two years of supervised clinical practice (internship, or 350:, medical studies (medicine or dentistry) take six years full-time. In medicine, the first two years comprise basic fields of medicine such as anatomy, biology, chemistry, physics, physiology, etc., the next three years consist of all medical fields in the narrower sense with frequent bedside training and medical traineeships while the sixth and last year is dedicated solely to working in a clinic. After this, a specific six-year training (e.g. in internal medicine, paediatrics, ENT, pathology) or four year ( 870: 2119:(MBBS, MB, MB BCh BAO, BMBS, MBBChir, or MBChB). This degree typically requires between four and six years of study and clinical training, and is equivalent to the North American MD degree. Due to the UK code for higher education, first degrees in medicine comprise an integrated programme of study and professional practice spanning several levels. These degrees may retain, for historical reasons, "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" and are abbreviated to MBChB, MBBS or BMBS. 697:(MBBCh.), which is obtained after completion of six years of medical education and one year National Compulsory Internship Program. The Degree Doctor of Medicine (MD) is the highest academic medical degree in Egypt. It is a research degree obtained after the primary medical qualification (MBBCh.) and a master's degree in a certain specialty in medicine. It usually requires coursework, clinical training and a thesis. The degree Doctor of Medicine allows for promotion to the level of " 6250: 1736:(D.O.) is an equivalent professional doctoral degree for physicians and surgeons offered by medical schools in the United States. According to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, "the training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of M.D. physicians, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and certification." 2470:

must attend MD rated residency and fellowship programs while DOs can attend either MD programs or Osteopathic (DO) programs. As a result of this, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) are currently transitioning to a single accreditation system for medical residencies in the U.S. The American MD degree is also recognized by most countries in the world, while DO physicians are only licensed to practice the full scope of

6280: 6290: 1909: 1569: 676:, it is known as "Doctor en Medicina" (Doctor in Medicine). In 1511 the Spanish Catholic church founded the first university of the Americas in Santo Domingo present capital of modern-day Dominican Republic and name it Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino (today Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo). In 1630 this university graduated the first medical doctors of the Americas and amongst the graduates some Native Americans included. 2031:

qualification and could be done under supervision of a guide who is DM qualified from India (rather than PhD) and usually does not involve direct clinical work or teaching of scholars of that specialty. Scope for PhD in medical subjects is very limited in India as all faculty appointments mostly (except for some pre-clinical subjects) require a person to hold MD/MS in their respective specialties rather than a PhD.

6270: 2392:) to be fully qualified as the Swedish equivalent to Medical Doctor (MD). This internship consists of surgery (3–6 months), internal medicine (3–6 months), psychiatry (three months) and family medicine (six months). Upon receiving a license to practice, a physician is able to apply for a post to start specialist training. There are currently 52 recognised medical specialties in Sweden. The specialist training ( 4146: 6260: 409:

they'll be taught chemistry, Physics and Biology. Students who obtained extremely good grades at the end of this course are cherry picked to further their studies at the School of Medicine (A faculty of the university) if they wish to pursue a medical career. Standards are very high and admittance is strict with only about 50 students out of three to five thousand being able to qualify for medical studies.

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Physiology, Pharmacology, Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology, Psychiatry, Microbiology, results in the award of the MD (Doctor of Medicine) degree. Whereas in a pre-clinical or clinical subject of a surgical nature (e.g. Anatomy, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Ophthalmology), the candidate gets a MS (Master of Surgery) degree, these are specialist or Post Graduate doctors.

2185:, the basic medical degree is the MBBS. After completing the intermediate level of education (12 years) the candidate must undergo 5 years of medical training in any medical college to achieve the MBBS degree. After obtaining the degree, the candidate needs to undergo one year of internship to obtain BMDC (Bangladesh medical and dental council) accreditation in order to practice in the country. 1748:(USMLE) Step 1 and the clinical knowledge Step 2 exam. As of 2020, the requirement of the Clinical Skills portion of the Step 2 exam was removed. The MD degree is typically earned in four years and is a professional doctoral degree. Following the awarding of the MD, physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year (PGY-1) and pass the 2258:, there are medical high schools. Students from elementary school can choose to attend the medical high school, which lasts three years. When they finish the three years of medical high school, they practice for 4 months. After that, they can be a nurse or they can go to medical facilities in Pristina, with the education there taking around six years, including practice, to become a doctor. 2199:, the medicine faculties of the universities awards the title of "Medico Cirujano" after taking 12 semesters of studies on "all clinic and surgery discipline a two semester on internship. After receiving the degree there is a mandatory year "obliged social work" were the doctors practice as GP in the countryside. Residency programs last between three–four years depends on the specialty. 371:. although they have to write a diploma thesis of approx. 50–100 pages. In former days the same title was connected to an official doctorate degree in connection with an older study regulation. The law has been changed in 2002. Some of which are published in peer-reviewed journals while others are not. A post-graduate research doctorate (Dr. scient. med., Dr. scientiae medicinae, or 4143: 1503:, the title of "doktor medicine" (abbreviated "dr. med.") is awarded upon completion of six years of study at one of the two Slovenian Faculties of Medicine ("medicinska fakulteta") in Ljubljana or Maribor. Studying at these faculties is only possible if the student has finished a gymnasium/grammar school ("gimnazija") with a general diploma called "splošna matura". 1869:

specialized hospital in order to earn the degree. During these years, there is training at the hospital almost exclusively. Very few theoretical courses are meant to balance the training. Once completed they earn a university degree and a title granted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela as "Medical Surgeon" this is considered equivalent to a M.D degree.

379:(especially in rural areas and small villages, and by older people), and they are often viewed as the "real doctors". Among themselves, MDs do not use "doctor" as an appellation but just "Herr Kollege/Frau Kollegin" (Mr./Ms/Mrs. = "dear" colleague). Consistent use of "Doktor" when addressing another medical doctor is seen as confrontative and mockery. 1260:

commission through completion of internship and examinations will grant the privilege of practicing medicine in the Philippines. Moreover, the licensed Physician has the option to proceed for medical specialization and the taking of diplomate board examinations conducted by the respective board of medical specialists in a particular field.

2364:, medical education begins with a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate university program including the successful completion of examinations, which includes both theoretical and practical elements. Depending upon university, a research thesis must also be completed during this time. This leads to the degree "Master of Science in Medicine" ( 992:" (dr.) is awarded after 3.5–4 years of pre-clinical study (bachelor's of medicine) and 1.5–2 years of clinical study in a university hospital (medical doctor profession program). After a medical student finishes at least five years of the programs, they need to take the "Students' Proficiency Test in the Professional Medical Program" ( 1107:

University Sackler Faculty of Medicine offered 4-year MD programs for American students who have American college degrees and have taken the MCAT interested in completing rigorous medical education in Israel before returning to the US or Canada, but have discontinued those programs to free up resources to train more Israeli doctors.

1094:, which has a four-year program similar to the US system. However, as of 2009, Tel Aviv University has introduced a four-year program similar to the US system for students with a bachelor's degree in certain biological sciences. The entrance requirements of the various schools of medicine are very strict. Israeli students require a 446:), equivalent to Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). This degree does not allow graduates to work independently as a physician, but it is possible for those who wish to continue to master's degrees in other fields relating to medical sciences such as public health, epidemiology, biomedical science, and nutrition. 648:, the title of "Doctor en Medicina" (Doctor of Medicine) is awarded upon completion of six years of study at a University of Medical Sciences after high school. Medicine was one of the four foundational careers of the first Cuban university named Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Jeronimo de La Habana (current 1980:, BHMS, BSMS etc.) The MS or MD degree is a postgraduate degree, representative of speciality training. The equivalent training in the US or Canada would be the completion of a medical (post-graduate) degree. Eligibility for the MS or MD course is restricted to medical graduates holding the MBBS degree. 2457:

In West Africa, the West African College of Physicians and the West African College of Surgeons award the Fellowship of the West African College of Physicians (FWACP) and the Fellowship of the West African College of Surgeons (FWACS) in medical and surgical disciplines respectively after a minimum of

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students first finish high school then take a university entrance exam then based on their result (it is highly competitive) then start medical school. Recently, there is a further requirement to take another one year in university studying a common course and then take another exam to join medicine.

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years of study and the successful completion of an examination, the candidate receives a Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree. A further 3-year course which includes both theoretical and practical elements, in a pre-clinical or clinical subject of a non-surgical nature such as

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After graduation, recently graduated doctors acquire the right to use Dr. before their names but still must follow a one-year exercise in the countryside or a two years training in a specialized hospital. So that, They can be enabled to practice medicine with a full license in Venezuela and the right

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The fourth-year medical students enter the field starting to visit hospitals and healthcare services. This is called Pre-Clinical Cycle were they acquire deep knowledge about clinical examination visiting specialized units such as Internal Medicine, Trauma and orthopedics, surgery, and gynecology and

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After undergraduate studies, the students pursue residency termed Master of Medicine for 3, 4, or 5 years, depending on the specialty they are interested in. After that, the students are awarded a Master of Medicine degree, after which they can further go on to do superspecialities for two more years

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ruled in 2010 that a medical doctorate alone is not considered equivalent to a PhD research degree for the purpose of selection for ERC Starting Grants, requiring additional evidence (e.g., proof of an appointment that requires doctoral equivalency, such as a post-doctoral fellowship) for the overall

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In Ecuador, medical school begins after graduating high-school. There are two options; applying to public or private universities. Both private and public university select their candidates based on entrance exams. Public universities are free while private universities cost around US$ 6,000–12,000 a

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The National Board of Examinations also awards the DNB degree for six year integrated surgical courses in specialties of Neurosurgery, Cardio-thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Pediatric Surgery and Plastic surgery. The residency period lasts six years post MBBS and thus alleviates the need to undergo a

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After graduating from high school in Venezuela students can apply for federal appointment to a six-year medical program within a university. Only Public Universities offer this degree in Venezuela. Any student can apply for federal appointment by Ministry of Higher Education. So that, the student is

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Admission to medical school in the United States is highly competitive, and in the United States there were 21,869 matriculants to medical school out of 53,371 applicants (≈41%) in 2019. While some medical school admission policies do not require students to complete a four-year undergraduate degree

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The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs. As a result, various Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD

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The MD specification: Before the civil wars in Afghanistan, medical education used to be taught by foreign professors or Afghan professors who studied medical education abroad. The Kabul medical institute certified the students as "Master of Medicine". After the civil wars, medical education changed

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degree allows the same practice rights in the United States and Canada to the MD degree and Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine are fully licensed physicians. Holders of the MD degree must pass MD level board exams while DO holders can pass either the DO (COMLEX) exam or MD exam (USMLE). Similarly, MDs

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Following DM or MCh, one can also go for postdoctoral fellowship programs of one-year duration in specific subspecialties like Cardiac Electrophysiology, Invasive cardiology, Pediatric cardiology, Epilepsy, stroke, electroencephalography, movement disorders, neuromuscular disorders, cerebrovascular

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The fifth and sixth years are very similar but this time they applied their previously earned clinical knowledge and skills starting to follow patients independently. At the end of the sixth year, they need to pass a highly supervised medical practice examination in an unserved outpatient center or

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have identical titles. On the other hand, the colloquial (not official terminology) Doctor of Medicine means that a Physician with a higher education successfully defended his thesis, after a two-year postgraduate course and corresponding term of research (Candidate of Medical Sciences before 2015,

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The medical educations in South Korea (Republic of Korea) are six or four years in duration, six-year courses starting right after high schools, and four-year course starting after four-year's university education (to start the four-year course, the student needs a bachelor's degree). The first two

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Admission to the medical schools is based on entrance examination that can be undergone once a year. The program is a six-year program in general medicine with a strictly preclinical and clinical division. The preclinical years are the two first, and are purely theoretical. They consist of subjects

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private and public Medical School by the Association of Philippine Medical Colleges and the Commission on Higher Education. The MD degree does not permit the practice of medicine but qualifies the degree-holder to apply for registration to the Professional Regulatory Commission. Registration to the

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being held every year throughout the country. The entry to medical school is competitive and only students with the highest rank are accepted into medical program. The primary medical degree is completed in 7–7.5 years. On the final years (last 1–2 years) medical students need to do a research on a

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upon graduation. The degree is academically equivalent to a master's degree. After that, one can work either as a general practitioner or enter a residency program to become a specialized doctor. Residency usually lasts, depending on the field, three to five years, with surgical residencies usually

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In Canada, the M.D. is the degree required to practise medicine. Similar to the United States, students in Canada from English-speaking provinces must complete four years of a bachelor's degree, then write the MCAT at which point they move into the typical four year medical school curriculum. As a

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The title of "Doktor" is granted to physicians (Dr. med. univ., Doctor medicinae universae, Dr. der gesamten Heilkunde = Dr. "of the entire art of healing") and dentists (Dr. med. dent., Doctor medicinae dentinae), who do not possess doctorate degrees, but Master's level 6 year-training, similar to

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University medical education in England culminated with the MB qualification, and in Scotland the M.D., until in the mid-19th century the public bodies who regulated medical practice at the time required practitioners in Scotland as well as England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor

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degree which requires completion of novel research, a written dissertation of that research which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer reviewed journal, and an examination or defense of that dissertation) Although MDs are eligible to compete for and attain federal research grants in the

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offer the eight-year Doctor of Medicine program. In the meantime, the majority of primary medical training comes in the form of a 5-year Bachelor of Medicine degree, which includes 4 years of basic science, biomedical science and clinical science training (with short-term clerkship) and 1 years of

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years), and training is obtained in medical disciplines that are non-surgical in nature (e.g., internal medicine, radiology, pathology, etc.) After three or four years of study and the successful completion of an examination with written as well as cases and via examinations, the MD degree in the

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Ukrainian medical universities offer a six-year curriculum, which should end with the passing of the State Complex Examination. The graduate receives the Diploma of the State Standard with the title "Specialist Diploma", which specifies a specialty and qualification (for example, "Physician"), or

1491:, etc. In the sixth and final year, the student must pass four final state examinations and defend a self-composed thesis in order to graduate with a professional doctorate granting them the title of MUDr. for practicing in Slovakia or the Czech Republic or MD when practicing outside of Slovakia. 453:

General Practitioner's (GP) course of eight years (BMedSc plus a two-year internship). Clinical rotation during the internship is modulated within four main disciplines (general medicine, surgery, gynecology, and pediatrics). The medical certification awarded is Diploma of Doctor of Medicine (MD,

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In Belgium, the medical degree awarded after six years of study is called "Docteur en Médecine" in the French-speaking part of the country and "Master in de geneeskunde" in Flanders. Physicians would then have to register with the Ordre des Médecins to practice medicine in the country. Physicians

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years of medical school followed by one year of clinical internship. Most medical schools also offer postgraduate M.D and M.S. degrees, which requires three years of further training. Post-doctorate D.M. and M.Ch. terminal degrees are awarded by a few elite institutions after three more years of

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There is also a five years program the "Médico Integral Comunitario" title and degree granted by newly created universities and headed by Cuban nationals from the Cuba – Venezuela cooperation agreements. This program has been subject of controversy in the country over the legitimacy of the Cuban

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In the Philippines, the MD is a first professional degree in medicine. To be accepted in Philippine medical schools, one must have finished a college degree before one can proceed to have a medical education. It is attained by either completing a 4-year degree or a 5-year degree (with internship

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At the end of the sixth year, they need to pass a national ranking exam, which will determine their specialty. The first student gets to choose first, then the second, etcetera. Usually, students work hard during the fifth and sixth years in order to train properly for the national ranking exam.

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In Botswana, the seven-year medical studies only begin after the completion of senior secondary education and obtaining enough points to qualify for admittance to the University of Botswana. Students pursuing science based or STEM careers i.e. medicine are admitted to a two-year Bsc course where

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doctorate or applied clinical degree restricted to those who already hold a professional degree (Bachelor's/Master's/Doctoral) in medicine. In those countries, the equivalent professional degree to the North American, and some others' usage of M.D. is still typically titled Bachelor of Medicine,

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the awarded degree in most of the medical schools is, Bachelor of Medicine and Basic Surgery (MBBS). In schools that are based on the English system of medical teaching, the degree is granted after six years of studying. As for the schools that are adopting the American system, they grant their

2341:, to practice medicine, a master's degree in medicine (awarded after a six-year Integrated master's program in medicine) is mandatory. Before the 2007 Bologna Process, the same course was only a Licentiate Degree. After the six-year program, students must go through the National Seriation Exam ( 2136:

In order to be eligible to apply for an MD degree from a UK or Commonwealth University one must hold either a "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" (MBBS, MBChB, BMBS for example) degree, or an equivalent U.S.-MD degree and must usually have at least five years of postgraduate experience.

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In Bhutan, a medical doctor who completes four to five years of medical school is awarded with MBBS or Dr.title by their respective universities ( usually from universities in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and Bangladesh). Upon recognition by Bhutan Health and Medical council, they work as medical

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The second year is mainly theoretical, although most teaching sessions take place in laboratories. After completing these years the student knows how the human body is and how it works. There is also a Medical Exercise demonstration which includes a guided visit to primary care centers during a

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Here, the students specialise, and choose which medical careers they're going for. After doing so, students are placed in their respective classes; learning, studying and practicing their choice of medicine. Furthermore, it is in this school that they pursue an MBBS degree (Bachelor of Medicine

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The Doctor of Medicine awarded by Medical Universities in India and regulated by Medical Council of India are doctorate level qualification incorporating high level specialist clinical training, research and teaching. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in medical subjects is a research doctorate level

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personality tests. Approximately 30% of applicants pass the Mor and Mirkam tests and are accepted into medical school. The demand for medical education is strong and growing, and there is a lack of doctors in Israel. In the past, the Technion Medical School, Ben Gurion University, and Tel Aviv

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MBBS is the undergraduate degree. The MD is a higher doctorate, awarded by medical universities based on successful completion of a residency program of four to six years' duration in a university hospital. Many universities are offering MD. Parallel to MD, MS is a higher doctorate awarded on

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or MCh (Master of Chirurgae), which is considered a PhD. equivalent, and those doctors are known as superspecialists, the exam involves preparing a thesis and defending it. Basically, MD is needed for entrance to DM courses, it is a non-surgical branch. For MCh, the requirement is MS, it is a

595:) both at hospitals and ambulatory centers. Upon graduation, students obtain the professional title "Médico Cirujano", equivalent to Doctor of Medicine (MD). After graduation, in order to practise medicine in public establishments of primary or hospital care, every new physician must take the 2046:

After obtaining the first postgraduate degree, that is MD/MS/FCPS/DNB/PhD Medical, one can go for further specialisation in medical or surgical fields. This involves a highly competitive entrance examination. This course has three years of additional training and requires the submission of a

378:

All doctors may be addressed as "Doktor ______", and the title is usually contracted to "Dr. ______". In many everyday-day settings in Austria, also outside the clinic, it is common to address medical doctors solely as "Herr/Frau Doktor" (Mr./Ms./Mrs. doctor) without any specific family name

1554:

The Thai medical education follows the six-year European system, consisting of one year in basic-science, two years in pre-clinical training, and three years for clinical training. Upon graduation, all medical students must pass national medical licensing examinations and a university-based

1541:

In Tanzania, MD is the first awarded degree and takes five years of medical school, plus a sixth-year internship, Students are awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD). The famous medical school in the country includes the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), the

799:

status is given beginning in the third year). They work as interns every morning at the hospital plus a few night shifts a month and study in the afternoon. Each internship lasts between three and four months and takes place in a different department. Med students get five weeks off a year.

461:

After graduating with BMedSc; any students who wish to enter a 'Residency Training Program', are required to sit for an Residency Entrance Exam. The duration of the programs takes four years after either BMedSc or MD (BMedSc or MD plus four years of specialization). Once the graduates have

814:

are provided with more responsibilities and are required to defend a thesis; however, unlike a PhD thesis, no original research is actually necessary to write an MD thesis. At the conclusion of the thesis defense, French medical students receive a State Diploma of Doctor of Medicine (MD,

416:

In these five years, the first two follow an integrated problem based learning approach. The last three years are clinically structured, providing an opportunity to practice in medical institutions and communities. An equivalent to residencies and internships in the medical western world.

2034:

A second alternate qualification termed DNB (Diplomate of National Board), is considered equivalent to the MD and MS degrees. However, the DNB is not awarded by Medical Universities and thus is not a doctorate level qualification. It can be obtained by passing the exam conducted by the

3137:... Some of them are first-entry programs, others are second-entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor) 2232:

degrees (cand. med.) is awarded after completing a six-year medical programme, to which students apply directly upon finishing secondary school. The programme usually includes a small thesis. However, the cand. med. degree must not be confused with the previous Danish and Norwegian

1044:" of Iran. All physicians will obtain license and medical council registration number from the "Medical Council of Iran" before they officially begin to practice. They may subsequently specialize in a specific medical field at medical schools offering the necessary qualifications. 2137:

Therefore, graduates from the MBBS/MBChB/BMBS degrees do not hold doctorates; however, physicians holding these degrees are referred to as "doctor" as they are fully licensed as medical practitioners. In some commonwealth nations, these interns are designated as "house officers".

2126:

countries, as well as Hong Kong which continues to follow Commonwealth practices, the MD is a postgraduate research degree in medicine. At most universities, this takes the form of a first doctorate, analogous to the Ph.D., awarded upon submission of a thesis and a successful

2169:

medical education, in the first three years, which are theoretical in nature and lead to a university bachelor's degree, general scientific courses are taken such as chemistry, biophysics, physiology, biostatistics, anatomy, virology, etc. To enter the bachelor course in

2417:

in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and at Oxford and MChir at Cambridge). The equivalence of these degrees, but their differing names, prevents the need for surgeons (addressed as Mr. in the UK) having to revert to the title Dr., which they once held as new MBBS graduates.

1740:(see admission criteria at Yale University, Emory University, Cornell University, University of Chicago, and others), the overwhelming majority of incoming medical students in the United States have completed a four-year undergraduate degree. They must also take the 280:

as a major specialty in a particular empiric field, consisting of internships, social services and sporadic research. Only by holding a Medical Title can the postgraduate student apply for the Doctor degree through a doctorate in medicine program approved by the

2155:

In the case where the MD is awarded (either as a first or higher doctorate) for previously published research, the candidate is usually required to be either a graduate or a full-time member of staff, of several years' standing of the university in question.

1178:

In Lithuania, the duration of basic medical education is six years and leads to the Doctor of Medicine degree (Aukštojo mokslo diplomas, nurodantis suteiktą gydytojo kvalifikaciją or M.D.). This degree is considered a Masters of Health Science degree.

1775:. Depending upon the physician's chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the MD. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, two, or more years. 740:, any student can register at a university of medicine (there are about 30 of them throughout the country). Until 2018, at the end of the first year, an internal ranking examination took place at each of these universities in order to implement the 481:) to become either GPs or medical or surgical specialists. Last but importantly, those GPs or MDs have to register their name in the Cambodian Medical Committee (CMC) to receive the license to see patients, and pay for the registration every year. 358:

citizens and 75% for applicants with an Austrian higher education entrance qualification/GCE A-levels. Many Germans who are denied studying in their home country try to study medicine in Austria; hence this quota was introduced and approved by the

4701: 282: 2269:, schools of medicine award the "Título de Médico Cirujano" degree after completing either six or seven years of study. This curriculum includes a rotating internship year and a year of social service providing care to an underserved community. 685:

year. In most universities, the career lasts for six years. After graduating, students obtain a degree of "médico" or "médico cirujano", depending which one is offered by each university. Both degrees are equivalent to doctor of medicine (MD).

3068: 2007:

Clinical (Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, General Medicine, General Surgery, Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology; with speciality rotations such as Orthopaedics, Radiology, Pulmonary Medicine, Psychiatry, Dermatology, Anesthesiology and

1865:

obstetrics. They start to be members of a medical team. Every morning at the hospital, plus one night shift per week, and lectures in the afternoon. Each internship lasts between four and six months and takes place in a different department.

1819:

allowed to register at university and follow a medical program. This a six-year program divided within three cycles. First cycle: Theory and lectures (1–2), second cycle: pre-clinical training (3–4) and third cycle: clinical training (5–6).

420:

After completion of their internships. They graduate and are honoured with an MBBS degree and a medical practitioner license. Those that wish to further their studies can do so in order to pursue PhDs and master's degrees in medicine.

2618: 1280:). Many medical schools in Poland also offer medicine programs in English, which award the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. In contrast, a higher doctoral academic research degree in medicine resembling a PhD is named "dr n. med." or 2551: 1621:

In Tunisia, education is free for all Tunisian citizens and for foreigners who have scholarships. The oldest Medical school is a faculty of the University of Tunis. There are four medicine faculties situated in the major cities of

1672:, by 2018, graduates of the school with completed secondary education that have coped with the relevant exams (in the disciplines designated by these universities) in the nationwide system for assessing graduates' knowledge – EIT ( 1385:, MD degree is awarded upon completion of six years of study at a School of Medicine immediately after high school, after which a six-month residency followed a national exam has to be completed in order to complete the degree. 3035: 1325: 429:

At the end of the six-year medical programs from Bulgarian medical schools, medical students are awarded the academic degree Master/Magister in Medicine and the professional title Physician – Doctor of Medicine (MD / MA ).

145:, an examination of a commission composed of the professors of the university, a one-year apprenticeship with an expert doctor, and a final examination before the commissioners of the Royal Curia and the Provincial Curias. 1880:

They can follow specialized studies which usually last between three or five years depending on specialization and furthermore a Doctorate degree for relevant research and a thesis, which usually take three or more years.

337:

offers a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery (MChD, abbreviated from Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda) which is also a 4-year extended master's degree that qualifies graduates to be medical practitioners or work as surgeons.

1139:, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor et Chirurgiae) is awarded after completion of at least six years of study and clinical training in a university and after the submission of a thesis, that consists of original research. 1170:(ISCED) level is also Level 7. These levels indicate this qualification to be Masters level which is contrary to what North American M.D. is since it is considered a higher standing Bachelor or 1st Professional degree. 198:

In most countries having a Doctor of Medicine degree does not mean that the individual will be allowed to practice medicine. Typically a physician must go through a year of general medical education in a hospital as an

137:(license to practice medicine), by the Schola Medica Salernitana (the only school in the kingdom authorized to award degrees in medicine). This degree was awarded after a curriculum composed of three years of study of 4173: 1542:

University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM - MCHAS), The University of Dodoma- School of Medicine and Dentistry (UDOM) and Catholic University of health and allied sciences (CUHAS)

535:

admit students possessing a DEC directly into the four-year program. This in total means the path to graduation from medical school is one to two years shorter for Quebec students (six or seven as opposed to eight).

787:

The second and third year are usually quite theoretical although the teachings are often accompanied by placements in the field (e.g., internships as nurses or in the emergency room, depending on the university).

1443:. Both the Jessenius School of Medicine and the Faculty of Medicine in Košice have several international students. The Jessenius School of Medicine has almost a thousand international students, most from Norway. 664:, students are awarded the title MUDr. (medicinae universae doctor in Latin) upon successfully passing set of State Examinations after six years of medical school composed of theoretical and clinical training. 2421:

In Ireland, where the basic medical qualification includes a degree in obstetrics, there is a similar higher degree of Master of the Art of Obstetrics (MAO). A Master of Midwifery was formerly examined by the

1975:

The MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery) degree represents the first (undergraduate) level of training required to be licensed as a physician (other degrees in alternative medicine are present like

1436: 1304:

and concludes with a final licensing examination (licența), based on the dissertation of the student's original research. The degree awarded is 'Doctor-Medic' and graduates are entitled to use the title "Dr."

1790:. The grade Doctor of Medical Research for physicians specialized in "research" work has become quite rare since the 1980s with the highly respected Ph.D. being more attractive nationally and globally. The 1110:

Following graduation from the 6-year or 4-year program, all graduates are required to do a 1-year internship to be licensed by the Ministry of Health and practice medicine professionally. Residency takes 4

2298:, medical students receive six years of university education prior to their graduation. Prospective students can apply for medical education directly after finishing the highest level of secondary school, 804:

During these years, actual practice at the hospital and in conjunction with some theoretical courses are meant to balance the training. Such externs' average wage stands between 100 and 300 euros a month.

4697: 4363:

Johnson, JaMuir Michelle. Barriers to Racial Ethnic/minority Participation in Medical Research: A Comparison of Community Defined Barriers and Health Professional Perceptions. Cornell University, 08/2003

2334:. In international communication, Dutch medical graduates may identify themselves as MD. Whilst this title is neither officially awarded nor regulated in the Netherlands, its use is legally permitted. 1292:(dr hab. n. med.). Specialization is valued similarly to a specialization in the English system. It is not a pre-requisite for a "dr n. med." which is an academic, not a professional title in Poland. 3060: 4876: 968: 3061:"Medicine (in English language) / Faculty of Medicine / Master's Programmes / Programmes / Faculty of Medicine / Faculties / The University / Home – Софийски университет "Св. Климент Охридски"" 1191:, there are two types of MDs, one being for a basic medical degree while the other being a doctoral degree, depending on the awarding universities. The basic medical degree MDs (Similar to the 1158:

In Latvia, the duration of basic medical education is six years and leads to the Doctor of Medicine degree (ārsta grāds or M.D.). This degree is done full time and earns you 240 credits or 360

4575: 939:

In India, students join medical school directly after high school, and after 5.5 years i.e. 4.5 years of medical school plus 1 year of compulsory rotatory internship, students are awarded the

3484: 2928: 1040:

medical topic and provide thesis as part of their trainings. Medical graduates are awarded a certificate in general medicine, called "Professional Doctorate in Medicine" validated by the "

400:, the title of "doktor medicine" (abbreviated "dr. med.") is awarded upon completion of six years of study at a Faculty of Medicine ("medicinski fakultet") immediately after high school. 4761: 2133:. The thesis may consist of new research undertaken on a full- or part-time basis, with much less supervision (in the UK) than for a Ph.D., or a portfolio of previously published work. 1276:(physician, medical doctor) or "lek." is granted after completing a six-year medical program (students apply to it directly after graduating high school) and is equivalent to magister ( 1102:

grade over 740, which corresponds to the 99th percentile. Candidates achieving these demanding cognitive requirements are then selected according to their ranking in the Mor and Mirkam

2214:) is a professional doctorate granted upon completion of six years pregraduate Master's study at medical schools. The postgraduate academic research degree in medicine is a PhD degree. 563:

Upon graduation, students enter into a residency phase of training. Prior to obtaining an independent practicing license from a provincial regulatory body, students must complete the

2426:(hence MMSA) but fell into abeyance in the 1960s; in this case, the term Master referred not to a university degree but rather a professional rank that is common among craft guilds. 3024: 2302:; previous undergraduate education is not a precondition for admittance. Medical students receive three years of preclinical training, followed by three years of clinical training ( 4993: 3408: 2520: 6326: 1195:

awarded by other local universities) are awarded by both private and public universities, mostly are trained as an undergraduate 5-year course, however, with the establishment of

496:

practical matter, nearly all successful applicants have completed one or more degrees before admission to a Canadian medical school, although despite this it is, along with other

4955: 4908: 5015: 2902: 195:. These first few North American medical schools that were established were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had been trained in England and Scotland. 4069: 1479:

and so on. From the third year onwards, the study is integrated with practical learning at the faculty's associated teaching hospital, including major multi-year subjects such

1256: 931:

In Hungary, after six years of medical school, which includes a sixth-year internship, students are awarded the degree of 'okleveles orvosdoktor' (Doctor of Medicine) degrees.

971:). In India MD or MS is equivalent to post graduation in medicine or surgery, those doctors are known as specialists. Further clinical and theoretical training leads to the 772:. Passing first year is generally considered very challenging, requiring hard and continuous work. Each student can only try twice. For example, prior to its 2019 merger with 327:

to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature. With the introduction of the Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. The

4382: 2192:, some medical schools award MBBS to foreign students while all medical schools award Bachelor of Medicine to nationals. Some MD degrees are higher academic research degrees. 4722: 2237:

degree, which is a separate degree from the Ph.D. and represents a higher degree of medical research experience. It typically consists of at least 5–6 original publications.

3902: 3679: 1798:, funds M.D.-Ph.D. training programs at many universities. Some M.D.s choose a quasi-research career and receive funding from the NIH as well as other sources such as the 972: 847:"Physician" "Medical Doctor (MD), a European medical degree which is valid throughout the world. Some of the reputed medical universities include Batumi State University, 807:

After taking those ranking exams, students can start as residents in the specialty they have been able to pick. That is the point from which they also start getting paid.

4165: 4551: 2251:, after a six-year study, a medical student acquires his medical degree and the right to use "Δρ.", (Dr.) before his name. This is considered equivalent to the MD title. 3121: 1019:= Pediatrician). A graduate course of medicine is equal to a residency program. It requires candidates to study for four years followed by an internship in a hospital. 1015:

Those who wished to further their study in a specialization can take a graduate course and will be entitled to use "Specialist of ..." after their name (e.g.: Sp.A for

5098: 5069: 1895:

doctor in country. M.D title is usually given to those who completes three to four years of residency for specialised course like surgery, medicine pediatrics, etc.

6563: 3156: 1320: 4513: 3356:"Im Blickpunkt: Promotionen als Indikator für die Leistung von Hochschulen. Auswertung von Daten des Statistischen Bundesamtes und des CHE Rankings 2019/20 – CHE" 6619: 4673: 6588: 3380: 948: 169: 4094: 4018: 2995: 955:

of seats for admission is based on caste, economically weaker section and other quotas. Admission to various specialties or Post-graduate courses require an

2572: 964: 265: 4404: 3935: 3602: 3573: 2039:

after completing three years of post-MBBS residency training in teaching hospitals recognised by the board but not necessarily by the Medical Council. The

923:, Green Heart University, American International School of Medicine, Alexander American University, Lincoln American University provides medicine programs. 172:

in New York (which at the time was referred to as King's College of Medicine) was the first American university to grant the M.D. degree instead of the MB.

6598: 6573: 6319: 4869: 4350: 2680: 717:, with programs in medicine and dentistry. The program in medicine lasts for six years, including a one-year clinical internship, and students are awarded 2960: 438:

After six years of general medical education (a foundation year plus five years), all students will graduate with a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSc,

1861:. Passing successfully first, second, and the third year is commonly considered a filter, almost half of previously admitted students leave voluntarily. 5284: 5246: 5209: 5172: 4777: 1729:

United States and perform research it is contested that MD's are qualified to do research due to their lack of training and experience in that field.

1167: 572: 4579: 1432: 4848: 4787: 3476: 2924: 1822:

First year consists mainly of theoretical classes. however there are practical experiences since first day in laboratories and institutes, such as

564: 6711: 6675: 6583: 6312: 4307:

Vickers AJ. Basic introduction to research: how not to do research. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2008 Spring;6(2):82-5. PMID: 18544288; PMCID: PMC2590769.

4317: 331:

was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).

5460: 2234: 4647: 4279: 1053: 4753: 4626: 4605: 3359: 2651: 2373: 2040: 1786:

and publish in journals during training and after graduation. Combined medical and research training is offered through programs granting an

4624:"Sala Constitucional se negó a pronunciarse sobre ejercicio de médicos cubanos: Gobierno deberá llevar caso Barrio Adentro a otra instancia" 3252: 511:

post-secondary institutions do not grant a bachelor's degree, but instead College Education Diplomas (DECs). Students typically enroll in a

6614: 6465: 2790: 2423: 304: 4457: 1877:

to work as a medical doctor, generally as a general practitioner (Artículo 8). That is the point from which they also start getting paid.

6486: 4985: 4201: 3405: 2876: 2512: 2058:

surgery, skull base surgery, neurocritical care, pediatric cardiac surgery etc. offered by prestigious government institutes and abroad.

1745: 568: 5779: 5145: 4963: 4900: 3097: 2743: 1977: 1401:), and follows the North-American model of styling its first professional degree "Doctor of Medicine" ("MD"), consid. By contrast, the 1245: 5019: 4318:"Facts and Figures. Table 1: Applicants, Matriculants, Enrollment, and Graduates of U.S. Medical Schools, 2011-2012 through 2020-2021" 3986: 2898: 1369:

degree, which may be earned after the Candidate of Medical Sciences (the latter is informally regarded in Russia as equivalent to the

6433: 6424: 6120: 4065: 3704: 2487: 2462: 1032: 694: 596: 65: 4930: 4807: 6558: 4390: 4328: 2299: 1744:(MCAT). Before graduating from a medical school and being awarded the Doctor of Medicine degree, students are required to take the 1717: 1041: 307:(MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the 5106: 4729: 2733:"Crawford DS Montreal, medicine and William Leslie Logie:McGill's first graduate and Canada's medical graduate. 175th.anniversary" 2602: 6721: 6680: 5719: 4432: 3855: 3826: 3797: 3316: 2545: 616: 553:

is the only medical school in Canada that continues to award the M.D., C.M. degrees (abbreviated M.D.C.M.). M.D.C.M. is from the

462:

successfully defended their practical thesis, they are awarded the Diploma of Specialized Doctor (MD with specialization, Khmer:

207:

for at least three years in a specific field of medicine and then take some form of licensing examination in their jurisdiction.

129:. In the titles XLIV-LXXXIX of the third book of the Constitutions of 1231, it was established that the activity of a physician ( 6578: 6335: 4123: 1713: 576: 276:) is equivalent to the North American MD Degree with six years of intensive studies followed by usually three or four years of 4544: 4229: 3948: 3668: 3633: 3118: 2612: 1803: 1663: 864: 550: 192: 4250: 3543: 6019: 5077: 3742: 3513: 1249: 539:

Another exception is the availability of a 3-year medical school curriculum, offered at two medical schools in Canada, the

300: 3767: 2846: 2824: 6354: 3647: 2449:(MMed) degree in both surgical and medical specialty disciplines following a three to six-year period of instruction. In 1930: 1586: 827:) to mark their specialty. Some students may also receive a Diploma of Complementary Specialized Studies (DESC, French: 320: 5048: 3148: 2330:

upon graduation. After graduation, physicians may choose to apply for and complete a research doctorate, earning them a

6568: 6155: 5497: 4520: 1810:

do not include the M.D. or other professional doctorates among the degrees that are equivalent to research doctorates.

1795: 1035:. No pre-med course or BSc degree is required. The eligibility is determined through the rank applicants obtain in the 874: 540: 215: 2702: 388:

would then either have to do a three-year internship to become a general practitioner or up to 6 years to specialize.

4832: 4666: 1956: 1608: 1528: 1163: 188: 4043: 3384: 2244:, the duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Licentiate of Medicine. 1938: 6726: 6593: 4090: 4004: 3907:[Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 125-FZO – "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education"]. 3337: 3003: 2116: 1406: 1319:

Medical universities in Russia offer a six-year curriculum leading to award a professional graduate degree, called

1036: 852: 848: 520: 319:. Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previous 165: 122: 2580: 6497: 5199: 4408: 3954: 3937:

The International Education Guide for the assessment on education from the former USSR and the Russian Federation

3594: 3565: 3425: 1799: 1402: 1211: 449:

Medical graduates, who wish to be fully qualified as physicians or specialists must follow the process as below:

2672: 1533:

In Taiwan, the MD is a first awarded professional degree that goes up and beyond the limits of upper education.

93: 6481: 6455: 6429: 6273: 6145: 5579: 5138: 2466: 2314:), clinical training already begins in the third year of medical school. After six years, students graduate as 2051: 2036: 1934: 1733: 1590: 777: 334: 294: 2949: 3539: 3509: 1791: 1221: 620: 4774: 1008:

holders. Then they need to take a year-long internship course in primary health care clinics (also known as

6553: 6502: 6403: 6125: 5426: 3031: 1721: 1681: 1428: 1000:(dr.) before their name. Note that "dr." is used for medical graduates, while Dr. (or incorrectly DR. i.e. 612: 2400:) has a duration of minimum five years, which upon completion grants formal qualification as a specialist. 323:(AQF) they remained categorized as Level 7 Bachelor's degrees together with other undergraduate programs. 5769: 5195: 4844: 4784: 4000: 3904:Федеральный закон Российской Федерации № 125-ФЗО "О высшем и послевузовском профессиональном образовании" 1807: 1424:'s medical education is offered at four medical schools in the country. Two of them are faculties of the 4144:

7.1.4. Право на заняття медичною і фармацевтичною діяльністю відповідно до спеціальності та кваліфікації

3454: 3181: 2983: 2276:, a MBBS degree is awarded. This is an undergraduate level degree, which is awarded after completion of 532: 6701: 6371: 5749: 1099: 920: 919:, Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree is awarded after the completion of four years or five years of study. 544: 180: 3406:

https://www.felvi.hu/felveteli/szakok_kepzesek/szakleirasok/!Szakleirasok/index.php/szak/78/szakleiras

2811:

Samuel Gregory, MD. (1868) Doctor or Doctress? Boston: Trustees of New England Female Medical College.

6716: 6178: 5131: 4827:

CF Hawkins, "Write the MD Thesis" in "How To Do It" London: British Medical Association 2nd ed. 1985

2768: 2115:

The entry-level first professional degree in these countries for the practice of medicine is that of

1301: 1216: 1206: 903: 497: 110: 3880: 1300:

Romanian medical programs last for six years (including clinical practice), which is the long-cycle

880:

After at least six years of medical school, the students graduate with a final federal medical exam

571:(LMCC) qualification. and complete the specialty certifying exam from their respective college, the 6706: 5970: 5892: 5887: 5807: 5567: 5264: 4644: 4287: 1970: 1919: 996:

or UKMPPD). If they pass the test, they can take the Hippocratic Oath and at then entitled to use

960: 773: 731: 490: 4623: 4602: 3355: 2643: 1012:) or primary hospitals to practice as a general practitioner under supervision of senior doctors. 515:

Science Program such as Health Science, Pure & Applied, or Environmental (latter exclusive to

6654: 5950: 5924: 5191: 3291: 3259: 2123: 1923: 1755:

In order to receive board eligible or board accredited status in a specialty of medicine such as

1579: 1398: 1103: 328: 902:). About 60% of them additionally obtain the academic degree Doctor of Medicine (Dr. med.). The 5542: 5490: 5237: 4486:"Educación médica en América Latina: Venezuela – Medical education in Latin America: Venezuela" 4461: 2782: 2075:

successful completion of four to six years' duration of a residency program in surgical field.

2004:

Para-clinical (Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Forensic Medicine and Community Medicine)

1709: 477:

All medical graduates must complete a 'Thesis Defense' and pass the National Exit Exam (Khmer:

397: 126: 68:(M.B.B.S.) was used: in the 19th century, it became the standard in Scotland too. Thus, in the 4194: 2868: 2478:

in approximately 50 countries, as of 2012, with partial rights in a number of other nations.

947:

course is based on having a minimum qualifying score and the rank in the common entrance test

6386: 6376: 6193: 6079: 6052: 6025: 5977: 5931: 5626: 5298: 2676: 2149: 1772: 1063: 698: 200: 168:

and began granting the M.D. title rather than the MB beginning in the late 18th century. The

149: 3089: 2732: 6381: 6213: 6173: 6040: 5854: 5849: 5829: 5764: 5616: 5412: 5368: 5274: 5260: 5218: 5163: 3978: 3149:"Medicine: Doctor of Medicine (MD) - MD in Medicine - Post-Baccalaureate program in Canada" 2331: 2225: 1858: 1764: 1725: 1370: 1233: 1162:. The level acquired by this degree at the Latvian Qualifications Framework is similar to ( 1005: 952: 649: 523:, after which students complete the four-year curriculum similar to other provinces. Other 516: 351: 245: 204: 161: 17: 4723:"The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" 3712: 791:

During their fourth, fifth and sixth years, medical students get a special status called "

8: 6659: 6393: 6304: 6293: 6235: 6218: 5877: 5594: 5403: 5388: 4934: 2323: 2229: 1779: 1425: 1314: 1135:, before the Bologna process, the degree of "Dottore in Medicina e Chirurgia" (literally 1087: 1075: 1067: 714: 176: 73: 57: 4803: 1199:, it became the first university in Malaysia to provide a 4-year graduate entry course. 823:). Every new doctor must then proceed to a Diploma of Specialised Studies (DES, French: 528: 175:

Early medical schools in North America that granted the Doctor of Medicine degrees were

6359: 6183: 6130: 5919: 5872: 5839: 5834: 5584: 5562: 5330: 5255: 4959: 3229: 3204: 2446: 2311: 1673: 1277: 1196: 1159: 1147: 752:

has since been abolished. First year consists primarily of theoretical classes such as

673: 316: 184: 118: 4436: 3847: 3818: 3789: 3312: 3153:

Graduate Degree Programs - UBC Graduate Studies - PhD and Master programs in BC Canada

1782:

and not a research doctorate (i.e., a Ph.D.), many holders of the M.D. degree conduct

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or Ph.D. after 2015 – until 2020), which is closer to the English system of degrees.

1635: 1480: 1460: 1331: 1112: 1071: 890:. Graduates receive their license to practice medicine and the professional title of 840: 3912: 3477:"Israel ends lucrative American medical training programs to focus on local doctors" 1519:

years in the six-year system is composed of basic sciences and liberal art courses.

6263: 5955: 5940: 5817: 5692: 5648: 5452: 5408: 5325: 5181: 4493: 3224: 3216: 2393: 2385: 2377: 2365: 2141: 1350: 1091: 1083: 811: 375:) can be obtained after a three years post-graduate study at a medical university. 312: 277: 269: 114: 60:. This generally arose because many in 18th-century medical professions trained in 4225: 2326:

after successfully concluding three years of medical university curriculum, and a

1830:

which includes lectures and teaching sessions with cadavers in dissection tables,

6635: 6398: 6283: 6228: 6089: 6074: 6057: 5997: 5992: 5936: 5914: 5611: 5557: 5537: 5447: 5431: 5393: 5378: 5345: 5155: 4791: 4781: 4651: 4630: 4609: 4498: 4485: 4372:

Understanding Medical Research: The Studies That Shaped Medicine. UK, Wiley, 2012

4258: 4150: 3535: 3412: 3125: 2409:

There is also a similar advanced professional degree to the postgraduate MD: the

2319: 1756: 1394: 1226: 1143: 1116: 963:-recognized institute and is based on common entrance tests i.e. INI-CET(PG) and 816: 748: 742: 500:, the Canadian M.D. is considered to be a bachelor's degree-level qualification. 153: 81: 3734: 3505: 6641: 6364: 6115: 6069: 5882: 5812: 5631: 5417: 5373: 5340: 5223: 4603:"Sobre Plan Barrio Adentro: Rangel Avalos reitera desacato a decisión de Corte" 3933: 3763: 2842: 2828: 2203: 2189: 843:, medical universities in Georgia offer a six-year curriculum leading to award 661: 554: 439: 252:

extensively, and the MD certification has been reduced to "Medicine Bachelor".

102: 69: 45: 38: 2925:"Medizinstudium – Medizinstudium: Keine EU-Einwände mehr gegen Quotenregelung" 6695: 6649: 6198: 5987: 5982: 5844: 5784: 5687: 5040: 4698:"Post Graduate Medical Specialization at the Central University of Venezuela" 3643: 3205:"The expansion of 8-year medical training programs in China: A status report" 368: 49: 5123: 5041:"United States Medical Licensing Examination | USMLE Bulletin | Eligibility" 4066:"臺灣大學醫學校區青年大使團: Introduction of the Taiwanese Medical System[中文+英文]" 6507: 6492: 6203: 6188: 6014: 5739: 5589: 5574: 5520: 5335: 3238: 2710: 1850: 1823: 1749: 1468: 1448: 1285: 1120: 884: 757: 737: 4405:"Structure of the U.S. Education System : Research Doctorate Degrees" 3669:"Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada" 3623: 3220: 2110: 1232:

MDs are being awarded as a doctoral degree in public universities such as

6349: 6062: 6007: 5904: 5759: 5734: 5552: 5398: 4775:

https://www.gs.cuhk.edu.hk/page/regulationsforthedegreeofdoctorofmedicine

4039: 3132:. Canada: Council of Ministers of Education. Retrieved 29 November 2022. 2492: 2430: 2295: 1512: 1358: 869: 241: 4115: 3341: 3130:

Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada

2604:

The Concept of Woman: The Aristotelian Revolution, 750 B.C. – A. D. 1250

133:) could only be carried out by physicians holding a medical degree, the 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6460: 6150: 6035: 6002: 5774: 5724: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5682: 5672: 2182: 1839: 1768: 1593: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1488: 1476: 1456: 753: 4785:

https://www.obg.cuhk.edu.hk/training-and-education/medicine-doctor-md/

3429: 2050:

A third alternate qualification is DNB (superspecialties), offered by

1763:, physicians undergo additional specialized training in the form of a 48:, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the 6223: 5965: 5960: 5824: 5802: 5677: 5641: 5293: 3426:"About | Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar-Ilan University" 2129: 2084: 1854: 1835: 1684:) based on the rating – may be admitted to the Medical Universities. 1472: 1366: 1284:(Doctor of Medical Sciences), or even higher scientific degree after 1009: 985: 943:(Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) degree. Admission to 891: 769: 261: 77: 4032: 3625:

International standard classification of education : ISCED 2011

2054:, like DNB in Cardiology, Neurology, Cardiac Surgery, Neurosurgery. 1908: 1568: 1440: 519:) which lead into the Med-P qualifying year at Mcgill University or 5729: 5506: 2471: 2438: 2338: 2207: 2196: 2171: 2071: 1783: 1500: 1452: 1421: 1188: 1059: 780:

welcomed about 2,000 students in the first year and only 300 after

164:). North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the 142: 61: 4331:(AAMC). 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 2767:"The Medical Profession: What Women Have Done in it". No. 1. 1202:

Examples of universities in Malaysia offering the M.D degree are:

1058:

There are six university medical schools in Israel, including the

6208: 5668: 5636: 5529: 2475: 2241: 2218: 2166: 1827: 1669: 1484: 1464: 1335: 956: 944: 761: 710: 633: 347: 303:

have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of

4931:"Courses and Programs – The University of Queensland, Australia" 2174:, prospective students have to pass an exam, as a result of the 64:, which used the M.D. degree nomenclature. In England, however, 5383: 5350: 5269: 4427: 4425: 3999: 3203:

Wang, Z.; Yin, Z.; Wei, Y. B.; Liu, L. F.; Yang, J. R. (2015).

2442: 2361: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2222: 1787: 1708:

In the United States, the M.D. awarded by medical schools is a

1651: 1631: 1382: 1269: 1095: 916: 765: 524: 504: 283:

National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation

219: 98: 1439:

while the fourth one is the Pavol Josef Šafarik University in

152:'s first medical graduate, Samuel Benion, was issued with the 4003:(2007). "Список сокращений" [List of abbreviations]. 3450: 3177: 2709:. Columbia University in the City of New York. Archived from 2434: 2353: 2273: 1846:

complete semester or year-round depending on the university.

1623: 1132: 1079: 608: 588: 508: 138: 4422: 795:" (In some universities, such as Pierre et Marie Curie, the 5475: 4804:"Doctor of Medicine (MD), University of Otago, New Zealand" 4758:

The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine

3628:. Montreal, Quebec: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2012. 2266: 1741: 1627: 1192: 1028: 940: 645: 6334: 2414: 2145: 503:

The notable exception is the French-speaking province of

372: 308: 6564:

American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine

3934:

International Qualifications Assessment Service (2016).

3876: 3381:"ERC policy on PHD and equivalent doctoral degrees 2016" 2376:

requires a minimum of 18 months of clinical internship (

2159: 1767:. Those who wish to further specialize in areas such as 4433:"Planification Office of Higher Education in Venezuela" 4383:"Structure of US Education: First-professional studies" 2140:

Traditionally, the MD in the UK and Commonwealth was a

2111:

United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries

1873:

doctors' licensure for teaching and practice medicine.

360: 355: 6589:

Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education

3283: 2404: 1849:

During the third year medical students start studying

967:. They are awarded corresponding degrees of MD or MS ( 170:

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

4458:"Book of University Study Opportunities in Venezuela" 6599:

Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates

6574:

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education

3178:"Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC)" 2001:

Pre-clinical (Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry)

1435:,and there is a second medical school in Bratislava 560:

meaning "Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery".

4251:"Physician Education, Licensure, and Certification" 4091:"Вищі навчальні медичні заклади України – МЕДФОРУМ" 3979:"Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials" 3678:. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. 2007. 1086:. They all follow the European 6-year model except 4645:"Desacato al amparo acarreará sanciones jurídicas" 2899:"Das war der MedAT 2019 | aufnahmeprüfung.at" 2644:"Le norme sanitarie di Federico II | Stupor Mundi" 2345:), and then a year of General Medical Internship ( 1168:International Standard Classification of Education 855:, Ilia State University and University of Georgia 573:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 3284:"ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი" 2318:(non-specialized physicians). As a result of the 611:, many prestigious research universities such as 117:. The degrees received legal sanction in 1137 by 113:around the year 1000, including to women such as 6693: 4349:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2573:"SALERNITANA, SCUOLA in "Enciclopedia Italiana"" 2322:, medical students in the Netherlands receive a 1884: 565:Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination 6584:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation 2357:students the degree of MBBS in only five years. 994:Uji Kompetensi Mahasiswa Program Profesi Dokter 907:training to be considered equivalent to a PhD. 810:Towards the end of the medical program, French 5461:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 4845:"Reports – Cambridge University Reporter 6248" 4576:"University of Zulia Medical Program Overview" 4460:. Ministry of Higher Education. Archived from 4435:. Ministry of Higher Education. Archived from 4195:"Doctor of Medicine as Professional Doctorate" 4116:"Про подальше удосконалення атестації лікарів" 2041:College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai 109:The first medical degrees were awarded by the 6320: 5491: 5153: 5139: 4480: 4478: 4063: 3202: 2673:"A Significant Medical History: 18th Century" 2547:The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages 1716:(LCME), an independent body sponsored by the 1437:Slovak Medical University in Bratislava (SZU) 829:diplôme d'Etudes spécialisées complémentaires 4389:. US Department of Education. Archived from 3059:Охридски, Софийски Университет Св. Климент. 2845:. University of Melbourne. 15 January 2014. 2424:Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London 2117:Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 1997:years, and training imparted is as follows: 896: 882: 305:Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 76:and other countries, the M.D. is a research 3911:(in Russian). March 1, 2012. Archived from 2607:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 430. 2513:"Medical credentials and degrees explained" 2210:title MUDr. (Medicinae Universae doctor or 1937:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1746:United States Medical Licensing Examination 569:Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada 468: 210:A feminine form, "Doctress of Medicine" or 6676:Issues in higher education inside the U.S. 6327: 6313: 5780:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 5498: 5484: 5146: 5132: 4475: 1515:, there is a Medical Doctor (MD) license. 1246:List of medical schools in the Philippines 1166:) level which is at is Level 7 and at the 885:(Dritter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung) 558:Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum 105:to obtain his doctorate of medicine (1843) 6121:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 4497: 4068:. Ntumc-studentambassadors.blogspot.com. 3993: 3451:"Home | Sackler Faculty of Medicine" 3338:"About Us | Tbilisi Medical Academy" 3253:"University and degree systems in France" 3228: 2996:"Doktoratsstudium Medizin - Med Uni Wien" 2819: 2817: 2488:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 2062:three-year residency in General Surgery. 1957:Learn how and when to remove this message 1609:Learn how and when to remove this message 1397:has a medical school based in Singapore ( 1340:Diploma of Physician (Doctor of Medicine) 736:After graduating from high school with a 391: 66:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6559:Association of American Medical Colleges 5016:"License to practice medicine in Sweden" 4986:"Titulatuur artsen vol onduidelijkheden" 4907:. James Cook University. 26 March 2018. 4870:"Report of the review of higher degrees" 4329:Association of American Medical Colleges 3595:"LQF , Latvian qualifications framework" 3119:Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework 3090:"Admission Overview of the M.D. program" 2875:. ANU College of Health & Medicine. 2543: 2310:) in hospitals. At one medical faculty ( 1718:Association of American Medical Colleges 1074:in Jerusalem, the medical school of the 1042:Ministry of Health and Medical Education 868: 693:In Egypt, the primary medical degree is 92: 4821: 1771:or infectious diseases then complete a 969:Doctor of Medicine or Master of Surgery 617:Peking University Health Science Center 363:as most of them leave upon graduation. 230: 14: 6712:Professional titles and certifications 6694: 6579:Liaison Committee on Medical Education 6336:Medical education in the United States 4120:Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України 2814: 2793:from the original on November 20, 2018 1714:Liaison Committee on Medical Education 577:College of Family Physicians of Canada 444:បរិញ្ញាប័ត្រ វិទ្យាសាស្រ្តវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ 6308: 5479: 5127: 5070:"The Single GME Accreditation System" 4578:. University of Zulia. Archived from 4519:. University of Zulia. Archived from 4280:"NRMP: Residency Match: U.S. Seniors" 3474: 2879:from the original on 18 February 2024 2600: 2458:four-year residency training period. 2384:) before granting a medical license ( 2160:Equivalent degrees in other countries 1804:United States Department of Education 821:diplôme d'Etat de docteur en médecine 667: 551:McGill University Faculty of Medicine 479:ប្រឡងចេញថ្នាក់ជាតិក្នុងវិស័យសុខាភិបាល 458:) – equivalent to a master's degree . 413:Bachelor of Surgery) for five years. 6259: 6020:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 5018:. Socialstyrelsen.se. Archived from 4387:US Network for Education Information 4272: 3927: 3756: 3428:. Medicine.biu.ac.il. Archived from 3184:from the original on 7 February 2019 3058: 2835: 2783:"New England Female Medical College" 2683:from the original on 8 February 2022 2638: 2636: 2539: 2537: 2374:National Board of Health and Welfare 1935:adding citations to reliable sources 1902: 1591:adding citations to reliable sources 1562: 1250:Medical education in the Philippines 713:, there is only one university, The 6269: 4700:. Central University of Venezuela. 4667:"Medical Exercise Law in Venezuela" 4040:"Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore" 3340:. February 19, 2014. Archived from 2405:Other postgraduate clinical degrees 2105: 1290:doktor habilitowany nauk medycznych 746:. This ranking examination and the 701:" in a specific medical specialty. 321:Australian Qualifications Framework 264:, the First Degree of Physician or 24: 6681:Physician shortage inside the U.S. 6569:National Resident Matching Program 6156:Medical Scientist Training Program 3764:"The European Education Directory" 3546:from the original on 20 March 2023 3516:from the original on 20 March 2023 3453:. Sacklermedicine.us. 2013-07-22. 3135:Programs with a professional focus 2905:from the original on 29 March 2020 1842:and many others general subjects. 1796:Medical Scientist Training Program 1664:List of medical schools in Ukraine 1413:as the first professional degree. 875:University Medical Center Freiburg 865:List of medical schools in Germany 541:McMaster University Medical School 473:'Professional Doctorate'). 216:New England Female Medical College 25: 6738: 4996:from the original on 29 July 2021 4911:from the original on 30 July 2020 4064:臺灣大學醫學校區青年大使團 (8 December 2012). 3989:from the original on Nov 8, 2020. 3943:. Canada: Government of Alberta. 2633: 2534: 1529:List of medical schools in Taiwan 1054:List of medical schools in Israel 655: 6594:American Osteopathic Association 6288: 6278: 6268: 6258: 6249: 6248: 4764:from the original on 2022-06-28. 3770:from the original on 5 July 2012 3025:"Study plan for medical faculty" 2984:de:Doktor der Medizin#Österreich 2869:"Doctor of Medicine and Surgery" 2849:from the original on 3 July 2014 2621:from the original on 25 May 2024 2398:ST (Specialiseringstjänstgöring) 1907: 1703: 1567: 1546:and after that do a fellowship. 1407:National University of Singapore 853:Akaki Tsereteli State University 849:Tbilisi State Medical University 695:Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery 456:បណ្ឌិតវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ ឬ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត 166:ancient universities of Scotland 162:MB BS/MBChB/MB BChir/BM BCh etc. 52:, and some other countries, the 6289: 5200:Certificate of Higher Education 5091: 5062: 5051:from the original on 2018-06-27 5033: 5008: 4978: 4948: 4923: 4893: 4882:from the original on 2019-04-11 4862: 4851:from the original on 2018-06-25 4847:. Admin.cam.ac.uk. 2011-12-07. 4837: 4810:from the original on 2018-10-05 4796: 4768: 4746: 4715: 4704:from the original on 2019-02-23 4690: 4679:from the original on 2020-07-29 4659: 4638: 4617: 4596: 4568: 4557:from the original on 2018-12-22 4537: 4506: 4450: 4397: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4310: 4301: 4243: 4232:from the original on 2018-07-13 4226:"Educational System in the USA" 4218: 4207:from the original on 2013-10-19 4187: 4176:from the original on 2021-04-19 4158: 4137: 4126:from the original on 2024-05-25 4108: 4097:from the original on 2018-12-20 4083: 4072:from the original on 2018-11-14 4057: 4046:from the original on 2018-08-10 4021:from the original on 2021-02-27 4001:The Russian Academy of Sciences 3971: 3895: 3883:from the original on 3 May 2021 3877:"AVICENNA Directories: Romania" 3869: 3858:from the original on 2017-09-15 3840: 3829:from the original on 2018-06-16 3811: 3800:from the original on 2018-06-16 3782: 3745:from the original on 2021-06-02 3727: 3697: 3685:from the original on 2010-10-09 3661: 3650:from the original on 2024-05-25 3616: 3605:from the original on 2021-06-02 3587: 3576:from the original on 2021-06-02 3558: 3528: 3498: 3487:from the original on 2023-03-15 3475:Gross, Judah Ari (2022-08-15). 3468: 3457:from the original on 2013-09-09 3443: 3418: 3399: 3383:. 6 August 2015. Archived from 3373: 3362:from the original on 2021-06-14 3348: 3330: 3319:from the original on 2021-06-27 3305: 3294:from the original on 2021-06-28 3276: 3245: 3196: 3170: 3159:from the original on 2023-08-02 3141: 3111: 3100:from the original on 2018-09-10 3082: 3071:from the original on 2018-07-17 3052: 3041:from the original on 2021-04-22 3017: 2988: 2977: 2966:from the original on 2020-05-04 2942: 2931:from the original on 2020-07-30 2917: 2891: 2861: 2805: 2775: 2749:from the original on 2018-11-13 2654:from the original on 2023-01-06 2601:Allen, Prudence (22 May 1997). 2554:from the original on 2024-05-25 2550:. Clarendon Press. p. 83. 2523:from the original on 2021-01-21 1800:Howard Hughes Medical Institute 1640:Docteur d'état en Medecine (MD) 1578:needs additional citations for 1403:Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine 1212:National University of Malaysia 1037:public university entrance exam 6722:Academic degrees in healthcare 6456:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6430:International medical graduate 6146:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 5580:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 4956:"Medicine, Medical licentiate" 2760: 2725: 2695: 2665: 2594: 2565: 2505: 2463:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 2052:National Board of Examinations 2037:National Board of Examinations 1742:Medical College Admission Test 1734:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 1506: 1239: 1137:Doctor in Medicine and Surgery 335:Australian National University 295:Medical education in Australia 235: 13: 1: 2498: 1885:Postgraduate clinical degrees 1792:National Institutes of Health 1732:In addition to the M.D., the 1222:Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 825:diplôme d'Etudes spécialisées 722:being the longest (5 years). 621:Shanghai Jiao Tong University 225: 6554:American Medical Association 6404:Continuing medical education 6126:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 5893:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 5505: 5105:. 2012-09-06. Archived from 4992:(in Dutch). 26 August 2015. 4499:10.1016/j.edumed.2018.03.011 4013:] (in Russian). Moscow: 3879:. University of Copenhagen. 3258:. Af-ksa.com. Archived from 3032:Medical University of Vienna 2579:(in Italian). Archived from 2122:In the UK, Ireland and many 2078: 1813: 1722:American Medical Association 1682:External independent testing 1429:Jessenius School of Medicine 1388: 1338:of Specialist; in medicine, 1173: 979: 613:Peking Union Medical College 464:សញ្ញាប័ត្រ៖ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតឯកទេស 288: 255: 7: 5196:Diploma of Higher Education 4933:. Uq.edu.au. Archived from 4754:"Application for Admission" 4728:. Qaa.ac.uk. Archived from 4550:. University of the Andes. 4200:. Wblearning-ejournal.com. 2771:and Magazine. January 1864. 2544:Rashdall, Hastings (1895). 2481: 2065: 1808:National Science Foundation 1549: 1536: 1494: 1416: 1182: 433: 424: 403: 27:Postgraduate medical degree 10: 6743: 6372:Graduate medical education 4901:"Higher Doctorate Degrees" 2343:Prova Nacional de Seriação 2291:super-speciality training. 1968: 1898: 1778:Even though the M.D. is a 1724:(AMA). (as opposed to the 1661: 1657: 1558: 1526: 1347:Doctor of Medical Sciences 1312: 1295: 1243: 1150:academically and legally. 1051: 973:Doctorate of Medicine (DM) 926: 921:Texila American University 862: 858: 834: 729: 704: 679: 627: 498:first professional degrees 488: 382: 341: 301:Australian medical schools 292: 88: 6668: 6628: 6607: 6546: 6474: 6443: 6425:Osteopathic Medicine (DO) 6412: 6342: 6244: 6166: 6104: 5865: 5793: 5748: 5657: 5528: 5513: 5440: 5359: 5318: 5311: 5283: 5245: 5236: 5208: 5171: 5162: 3215:: 10.3402/meo.v20.25890. 2950:"Universitätsgesetz 2002" 2843:"Doctor of Medicine (MD)" 2433:, the medical schools in 1889: 1712:and is accredited by the 1677: 1645: 1522: 1376: 1354: 1308: 1302:first professional degree 1263: 1217:University Putra Malaysia 1207:University Sains Malaysia 1153: 1096:high school Baccalaureate 1047: 910: 904:European Research Council 778:Université René Descartes 725: 527:universities such as the 484: 478: 463: 455: 443: 111:Schola Medica Salernitana 6080:Transplantation medicine 5971:Clinical neurophysiology 5888:Obstetric anesthesiology 5808:Interventional radiology 5568:Digestive system surgery 4407:. Ed.gov. Archived from 3903: 3735:"LSMU degree programmes" 3540:Riga Stradiņš University 3510:Riga Stradiņš University 3209:Medical Education Online 2740:Osler Library Newsletter 2413:(usually ChM or MS, but 1971:Medical college in India 1359:doktor medicinskikh nauk 1142:However, spurred by the 1126: 1100:psychometric examination 1033:begins after high school 934: 774:Paris Diderot University 732:Medical school in France 688: 602: 582: 575:for specialists and the 533:Université de Sherbrooke 521:l'Université de Montréal 491:Medical school in Canada 6727:Professional doctorates 6655:William Stewart Halsted 5951:Intensive care medicine 5925:Mass gathering medicine 5770:Maternal–fetal medicine 5192:Higher National Diploma 4170:www.emergencymed.org.ua 4011:Reference book, Part II 3705:"Education Level Table" 2382:AT (Allmäntjänstgöring) 2372:). Following this, the 2324:bachelor's degree (BSc) 1983:The MBBS course is for 1399:Duke-NUS Medical School 1365:) is a higher research 1355:доктор медицинских наук 1022: 845:Doctor of Medicine (MD) 719:Doctor of Medicine (MD) 639: 579:for family physicians. 329:University of Melbourne 214:, was also used by the 156:of Doctor of Medicine. 5543:Cardiothoracic surgery 5099:"DOs Around the World" 4166:"Нормативні документи" 2397: 2389: 2381: 2369: 1710:professional doctorate 1345:Whereas, the title of 1321:qualification (degree) 1282:doktor nauk medycznych 1257:accredited institution 1098:average above 100 and 897: 883: 877: 828: 824: 820: 507:, where their special 398:Bosnia and Herzegovina 392:Bosnia and Herzegovina 273: 106: 6194:Personalized medicine 6053:Reproductive medicine 5978:Occupational medicine 5932:Evolutionary medicine 5299:Candidate of Sciences 3766:. EuroEducation Net. 3221:10.3402/meo.v20.25890 2677:University of Glasgow 2328:master's degree (MSc) 2150:James Cook University 1064:Ben Gurion University 872: 545:University of Calgary 150:University of Glasgow 127:Constitution of Melfi 96: 85:Bachelor of Surgery. 6214:Traditional medicine 6174:Alternative medicine 6041:Addiction psychiatry 5855:Transfusion medicine 5850:Medical microbiology 5765:Gynecologic oncology 5617:Reproductive surgery 5369:Academic certificate 5261:Postgraduate diploma 4393:on October 14, 2006. 4006:Справочник. Часть II 3180:. 16 November 2023. 2445:award the degree of 2304:co-assistentschappen 2226:Candidatus medicinae 1931:improve this section 1859:physical examination 1726:Doctor of Philosophy 1587:improve this article 1234:University of Malaya 1031:, Medical education 699:Consultant Physician 650:University of Havana 517:CEGEP Dawson College 231:Professional degrees 160:of Surgery degrees ( 6660:Andrew Taylor Still 6394:Board certification 6236:History of medicine 6219:Veterinary medicine 6026:Preventive medicine 5878:Adolescent medicine 5720:Infectious diseases 5404:Professional degree 5074:www.osteopathic.org 4966:on 16 December 2019 4042:. Duke-nus.edu.sg. 3915:on December 7, 2017 3481:The Times of Israel 2831:on January 2, 2008. 2769:Godey's Lady's Book 2230:Candidata medicinae 1794:(NIH), through its 1780:professional degree 1691:Thus, the American 1426:Comenius University 1315:Education in Russia 1088:Bar-Ilan University 1076:Bar-Ilan University 1068:Tel Aviv University 715:University of Tartu 652:) founded in 1728. 367:the American MD or 317:honorary doctorates 266:Physician Diplomate 123:Emperor Federico II 58:professional degree 6620:Specialty colleges 6451:Doctor of Medicine 6184:Molecular oncology 6141:Doctor of Medicine 6131:Master of Medicine 6048:Radiation oncology 5920:Emergency medicine 5873:Addiction medicine 5840:Clinical chemistry 5835:Clinical pathology 5627:Transplant surgery 5585:Orthopedic surgery 5563:Colorectal surgery 5331:Doctor of Sciences 4960:University of Oulu 4790:2022-05-16 at the 4780:2022-05-18 at the 4672:. Gaceta Oficial. 4650:2008-10-04 at the 4629:2008-10-04 at the 4608:2008-10-04 at the 4149:2018-11-15 at the 3411:2022-01-01 at the 3124:2010-10-09 at the 2742:. Mcgill.ca: 1–7. 2648:www.stupormundi.it 2447:Master of Medicine 2312:Utrecht University 1695:and the Ukrainian 1255:included) from an 1197:Perdana University 878: 674:Dominican Republic 668:Dominican Republic 119:Roger II of Sicily 107: 31:Doctor of Medicine 6702:Higher doctorates 6689: 6688: 6547:Regulatory bodies 6302: 6301: 6136:Master of Surgery 6100: 6099: 6085:Tropical medicine 6031:Prison healthcare 5946:Hospital medicine 5910:Disaster medicine 5900:Aviation medicine 5715:Hospital medicine 5622:Surgical oncology 5607:Pediatric surgery 5601: 5548:Endocrine surgery 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5423:Specialist degree 5307: 5306: 5275:Engineer's degree 5232: 5231: 5219:Bachelor's degree 5187:Foundation degree 3950:978-0-7785-6987-9 3709:help.nfc.usda.gov 3635:978-92-9189-123-8 2957:www.ris.bka.gv.at 2873:health.anu.edu.au 2789:. 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Archived from 2821: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2748: 2737: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2509: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2142:higher doctorate 2106:Research degrees 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1962: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1911: 1903: 1679: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1571: 1563: 1356: 1329: 1092:Ariel University 1084:Ariel University 1066:in Be'er Sheva, 988:, the title of " 900: 888: 812:medical students 529:Université Laval 514: 480: 470: 467: 465: 457: 445: 274:Título de Médico 141:, five years of 135:Licentia Medendi 115:Trota of Salerno 42:Medicinae Doctor 21: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6707:Medical degrees 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6664: 6636:Abraham Flexner 6624: 6615:Medical schools 6603: 6542: 6470: 6439: 6408: 6338: 6333: 6303: 6298: 6240: 6229:Chief physician 6162: 6107: 6096: 6090:Travel medicine 6075:Sports medicine 6058:Sexual medicine 5998:Palliative care 5993:Pain management 5937:Family medicine 5915:Diving medicine 5861: 5789: 5751: 5744: 5660: 5653: 5612:Plastic surgery 5558:General surgery 5538:Cardiac surgery 5519: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5474: 5465: 5448:Honorary degree 5436: 5432:Terminal degree 5394:Magister degree 5379:External degree 5361: 5355: 5303: 5279: 5256:Master's degree 5228: 5204: 5158: 5156:academic degree 5152: 5122: 5121: 5112: 5110: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4990:Medisch Contact 4984: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4811: 4806:. Otago.ac.nz. 4802: 4801: 4797: 4792:Wayback Machine 4782:Wayback Machine 4773: 4769: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4652:Wayback Machine 4643: 4639: 4631:Wayback Machine 4622: 4618: 4610:Wayback Machine 4601: 4597: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4545:"Study Program" 4543: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4514:"Study Program" 4512: 4511: 4507: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4228:. Nces.ed.gov. 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4151:Wayback Machine 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 3998: 3994: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3848:"School Detail" 3846: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3830: 3819:"School Detail" 3817: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3790:"School Detail" 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3413:Wayback Machine 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3387:on 30 July 2020 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2320:Bologna process 2286: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2212:doktor medicíny 2176:numerus clausus 2162: 2113: 2108: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2081: 2068: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2013: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1973: 1963: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1928: 1912: 1901: 1892: 1887: 1816: 1757:general surgery 1706: 1666: 1660: 1648: 1615: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1584: 1572: 1561: 1552: 1539: 1531: 1525: 1509: 1497: 1419: 1395:Duke University 1391: 1379: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1298: 1266: 1252: 1244:Main articles: 1242: 1227:UCSI University 1185: 1176: 1156: 1148:Master's degree 1144:Bologna process 1129: 1117:Family Medicine 1056: 1050: 1025: 982: 937: 929: 913: 867: 861: 837: 782:numerus clausus 749:numerus clausus 743:numerus clausus 734: 728: 707: 691: 682: 670: 658: 642: 630: 605: 585: 512: 493: 487: 436: 427: 406: 394: 385: 344: 311:, or for their 297: 291: 258: 238: 233: 228: 154:academic degree 143:medical studies 121:and in 1231 by 91: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642:Flexner Report 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6365:Sub-internship 6362: 6355:Medical school 6352: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6276: 6266: 6256: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6167:Related topics 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6116:Medical school 6112: 6110: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6070:Sleep medicine 6067: 6066: 6065: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5883:Anesthesiology 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5813:Neuroradiology 5810: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5750:Obstetrics and 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5632:Trauma surgery 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5595:Otolaryngology 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5521:subspecialties 5511: 5510: 5503: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5420: 5418:Higher diploma 5415: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Artist diploma 5371: 5365: 5363: 5362:classification 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5224:Honours degree 5221: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5090: 5061: 5032: 5007: 4977: 4958:(in Finnish). 4947: 4922: 4905:www.jcu.edu.au 4892: 4861: 4836: 4820: 4795: 4767: 4745: 4714: 4689: 4658: 4637: 4616: 4595: 4567: 4536: 4505: 4474: 4449: 4421: 4396: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4309: 4300: 4271: 4242: 4217: 4186: 4157: 4154:(in Ukrainian) 4136: 4107: 4082: 4056: 4031: 3992: 3970: 3949: 3926: 3909:Минобрнауки.рф 3894: 3868: 3839: 3810: 3781: 3755: 3726: 3715:on 2 June 2021 3696: 3660: 3634: 3615: 3586: 3557: 3527: 3508:(in Latvian). 3497: 3467: 3442: 3417: 3415:(in Hungarian) 3398: 3372: 3347: 3344:on 2014-02-19. 3329: 3304: 3275: 3244: 3195: 3169: 3140: 3110: 3081: 3051: 3016: 2987: 2976: 2941: 2916: 2890: 2860: 2834: 2813: 2804: 2774: 2759: 2724: 2713:on 17 May 2019 2694: 2664: 2632: 2613: 2593: 2564: 2533: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2358: 2350: 2335: 2292: 2270: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2215: 2200: 2193: 2190:mainland China 2186: 2179: 2161: 2158: 2144:(similar to a 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2080: 2077: 2067: 2064: 2029: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1965: 1964: 1915: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1815: 1812: 1705: 1702: 1659: 1656: 1647: 1644: 1617: 1616: 1575: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1538: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1508: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1418: 1415: 1390: 1387: 1378: 1375: 1361:" abbreviated 1310: 1307: 1297: 1294: 1265: 1262: 1241: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1155: 1152: 1128: 1125: 1049: 1046: 1024: 1021: 1017:Spesialis Anak 1004:) is used for 981: 978: 936: 933: 928: 925: 912: 909: 860: 857: 836: 833: 730:Main article: 727: 724: 706: 703: 690: 687: 681: 678: 669: 666: 662:Czech Republic 657: 656:Czech Republic 654: 641: 638: 629: 626: 604: 601: 584: 581: 567:to obtain the 489:Main article: 486: 483: 475: 474: 459: 435: 432: 426: 423: 405: 402: 393: 390: 384: 381: 343: 340: 299:Historically, 290: 287: 257: 254: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222:in the 1860s. 103:Claude Bernard 90: 87: 70:United Kingdom 46:medical degree 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6739: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6650:William Osler 6648: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Medicine (MD) 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6295: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6265: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199:Public health 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179:Allied health 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6103: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:Oral medicine 5986: 5984: 5983:Ophthalmology 5981: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:Cytopathology 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5785:Urogynecology 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Endocrinology 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270:Diplom degree 5268: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164:Undergraduate 5161: 5157: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5109:on 2012-09-06 5108: 5104: 5103:archive.today 5100: 5094: 5080:on 2015-09-05 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5045:www.usmle.org 5042: 5036: 5022:on 2015-03-21 5021: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4937:on 2015-04-02 4936: 4932: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4833:0-7279-0186-9 4830: 4824: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4735:on 2015-05-13 4731: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4585:on 2019-02-23 4581: 4577: 4571: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4526:on 2019-02-23 4522: 4515: 4509: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4464:on 2018-09-24 4463: 4459: 4453: 4439:on 2019-07-08 4438: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4411:on 2012-01-27 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4352: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4313: 4304: 4290:on 2003-10-07 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4261:on 2011-05-08 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3960:on 2019-04-11 3956: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3744: 3740: 3739:web.lsmuni.lt 3736: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3432:on 2018-10-17 3431: 3427: 3421: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3361: 3358:(in German). 3357: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3265:on 2015-10-19 3261: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3006:on 2016-07-20 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2980: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2583:on 2020-10-19 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2103: 2086: 2076: 2073: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1981: 1979: 1972: 1961: 1958: 1950: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1916:This section 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1896: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704:United States 1701: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1613: 1610: 1602: 1599:November 2009 1592: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1576:This section 1574: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:The American 1386: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272:the title of 1271: 1261: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 932: 924: 922: 918: 908: 905: 901: 899: 893: 889: 887: 886: 876: 871: 866: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 832: 830: 826: 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5575:Neurosurgery 5453: 5336:Habilitation 5319:Postdoctoral 5238:Postgraduate 5111:. 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